From 7200d9d563458d6608ee2d54bf1308417de82d90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brian Carrier <carrier@sleuthkit.org>
Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2011 16:10:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Upgraded SQLIte to 3.7.9

---
 NEWS.txt            |     1 +
 tsk3/auto/sqlite3.c | 28366 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 tsk3/auto/sqlite3.h |  2839 +++--
 3 files changed, 22136 insertions(+), 9070 deletions(-)

diff --git a/NEWS.txt b/NEWS.txt
index 8cd71e9de..b664bac71 100644
--- a/NEWS.txt
+++ b/NEWS.txt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ New Features:
 - New database design that allows for multiple images in the same database 
 - GPT volume system tries other sector sizes if first attempt fails.
 - Added hash calculation and lookup to AutoDB and JNI.
+- Upgraded SQLite to 3.7.9. 
 
 Bug Fixes:
 - Relaxed checking when conflict exists between DOS and GPT partitions.
diff --git a/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.c b/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.c
index 695de1810..3f5ce2b41 100644
--- a/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.c
+++ b/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.c
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 /******************************************************************************
 ** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
-** version 3.7.2.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
-** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a one translation
+** version 3.7.9.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
+** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
 ** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
 ** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
-** of 5% are more are commonly seen when SQLite is compiled as a single
+** of 5% or more are commonly seen when SQLite is compiled as a single
 ** translation unit.
 **
 ** This file is all you need to compile SQLite.  To use SQLite in other
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
-** and 30.  The upper bound on 30 is because a 32-bit integer bitmap
+** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
 ** is used internally to track attached databases.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
@@ -316,13 +316,6 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The number of samples of an index that SQLite takes in order to 
-** construct a histogram of the table content when running ANALYZE
-** and with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-*/
-#define SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES 10
-
 /*
 ** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
 ** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
@@ -354,15 +347,21 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
+** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
+** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
+** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
+** level of threadsafety.  2 means the libary is multithreaded - multiple
+** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
+** database connection at the same time.
+**
 ** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
-** We support that for legacy
+** We support that for legacy.
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
 #if defined(THREADSAFE)
 # define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
 #else
-# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1
+# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
 #endif
 #endif
 
@@ -381,19 +380,25 @@
 ** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
 **
 **     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
+**     SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC           // Use Win32 native heap API
 **     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
 **
+** On Windows, if the SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE macro is defined and the
+** assert() macro is enabled, each call into the Win32 native heap subsystem
+** will cause HeapValidate to be called.  If heap validation should fail, an
+** assertion will be triggered.
+**
 ** (Historical note:  There used to be several other options, but we've
-** pared it down to just these two.)
+** pared it down to just these three.)
 **
 ** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
 ** the default.
 */
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
 # error "At most one of the following compile-time configuration options\
- is allows: SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG"
+ is allows: SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG"
 #endif
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
 # define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
 #endif
 
@@ -644,9 +649,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.2"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007002
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2010-08-23 18:52:01 42537b60566f288167f1b5864a5435986838e3a3"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.9"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007009
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2011-11-01 00:52:41 c7c6050ef060877ebe77b41d959e9df13f8c9b5e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -847,7 +852,7 @@ typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(void*,int,char**, char**);
 ** argument.  ^If the callback function of the 3rd argument to
 ** sqlite3_exec() is not NULL, then it is invoked for each result row
 ** coming out of the evaluated SQL statements.  ^The 4th argument to
-** to sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
+** sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
 ** callback invocation.  ^If the callback pointer to sqlite3_exec()
 ** is NULL, then no callback is ever invoked and result rows are
 ** ignored.
@@ -912,7 +917,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes]
+** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -927,7 +933,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 #define SQLITE_INTERRUPT    9   /* Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()*/
 #define SQLITE_IOERR       10   /* Some kind of disk I/O error occurred */
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT     11   /* The database disk image is malformed */
-#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* NOT USED. Table or record not found */
+#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* Unknown opcode in sqlite3_file_control() */
 #define SQLITE_FULL        13   /* Insertion failed because database is full */
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN    14   /* Unable to open the database file */
 #define SQLITE_PROTOCOL    15   /* Database lock protocol error */
@@ -989,17 +995,21 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN           (SQLITE_IOERR | (18<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE           (SQLITE_IOERR | (19<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
 **
 ** These bit values are intended for use in the
 ** 3rd parameter to the [sqlite3_open_v2()] interface and
-** in the 4th parameter to the xOpen method of the
-** [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** in the 4th parameter to the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method.
 */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY         0x00000001  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE        0x00000002  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
@@ -1007,6 +1017,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE    0x00000008  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
@@ -1020,6 +1031,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE     0x00040000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_WAL              0x00080000  /* VFS only */
 
+/* Reserved:                         0x00F00000 */
+
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
 **
@@ -1079,6 +1092,18 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
 ** equal SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL, that means to use normal fsync() semantics.
 ** If the lower four bits equal SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, that means
 ** to use Mac OS X style fullsync instead of fsync().
+**
+** Do not confuse the SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags
+** with the [PRAGMA synchronous]=NORMAL and [PRAGMA synchronous]=FULL
+** settings.  The [synchronous pragma] determines when calls to the
+** xSync VFS method occur and applies uniformly across all platforms.
+** The SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags determine how
+** energetic or rigorous or forceful the sync operations are and
+** only make a difference on Mac OSX for the default SQLite code.
+** (Third-party VFS implementations might also make the distinction
+** between SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, but among the
+** operating systems natively supported by SQLite, only Mac OSX
+** cares about the difference.)
 */
 #define SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL        0x00002
 #define SQLITE_SYNC_FULL          0x00003
@@ -1103,17 +1128,18 @@ struct sqlite3_file {
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: OS Interface File Virtual Methods Object
 **
-** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs] xOpen method populates an
+** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method populates an
 ** [sqlite3_file] object (or, more commonly, a subclass of the
 ** [sqlite3_file] object) with a pointer to an instance of this object.
 ** This object defines the methods used to perform various operations
 ** against the open file represented by the [sqlite3_file] object.
 **
-** If the xOpen method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
+** If the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
 ** to a non-NULL pointer, then the sqlite3_io_methods.xClose method
-** may be invoked even if the xOpen reported that it failed.  The
-** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed xOpen
-** is for the xOpen to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element to NULL.
+** may be invoked even if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] reported that it failed.  The
+** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]
+** is for the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element
+** to NULL.
 **
 ** The flags argument to xSync may be one of [SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL] or
 ** [SQLITE_SYNC_FULL].  The first choice is the normal fsync().
@@ -1147,7 +1173,9 @@ struct sqlite3_file {
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
 ** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
-** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.
+** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
+** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
+** recognize.
 **
 ** The xSectorSize() method returns the sector size of the
 ** device that underlies the file.  The sector size is the
@@ -1240,6 +1268,56 @@ struct sqlite3_io_methods {
 ** for the nominated database. Allocating database file space in large
 ** chunks (say 1MB at a time), may reduce file-system fragmentation and
 ** improve performance on some systems.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER] opcode is used to obtain a pointer
+** to the [sqlite3_file] object associated with a particular database
+** connection.  See the [sqlite3_file_control()] documentation for
+** additional information.
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
+** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
+** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
+** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
+** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
+** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
+** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
+** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
+** that do require it.  
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
+** retry counts and intervals for certain disk I/O operations for the
+** windows [VFS] in order to work to provide robustness against
+** anti-virus programs.  By default, the windows VFS will retry file read,
+** file write, and file delete operations up to 10 times, with a delay
+** of 25 milliseconds before the first retry and with the delay increasing
+** by an additional 25 milliseconds with each subsequent retry.  This
+** opcode allows those to values (10 retries and 25 milliseconds of delay)
+** to be adjusted.  The values are changed for all database connections
+** within the same process.  The argument is a pointer to an array of two
+** integers where the first integer i the new retry count and the second
+** integer is the delay.  If either integer is negative, then the setting
+** is not changed but instead the prior value of that setting is written
+** into the array entry, allowing the current retry settings to be
+** interrogated.  The zDbName parameter is ignored.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
+** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
+** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
+** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
+** close.  Persisting the files is useful when other processes that do not
+** have write permission on the directory containing the database file want
+** to read the database file, as the WAL and shared memory files must exist
+** in order for the database to be readable.  The fourth parameter to
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] for this opcode should be a pointer to an integer.
+** That integer is 0 to disable persistent WAL mode or 1 to enable persistent
+** WAL mode.  If the integer is -1, then it is overwritten with the current
+** WAL persistence setting.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE] opcode is invoked by SQLite after opening
+** a write transaction to indicate that, unless it is rolled back for some
+** reason, the entire database file will be overwritten by the current 
+** transaction. This is used by VACUUM operations.
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE        1
 #define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      2
@@ -1247,6 +1325,11 @@ struct sqlite3_io_methods {
 #define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             4
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT        5
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE       6
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER     7
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED     8
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY   9
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL     10
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE       11
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -1265,7 +1348,8 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 **
 ** An instance of the sqlite3_vfs object defines the interface between
 ** the SQLite core and the underlying operating system.  The "vfs"
-** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".
+** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".  See
+** the [VFS | VFS documentation] for further information.
 **
 ** The value of the iVersion field is initially 1 but may be larger in
 ** future versions of SQLite.  Additional fields may be appended to this
@@ -1294,15 +1378,20 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** The zName field holds the name of the VFS module.  The name must
 ** be unique across all VFS modules.
 **
-** SQLite will guarantee that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]]
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
 ** is either a NULL pointer or string obtained
-** from xFullPathname().  SQLite further guarantees that
+** from xFullPathname() with an optional suffix added.
+** ^If a suffix is added to the zFilename parameter, it will
+** consist of a single "-" character followed by no more than
+** 10 alphanumeric and/or "-" characters.
+** ^SQLite further guarantees that
 ** the string will be valid and unchanged until xClose() is
 ** called. Because of the previous sentence,
 ** the [sqlite3_file] can safely store a pointer to the
 ** filename if it needs to remember the filename for some reason.
-** If the zFilename parameter is xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
-** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  Whenever the 
+** If the zFilename parameter to xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
+** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  ^Whenever the 
 ** xFilename parameter is NULL it will also be the case that the
 ** flags parameter will include [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE].
 **
@@ -1313,7 +1402,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** If xOpen() opens a file read-only then it sets *pOutFlags to
 ** include [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY].  Other bits in *pOutFlags may be set.
 **
-** SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
+** ^(SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
 ** call, depending on the object being opened:
 **
 ** <ul>
@@ -1324,7 +1413,8 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB]
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL]
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL]
-** </ul>
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL]
+** </ul>)^
 **
 ** The file I/O implementation can use the object type flags to
 ** change the way it deals with files.  For example, an application
@@ -1343,10 +1433,11 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE] flag means the file should be
-** deleted when it is closed.  The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
-** will be set for TEMP  databases, journals and for subjournals.
+** deleted when it is closed.  ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** will be set for TEMP databases and their journals, transient
+** databases, and subjournals.
 **
-** The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
 ** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE] flag, which are both directly
 ** analogous to the O_EXCL and O_CREAT flags of the POSIX open()
 ** API.  The SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE flag, when paired with the 
@@ -1355,7 +1446,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** It is <i>not</i> used to indicate the file should be opened 
 ** for exclusive access.
 **
-** At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
+** ^At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
 ** to hold the  [sqlite3_file] structure passed as the third
 ** argument to xOpen.  The xOpen method does not have to
 ** allocate the structure; it should just fill it in.  Note that
@@ -1365,13 +1456,14 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** element will be valid after xOpen returns regardless of the success
 ** or failure of the xOpen call.
 **
-** The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xAccess]]
+** ^The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
 ** to test for the existence of a file, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE] to
 ** test whether a file is readable and writable, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READ]
 ** to test whether a file is at least readable.   The file can be a
 ** directory.
 **
-** SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
+** ^SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
 ** output buffer xFullPathname.  The exact size of the output buffer
 ** is also passed as a parameter to both  methods. If the output buffer
 ** is not large enough, [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] should be returned. Since this is
@@ -1385,20 +1477,33 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 ** of good-quality randomness into zOut.  The return value is
 ** the actual number of bytes of randomness obtained.
 ** The xSleep() method causes the calling thread to sleep for at
-** least the number of microseconds given.  The xCurrentTime()
+** least the number of microseconds given.  ^The xCurrentTime()
 ** method returns a Julian Day Number for the current date and time as
 ** a floating point value.
-** The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
-** Day Number multipled by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
+** ^The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
+** Day Number multiplied by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
 ** a 24-hour day).  
 ** ^SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64() method to get the current
 ** date and time if that method is available (if iVersion is 2 or 
 ** greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and will fall back
 ** to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is unavailable.
+**
+** ^The xSetSystemCall(), xGetSystemCall(), and xNestSystemCall() interfaces
+** are not used by the SQLite core.  These optional interfaces are provided
+** by some VFSes to facilitate testing of the VFS code. By overriding 
+** system calls with functions under its control, a test program can
+** simulate faults and error conditions that would otherwise be difficult
+** or impossible to induce.  The set of system calls that can be overridden
+** varies from one VFS to another, and from one version of the same VFS to the
+** next.  Applications that use these interfaces must be prepared for any
+** or all of these interfaces to be NULL or for their behavior to change
+** from one release to the next.  Applications must not attempt to access
+** any of these methods if the iVersion of the VFS is less than 3.
 */
 typedef struct sqlite3_vfs sqlite3_vfs;
+typedef void (*sqlite3_syscall_ptr)(void);
 struct sqlite3_vfs {
-  int iVersion;            /* Structure version number (currently 2) */
+  int iVersion;            /* Structure version number (currently 3) */
   int szOsFile;            /* Size of subclassed sqlite3_file */
   int mxPathname;          /* Maximum file pathname length */
   sqlite3_vfs *pNext;      /* Next registered VFS */
@@ -1424,6 +1529,13 @@ struct sqlite3_vfs {
   int (*xCurrentTimeInt64)(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_int64*);
   /*
   ** The methods above are in versions 1 and 2 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** Those below are for version 3 and greater.
+  */
+  int (*xSetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_syscall_ptr);
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr (*xGetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  const char *(*xNextSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 through 3 of the sqlite_vfs object.
   ** New fields may be appended in figure versions.  The iVersion
   ** value will increment whenever this happens. 
   */
@@ -1591,9 +1703,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void);
 ** implementation of an application-defined [sqlite3_os_init()].
 **
 ** The first argument to sqlite3_config() is an integer
-** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD | configuration option] that determines
+** [configuration option] that determines
 ** what property of SQLite is to be configured.  Subsequent arguments
-** vary depending on the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD | configuration option]
+** vary depending on the [configuration option]
 ** in the first argument.
 **
 ** ^When a configuration option is set, sqlite3_config() returns [SQLITE_OK].
@@ -1608,17 +1720,12 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int, ...);
 ** The sqlite3_db_config() interface is used to make configuration
 ** changes to a [database connection].  The interface is similar to
 ** [sqlite3_config()] except that the changes apply to a single
-** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).  The
-** sqlite3_db_config() interface should only be used immediately after
-** the database connection is created using [sqlite3_open()],
-** [sqlite3_open16()], or [sqlite3_open_v2()].  
+** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).
 **
 ** The second argument to sqlite3_db_config(D,V,...)  is the
-** configuration verb - an integer code that indicates what
-** aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
-** The only choice for this value is [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE].
-** New verbs are likely to be added in future releases of SQLite.
-** Additional arguments depend on the verb.
+** [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE | configuration verb] - an integer code 
+** that indicates what aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
+** Subsequent arguments vary depending on the configuration verb.
 **
 ** ^Calls to sqlite3_db_config() return SQLITE_OK if and only if
 ** the call is considered successful.
@@ -1650,16 +1757,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
 ** order to verify that SQLite recovers gracefully from such
 ** conditions.
 **
-** The xMalloc and xFree methods must work like the
-** malloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
-** The xRealloc method must work like realloc() from the standard C library
-** with the exception that if the second argument to xRealloc is zero,
-** xRealloc must be a no-op - it must not perform any allocation or
-** deallocation.  ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
+** The xMalloc, xRealloc, and xFree methods must work like the
+** malloc(), realloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
 ** xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to xRoundup.
-** And so in cases where xRoundup always returns a positive number,
-** xRealloc can perform exactly as the standard library realloc() and
-** still be in compliance with this specification.
 **
 ** xSize should return the allocated size of a memory allocation
 ** previously obtained from xMalloc or xRealloc.  The allocated size
@@ -1708,6 +1809,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Configuration Options
+** KEYWORDS: {configuration option}
 **
 ** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
 ** can be passed as the first argument to the [sqlite3_config()] interface.
@@ -1720,7 +1822,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** is invoked.
 **
 ** <dl>
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Single-thread.  In other words, it disables
 ** all mutexing and puts SQLite into a mode where it can only be used
@@ -1731,7 +1833,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD
 ** configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Multi-thread.  In other words, it disables
 ** mutexing on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
@@ -1745,7 +1847,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
 ** SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Serialized. In other words, this option enables
 ** all mutexes including the recursive
@@ -1761,7 +1863,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
 ** SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
 ** alternative low-level memory allocation routines to be used in place of
@@ -1769,7 +1871,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** its own private copy of the content of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure
 ** before the [sqlite3_config()] call returns.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The [sqlite3_mem_methods]
 ** structure is filled with the currently defined memory allocation routines.)^
@@ -1777,7 +1879,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** routines with a wrapper that simulations memory allocation failure or
 ** tracks memory usage, for example. </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option takes single argument of type int, interpreted as a 
 ** boolean, which enables or disables the collection of memory allocation 
 ** statistics. ^(When memory allocation statistics are disabled, the 
@@ -1785,7 +1887,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 **   <ul>
 **   <li> [sqlite3_memory_used()]
 **   <li> [sqlite3_memory_highwater()]
-**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
 **   <li> [sqlite3_status()]
 **   </ul>)^
 ** ^Memory allocation statistics are enabled by default unless SQLite is
@@ -1793,26 +1895,25 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** allocation statistics are disabled by default.
 ** </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
 ** scratch memory.  There are three arguments:  A pointer an 8-byte
-** aligned memory buffer from which the scrach allocations will be
+** aligned memory buffer from which the scratch allocations will be
 ** drawn, the size of each scratch allocation (sz),
 ** and the maximum number of scratch allocations (N).  The sz
-** argument must be a multiple of 16. The sz parameter should be a few bytes
-** larger than the actual scratch space required due to internal overhead.
+** argument must be a multiple of 16.
 ** The first argument must be a pointer to an 8-byte aligned buffer
 ** of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
-** ^SQLite will use no more than one scratch buffer per thread.  So
-** N should be set to the expected maximum number of threads.  ^SQLite will
-** never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6 times the database
-** page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional scratch memory beyond 
-** what is provided by this configuration option, then 
+** ^SQLite will use no more than two scratch buffers per thread.  So
+** N should be set to twice the expected maximum number of threads.
+** ^SQLite will never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6
+** times the database page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional
+** scratch memory beyond what is provided by this configuration option, then 
 ** [sqlite3_malloc()] will be used to obtain the memory needed.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
-** the database page cache with the default page cache implemenation.  
+** the database page cache with the default page cache implementation.  
 ** This configuration should not be used if an application-define page
 ** cache implementation is loaded using the SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE option.
 ** There are three arguments to this option: A pointer to 8-byte aligned
@@ -1827,12 +1928,11 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** memory needs for the first N pages that it adds to cache.  ^If additional
 ** page cache memory is needed beyond what is provided by this option, then
 ** SQLite goes to [sqlite3_malloc()] for the additional storage space.
-** ^The implementation might use one or more of the N buffers to hold 
-** memory accounting information. The pointer in the first argument must
+** The pointer in the first argument must
 ** be aligned to an 8-byte boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite
 ** will be undefined.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite will use
 ** for all of its dynamic memory allocation needs beyond those provided
 ** for by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].
@@ -1845,9 +1945,11 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5] are defined, then the alternative memory
 ** allocator is engaged to handle all of SQLites memory allocation needs.
 ** The first pointer (the memory pointer) must be aligned to an 8-byte
-** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.</dd>
+** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.
+** The minimum allocation size is capped at 2**12. Reasonable values
+** for the minimum allocation size are 2**5 through 2**8.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
 ** alternative low-level mutex routines to be used in place
@@ -1859,7 +1961,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX configuration option will
 ** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The
 ** [sqlite3_mutex_methods]
@@ -1872,7 +1974,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX configuration option will
 ** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes two arguments that determine the default
 ** memory allocation for the lookaside memory allocator on each
 ** [database connection].  The first argument is the
@@ -1882,18 +1984,18 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** verb to [sqlite3_db_config()] can be used to change the lookaside
 ** configuration on individual connections.)^ </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to
 ** an [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  This object specifies the interface
 ** to a custom page cache implementation.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
 ** object and uses it for page cache memory allocations.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  SQLite copies of the current
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
 ** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
@@ -1911,6 +2013,18 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** In a multi-threaded application, the application-defined logger
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
+** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
+** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
+** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
+** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
+** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
+** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
@@ -1929,6 +2043,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE       14  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE    15  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG          16  /* xFunc, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -1948,7 +2063,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** <dd> ^This option takes three additional arguments that determine the 
 ** [lookaside memory allocator] configuration for the [database connection].
 ** ^The first argument (the third parameter to [sqlite3_db_config()] is a
-** pointer to an memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
+** pointer to a memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
 ** ^The first argument after the SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE verb
 ** may be NULL in which case SQLite will allocate the
 ** lookaside buffer itself using [sqlite3_malloc()]. ^The second argument is the
@@ -1957,12 +2072,40 @@ struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
 ** or equal to the product of the second and third arguments.  The buffer
 ** must be aligned to an 8-byte boundary.  ^If the second argument to
 ** SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE is not a multiple of 8, it is internally
-** rounded down to the next smaller
-** multiple of 8.  See also: [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]</dd>
+** rounded down to the next smaller multiple of 8.  ^(The lookaside memory
+** configuration for a database connection can only be changed when that
+** connection is not currently using lookaside memory, or in other words
+** when the "current value" returned by
+** [sqlite3_db_status](D,[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE],...) is zero.
+** Any attempt to change the lookaside memory configuration when lookaside
+** memory is in use leaves the configuration unchanged and returns 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].)^</dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable the enforcement of
+** [foreign key constraints].  There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable FK enforcement,
+** positive to enable FK enforcement or negative to leave FK enforcement
+** unchanged.  The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether FK enforcement is off or on
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the FK enforcement setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable [CREATE TRIGGER | triggers].
+** There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable triggers,
+** positive to enable triggers or negative to leave the setting unchanged.
+** The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether triggers are disabled or enabled
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the trigger setting is not reported back. </dd>
 **
 ** </dl>
 */
-#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE    1001  /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE       1001  /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY     1002  /* int int* */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER  1003  /* int int* */
 
 
 /*
@@ -1986,13 +2129,17 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3*, int onoff);
 **
 ** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
 ** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^If no successful [INSERT]s
+** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
+** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
 ** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
 **
-** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger, then the [rowid] of the inserted
-** row is returned by this routine as long as the trigger is running.
-** But once the trigger terminates, the value returned by this routine
-** reverts to the last value inserted before the trigger fired.)^
+** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
+** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
+** row as long as the trigger or virtual table method is running.
+** But once the trigger or virtual table method ends, the value returned 
+** by this routine reverts to what it was before the trigger or virtual
+** table method began.)^
 **
 ** ^An [INSERT] that fails due to a constraint violation is not a
 ** successful [INSERT] and does not change the value returned by this
@@ -2263,6 +2410,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Convenience Routines For Running Queries
 **
+** This is a legacy interface that is preserved for backwards compatibility.
+** Use of this interface is not recommended.
+**
 ** Definition: A <b>result table</b> is memory data structure created by the
 ** [sqlite3_get_table()] interface.  A result table records the
 ** complete query results from one or more queries.
@@ -2283,7 +2433,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 ** It is not safe to pass a result table directly to [sqlite3_free()].
 ** A result table should be deallocated using [sqlite3_free_table()].
 **
-** As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
+** ^(As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
 ** is as follows:
 **
 ** <blockquote><pre>
@@ -2307,7 +2457,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 **        azResult&#91;5] = "28";
 **        azResult&#91;6] = "Cindy";
 **        azResult&#91;7] = "21";
-** </pre></blockquote>
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_table() function evaluates one or more
 ** semicolon-separated SQL statements in the zero-terminated UTF-8
@@ -2315,19 +2465,19 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 ** pointer given in its 3rd parameter.
 **
 ** After the application has finished with the result from sqlite3_get_table(),
-** it should pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
+** it must pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
 ** release the memory that was malloced.  Because of the way the
 ** [sqlite3_malloc()] happens within sqlite3_get_table(), the calling
 ** function must not try to call [sqlite3_free()] directly.  Only
 ** [sqlite3_free_table()] is able to release the memory properly and safely.
 **
-** ^(The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
+** The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
 ** [sqlite3_exec()].  The sqlite3_get_table() routine does not have access
 ** to any internal data structures of SQLite.  It uses only the public
 ** interface defined here.  As a consequence, errors that occur in the
 ** wrapper layer outside of the internal [sqlite3_exec()] call are not
 ** reflected in subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] or
-** [sqlite3_errmsg()].)^
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()].
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(
   sqlite3 *db,          /* An open database */
@@ -2352,7 +2502,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
 ** NULL pointer if [sqlite3_malloc()] is unable to allocate enough
 ** memory to hold the resulting string.
 **
-** ^(In sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
+** ^(The sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
 ** the standard C library.  The result is written into the
 ** buffer supplied as the second parameter whose size is given by
 ** the first parameter. Note that the order of the
@@ -2371,6 +2521,8 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
 ** the zero terminator.  So the longest string that can be completely
 ** written will be n-1 characters.
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_vsnprintf() routine is a varargs version of sqlite3_snprintf().
+**
 ** These routines all implement some additional formatting
 ** options that are useful for constructing SQL statements.
 ** All of the usual printf() formatting options apply.  In addition, there
@@ -2434,6 +2586,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char*,...);
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char*, va_list);
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int,char*,const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int,char*,const char*, va_list);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Subsystem
@@ -2479,7 +2632,9 @@ SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int,char*,const char*, ...);
 ** is not freed.
 **
 ** ^The memory returned by sqlite3_malloc() and sqlite3_realloc()
-** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary.
+** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary, or to a
+** 4 byte boundary if the [SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC] compile-time
+** option is used.
 **
 ** In SQLite version 3.5.0 and 3.5.1, it was possible to define
 ** the SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORY_ALLOCATION which would cause the built-in
@@ -2556,7 +2711,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *P);
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Authorization Callbacks
 **
-** ^This routine registers a authorizer callback with a particular
+** ^This routine registers an authorizer callback with a particular
 ** [database connection], supplied in the first argument.
 ** ^The authorizer callback is invoked as SQL statements are being compiled
 ** by [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants [sqlite3_prepare_v2()],
@@ -2647,6 +2802,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
 ** to signal SQLite whether or not the action is permitted.  See the
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
+**
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
+** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
 #define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
 #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
@@ -2737,17 +2895,28 @@ SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL void *sqlite3_profile(sqlite3*,
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Query Progress Callbacks
 **
-** ^This routine configures a callback function - the
-** progress callback - that is invoked periodically during long
-** running calls to [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and
-** [sqlite3_get_table()].  An example use for this
+** ^The sqlite3_progress_handler(D,N,X,P) interface causes the callback
+** function X to be invoked periodically during long running calls to
+** [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and [sqlite3_get_table()] for
+** database connection D.  An example use for this
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
+** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
+** invocations of the callback X.
+**
+** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
+** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
+** old one.  ^Setting parameter X to NULL disables the progress handler.
+** ^The progress handler is also disabled by setting N to a value less
+** than 1.
+**
 ** ^If the progress callback returns non-zero, the operation is
 ** interrupted.  This feature can be used to implement a
 ** "Cancel" button on a GUI progress dialog box.
 **
-** The progress handler must not do anything that will modify
+** The progress handler callback must not do anything that will modify
 ** the database connection that invoked the progress handler.
 ** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
 ** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
@@ -2758,7 +2927,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Opening A New Database Connection
 **
-** ^These routines open an SQLite database file whose name is given by the
+** ^These routines open an SQLite database file as specified by the 
 ** filename argument. ^The filename argument is interpreted as UTF-8 for
 ** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() and as UTF-16 in the native byte
 ** order for sqlite3_open16(). ^(A [database connection] handle is usually
@@ -2785,7 +2954,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 ** sqlite3_open_v2() can take one of
 ** the following three values, optionally combined with the 
 ** [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE],
-** and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flags:)^
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE], and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flags:)^
 **
 ** <dl>
 ** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY]</dt>
@@ -2798,15 +2967,14 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 ** case the database must already exist, otherwise an error is returned.</dd>)^
 **
 ** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]</dt>
-** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is creates it if
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is created if
 ** it does not already exist. This is the behavior that is always used for
 ** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16().</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
 **
 ** If the 3rd parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is not one of the
-** combinations shown above or one of the combinations shown above combined
-** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX],
-** [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] flags,
+** combinations shown above optionally combined with other
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_* bits]
 ** then the behavior is undefined.
 **
 ** ^If the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX] flag is set, then the database connection
@@ -2821,6 +2989,11 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 ** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flag causes the database connection to not
 ** participate in [shared cache mode] even if it is enabled.
 **
+** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
+** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
+** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
+** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+**
 ** ^If the filename is ":memory:", then a private, temporary in-memory database
 ** is created for the connection.  ^This in-memory database will vanish when
 ** the database connection is closed.  Future versions of SQLite might
@@ -2833,10 +3006,111 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 ** on-disk database will be created.  ^This private database will be
 ** automatically deleted as soon as the database connection is closed.
 **
-** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
-** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
-** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
-** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+** [[URI filenames in sqlite3_open()]] <h3>URI Filenames</h3>
+**
+** ^If [URI filename] interpretation is enabled, and the filename argument
+** begins with "file:", then the filename is interpreted as a URI. ^URI
+** filename interpretation is enabled if the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is
+** set in the fourth argument to sqlite3_open_v2(), or if it has
+** been enabled globally using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_URI] option with the
+** [sqlite3_config()] method or by the [SQLITE_USE_URI] compile-time option.
+** As of SQLite version 3.7.7, URI filename interpretation is turned off
+** by default, but future releases of SQLite might enable URI filename
+** interpretation by default.  See "[URI filenames]" for additional
+** information.
+**
+** URI filenames are parsed according to RFC 3986. ^If the URI contains an
+** authority, then it must be either an empty string or the string 
+** "localhost". ^If the authority is not an empty string or "localhost", an 
+** error is returned to the caller. ^The fragment component of a URI, if 
+** present, is ignored.
+**
+** ^SQLite uses the path component of the URI as the name of the disk file
+** which contains the database. ^If the path begins with a '/' character, 
+** then it is interpreted as an absolute path. ^If the path does not begin 
+** with a '/' (meaning that the authority section is omitted from the URI)
+** then the path is interpreted as a relative path. 
+** ^On windows, the first component of an absolute path 
+** is a drive specification (e.g. "C:").
+**
+** [[core URI query parameters]]
+** The query component of a URI may contain parameters that are interpreted
+** either by SQLite itself, or by a [VFS | custom VFS implementation].
+** SQLite interprets the following three query parameters:
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li> <b>vfs</b>: ^The "vfs" parameter may be used to specify the name of
+**     a VFS object that provides the operating system interface that should
+**     be used to access the database file on disk. ^If this option is set to
+**     an empty string the default VFS object is used. ^Specifying an unknown
+**     VFS is an error. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the vfs option is
+**     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
+**     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
+**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
+**     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
+**     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
+**     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
+**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
+**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
+**     parameter.
+**
+**   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
+**     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE bit in the flags argument passed to
+**     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
+**     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
+**     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
+** error.  Future versions of SQLite might understand additional query
+** parameters.  See "[query parameters with special meaning to SQLite]" for
+** additional information.
+**
+** [[URI filename examples]] <h3>URI filename examples</h3>
+**
+** <table border="1" align=center cellpadding=5>
+** <tr><th> URI filenames <th> Results
+** <tr><td> file:data.db <td> 
+**          Open the file "data.db" in the current directory.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db<br>
+**          file:///home/fred/data.db <br> 
+**          file://localhost/home/fred/data.db <br> <td> 
+**          Open the database file "/home/fred/data.db".
+** <tr><td> file://darkstar/home/fred/data.db <td> 
+**          An error. "darkstar" is not a recognized authority.
+** <tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"> 
+**          file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/fred/Desktop/data.db
+**     <td> Windows only: Open the file "data.db" on fred's desktop on drive
+**          C:. Note that the %20 escaping in this example is not strictly 
+**          necessary - space characters can be used literally
+**          in URI filenames.
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=ro&cache=private <td> 
+**          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
+**          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
+**          default, use a private cache.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
+**          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^URI hexadecimal escape sequences (%HH) are supported within the path and
+** query components of a URI. A hexadecimal escape sequence consists of a
+** percent sign - "%" - followed by exactly two hexadecimal digits 
+** specifying an octet value. ^Before the path or query components of a
+** URI filename are interpreted, they are encoded using UTF-8 and all 
+** hexadecimal escape sequences replaced by a single byte containing the
+** corresponding octet. If this process generates an invalid UTF-8 encoding,
+** the results are undefined.
 **
 ** <b>Note to Windows users:</b>  The encoding used for the filename argument
 ** of sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() must be UTF-8, not whatever
@@ -2859,6 +3133,26 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
   const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
 );
 
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
+**
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** If the zFilename argument to this function is not a pointer that SQLite
+** passed into the xOpen VFS method, then the behavior of this routine
+** is undefined and probably undesirable.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam);
+
+
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
 **
@@ -2931,17 +3225,22 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
 ** [database connection] whose limit is to be set or queried.  The
 ** second parameter is one of the [limit categories] that define a
 ** class of constructs to be size limited.  The third parameter is the
-** new limit for that construct.  The function returns the old limit.)^
+** new limit for that construct.)^
 **
 ** ^If the new limit is a negative number, the limit is unchanged.
-** ^(For the limit category of SQLITE_LIMIT_XYZ there is a 
+** ^(For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_<i>NAME</i> there is a 
 ** [limits | hard upper bound]
-** set by a compile-time C preprocessor macro named 
-** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_XYZ].
+** set at compile-time by a C preprocessor macro called
+** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_<i>NAME</i>].
 ** (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to "_MAX_".))^
 ** ^Attempts to increase a limit above its hard upper bound are
 ** silently truncated to the hard upper bound.
 **
+** ^Regardless of whether or not the limit was changed, the 
+** [sqlite3_limit()] interface returns the prior value of the limit.
+** ^Hence, to find the current value of a limit without changing it,
+** simply invoke this interface with the third parameter set to -1.
+**
 ** Run-time limits are intended for use in applications that manage
 ** both their own internal database and also databases that are controlled
 ** by untrusted external sources.  An example application might be a
@@ -2969,42 +3268,45 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
 ** Additional information is available at [limits | Limits in SQLite].
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
-** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row.<dd>)^
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row, in bytes.<dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum length of an SQL statement, in bytes.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of columns in a table definition or in the
 ** result set of a [SELECT] or the maximum number of columns in an index
 ** or in an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum depth of the parse tree on any expression.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of instructions in a virtual machine program
-** used to implement an SQL statement.</dd>)^
+** used to implement an SQL statement.  This limit is not currently
+** enforced, though that might be added in some future release of
+** SQLite.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of arguments on a function.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of [ATTACH | attached databases].)^</dd>
 **
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]]
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum length of the pattern argument to the [LIKE] or
 ** [GLOB] operators.</dd>)^
 **
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]]
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</dt>
-** <dd>The maximum number of variables in an SQL statement that can
-** be bound.</dd>)^
+** <dd>The maximum index number of any [parameter] in an SQL statement.)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum depth of recursion for triggers.</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
 */
@@ -3044,7 +3346,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
 ** that the supplied string is nul-terminated, then there is a small
 ** performance advantage to be gained by passing an nByte parameter that
 ** is equal to the number of bytes in the input string <i>including</i>
-** the nul-terminator bytes.
+** the nul-terminator bytes as this saves SQLite from having to
+** make a copy of the input string.
 **
 ** ^If pzTail is not NULL then *pzTail is made to point to the first byte
 ** past the end of the first SQL statement in zSql.  These routines only
@@ -3074,12 +3377,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.  ^If the schema has changed in
-** a way that makes the statement no longer valid, [sqlite3_step()] will still
-** return [SQLITE_SCHEMA].  But unlike the legacy behavior, [SQLITE_SCHEMA] is
-** now a fatal error.  Calling [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] again will not make the
-** error go away.  Note: use [sqlite3_errmsg()] to find the text
-** of the parsing error that results in an [SQLITE_SCHEMA] return.
+** statement and try to run it again.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -3092,11 +3390,16 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
-** ^If the value of a [parameter | host parameter] in the WHERE clause might
-** change the query plan for a statement, then the statement may be
-** automatically recompiled (as if there had been a schema change) on the first 
-** [sqlite3_step()] call following any change to the 
-** [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of the [parameter]. 
+** ^If the specific value bound to [parameter | host parameter] in the 
+** WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan for a statement,
+** then the statement will be automatically recompiled, as if there had been 
+** a schema change, on the first  [sqlite3_step()] call following any change
+** to the [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of that [parameter]. 
+** ^The specific value of WHERE-clause [parameter] might influence the 
+** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
+** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
+** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
+** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
@@ -3138,6 +3441,37 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
 */
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Writes The Database
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_stmt_readonly(X) interface returns true (non-zero) if
+** and only if the [prepared statement] X makes no direct changes to
+** the content of the database file.
+**
+** Note that [application-defined SQL functions] or
+** [virtual tables] might change the database indirectly as a side effect.  
+** ^(For example, if an application defines a function "eval()" that 
+** calls [sqlite3_exec()], then the following SQL statement would
+** change the database file through side-effects:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**    SELECT eval('DELETE FROM t1') FROM t2;
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** But because the [SELECT] statement does not change the database file
+** directly, sqlite3_stmt_readonly() would still return true.)^
+**
+** ^Transaction control statements such as [BEGIN], [COMMIT], [ROLLBACK],
+** [SAVEPOINT], and [RELEASE] cause sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true,
+** since the statements themselves do not actually modify the database but
+** rather they control the timing of when other statements modify the 
+** database.  ^The [ATTACH] and [DETACH] statements also cause
+** sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true since, while those statements
+** change the configuration of a database connection, they do not make 
+** changes to the content of the database files on disk.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Dynamically Typed Value Object
 ** KEYWORDS: {protected sqlite3_value} {unprotected sqlite3_value}
@@ -3154,7 +3488,7 @@ SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** whether or not it requires a protected sqlite3_value.
 **
 ** The terms "protected" and "unprotected" refer to whether or not
-** a mutex is held.  A internal mutex is held for a protected
+** a mutex is held.  An internal mutex is held for a protected
 ** sqlite3_value object but no mutex is held for an unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value object.  If SQLite is compiled to be single-threaded
 ** (with [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] and with [sqlite3_threadsafe()] returning 0)
@@ -3163,7 +3497,7 @@ SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** then there is no distinction between protected and unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value objects and they can be used interchangeably.  However,
 ** for maximum code portability it is recommended that applications
-** still make the distinction between between protected and unprotected
+** still make the distinction between protected and unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value objects even when not strictly required.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_value objects that are passed as parameters into the
@@ -3234,10 +3568,20 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_context sqlite3_context;
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
 ** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
+** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
+** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
+** terminated.  If any NUL characters occur at byte offsets less than 
+** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
+** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
+** with embedded NULs is undefined.
 **
 ** ^The fifth argument to sqlite3_bind_blob(), sqlite3_bind_text(), and
 ** sqlite3_bind_text16() is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
-** string after SQLite has finished with it. ^If the fifth argument is
+** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
+** to dispose of the BLOB or string even if the call to sqlite3_bind_blob(),
+** sqlite3_bind_text(), or sqlite3_bind_text16() fails.  
+** ^If the fifth argument is
 ** the special value [SQLITE_STATIC], then SQLite assumes that the
 ** information is in static, unmanaged space and does not need to be freed.
 ** ^If the fifth argument has the value [SQLITE_TRANSIENT], then
@@ -3358,6 +3702,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*);
 ** ^Return the number of columns in the result set returned by the
 ** [prepared statement]. ^This routine returns 0 if pStmt is an SQL
 ** statement that does not return data (for example an [UPDATE]).
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_data_count()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
@@ -3373,7 +3719,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** column number.  ^The leftmost column is number 0.
 **
 ** ^The returned string pointer is valid until either the [prepared statement]
-** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the next call to
+** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the next call to
 ** sqlite3_column_name() or sqlite3_column_name16() on the same column.
 **
 ** ^If sqlite3_malloc() fails during the processing of either routine
@@ -3399,7 +3747,9 @@ SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
 ** the database name, the _table_ routines return the table name, and
 ** the origin_ routines return the column name.
 ** ^The returned string is valid until the [prepared statement] is destroyed
-** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the same information is requested
+** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the same information is requested
 ** again in a different encoding.
 **
 ** ^The names returned are the original un-aliased names of the
@@ -3493,7 +3843,7 @@ SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
 ** ^[SQLITE_BUSY] means that the database engine was unable to acquire the
 ** database locks it needs to do its job.  ^If the statement is a [COMMIT]
 ** or occurs outside of an explicit transaction, then you can retry the
-** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within a
+** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within an
 ** explicit transaction then you should rollback the transaction before
 ** continuing.
 **
@@ -3523,13 +3873,17 @@ SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
 ** be the case that the same database connection is being used by two or
 ** more threads at the same moment in time.
 **
-** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, it was required
-** after sqlite3_step() returned anything other than [SQLITE_ROW] that
-** [sqlite3_reset()] be called before any subsequent invocation of
-** sqlite3_step().  Failure to invoke [sqlite3_reset()] in this way would
-** result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from sqlite3_step().  But after
-** version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began calling [sqlite3_reset()] 
-** automatically in this circumstance rather than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  
+** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, a call to
+** [sqlite3_reset()] was required after sqlite3_step() returned anything
+** other than [SQLITE_ROW] before any subsequent invocation of
+** sqlite3_step().  Failure to reset the prepared statement using 
+** [sqlite3_reset()] would result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from
+** sqlite3_step().  But after version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began
+** calling [sqlite3_reset()] automatically in this circumstance rather
+** than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  This is not considered a compatibility
+** break because any application that ever receives an SQLITE_MISUSE error
+** is broken by definition.  The [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET] compile-time option
+** can be used to restore the legacy behavior.
 **
 ** <b>Goofy Interface Alert:</b> In the legacy interface, the sqlite3_step()
 ** API always returns a generic error code, [SQLITE_ERROR], following any
@@ -3548,8 +3902,20 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Number of columns in a result set
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) the number of columns in the
-** of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) interface returns the number of columns in the
+** current row of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^If prepared statement P does not have results ready to return
+** (via calls to the [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column_*()] of
+** interfaces) then sqlite3_data_count(P) returns 0.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine also returns 0 if P is a NULL pointer.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine returns 0 if the previous call to
+** [sqlite3_step](P) returned [SQLITE_DONE].  ^The sqlite3_data_count(P)
+** will return non-zero if previous call to [sqlite3_step](P) returned
+** [SQLITE_ROW], except in the case of the [PRAGMA incremental_vacuum]
+** where it always returns zero since each step of that multi-step
+** pragma returns 0 columns of data.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_column_count()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
@@ -3629,18 +3995,26 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes() uses
 ** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-8 string and returns
 ** the number of bytes in that string.
-** ^The value returned does not include the zero terminator at the end
-** of the string.  ^For clarity: the value returned is the number of
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes() returns zero.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-16 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes16()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-8 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() converts
+** the string to UTF-16 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes16() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-16 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() returns zero.
+**
+** ^The values returned by [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and 
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] do not include the zero terminators at the end
+** of the string.  ^For clarity: the values returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] are the number of
 ** bytes in the string, not the number of characters.
 **
 ** ^Strings returned by sqlite3_column_text() and sqlite3_column_text16(),
 ** even empty strings, are always zero terminated.  ^The return
-** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is an arbitrary
-** pointer, possibly even a NULL pointer.
-**
-** ^The sqlite3_column_bytes16() routine is similar to sqlite3_column_bytes()
-** but leaves the result in UTF-16 in native byte order instead of UTF-8.
-** ^The zero terminator is not included in this count.
+** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is a NULL pointer.
 **
 ** ^The object returned by [sqlite3_column_value()] is an
 ** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object.  An unprotected sqlite3_value object
@@ -3685,10 +4059,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** used in the table for brevity and because they are familiar to most
 ** C programmers.
 **
-** ^Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
+** Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
 ** calls to sqlite3_column_blob(), sqlite3_column_text(), and/or
 ** sqlite3_column_text16() may be invalidated.
-** ^(Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
+** Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
 ** in the following cases:
 **
 ** <ul>
@@ -3701,22 +4075,22 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** <li> The initial content is UTF-16 text and sqlite3_column_bytes() or
 **      sqlite3_column_text() is called.  The content must be converted
 **      to UTF-8.</li>
-** </ul>)^
+** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Conversions between UTF-16be and UTF-16le are always done in place and do
 ** not invalidate a prior pointer, though of course the content of the buffer
-** that the prior pointer points to will have been modified.  Other kinds
+** that the prior pointer references will have been modified.  Other kinds
 ** of conversion are done in place when it is possible, but sometimes they
 ** are not possible and in those cases prior pointers are invalidated.
 **
-** ^(The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
+** The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
 ** in one of the following ways:
 **
 ** <ul>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_text() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_blob() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_text16() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes16()</li>
-** </ul>)^
+** </ul>
 **
 ** In other words, you should call sqlite3_column_text(),
 ** sqlite3_column_blob(), or sqlite3_column_text16() first to force the result
@@ -3754,17 +4128,26 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
 ** CAPI3REF: Destroy A Prepared Statement Object
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_finalize() function is called to delete a [prepared statement].
-** ^If the statement was executed successfully or not executed at all, then
-** SQLITE_OK is returned. ^If execution of the statement failed then an
-** [error code] or [extended error code] is returned.
-**
-** ^This routine can be called at any point during the execution of the
-** [prepared statement].  ^If the virtual machine has not
-** completed execution when this routine is called, that is like
-** encountering an error or an [sqlite3_interrupt | interrupt].
-** ^Incomplete updates may be rolled back and transactions canceled,
-** depending on the circumstances, and the
-** [error code] returned will be [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** ^If the most recent evaluation of the statement encountered no errors
+** or if the statement is never been evaluated, then sqlite3_finalize() returns
+** SQLITE_OK.  ^If the most recent evaluation of statement S failed, then
+** sqlite3_finalize(S) returns the appropriate [error code] or
+** [extended error code].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize(S) routine can be called at any point during
+** the life cycle of [prepared statement] S:
+** before statement S is ever evaluated, after
+** one or more calls to [sqlite3_reset()], or after any call
+** to [sqlite3_step()] regardless of whether or not the statement has
+** completed execution.
+**
+** ^Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** The application must finalize every [prepared statement] in order to avoid
+** resource leaks.  It is a grievous error for the application to try to use
+** a prepared statement after it has been finalized.  Any use of a prepared
+** statement after it has been finalized can result in undefined and
+** undesirable behavior such as segfaults and heap corruption.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
@@ -3800,23 +4183,25 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL function}
 ** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL functions}
 **
-** ^These two functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
+** ^These functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
 ** are used to add SQL functions or aggregates or to redefine the behavior
-** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only difference between the
-** two is that the second parameter, the name of the (scalar) function or
-** aggregate, is encoded in UTF-8 for sqlite3_create_function() and UTF-16
-** for sqlite3_create_function16().
+** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only differences between
+** these routines are the text encoding expected for
+** the second parameter (the name of the function being created)
+** and the presence or absence of a destructor callback for
+** the application data pointer.
 **
 ** ^The first parameter is the [database connection] to which the SQL
 ** function is to be added.  ^If an application uses more than one database
 ** connection then application-defined SQL functions must be added
 ** to each database connection separately.
 **
-** The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
-** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes, exclusive of
-** the zero-terminator.  Note that the name length limit is in bytes, not
-** characters.  ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
-** will result in [SQLITE_ERROR] being returned.
+** ^The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
+** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes in a UTF-8
+** representation, exclusive of the zero-terminator.  ^Note that the name
+** length limit is in UTF-8 bytes, not characters nor UTF-16 bytes.  
+** ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
+** will result in [SQLITE_MISUSE] being returned.
 **
 ** ^The third parameter (nArg)
 ** is the number of arguments that the SQL function or
@@ -3826,10 +4211,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** parameter is less than -1 or greater than 127 then the behavior is
 ** undefined.
 **
-** The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
+** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Any SQL function implementation should be able to work
-** work with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
+** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
+** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
 ** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
 ** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
 ** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
@@ -3841,13 +4226,24 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
 **
-** The seventh, eighth and ninth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
+** ^The sixth, seventh and eighth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
 ** pointers to C-language functions that implement the SQL function or
 ** aggregate. ^A scalar SQL function requires an implementation of the xFunc
-** callback only; NULL pointers should be passed as the xStep and xFinal
+** callback only; NULL pointers must be passed as the xStep and xFinal
 ** parameters. ^An aggregate SQL function requires an implementation of xStep
-** and xFinal and NULL should be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
-** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL for all three function callbacks.
+** and xFinal and NULL pointer must be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
+** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL pointers for all three function
+** callbacks.
+**
+** ^(If the ninth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() is not NULL,
+** then it is destructor for the application data pointer. 
+** The destructor is invoked when the function is deleted, either by being
+** overloaded or when the database connection closes.)^
+** ^The destructor is also invoked if the call to
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() fails.
+** ^When the destructor callback of the tenth parameter is invoked, it
+** is passed a single argument which is a copy of the application data 
+** pointer which was the fifth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2().
 **
 ** ^It is permitted to register multiple implementations of the same
 ** functions with the same name but with either differing numbers of
@@ -3863,11 +4259,6 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 ** between UTF8 and UTF16.
 **
 ** ^Built-in functions may be overloaded by new application-defined functions.
-** ^The first application-defined function with a given name overrides all
-** built-in functions in the same [database connection] with the same name.
-** ^Subsequent application-defined functions of the same name only override 
-** prior application-defined functions that are an exact match for the
-** number of parameters and preferred encoding.
 **
 ** ^An application-defined function is permitted to call other
 ** SQLite interfaces.  However, such calls must not
@@ -3894,6 +4285,17 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
   void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
   void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Text Encodings
@@ -3937,7 +4339,7 @@ SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int6
 ** The xFunc (for scalar functions) or xStep (for aggregates) parameters
 ** to [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
 ** define callbacks that implement the SQL functions and aggregates.
-** The 4th parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
+** The 3rd parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
 ** [protected sqlite3_value] objects.  There is one [sqlite3_value] object for
 ** each parameter to the SQL function.  These routines are used to
 ** extract values from the [sqlite3_value] objects.
@@ -4191,7 +4593,12 @@ typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 ** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
 ** is non-negative, then as many bytes (not characters) of the text
 ** pointed to by the 2nd parameter are taken as the application-defined
-** function result.
+** function result.  If the 3rd parameter is non-negative, then it
+** must be the byte offset into the string where the NUL terminator would
+** appear if the string where NUL terminated.  If any NUL characters occur
+** in the string at a byte offset that is less than the value of the 3rd
+** parameter, then the resulting string will contain embedded NULs and the
+** result of expressions operating on strings with embedded NULs is undefined.
 ** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
 ** or sqlite3_result_blob is a non-NULL pointer, then SQLite calls that
 ** function as the destructor on the text or BLOB result when it has
@@ -4240,46 +4647,79 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context*, int n);
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Define New Collating Sequences
 **
-** These functions are used to add new collation sequences to the
-** [database connection] specified as the first argument.
+** ^These functions add, remove, or modify a [collation] associated
+** with the [database connection] specified as the first argument.
 **
-** ^The name of the new collation sequence is specified as a UTF-8 string
+** ^The name of the collation is a UTF-8 string
 ** for sqlite3_create_collation() and sqlite3_create_collation_v2()
-** and a UTF-16 string for sqlite3_create_collation16(). ^In all cases
-** the name is passed as the second function argument.
-**
-** ^The third argument may be one of the constants [SQLITE_UTF8],
-** [SQLITE_UTF16LE], or [SQLITE_UTF16BE], indicating that the user-supplied
-** routine expects to be passed pointers to strings encoded using UTF-8,
-** UTF-16 little-endian, or UTF-16 big-endian, respectively. ^The
-** third argument might also be [SQLITE_UTF16] to indicate that the routine
-** expects pointers to be UTF-16 strings in the native byte order, or the
-** argument can be [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] if the
-** the routine expects pointers to 16-bit word aligned strings
-** of UTF-16 in the native byte order.
-**
-** A pointer to the user supplied routine must be passed as the fifth
-** argument.  ^If it is NULL, this is the same as deleting the collation
-** sequence (so that SQLite cannot call it any more).
-** ^Each time the application supplied function is invoked, it is passed
-** as its first parameter a copy of the void* passed as the fourth argument
-** to sqlite3_create_collation() or sqlite3_create_collation16().
-**
-** ^The remaining arguments to the application-supplied routine are two strings,
-** each represented by a (length, data) pair and encoded in the encoding
-** that was passed as the third argument when the collation sequence was
-** registered.  The application defined collation routine should
-** return negative, zero or positive if the first string is less than,
-** equal to, or greater than the second string. i.e. (STRING1 - STRING2).
+** and a UTF-16 string in native byte order for sqlite3_create_collation16().
+** ^Collation names that compare equal according to [sqlite3_strnicmp()] are
+** considered to be the same name.
+**
+** ^(The third argument (eTextRep) must be one of the constants:
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF8],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16LE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED].
+** </ul>)^
+** ^The eTextRep argument determines the encoding of strings passed
+** to the collating function callback, xCallback.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16] and [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] values for eTextRep
+** force strings to be UTF16 with native byte order.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] value for eTextRep forces strings to begin
+** on an even byte address.
+**
+** ^The fourth argument, pArg, is an application data pointer that is passed
+** through as the first argument to the collating function callback.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument, xCallback, is a pointer to the collating function.
+** ^Multiple collating functions can be registered using the same name but
+** with different eTextRep parameters and SQLite will use whichever
+** function requires the least amount of data transformation.
+** ^If the xCallback argument is NULL then the collating function is
+** deleted.  ^When all collating functions having the same name are deleted,
+** that collation is no longer usable.
+**
+** ^The collating function callback is invoked with a copy of the pArg 
+** application data pointer and with two strings in the encoding specified
+** by the eTextRep argument.  The collating function must return an
+** integer that is negative, zero, or positive
+** if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second,
+** respectively.  A collating function must always return the same answer
+** given the same inputs.  If two or more collating functions are registered
+** to the same collation name (using different eTextRep values) then all
+** must give an equivalent answer when invoked with equivalent strings.
+** The collating function must obey the following properties for all
+** strings A, B, and C:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> If A==B then B==A.
+** <li> If A==B and B==C then A==C.
+** <li> If A&lt;B THEN B&gt;A.
+** <li> If A&lt;B and B&lt;C then A&lt;C.
+** </ol>
+**
+** If a collating function fails any of the above constraints and that
+** collating function is  registered and used, then the behavior of SQLite
+** is undefined.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_create_collation_v2() works like sqlite3_create_collation()
-** except that it takes an extra argument which is a destructor for
-** the collation.  ^The destructor is called when the collation is
-** destroyed and is passed a copy of the fourth parameter void* pointer
-** of the sqlite3_create_collation_v2().
-** ^Collations are destroyed when they are overridden by later calls to the
-** collation creation functions or when the [database connection] is closed
-** using [sqlite3_close()].
+** with the addition that the xDestroy callback is invoked on pArg when
+** the collating function is deleted.
+** ^Collating functions are deleted when they are overridden by later
+** calls to the collation creation functions or when the
+** [database connection] is closed using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** ^The xDestroy callback is <u>not</u> called if the 
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() function fails.  Applications that invoke
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() with a non-NULL xDestroy argument should 
+** check the return code and dispose of the application data pointer
+** themselves rather than expecting SQLite to deal with it for them.
+** This is different from every other SQLite interface.  The inconsistency 
+** is unfortunate but cannot be changed without breaking backwards 
+** compatibility.
 **
 ** See also:  [sqlite3_collation_needed()] and [sqlite3_collation_needed16()].
 */
@@ -4287,14 +4727,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(
   sqlite3*, 
   const char *zName, 
   int eTextRep, 
-  void*,
+  void *pArg,
   int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
 );
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(
   sqlite3*, 
   const char *zName, 
   int eTextRep, 
-  void*,
+  void *pArg,
   int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
   void(*xDestroy)(void*)
 );
@@ -4302,7 +4742,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(
   sqlite3*, 
   const void *zName,
   int eTextRep, 
-  void*,
+  void *pArg,
   int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
 );
 
@@ -4391,16 +4831,19 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Suspend Execution For A Short Time
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
+** The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
 ** for at least a number of milliseconds specified in its parameter.
 **
-** ^If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
+** If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
 ** millisecond time resolution, then the time will be rounded up to
-** the nearest second. ^The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
+** the nearest second. The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
 ** requested from the operating system is returned.
 **
 ** ^SQLite implements this interface by calling the xSleep()
-** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.  If the xSleep() method
+** of the default VFS is not implemented correctly, or not implemented at
+** all, then the behavior of sqlite3_sleep() may deviate from the description
+** in the previous paragraphs.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int);
 
@@ -4622,40 +5065,73 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
 ** pages to improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
 ** ^sqlite3_release_memory() returns the number of bytes actually freed,
 ** which might be more or less than the amount requested.
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() routine is a no-op returning zero
+** if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Impose A Limit On Heap Size
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit() interface places a "soft" limit
-** on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
-** ^If an internal allocation is requested that would exceed the
-** soft heap limit, [sqlite3_release_memory()] is invoked one or
-** more times to free up some space before the allocation is performed.
+** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() interface sets and/or queries the
+** soft limit on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
+** ^SQLite strives to keep heap memory utilization below the soft heap
+** limit by reducing the number of pages held in the page cache
+** as heap memory usages approaches the limit.
+** ^The soft heap limit is "soft" because even though SQLite strives to stay
+** below the limit, it will exceed the limit rather than generate
+** an [SQLITE_NOMEM] error.  In other words, the soft heap limit 
+** is advisory only.
 **
-** ^The limit is called "soft" because if [sqlite3_release_memory()]
-** cannot free sufficient memory to prevent the limit from being exceeded,
-** the memory is allocated anyway and the current operation proceeds.
+** ^The return value from sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() is the size of
+** the soft heap limit prior to the call.  ^If the argument N is negative
+** then no change is made to the soft heap limit.  Hence, the current
+** size of the soft heap limit can be determined by invoking
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() with a negative argument.
 **
-** ^A negative or zero value for N means that there is no soft heap limit and
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] will only be called when memory is exhausted.
-** ^The default value for the soft heap limit is zero.
+** ^If the argument N is zero then the soft heap limit is disabled.
 **
-** ^(SQLite makes a best effort to honor the soft heap limit.
-** But if the soft heap limit cannot be honored, execution will
-** continue without error or notification.)^  This is why the limit is
-** called a "soft" limit.  It is advisory only.
+** ^(The soft heap limit is not enforced in the current implementation
+** if one or more of following conditions are true:
 **
-** Prior to SQLite version 3.5.0, this routine only constrained the memory
-** allocated by a single thread - the same thread in which this routine
-** runs.  Beginning with SQLite version 3.5.0, the soft heap limit is
-** applied to all threads. The value specified for the soft heap limit
-** is an upper bound on the total memory allocation for all threads. In
-** version 3.5.0 there is no mechanism for limiting the heap usage for
-** individual threads.
+** <ul>
+** <li> The soft heap limit is set to zero.
+** <li> Memory accounting is disabled using a combination of the
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS],...) start-time option and
+**      the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS] compile-time option.
+** <li> An alternative page cache implementation is specified using
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE],...).
+** <li> The page cache allocates from its own memory pool supplied
+**      by [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE],...) rather than
+**      from the heap.
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** Beginning with SQLite version 3.7.3, the soft heap limit is enforced
+** regardless of whether or not the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT]
+** compile-time option is invoked.  With [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT],
+** the soft heap limit is enforced on every memory allocation.  Without
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT], the soft heap limit is only enforced
+** when memory is allocated by the page cache.  Testing suggests that because
+** the page cache is the predominate memory user in SQLite, most
+** applications will achieve adequate soft heap limit enforcement without
+** the use of [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+**
+** The circumstances under which SQLite will enforce the soft heap limit may
+** changes in future releases of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Soft Heap Limit Interface
+** DEPRECATED
+**
+** This is a deprecated version of the [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+** interface.  This routine is provided for historical compatibility
+** only.  All new applications should use the
+** [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()] interface rather than this one.
 */
-SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int N);
+
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extract Metadata About A Column Of A Table
@@ -4779,34 +5255,47 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 *db, int onoff);
 
 /*
-** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load An Extensions
+** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load Statically Linked Extensions
 **
-** ^This API can be invoked at program startup in order to register
-** one or more statically linked extensions that will be available
-** to all new [database connections].
+** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
+** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
-** ^(This routine stores a pointer to the extension entry point
-** in an array that is obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  That memory
-** is deallocated by [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].)^
+** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
+** no arguments and returns void, SQLite invokes xEntryPoint() with three
+** arguments and expects and integer result as if the signature of the
+** entry point where as follows:
 **
-** ^This function registers an extension entry point that is
-** automatically invoked whenever a new [database connection]
-** is opened using [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
-** or [sqlite3_open_v2()].
-** ^Duplicate extensions are detected so calling this routine
-** multiple times with the same extension is harmless.
-** ^Automatic extensions apply across all threads.
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** &nbsp;  int xEntryPoint(
+** &nbsp;    sqlite3 *db,
+** &nbsp;    const char **pzErrMsg,
+** &nbsp;    const struct sqlite3_api_routines *pThunk
+** &nbsp;  );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** If the xEntryPoint routine encounters an error, it should make *pzErrMsg
+** point to an appropriate error message (obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()])
+** and return an appropriate [error code].  ^SQLite ensures that *pzErrMsg
+** is NULL before calling the xEntryPoint().  ^SQLite will invoke
+** [sqlite3_free()] on *pzErrMsg after xEntryPoint() returns.  ^If any
+** xEntryPoint() returns an error, the [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
+** or [sqlite3_open_v2()] call that provoked the xEntryPoint() will fail.
+**
+** ^Calling sqlite3_auto_extension(X) with an entry point X that is already
+** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
+** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
-** ^(This function disables all previously registered automatic
-** extensions. It undoes the effect of all prior
-** [sqlite3_auto_extension()] calls.)^
-**
-** ^This function disables automatic extensions in all threads.
+** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
+** registered using [sqlite3_auto_extension()].
 */
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void);
 
@@ -4831,7 +5320,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Object
 ** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_module {virtual table module}
 **
-** This structure, sometimes called a a "virtual table module", 
+** This structure, sometimes called a "virtual table module", 
 ** defines the implementation of a [virtual tables].  
 ** This structure consists mostly of methods for the module.
 **
@@ -4871,6 +5360,11 @@ struct sqlite3_module {
                        void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
                        void **ppArg);
   int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
+  /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
+  ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
+  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -4986,7 +5480,9 @@ struct sqlite3_index_info {
 ** ^The sqlite3_create_module_v2() interface has a fifth parameter which
 ** is a pointer to a destructor for the pClientData.  ^SQLite will
 ** invoke the destructor function (if it is not NULL) when SQLite
-** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The sqlite3_create_module()
+** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The destructor will also
+** be invoked if the call to sqlite3_create_module_v2() fails.
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module()
 ** interface is equivalent to sqlite3_create_module_v2() with a NULL
 ** destructor.
 */
@@ -5141,7 +5637,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_blob sqlite3_blob;
 ** This is true if any column of the row is changed, even a column
 ** other than the one the BLOB handle is open on.)^
 ** ^Calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] for
-** a expired BLOB handle fail with an return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** an expired BLOB handle fail with a return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
 ** ^(Changes written into a BLOB prior to the BLOB expiring are not
 ** rolled back by the expiration of the BLOB.  Such changes will eventually
 ** commit if the transaction continues to completion.)^
@@ -5169,6 +5665,30 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
   sqlite3_blob **ppBlob
 );
 
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Move a BLOB Handle to a New Row
+**
+** ^This function is used to move an existing blob handle so that it points
+** to a different row of the same database table. ^The new row is identified
+** by the rowid value passed as the second argument. Only the row can be
+** changed. ^The database, table and column on which the blob handle is open
+** remain the same. Moving an existing blob handle to a new row can be
+** faster than closing the existing handle and opening a new one.
+**
+** ^(The new row must meet the same criteria as for [sqlite3_blob_open()] -
+** it must exist and there must be either a blob or text value stored in
+** the nominated column.)^ ^If the new row is not present in the table, or if
+** it does not contain a blob or text value, or if another error occurs, an
+** SQLite error code is returned and the blob handle is considered aborted.
+** ^All subsequent calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()], [sqlite3_blob_write()] or
+** [sqlite3_blob_reopen()] on an aborted blob handle immediately return
+** SQLITE_ABORT. ^Calling [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] on an aborted blob handle
+** always returns zero.
+**
+** ^This function sets the database handle error code and message.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *, sqlite3_int64);
+
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Close A BLOB Handle
 **
@@ -5445,7 +5965,7 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex*);
 **
 ** ^The xMutexInit method defined by this structure is invoked as
 ** part of system initialization by the sqlite3_initialize() function.
-** ^The xMutexInit routine is calle by SQLite exactly once for each
+** ^The xMutexInit routine is called by SQLite exactly once for each
 ** effective call to [sqlite3_initialize()].
 **
 ** ^The xMutexEnd method defined by this structure is invoked as
@@ -5527,7 +6047,7 @@ struct sqlite3_mutex_methods {
 **
 ** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_held() is a NULL pointer then
 ** the routine should return 1.   This seems counter-intuitive since
-** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But the
+** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But
 ** the reason the mutex does not exist is because the build is not
 ** using mutexes.  And we do not want the assert() containing the
 ** call to sqlite3_mutex_held() to fail, so a non-zero return is
@@ -5557,7 +6077,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex*);
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN      4  /* sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG      5  /* sqlite3_random() */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* lru page list */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -5576,7 +6097,7 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3*);
 ** ^The [sqlite3_file_control()] interface makes a direct call to the
 ** xFileControl method for the [sqlite3_io_methods] object associated
 ** with a particular database identified by the second argument. ^The
-** name of the database "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
+** name of the database is "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
 ** TEMP database, or the name that appears after the AS keyword for
 ** databases that are added using the [ATTACH] SQL command.
 ** ^A NULL pointer can be used in place of "main" to refer to the
@@ -5586,6 +6107,12 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3*);
 ** the xFileControl method.  ^The return value of the xFileControl
 ** method becomes the return value of this routine.
 **
+** ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER value for the op parameter causes
+** a pointer to the underlying [sqlite3_file] object to be written into
+** the space pointed to by the 4th parameter.  ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER
+** case is a short-circuit path which does not actually invoke the
+** underlying sqlite3_io_methods.xFileControl method.
+**
 ** ^If the second parameter (zDbName) does not match the name of any
 ** open database file, then SQLITE_ERROR is returned.  ^This error
 ** code is not remembered and will not be recalled by [sqlite3_errcode()]
@@ -5642,7 +6169,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ                 17
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    17
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           18
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -5651,7 +6180,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
 ** about the performance of SQLite, and optionally to reset various
 ** highwater marks.  ^The first argument is an integer code for
 ** the specific parameter to measure.  ^(Recognized integer codes
-** are of the form [SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
+** are of the form [status parameters | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
 ** ^The current value of the parameter is returned into *pCurrent.
 ** ^The highest recorded value is returned in *pHighwater.  ^If the
 ** resetFlag is true, then the highest record value is reset after
@@ -5661,7 +6190,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
 ** ^(Other parameters record only the highwater mark and not the current
 ** value.  For these latter parameters nothing is written into *pCurrent.)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** ^The sqlite3_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
 ** non-zero [error code] on failure.
 **
 ** This routine is threadsafe but is not atomic.  This routine can be
@@ -5678,12 +6207,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters
+** KEYWORDS: {status parameters}
 **
 ** These integer constants designate various run-time status parameters
 ** that can be returned by [sqlite3_status()].
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter is the current amount of memory checked out
 ** using [sqlite3_malloc()], either directly or indirectly.  The
 ** figure includes calls made to [sqlite3_malloc()] by the application
@@ -5693,38 +6223,40 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 ** this parameter.  The amount returned is the sum of the allocation
 ** sizes as reported by the xSize method in [sqlite3_mem_methods].</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] (or their
 ** internal equivalents).  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
-** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations.</dd>)^
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations
+** currently checked out.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pages used out of the
 ** [pagecache memory allocator] that was configured using 
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].  The
 ** value returned is in pages, not in bytes.</dd>)^
 **
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW]] 
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of page cache
-** allocation which could not be statisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
 ** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The
 ** returned value includes allocations that overflowed because they
 ** where too large (they were larger than the "sz" parameter to
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]) and allocations that overflowed because
 ** no space was left in the page cache.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [pagecache memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of allocations used out of the
 ** [scratch memory allocator] configured using
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH].  The value returned is in allocations, not
@@ -5732,9 +6264,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 ** outstanding at time, this parameter also reports the number of threads
 ** using scratch memory at the same time.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of scratch memory
-** allocation which could not be statisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
 ** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The values
 ** returned include overflows because the requested allocation was too
 ** larger (that is, because the requested allocation was larger than the
@@ -5742,13 +6274,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 ** slots were available.
 ** </dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [scratch memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the deepest parser stack.  It is only
 ** meaningful if SQLite is compiled with [YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH].</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
@@ -5773,9 +6305,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 ** about a single [database connection].  ^The first argument is the
 ** database connection object to be interrogated.  ^The second argument
 ** is an integer constant, taken from the set of
-** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED | SQLITE_DBSTATUS_*] macros, that
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options], that
 ** determines the parameter to interrogate.  The set of 
-** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED | SQLITE_DBSTATUS_*] macros is likely
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options] is likely
 ** to grow in future releases of SQLite.
 **
 ** ^The current value of the requested parameter is written into *pCur
@@ -5783,12 +6315,16 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetF
 ** the resetFlg is true, then the highest instantaneous value is
 ** reset back down to the current value.
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
 ** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_stmt_status()].
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int resetFlg);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for database connections
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_DBSTATUS options}
 **
 ** These constants are the available integer "verbs" that can be passed as
 ** the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_status()] interface.
@@ -5800,16 +6336,37 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int r
 ** if a discontinued or unsupported verb is invoked.
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of lookaside memory slots currently
 ** checked out.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that were 
+** satisfied using lookaside memory. Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to the amount of
+** memory requested being larger than the lookaside slot size.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to all lookaside
+** memory already being in use.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** memory used by all pager caches associated with the database connection.)^
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED is always 0.
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** memory used to store the schema for all databases associated
 ** with the connection - main, temp, and any [ATTACH]-ed databases.)^ 
@@ -5818,26 +6375,43 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int r
 ** [shared cache mode] being enabled.
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED is always 0.
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** and lookaside memory used by all prepared statements associated with
 ** the database connection.)^
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pager cache hits that have
+** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT 
+** is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pager cache misses that have
+** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
+** is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED     0
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED         1
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED        2
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED          3
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                3   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED           1
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED          2
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED            3
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT        4
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE  5
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Prepared Statement Status
 **
 ** ^(Each prepared statement maintains various
-** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT | counters] that measure the number
+** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters] that measure the number
 ** of times it has performed specific operations.)^  These counters can
 ** be used to monitor the performance characteristics of the prepared
 ** statements.  For example, if the number of table steps greatly exceeds
@@ -5848,7 +6422,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int r
 ** ^(This interface is used to retrieve and reset counter values from
 ** a [prepared statement].  The first argument is the prepared statement
 ** object to be interrogated.  The second argument
-** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT | counter]
+** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter]
 ** to be interrogated.)^
 ** ^The current value of the requested counter is returned.
 ** ^If the resetFlg is true, then the counter is reset to zero after this
@@ -5860,30 +6434,30 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt*, int op,int resetFlg);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for prepared statements
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter} {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters}
 **
 ** These preprocessor macros define integer codes that name counter
 ** values associated with the [sqlite3_stmt_status()] interface.
 ** The meanings of the various counters are as follows:
 **
 ** <dl>
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of times that SQLite has stepped forward in
 ** a table as part of a full table scan.  Large numbers for this counter
 ** may indicate opportunities for performance improvement through 
 ** careful use of indices.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of sort operations that have occurred.
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance through careful use of indices.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of rows inserted into transient indices that
 ** were created automatically in order to help joins run faster.
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
-**
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
@@ -5909,32 +6483,44 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
 **
 ** ^(The [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE], ...) interface can
 ** register an alternative page cache implementation by passing in an 
-** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^ The majority of the 
-** heap memory used by SQLite is used by the page cache to cache data read 
-** from, or ready to be written to, the database file. By implementing a 
-** custom page cache using this API, an application can control more 
-** precisely the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
+** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^
+** In many applications, most of the heap memory allocated by 
+** SQLite is used for the page cache.
+** By implementing a 
+** custom page cache using this API, an application can better control
+** the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
 ** that memory is allocated and released, and the policies used to 
 ** determine exactly which parts of a database file are cached and for 
 ** how long.
 **
+** The alternative page cache mechanism is an
+** extreme measure that is only needed by the most demanding applications.
+** The built-in page cache is recommended for most uses.
+**
 ** ^(The contents of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure are copied to an
 ** internal buffer by SQLite within the call to [sqlite3_config].  Hence
 ** the application may discard the parameter after the call to
 ** [sqlite3_config()] returns.)^
 **
-** ^The xInit() method is called once for each call to [sqlite3_initialize()]
+** [[the xInit() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xInit() method is called once for each effective 
+** call to [sqlite3_initialize()])^
 ** (usually only once during the lifetime of the process). ^(The xInit()
 ** method is passed a copy of the sqlite3_pcache_methods.pArg value.)^
-** ^The xInit() method can set up up global structures and/or any mutexes
+** The intent of the xInit() method is to set up global data structures 
 ** required by the custom page cache implementation. 
+** ^(If the xInit() method is NULL, then the 
+** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+** page cache.)^
 **
-** ^The xShutdown() method is called from within [sqlite3_shutdown()], 
-** if the application invokes this API. It can be used to clean up 
+** [[the xShutdown() page cache method]]
+** ^The xShutdown() method is called by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** It can be used to clean up 
 ** any outstanding resources before process shutdown, if required.
+** ^The xShutdown() method may be NULL.
 **
-** ^SQLite holds a [SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE] mutex when it invokes
-** the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
+** ^SQLite automatically serializes calls to the xInit method,
+** so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
 ** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
 ** not need to be threadsafe either.  All other methods must be threadsafe
 ** in multithreaded applications.
@@ -5942,47 +6528,56 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
 ** ^SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
 ** call to xShutdown().
 **
-** ^The xCreate() method is used to construct a new cache instance.  SQLite
-** will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
+** [[the xCreate() page cache methods]]
+** ^SQLite invokes the xCreate() method to construct a new cache instance.
+** SQLite will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
 ** though this is not guaranteed. ^The
 ** first parameter, szPage, is the size in bytes of the pages that must
 ** be allocated by the cache.  ^szPage will not be a power of two.  ^szPage
 ** will the page size of the database file that is to be cached plus an
-** increment (here called "R") of about 100 or 200.  ^SQLite will use the
+** increment (here called "R") of less than 250.  SQLite will use the
 ** extra R bytes on each page to store metadata about the underlying
 ** database page on disk.  The value of R depends
 ** on the SQLite version, the target platform, and how SQLite was compiled.
-** ^R is constant for a particular build of SQLite.  ^The second argument to
+** ^(R is constant for a particular build of SQLite. Except, there are two
+** distinct values of R when SQLite is compiled with the proprietary
+** ZIPVFS extension.)^  ^The second argument to
 ** xCreate(), bPurgeable, is true if the cache being created will
 ** be used to cache database pages of a file stored on disk, or
-** false if it is used for an in-memory database. ^The cache implementation
+** false if it is used for an in-memory database. The cache implementation
 ** does not have to do anything special based with the value of bPurgeable;
 ** it is purely advisory.  ^On a cache where bPurgeable is false, SQLite will
 ** never invoke xUnpin() except to deliberately delete a page.
-** ^In other words, a cache created with bPurgeable set to false will
+** ^In other words, calls to xUnpin() on a cache with bPurgeable set to
+** false will always have the "discard" flag set to true.  
+** ^Hence, a cache created with bPurgeable false will
 ** never contain any unpinned pages.
 **
+** [[the xCachesize() page cache method]]
 ** ^(The xCachesize() method may be called at any time by SQLite to set the
 ** suggested maximum cache-size (number of pages stored by) the cache
 ** instance passed as the first argument. This is the value configured using
-** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  ^As with the bPurgeable
+** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  As with the bPurgeable
 ** parameter, the implementation is not required to do anything with this
 ** value; it is advisory only.
 **
-** ^The xPagecount() method should return the number of pages currently
-** stored in the cache.
+** [[the xPagecount() page cache methods]]
+** The xPagecount() method must return the number of pages currently
+** stored in the cache, both pinned and unpinned.
 ** 
-** ^The xFetch() method is used to fetch a page and return a pointer to it. 
-** ^A 'page', in this context, is a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
-** 8-byte boundary. ^The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
-** mimimum key value is 1. After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
+** [[the xFetch() page cache methods]]
+** The xFetch() method locates a page in the cache and returns a pointer to 
+** the page, or a NULL pointer.
+** A "page", in this context, means a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
+** 8-byte boundary. The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
+** minimum key value is 1.  After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
 ** is considered to be "pinned".
 **
-** ^If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
+** If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
 ** implementation must return a pointer to the page buffer with its content
-** intact.  ^(If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
-** behavior of the cache implementation is determined by the value of the
-** createFlag parameter passed to xFetch, according to the following table:
+** intact.  If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
+** cache implementation should use the value of the createFlag
+** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
 ** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
@@ -5991,39 +6586,41 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 2 <td> Make every effort to allocate a new page.  Only return
 **                 NULL if allocating a new page is effectively impossible.
-** </table>)^
+** </table>
 **
-** SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  If
-** a call to xFetch() with createFlag==1 returns NULL, then SQLite will
+** ^(SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  SQLite
+** will only use a createFlag of 2 after a prior call with a createFlag of 1
+** failed.)^  In between the to xFetch() calls, SQLite may
 ** attempt to unpin one or more cache pages by spilling the content of
-** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache. After
-** attempting to unpin pages, the xFetch() method will be invoked again with
-** a createFlag of 2.
+** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache.
 **
+** [[the xUnpin() page cache method]]
 ** ^xUnpin() is called by SQLite with a pointer to a currently pinned page
-** as its second argument. ^(If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
-** then the page should be evicted from the cache. In this case SQLite 
-** assumes that the next time the page is retrieved from the cache using
-** the xFetch() method, it will be zeroed.)^ ^If the discard parameter is
-** zero, then the page is considered to be unpinned. ^The cache implementation
+** as its second argument.  If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
+** then the page must be evicted from the cache.
+** ^If the discard parameter is
+** zero, then the page may be discarded or retained at the discretion of
+** page cache implementation. ^The page cache implementation
 ** may choose to evict unpinned pages at any time.
 **
-** ^(The cache is not required to perform any reference counting. A single 
+** The cache must not perform any reference counting. A single 
 ** call to xUnpin() unpins the page regardless of the number of prior calls 
-** to xFetch().)^
+** to xFetch().
 **
-** ^The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
-** page passed as the second argument from oldKey to newKey. ^If the cache
-** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it should be
+** [[the xRekey() page cache methods]]
+** The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
+** page passed as the second argument. If the cache
+** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it must be
 ** discarded. ^Any prior cache entry associated with newKey is guaranteed not
 ** to be pinned.
 **
-** ^When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
+** When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
 ** existing cache entries with page numbers (keys) greater than or equal
-** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). ^If any
+** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). If any
 ** of these pages are pinned, they are implicitly unpinned, meaning that
 ** they can be safely discarded.
 **
+** [[the xDestroy() page cache method]]
 ** ^The xDestroy() method is used to delete a cache allocated by xCreate().
 ** All resources associated with the specified cache should be freed. ^After
 ** calling the xDestroy() method, SQLite considers the [sqlite3_pcache*]
@@ -6066,11 +6663,12 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 **
 ** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
 **
-** ^Exclusive access is required to the destination database for the 
-** duration of the operation. ^However the source database is only
-** read-locked while it is actually being read; it is not locked
-** continuously for the entire backup operation. ^Thus, the backup may be
-** performed on a live source database without preventing other users from
+** ^SQLite holds a write transaction open on the destination database file
+** for the duration of the backup operation.
+** ^The source database is read-locked only while it is being read;
+** it is not locked continuously for the entire backup operation.
+** ^Thus, the backup may be performed on a live source database without
+** preventing other database connections from
 ** reading or writing to the source database while the backup is underway.
 ** 
 ** ^(To perform a backup operation: 
@@ -6085,7 +6683,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** There should be exactly one call to sqlite3_backup_finish() for each
 ** successful call to sqlite3_backup_init().
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_init()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
 **
 ** ^The D and N arguments to sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) are the 
 ** [database connection] associated with the destination database 
@@ -6097,11 +6695,11 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) identify the [database connection]
 ** and database name of the source database, respectively.
 ** ^The source and destination [database connections] (parameters S and D)
-** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will file with
+** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will fail with
 ** an error.
 **
 ** ^If an error occurs within sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M), then NULL is
-** returned and an error code and error message are store3d in the
+** returned and an error code and error message are stored in the
 ** destination [database connection] D.
 ** ^The error code and message for the failed call to sqlite3_backup_init()
 ** can be retrieved using the [sqlite3_errcode()], [sqlite3_errmsg()], and/or
@@ -6112,13 +6710,13 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** sqlite3_backup_finish() functions to perform the specified backup 
 ** operation.
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_step()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
 **
 ** ^Function sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) will copy up to N pages between 
 ** the source and destination databases specified by [sqlite3_backup] object B.
 ** ^If N is negative, all remaining source pages are copied. 
 ** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully copies N pages and there
-** are still more pages to be copied, then the function resturns [SQLITE_OK].
+** are still more pages to be copied, then the function returns [SQLITE_OK].
 ** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully finishes copying all pages
 ** from source to destination, then it returns [SQLITE_DONE].
 ** ^If an error occurs while running sqlite3_backup_step(B,N),
@@ -6132,7 +6730,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** <li> the destination database was opened read-only, or
 ** <li> the destination database is using write-ahead-log journaling
 ** and the destination and source page sizes differ, or
-** <li> The destination database is an in-memory database and the
+** <li> the destination database is an in-memory database and the
 ** destination and source page sizes differ.
 ** </ol>)^
 **
@@ -6169,7 +6767,7 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** by the backup operation, then the backup database is automatically
 ** updated at the same time.
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_finish()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
 **
 ** When sqlite3_backup_step() has returned [SQLITE_DONE], or when the 
 ** application wishes to abandon the backup operation, the application
@@ -6192,7 +6790,8 @@ typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 ** is not a permanent error and does not affect the return value of
 ** sqlite3_backup_finish().
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining(), sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup__remaining()]] [[sqlite3_backup_pagecount()]]
+** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
 **
 ** ^Each call to sqlite3_backup_step() sets two values inside
 ** the [sqlite3_backup] object: the number of pages still to be backed
@@ -6463,7 +7062,8 @@ SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
 ** from SQL.
 **
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
-** enabled with a threshold of 1000 pages.  The use of this interface
+** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
+** pages.  The use of this interface
 ** is only necessary if the default setting is found to be suboptimal
 ** for a particular application.
 */
@@ -6482,9 +7082,189 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int N);
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
 ** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to cause this interface to be
 ** run whenever the WAL reaches a certain size threshold.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb);
 
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** Run a checkpoint operation on WAL database zDb attached to database 
+** handle db. The specific operation is determined by the value of the 
+** eMode parameter:
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE<dd>
+**   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
+**   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
+**   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
+**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
+**   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
+**   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
+**   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
+**   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
+**   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+** </dl>
+**
+** If pnLog is not NULL, then *pnLog is set to the total number of frames in
+** the log file before returning. If pnCkpt is not NULL, then *pnCkpt is set to
+** the total number of checkpointed frames (including any that were already
+** checkpointed when this function is called). *pnLog and *pnCkpt may be
+** populated even if sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2() returns other than SQLITE_OK.
+** If no values are available because of an error, they are both set to -1
+** before returning to communicate this to the caller.
+**
+** All calls obtain an exclusive "checkpoint" lock on the database file. If
+** any other process is running a checkpoint operation at the same time, the 
+** lock cannot be obtained and SQLITE_BUSY is returned. Even if there is a 
+** busy-handler configured, it will not be invoked in this case.
+**
+** The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL and RESTART modes also obtain the exclusive 
+** "writer" lock on the database file. If the writer lock cannot be obtained
+** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the writer
+** lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the lock is
+** successfully obtained. The busy-handler is also invoked while waiting for
+** database readers as described above. If the busy-handler returns 0 before
+** the writer lock is obtained or while waiting for database readers, the
+** checkpoint operation proceeds from that point in the same way as 
+** SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE - checkpointing as many frames as possible 
+** without blocking any further. SQLITE_BUSY is returned in this case.
+**
+** If parameter zDb is NULL or points to a zero length string, then the
+** specified operation is attempted on all WAL databases. In this case the
+** values written to output parameters *pnLog and *pnCkpt are undefined. If 
+** an SQLITE_BUSY error is encountered when processing one or more of the 
+** attached WAL databases, the operation is still attempted on any remaining 
+** attached databases and SQLITE_BUSY is returned to the caller. If any other 
+** error occurs while processing an attached database, processing is abandoned 
+** and the error code returned to the caller immediately. If no error 
+** (SQLITE_BUSY or otherwise) is encountered while processing the attached 
+** databases, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If database zDb is the name of an attached database that is not in WAL
+** mode, SQLITE_OK is returned and both *pnLog and *pnCkpt set to -1. If
+** zDb is not NULL (or a zero length string) and is not the name of any
+** attached database, SQLITE_ERROR is returned to the caller.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint operation parameters
+**
+** These constants can be used as the 3rd parameter to
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()].  See the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+** documentation for additional information about the meaning and use of
+** each of these values.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE 0
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL    1
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART 2
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Interface Configuration
+**
+** This function may be called by either the [xConnect] or [xCreate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation to configure
+** various facets of the virtual table interface.
+**
+** If this interface is invoked outside the context of an xConnect or
+** xCreate virtual table method then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** At present, there is only one option that may be configured using
+** this function. (See [SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT].)  Further options
+** may be added in the future.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Configuration Options
+**
+** These macros define the various options to the
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config()] interface that [virtual table] implementations
+** can use to customize and optimize their behavior.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT
+** <dd>Calls of the form
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config](db,SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT,X) are supported,
+** where X is an integer.  If X is zero, then the [virtual table] whose
+** [xCreate] or [xConnect] method invoked [sqlite3_vtab_config()] does not
+** support constraints.  In this configuration (which is the default) if
+** a call to the [xUpdate] method returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], then the entire
+** statement is rolled back as if [ON CONFLICT | OR ABORT] had been
+** specified as part of the users SQL statement, regardless of the actual
+** ON CONFLICT mode specified.
+**
+** If X is non-zero, then the virtual table implementation guarantees
+** that if [xUpdate] returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], it will do so before
+** any modifications to internal or persistent data structures have been made.
+** If the [ON CONFLICT] mode is ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE or ROLLBACK, SQLite 
+** is able to roll back a statement or database transaction, and abandon
+** or continue processing the current SQL statement as appropriate. 
+** If the ON CONFLICT mode is REPLACE and the [xUpdate] method returns
+** [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], SQLite handles this as if the ON CONFLICT mode
+** had been ABORT.
+**
+** Virtual table implementations that are required to handle OR REPLACE
+** must do so within the [xUpdate] method. If a call to the 
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] function indicates that the current ON 
+** CONFLICT policy is REPLACE, the virtual table implementation should 
+** silently replace the appropriate rows within the xUpdate callback and
+** return SQLITE_OK. Or, if this is not possible, it may return
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, in which case SQLite falls back to OR ABORT 
+** constraint handling.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine The Virtual Table Conflict Policy
+**
+** This function may only be called from within a call to the [xUpdate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation for an INSERT or UPDATE operation. ^The
+** value returned is one of [SQLITE_ROLLBACK], [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_FAIL],
+** [SQLITE_ABORT], or [SQLITE_REPLACE], according to the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** of the SQL statement that triggered the call to the [xUpdate] method of the
+** [virtual table].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+**
+** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
+** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** is for the SQL statement being evaluated.
+**
+** Note that the [SQLITE_IGNORE] constant is also used as a potential
+** return value from the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] callback and that
+** [SQLITE_ABORT] is also a [result code].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ROLLBACK 1
+/* #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2 // Also used by sqlite3_authorizer() callback */
+#define SQLITE_FAIL     3
+/* #define SQLITE_ABORT 4  // Also an error code */
+#define SQLITE_REPLACE  5
+
+
+
 /*
 ** Undo the hack that converts floating point types to integer for
 ** builds on processors without floating point support.
@@ -6498,6 +7278,62 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb);
 #endif
 #endif
 
+/*
+** 2010 August 30
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+#define _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+
+
+#if 0
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+
+/*
+** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
+** R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zGeom(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  void *pContext
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the first
+** argument to callbacks registered using rtree_geometry_callback().
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
+  void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
+  int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
+  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
+};
+
+
+#if 0
+}  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_ */
+
 
 /************** End of sqlite3.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
@@ -6907,6 +7743,18 @@ typedef INT8_TYPE i8;              /* 1-byte signed integer */
 */
 #define SQLITE_MAX_U32  ((((u64)1)<<32)-1)
 
+/*
+** The datatype used to store estimates of the number of rows in a
+** table or index.  This is an unsigned integer type.  For 99.9% of
+** the world, a 32-bit integer is sufficient.  But a 64-bit integer
+** can be used at compile-time if desired.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_64BIT_STATS
+ typedef u64 tRowcnt;    /* 64-bit only if requested at compile-time */
+#else
+ typedef u32 tRowcnt;    /* 32-bit is the default */
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Macros to determine whether the machine is big or little endian,
 ** evaluated at runtime.
@@ -7068,6 +7916,7 @@ typedef struct Expr Expr;
 typedef struct ExprList ExprList;
 typedef struct ExprSpan ExprSpan;
 typedef struct FKey FKey;
+typedef struct FuncDestructor FuncDestructor;
 typedef struct FuncDef FuncDef;
 typedef struct FuncDefHash FuncDefHash;
 typedef struct IdList IdList;
@@ -7093,6 +7942,7 @@ typedef struct TriggerPrg TriggerPrg;
 typedef struct TriggerStep TriggerStep;
 typedef struct UnpackedRecord UnpackedRecord;
 typedef struct VTable VTable;
+typedef struct VtabCtx VtabCtx;
 typedef struct Walker Walker;
 typedef struct WherePlan WherePlan;
 typedef struct WhereInfo WhereInfo;
@@ -7146,21 +7996,10 @@ typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
 typedef struct Btree Btree;
 typedef struct BtCursor BtCursor;
 typedef struct BtShared BtShared;
-typedef struct BtreeMutexArray BtreeMutexArray;
-
-/*
-** This structure records all of the Btrees that need to hold
-** a mutex before we enter sqlite3VdbeExec().  The Btrees are
-** are placed in aBtree[] in order of aBtree[]->pBt.  That way,
-** we can always lock and unlock them all quickly.
-*/
-struct BtreeMutexArray {
-  int nMutex;
-  Btree *aBtree[SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+1];
-};
 
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,       /* VFS to use with this b-tree */
   const char *zFilename,   /* Name of database file to open */
   sqlite3 *db,             /* Associated database connection */
   Btree **ppBtree,         /* Return open Btree* here */
@@ -7174,16 +8013,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
 ** NOTE:  These values must match the corresponding PAGER_ values in
 ** pager.h.
 */
-#define BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL  1  /* Do not use journal.  No argument */
+#define BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL  1  /* Do not create or use a rollback journal */
 #define BTREE_NO_READLOCK   2  /* Omit readlocks on readonly files */
-#define BTREE_MEMORY        4  /* In-memory DB.  No argument */
-#define BTREE_READONLY      8  /* Open the database in read-only mode */
-#define BTREE_READWRITE    16  /* Open for both reading and writing */
-#define BTREE_CREATE       32  /* Create the database if it does not exist */
+#define BTREE_MEMORY        4  /* This is an in-memory DB */
+#define BTREE_SINGLE        8  /* The file contains at most 1 b-tree */
+#define BTREE_UNORDERED    16  /* Use of a hash implementation is OK */
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClose(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree*,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
@@ -7195,7 +8033,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(Btree*, const char *zMaster);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeRollback(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(Btree*,int);
@@ -7215,11 +8053,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(Btree *, Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(Btree *);
 
 /* The flags parameter to sqlite3BtreeCreateTable can be the bitwise OR
-** of the following flags:
+** of the flags shown below.
+**
+** Every SQLite table must have either BTREE_INTKEY or BTREE_BLOBKEY set.
+** With BTREE_INTKEY, the table key is a 64-bit integer and arbitrary data
+** is stored in the leaves.  (BTREE_INTKEY is used for SQL tables.)  With
+** BTREE_BLOBKEY, the key is an arbitrary BLOB and no content is stored
+** anywhere - the key is the content.  (BTREE_BLOBKEY is used for SQL
+** indices.)
 */
 #define BTREE_INTKEY     1    /* Table has only 64-bit signed integer keys */
-#define BTREE_ZERODATA   2    /* Table has keys only - no data */
-#define BTREE_LEAFDATA   4    /* Data stored in leaves only.  Implies INTKEY */
+#define BTREE_BLOBKEY    2    /* Table has keys only - no data */
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDropTable(Btree*, int, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTable(Btree*, int, int*);
@@ -7309,7 +8153,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorList(Btree*);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree*, int, int *, int *);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -7326,30 +8170,28 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(sqlite3*);
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeSharable(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeave(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(BtCursor*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(BtCursor*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(sqlite3*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayEnter(BtreeMutexArray*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(BtreeMutexArray*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayInsert(BtreeMutexArray*, Btree*);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   /* These routines are used inside assert() statements only. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(sqlite3*,int,Schema*);
 #endif
 #else
 
+# define sqlite3BtreeSharable(X) 0
 # define sqlite3BtreeLeave(X)
 # define sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(X)
 # define sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(X)
 # define sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(X)
-# define sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayEnter(X)
-# define sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(X)
-# define sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayInsert(X,Y)
 
 # define sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(X) 1
 # define sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(X) 1
+# define sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(X,Y,Z) 1
 #endif
 
 
@@ -7378,6 +8220,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(sqlite3*);
 */
 #ifndef _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
 #define _SQLITE_VDBE_H_
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 /*
 ** A single VDBE is an opaque structure named "Vdbe".  Only routines
@@ -7421,6 +8264,7 @@ struct VdbeOp {
     KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;     /* Used when p4type is P4_KEYINFO */
     int *ai;               /* Used when p4type is P4_INTARRAY */
     SubProgram *pProgram;  /* Used when p4type is P4_SUBPROGRAM */
+    int (*xAdvance)(BtCursor *, int *);
   } p4;
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   char *zComment;          /* Comment to improve readability */
@@ -7468,7 +8312,7 @@ typedef struct VdbeOpList VdbeOpList;
 #define P4_KEYINFO  (-6)  /* P4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure */
 #define P4_VDBEFUNC (-7)  /* P4 is a pointer to a VdbeFunc structure */
 #define P4_MEM      (-8)  /* P4 is a pointer to a Mem*    structure */
-#define P4_TRANSIENT (-9) /* P4 is a pointer to a transient string */
+#define P4_TRANSIENT  0   /* P4 is a pointer to a transient string */
 #define P4_VTAB     (-10) /* P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure */
 #define P4_MPRINTF  (-11) /* P4 is a string obtained from sqlite3_mprintf() */
 #define P4_REAL     (-12) /* P4 is a 64-bit floating point value */
@@ -7476,6 +8320,7 @@ typedef struct VdbeOpList VdbeOpList;
 #define P4_INT32    (-14) /* P4 is a 32-bit signed integer */
 #define P4_INTARRAY (-15) /* P4 is a vector of 32-bit integers */
 #define P4_SUBPROGRAM  (-18) /* P4 is a pointer to a SubProgram structure */
+#define P4_ADVANCE  (-19) /* P4 is a pointer to BtreeNext() or BtreePrev() */
 
 /* When adding a P4 argument using P4_KEYINFO, a copy of the KeyInfo structure
 ** is made.  That copy is freed when the Vdbe is finalized.  But if the
@@ -7573,102 +8418,105 @@ typedef struct VdbeOpList VdbeOpList;
 #define OP_Or                                  68   /* same as TK_OR       */
 #define OP_Not                                 19   /* same as TK_NOT      */
 #define OP_BitNot                              93   /* same as TK_BITNOT   */
-#define OP_If                                  26
-#define OP_IfNot                               27
+#define OP_Once                                26
+#define OP_If                                  27
+#define OP_IfNot                               28
 #define OP_IsNull                              73   /* same as TK_ISNULL   */
 #define OP_NotNull                             74   /* same as TK_NOTNULL  */
-#define OP_Column                              28
-#define OP_Affinity                            29
-#define OP_MakeRecord                          30
-#define OP_Count                               31
-#define OP_Savepoint                           32
-#define OP_AutoCommit                          33
-#define OP_Transaction                         34
-#define OP_ReadCookie                          35
-#define OP_SetCookie                           36
-#define OP_VerifyCookie                        37
-#define OP_OpenRead                            38
-#define OP_OpenWrite                           39
-#define OP_OpenAutoindex                       40
-#define OP_OpenEphemeral                       41
-#define OP_OpenPseudo                          42
-#define OP_Close                               43
-#define OP_SeekLt                              44
-#define OP_SeekLe                              45
-#define OP_SeekGe                              46
-#define OP_SeekGt                              47
-#define OP_Seek                                48
-#define OP_NotFound                            49
-#define OP_Found                               50
-#define OP_IsUnique                            51
-#define OP_NotExists                           52
-#define OP_Sequence                            53
-#define OP_NewRowid                            54
-#define OP_Insert                              55
-#define OP_InsertInt                           56
-#define OP_Delete                              57
-#define OP_ResetCount                          58
-#define OP_RowKey                              59
-#define OP_RowData                             60
-#define OP_Rowid                               61
-#define OP_NullRow                             62
-#define OP_Last                                63
-#define OP_Sort                                64
-#define OP_Rewind                              65
-#define OP_Prev                                66
-#define OP_Next                                67
-#define OP_IdxInsert                           70
-#define OP_IdxDelete                           71
-#define OP_IdxRowid                            72
-#define OP_IdxLT                               81
-#define OP_IdxGE                               92
-#define OP_Destroy                             95
-#define OP_Clear                               96
-#define OP_CreateIndex                         97
-#define OP_CreateTable                         98
-#define OP_ParseSchema                         99
-#define OP_LoadAnalysis                       100
-#define OP_DropTable                          101
-#define OP_DropIndex                          102
-#define OP_DropTrigger                        103
-#define OP_IntegrityCk                        104
-#define OP_RowSetAdd                          105
-#define OP_RowSetRead                         106
-#define OP_RowSetTest                         107
-#define OP_Program                            108
-#define OP_Param                              109
-#define OP_FkCounter                          110
-#define OP_FkIfZero                           111
-#define OP_MemMax                             112
-#define OP_IfPos                              113
-#define OP_IfNeg                              114
-#define OP_IfZero                             115
-#define OP_AggStep                            116
-#define OP_AggFinal                           117
-#define OP_Checkpoint                         118
-#define OP_JournalMode                        119
-#define OP_Vacuum                             120
-#define OP_IncrVacuum                         121
-#define OP_Expire                             122
-#define OP_TableLock                          123
-#define OP_VBegin                             124
-#define OP_VCreate                            125
-#define OP_VDestroy                           126
-#define OP_VOpen                              127
-#define OP_VFilter                            128
-#define OP_VColumn                            129
-#define OP_VNext                              131
-#define OP_VRename                            132
-#define OP_VUpdate                            133
-#define OP_Pagecount                          134
-#define OP_Trace                              135
-#define OP_Noop                               136
-#define OP_Explain                            137
-
-/* The following opcode values are never used */
-#define OP_NotUsed_138                        138
-#define OP_NotUsed_139                        139
-#define OP_NotUsed_140                        140
+#define OP_Column                              29
+#define OP_Affinity                            30
+#define OP_MakeRecord                          31
+#define OP_Count                               32
+#define OP_Savepoint                           33
+#define OP_AutoCommit                          34
+#define OP_Transaction                         35
+#define OP_ReadCookie                          36
+#define OP_SetCookie                           37
+#define OP_VerifyCookie                        38
+#define OP_OpenRead                            39
+#define OP_OpenWrite                           40
+#define OP_OpenAutoindex                       41
+#define OP_OpenEphemeral                       42
+#define OP_SorterOpen                          43
+#define OP_OpenPseudo                          44
+#define OP_Close                               45
+#define OP_SeekLt                              46
+#define OP_SeekLe                              47
+#define OP_SeekGe                              48
+#define OP_SeekGt                              49
+#define OP_Seek                                50
+#define OP_NotFound                            51
+#define OP_Found                               52
+#define OP_IsUnique                            53
+#define OP_NotExists                           54
+#define OP_Sequence                            55
+#define OP_NewRowid                            56
+#define OP_Insert                              57
+#define OP_InsertInt                           58
+#define OP_Delete                              59
+#define OP_ResetCount                          60
+#define OP_SorterCompare                       61
+#define OP_SorterData                          62
+#define OP_RowKey                              63
+#define OP_RowData                             64
+#define OP_Rowid                               65
+#define OP_NullRow                             66
+#define OP_Last                                67
+#define OP_SorterSort                          70
+#define OP_Sort                                71
+#define OP_Rewind                              72
+#define OP_SorterNext                          81
+#define OP_Prev                                92
+#define OP_Next                                95
+#define OP_SorterInsert                        96
+#define OP_IdxInsert                           97
+#define OP_IdxDelete                           98
+#define OP_IdxRowid                            99
+#define OP_IdxLT                              100
+#define OP_IdxGE                              101
+#define OP_Destroy                            102
+#define OP_Clear                              103
+#define OP_CreateIndex                        104
+#define OP_CreateTable                        105
+#define OP_ParseSchema                        106
+#define OP_LoadAnalysis                       107
+#define OP_DropTable                          108
+#define OP_DropIndex                          109
+#define OP_DropTrigger                        110
+#define OP_IntegrityCk                        111
+#define OP_RowSetAdd                          112
+#define OP_RowSetRead                         113
+#define OP_RowSetTest                         114
+#define OP_Program                            115
+#define OP_Param                              116
+#define OP_FkCounter                          117
+#define OP_FkIfZero                           118
+#define OP_MemMax                             119
+#define OP_IfPos                              120
+#define OP_IfNeg                              121
+#define OP_IfZero                             122
+#define OP_AggStep                            123
+#define OP_AggFinal                           124
+#define OP_Checkpoint                         125
+#define OP_JournalMode                        126
+#define OP_Vacuum                             127
+#define OP_IncrVacuum                         128
+#define OP_Expire                             129
+#define OP_TableLock                          131
+#define OP_VBegin                             132
+#define OP_VCreate                            133
+#define OP_VDestroy                           134
+#define OP_VOpen                              135
+#define OP_VFilter                            136
+#define OP_VColumn                            137
+#define OP_VNext                              138
+#define OP_VRename                            139
+#define OP_VUpdate                            140
+#define OP_Pagecount                          146
+#define OP_MaxPgcnt                           147
+#define OP_Trace                              148
+#define OP_Noop                               149
+#define OP_Explain                            150
 
 
 /* Properties such as "out2" or "jump" that are specified in
@@ -7686,22 +8534,22 @@ typedef struct VdbeOpList VdbeOpList;
 /*   0 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0x04, 0x04, 0x10, 0x00, 0x02,\
 /*   8 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x24, 0x24,\
 /*  16 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x00,\
-/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,\
-/*  32 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11,\
-/*  48 */ 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/*  56 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
-/*  64 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x08, 0x00,\
-/*  72 */ 0x02, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,\
+/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  32 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11,\
+/*  48 */ 0x11, 0x11, 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02,\
+/*  56 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  64 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x01,\
+/*  72 */ 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,\
 /*  80 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
-/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x24, 0x02, 0x02,\
-/*  96 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 104 */ 0x00, 0x0c, 0x45, 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
-/* 112 */ 0x08, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,\
-/* 120 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 128 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/* 136 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,\
-/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04,}
+/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x24, 0x02, 0x01,\
+/*  96 */ 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00,\
+/* 104 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 112 */ 0x0c, 0x45, 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08,\
+/* 120 */ 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,\
+/* 128 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 136 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,\
+/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,}
 
 /************** End of opcodes.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in vdbe.h ***********************/
@@ -7718,12 +8566,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,const char *zP4,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, int addr, int P1);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, int addr, int P2);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe*, int addr, int P3);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P1);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P2);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P3);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u8 P5);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr, int N);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe*, int addr, const char *zP4, int N);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe*, int);
@@ -7731,7 +8580,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe*);
@@ -7740,6 +8589,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe*,FILE*);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeReset(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(Vdbe*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSetColName(Vdbe*, int, int, const char *, void(*)(void*));
@@ -7754,9 +8604,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(Vdbe*, const char*);
 #endif
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(KeyInfo*,int,const void*,char*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(KeyInfo*,int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(KeyInfo *, char *, int, char **);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
@@ -7840,6 +8690,7 @@ typedef struct PgHdr DbPage;
 */
 #define PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL  0x0001    /* Do not use a rollback journal */
 #define PAGER_NO_READLOCK   0x0002    /* Omit readlocks on readonly files */
+#define PAGER_MEMORY        0x0004    /* In-memory database */
 
 /*
 ** Valid values for the second argument to sqlite3PagerLockingMode().
@@ -7883,7 +8734,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler(Pager*, int(*)(void *), void *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager*,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(Pager*);
@@ -7918,7 +8769,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int n);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int op, int iSavepoint);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager);
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
@@ -7935,6 +8786,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerNosync(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerTempSpace(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *, int, int, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager *);
 
 /* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);
@@ -8471,14 +9324,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCloseFree(sqlite3_file *);
 */
 #define sqlite3_mutex_alloc(X)    ((sqlite3_mutex*)8)
 #define sqlite3_mutex_free(X)
-#define sqlite3_mutex_enter(X)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_enter(X)    
 #define sqlite3_mutex_try(X)      SQLITE_OK
-#define sqlite3_mutex_leave(X)
-#define sqlite3_mutex_held(X)     1
-#define sqlite3_mutex_notheld(X)  1
+#define sqlite3_mutex_leave(X)    
+#define sqlite3_mutex_held(X)     ((void)(X),1)
+#define sqlite3_mutex_notheld(X)  ((void)(X),1)
 #define sqlite3MutexAlloc(X)      ((sqlite3_mutex*)8)
 #define sqlite3MutexInit()        SQLITE_OK
 #define sqlite3MutexEnd()
+#define MUTEX_LOGIC(X)
+#else
+#define MUTEX_LOGIC(X)            X
 #endif /* defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT) */
 
 /************** End of mutex.h ***********************************************/
@@ -8502,9 +9358,24 @@ struct Db {
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure stores a database schema.
+**
+** Most Schema objects are associated with a Btree.  The exception is
+** the Schema for the TEMP databaes (sqlite3.aDb[1]) which is free-standing.
+** In shared cache mode, a single Schema object can be shared by multiple
+** Btrees that refer to the same underlying BtShared object.
+** 
+** Schema objects are automatically deallocated when the last Btree that
+** references them is destroyed.   The TEMP Schema is manually freed by
+** sqlite3_close().
+*
+** A thread must be holding a mutex on the corresponding Btree in order
+** to access Schema content.  This implies that the thread must also be
+** holding a mutex on the sqlite3 connection pointer that owns the Btree.
+** For a TEMP Schema, only the connection mutex is required.
 */
 struct Schema {
   int schema_cookie;   /* Database schema version number for this file */
+  int iGeneration;     /* Generation counter.  Incremented with each change */
   Hash tblHash;        /* All tables indexed by name */
   Hash idxHash;        /* All (named) indices indexed by name */
   Hash trigHash;       /* All triggers indexed by name */
@@ -8571,6 +9442,7 @@ struct Lookaside {
   u8 bMalloced;           /* True if pStart obtained from sqlite3_malloc() */
   int nOut;               /* Number of buffers currently checked out */
   int mxOut;              /* Highwater mark for nOut */
+  int anStat[3];          /* 0: hits.  1: size misses.  2: full misses */
   LookasideSlot *pFree;   /* List of available buffers */
   void *pStart;           /* First byte of available memory space */
   void *pEnd;             /* First byte past end of available space */
@@ -8620,7 +9492,7 @@ struct sqlite3 {
   int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
   Db *aDb;                      /* All backends */
   int flags;                    /* Miscellaneous flags. See below */
-  int openFlags;                /* Flags passed to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
+  unsigned int openFlags;       /* Flags passed to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
   int errCode;                  /* Most recent error code (SQLITE_*) */
   int errMask;                  /* & result codes with this before returning */
   u8 autoCommit;                /* The auto-commit flag. */
@@ -8629,6 +9501,7 @@ struct sqlite3 {
   u8 dfltLockMode;              /* Default locking-mode for attached dbs */
   signed char nextAutovac;      /* Autovac setting after VACUUM if >=0 */
   u8 suppressErr;               /* Do not issue error messages if true */
+  u8 vtabOnConflict;            /* Value to return for s3_vtab_on_conflict() */
   int nextPagesize;             /* Pagesize after VACUUM if >0 */
   int nTable;                   /* Number of tables in the database */
   CollSeq *pDfltColl;           /* The default collating sequence (BINARY) */
@@ -8649,6 +9522,7 @@ struct sqlite3 {
   struct Vdbe *pVdbe;           /* List of active virtual machines */
   int activeVdbeCnt;            /* Number of VDBEs currently executing */
   int writeVdbeCnt;             /* Number of active VDBEs that are writing */
+  int vdbeExecCnt;              /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
   void (*xTrace)(void*,const char*);        /* Trace function */
   void *pTraceArg;                          /* Argument to the trace function */
   void (*xProfile)(void*,const char*,u64);  /* Profiling function */
@@ -8686,7 +9560,7 @@ struct sqlite3 {
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   Hash aModule;                 /* populated by sqlite3_create_module() */
-  Table *pVTab;                 /* vtab with active Connect/Create method */
+  VtabCtx *pVtabCtx;            /* Context for active vtab connect/create */
   VTable **aVTrans;             /* Virtual tables with open transactions */
   int nVTrans;                  /* Allocated size of aVTrans */
   VTable *pDisconnect;    /* Disconnect these in next sqlite3_prepare() */
@@ -8748,13 +9622,15 @@ struct sqlite3 {
 #define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0080000  /* For shared-cache mode */
 #define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00100000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
 #define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00200000  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
-#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x00400000  /* Enable load_extension */
+#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00400000  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
 #define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00800000  /* Ignore schema errors */
 #define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x01000000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
 #define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x02000000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
 #define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x04000000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
 #define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x08000000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
 #define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x10000000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
+#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x20000000  /* Enable load_extension */
+#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x40000000  /* True to enable triggers */
 
 /*
 ** Bits of the sqlite3.flags field that are used by the
@@ -8767,6 +9643,9 @@ struct sqlite3 {
 #define SQLITE_IndexSearch    0x08        /* Disable indexes for searching */
 #define SQLITE_IndexCover     0x10        /* Disable index covering table */
 #define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x20        /* Disable GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
+#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x40        /* Disable factoring out constants */
+#define SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt   0x80        /* Store REAL as INT in indices */
+#define SQLITE_DistinctOpt    0x80        /* DISTINCT using indexes */
 #define SQLITE_OptMask        0xff        /* Mask of all disablable opts */
 
 /*
@@ -8797,6 +9676,27 @@ struct FuncDef {
   void (*xFinalize)(sqlite3_context*);                /* Aggregate finalizer */
   char *zName;         /* SQL name of the function. */
   FuncDef *pHash;      /* Next with a different name but the same hash */
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor;   /* Reference counted destructor function */
+};
+
+/*
+** This structure encapsulates a user-function destructor callback (as
+** configured using create_function_v2()) and a reference counter. When
+** create_function_v2() is called to create a function with a destructor,
+** a single object of this type is allocated. FuncDestructor.nRef is set to 
+** the number of FuncDef objects created (either 1 or 3, depending on whether
+** or not the specified encoding is SQLITE_ANY). The FuncDef.pDestructor
+** member of each of the new FuncDef objects is set to point to the allocated
+** FuncDestructor.
+**
+** Thereafter, when one of the FuncDef objects is deleted, the reference
+** count on this object is decremented. When it reaches 0, the destructor
+** is invoked and the FuncDestructor structure freed.
+*/
+struct FuncDestructor {
+  int nRef;
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *);
+  void *pUserData;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -8837,15 +9737,15 @@ struct FuncDef {
 */
 #define FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
   {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
-   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0}
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define STR_FUNCTION(zName, nArg, pArg, bNC, xFunc) \
   {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
-   pArg, 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0}
+   pArg, 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define LIKEFUNC(zName, nArg, arg, flags) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, flags, (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0}
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, flags, (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, arg, nc, xStep, xFinal) \
   {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
-   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(arg), 0, 0, xStep,xFinal,#zName,0}
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(arg), 0, 0, xStep,xFinal,#zName,0,0}
 
 /*
 ** All current savepoints are stored in a linked list starting at
@@ -8991,7 +9891,7 @@ struct CollSeq {
 ** schema is shared, as the implementation often stores the database
 ** connection handle passed to it via the xConnect() or xCreate() method
 ** during initialization internally. This database connection handle may
-** then used by the virtual table implementation to access real tables 
+** then be used by the virtual table implementation to access real tables 
 ** within the database. So that they appear as part of the callers 
 ** transaction, these accesses need to be made via the same database 
 ** connection as that used to execute SQL operations on the virtual table.
@@ -9025,6 +9925,8 @@ struct VTable {
   Module *pMod;             /* Pointer to module implementation */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;      /* Pointer to vtab instance */
   int nRef;                 /* Number of pointers to this structure */
+  u8 bConstraint;           /* True if constraints are supported */
+  int iSavepoint;           /* Depth of the SAVEPOINT stack */
   VTable *pNext;            /* Next in linked list (see above) */
 };
 
@@ -9065,6 +9967,7 @@ struct Table {
   Column *aCol;        /* Information about each column */
   Index *pIndex;       /* List of SQL indexes on this table. */
   int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
+  tRowcnt nRowEst;     /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
   Select *pSelect;     /* NULL for tables.  Points to definition if a view. */
   u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
   u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
@@ -9263,30 +10166,40 @@ struct Index {
   char *zName;     /* Name of this index */
   int nColumn;     /* Number of columns in the table used by this index */
   int *aiColumn;   /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
-  unsigned *aiRowEst; /* Result of ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
+  tRowcnt *aiRowEst; /* Result of ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
   Table *pTable;   /* The SQL table being indexed */
   int tnum;        /* Page containing root of this index in database file */
   u8 onError;      /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
   u8 autoIndex;    /* True if is automatically created (ex: by UNIQUE) */
+  u8 bUnordered;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
   char *zColAff;   /* String defining the affinity of each column */
   Index *pNext;    /* The next index associated with the same table */
   Schema *pSchema; /* Schema containing this index */
   u8 *aSortOrder;  /* Array of size Index.nColumn. True==DESC, False==ASC */
   char **azColl;   /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
-  IndexSample *aSample;    /* Array of SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES samples */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  int nSample;             /* Number of elements in aSample[] */
+  tRowcnt avgEq;           /* Average nEq value for key values not in aSample */
+  IndexSample *aSample;    /* Samples of the left-most key */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
-** Each sample stored in the sqlite_stat2 table is represented in memory 
-** using a structure of this type.
+** Each sample stored in the sqlite_stat3 table is represented in memory 
+** using a structure of this type.  See documentation at the top of the
+** analyze.c source file for additional information.
 */
 struct IndexSample {
   union {
     char *z;        /* Value if eType is SQLITE_TEXT or SQLITE_BLOB */
-    double r;       /* Value if eType is SQLITE_FLOAT or SQLITE_INTEGER */
+    double r;       /* Value if eType is SQLITE_FLOAT */
+    i64 i;          /* Value if eType is SQLITE_INTEGER */
   } u;
   u8 eType;         /* SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_INTEGER ... etc. */
-  u8 nByte;         /* Size in byte of text or blob. */
+  int nByte;        /* Size in byte of text or blob. */
+  tRowcnt nEq;      /* Est. number of rows where the key equals this sample */
+  tRowcnt nLt;      /* Est. number of rows where key is less than this sample */
+  tRowcnt nDLt;     /* Est. number of distinct keys less than this sample */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -9321,6 +10234,7 @@ struct AggInfo {
   u8 useSortingIdx;       /* In direct mode, reference the sorting index rather
                           ** than the source table */
   int sortingIdx;         /* Cursor number of the sorting index */
+  int sortingIdxPTab;     /* Cursor number of pseudo-table */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;     /* The group by clause */
   int nSortingColumn;     /* Number of columns in the sorting index */
   struct AggInfo_col {    /* For each column used in source tables */
@@ -9431,7 +10345,7 @@ struct Expr {
   u16 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
   union {
     char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
-    int iValue;            /* Integer value if EP_IntValue */
+    int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
   } u;
 
   /* If the EP_TokenOnly flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
@@ -9630,9 +10544,14 @@ struct SrcList {
     char *zAlias;     /* The "B" part of a "A AS B" phrase.  zName is the "A" */
     Table *pTab;      /* An SQL table corresponding to zName */
     Select *pSelect;  /* A SELECT statement used in place of a table name */
-    u8 isPopulated;   /* Temporary table associated with SELECT is populated */
+    int addrFillSub;  /* Address of subroutine to manifest a subquery */
+    int regReturn;    /* Register holding return address of addrFillSub */
     u8 jointype;      /* Type of join between this able and the previous */
     u8 notIndexed;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
+    u8 isCorrelated;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+    u8 iSelectId;     /* If pSelect!=0, the id of the sub-select in EQP */
+#endif
     int iCursor;      /* The VDBE cursor number used to access this table */
     Expr *pOn;        /* The ON clause of a join */
     IdList *pUsing;   /* The USING clause of a join */
@@ -9671,6 +10590,7 @@ struct SrcList {
 struct WherePlan {
   u32 wsFlags;                   /* WHERE_* flags that describe the strategy */
   u32 nEq;                       /* Number of == constraints */
+  double nRow;                   /* Estimated number of rows (for EQP) */
   union {
     Index *pIdx;                   /* Index when WHERE_INDEXED is true */
     struct WhereTerm *pTerm;       /* WHERE clause term for OR-search */
@@ -9731,10 +10651,10 @@ struct WhereLevel {
 #define WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX      0x0002 /* ORDER BY processing for max() func */
 #define WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED  0x0004 /* Want to do one-pass UPDATE/DELETE */
 #define WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK    0x0008 /* Ok to return a row more than once */
-#define WHERE_OMIT_OPEN        0x0010 /* Table cursors are already open */
-#define WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE       0x0020 /* Omit close of table & index cursors */
-#define WHERE_FORCE_TABLE      0x0040 /* Do not use an index-only search */
-#define WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY    0x0080 /* Only code the 1st table in pTabList */
+#define WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE  0x0010 /* Table cursors are already open */
+#define WHERE_FORCE_TABLE      0x0020 /* Do not use an index-only search */
+#define WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY    0x0040 /* Only code the 1st table in pTabList */
+#define WHERE_AND_ONLY         0x0080 /* Don't use indices for OR terms */
 
 /*
 ** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
@@ -9748,6 +10668,7 @@ struct WhereInfo {
   u16 wctrlFlags;      /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
   u8 okOnePass;        /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE or DELETE */
   u8 untestedTerms;    /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
+  u8 eDistinct;
   SrcList *pTabList;             /* List of tables in the join */
   int iTop;                      /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
   int iContinue;                 /* Jump here to continue with next record */
@@ -9755,9 +10676,13 @@ struct WhereInfo {
   int nLevel;                    /* Number of nested loop */
   struct WhereClause *pWC;       /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
   double savedNQueryLoop;        /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
+  double nRowOut;                /* Estimated number of output rows */
   WhereLevel a[1];               /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
 };
 
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 1
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 2
+
 /*
 ** A NameContext defines a context in which to resolve table and column
 ** names.  The context consists of a list of tables (the pSrcList) field and
@@ -9830,6 +10755,7 @@ struct Select {
   Expr *pOffset;         /* OFFSET expression. NULL means not used. */
   int iLimit, iOffset;   /* Memory registers holding LIMIT & OFFSET counters */
   int addrOpenEphm[3];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
+  double nSelectRow;     /* Estimated number of result rows */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -9842,6 +10768,7 @@ struct Select {
 #define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x0008  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
 #define SF_Expanded        0x0010  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
 #define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x0020  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
+#define SF_UseSorter       0x0040  /* Sort using a sorter */
 
 
 /*
@@ -9925,6 +10852,15 @@ struct TriggerPrg {
   TriggerPrg *pNext;      /* Next entry in Parse.pTriggerPrg list */
 };
 
+/*
+** The yDbMask datatype for the bitmask of all attached databases.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+  typedef sqlite3_uint64 yDbMask;
+#else
+  typedef unsigned int yDbMask;
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** An SQL parser context.  A copy of this structure is passed through
 ** the parser and down into all the parser action routine in order to
@@ -9973,8 +10909,8 @@ struct Parse {
     int iReg;             /* Reg with value of this column. 0 means none. */
     int lru;              /* Least recently used entry has the smallest value */
   } aColCache[SQLITE_N_COLCACHE];  /* One for each column cache entry */
-  u32 writeMask;       /* Start a write transaction on these databases */
-  u32 cookieMask;      /* Bitmask of schema verified databases */
+  yDbMask writeMask;   /* Start a write transaction on these databases */
+  yDbMask cookieMask;  /* Bitmask of schema verified databases */
   u8 isMultiWrite;     /* True if statement may affect/insert multiple rows */
   u8 mayAbort;         /* True if statement may throw an ABORT exception */
   int cookieGoto;      /* Address of OP_Goto to cookie verifier subroutine */
@@ -10002,9 +10938,8 @@ struct Parse {
   ** each recursion */
 
   int nVar;            /* Number of '?' variables seen in the SQL so far */
-  int nVarExpr;        /* Number of used slots in apVarExpr[] */
-  int nVarExprAlloc;   /* Number of allocated slots in apVarExpr[] */
-  Expr **apVarExpr;    /* Pointers to :aaa and $aaaa wildcard expressions */
+  int nzVar;           /* Number of available slots in azVar[] */
+  char **azVar;        /* Pointers to names of parameters */
   Vdbe *pReprepare;    /* VM being reprepared (sqlite3Reprepare()) */
   int nAlias;          /* Number of aliased result set columns */
   int nAliasAlloc;     /* Number of allocated slots for aAlias[] */
@@ -10025,6 +10960,11 @@ struct Parse {
   int nHeight;            /* Expression tree height of current sub-select */
   Table *pZombieTab;      /* List of Table objects to delete after code gen */
   TriggerPrg *pTriggerPrg;    /* Linked list of coded triggers */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSelectId;
+  int iNextSelectId;
+#endif
 };
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
@@ -10191,6 +11131,7 @@ struct Sqlite3Config {
   int bMemstat;                     /* True to enable memory status */
   int bCoreMutex;                   /* True to enable core mutexing */
   int bFullMutex;                   /* True to enable full mutexing */
+  int bOpenUri;                     /* True to interpret filenames as URIs */
   int mxStrlen;                     /* Maximum string length */
   int szLookaside;                  /* Default lookaside buffer size */
   int nLookaside;                   /* Default lookaside buffer count */
@@ -10219,6 +11160,7 @@ struct Sqlite3Config {
   int nRefInitMutex;                /* Number of users of pInitMutex */
   void (*xLog)(void*,int,const char*); /* Function for logging */
   void *pLogArg;                       /* First argument to xLog() */
+  int bLocaltimeFault;              /* True to fail localtime() calls */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -10319,7 +11261,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CantopenError(int);
 ** Internal function prototypes
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StrICmp(const char *, const char *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsNumber(const char*, int*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Strlen30(const char*);
 #define sqlite3StrNICmp sqlite3_strnicmp
 
@@ -10343,7 +11284,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(void (*)(void), void (*)(void));
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemoryAlarm(void (*)(void*, sqlite3_int64, int), void*, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void);
 
 /*
 ** On systems with ample stack space and that support alloca(), make
@@ -10441,6 +11382,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumnType(Parse*,Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,ExprSpan*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
+                    sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitvec *sqlite3BitvecCreate(u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecTest(Bitvec*, u32);
@@ -10465,6 +11408,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(Parse*,Table*);
 #endif
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse*, SrcList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeDropTable(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(Parse *pParse);
@@ -10502,7 +11446,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse *, SrcList *, Expr *, ExprList *, E
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*, ExprList**, u16);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*, ExprList**,ExprList*,u16);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(Vdbe*, Table*, int, int, int);
@@ -10514,7 +11458,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(Parse*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheClear(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(Parse*, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprHardCopy(Parse*,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
@@ -10541,6 +11484,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngRestoreState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse*, const char *zDb);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTransaction(Parse*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitTransaction(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse*);
@@ -10634,20 +11578,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthReadCol(Parse*, const char *, const char *, int)
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeFactory(sqlite3 *db, const char *zFilename,
-                       int omitJournal, int nCache, int flags, Btree **ppBtree);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExprList(DbFixer*, ExprList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixTriggerStep(DbFixer*, TriggerStep*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetInt32(const char *, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FitsIn64Bits(const char *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *pData, int nChar);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *pData, int nByte);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8*, const u8**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8*, const u8**);
 
 /*
 ** Routines to read and write variable-length integers.  These used to
@@ -10690,9 +11632,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Table *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TwoPartName(Parse *, Token *, Token *, Token **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
@@ -10704,6 +11647,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse *, const char *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(sqlite3 *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AddInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MulInt64(i64*,i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AbsInt32(int);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FileSuffix3(const char*, char*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3FileSuffix3(X,Y)
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueBytes(sqlite3_value*, u8);
@@ -10712,7 +11665,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(sqlite3_value*, int, const void *,u8,
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueFree(sqlite3_value*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3ValueNew(sqlite3 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *, const void*, int, u8);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *, u8, char *, int, int *);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3 *, Expr *, u8, u8, sqlite3_value **);
@@ -10728,7 +11681,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD FuncDefHash sqlite3GlobalFunctions;
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PendingByte;
 #endif
 #endif
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(Db*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(sqlite3*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Reindex(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFunctions(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterRenameTable(Parse*, SrcList*, Token*);
@@ -10755,13 +11708,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsLikeFunction(sqlite3*,Expr*,int*,char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MinimumFileFormat(Parse*, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaFree(void *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *, Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaToIndex(sqlite3 *db, Schema *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *, Index *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(sqlite3 *, const char *, int, int, void *, 
   void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
-  void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **), void (*)(sqlite3_context*));
+  void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **), void (*)(sqlite3_context*),
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor
+);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ApiExit(sqlite3 *db, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(Parse *);
 
@@ -10811,6 +11766,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Utf8To8(unsigned char*);
 #  define sqlite3VtabLock(X) 
 #  define sqlite3VtabUnlock(X)
 #  define sqlite3VtabUnlockList(X)
+#  define sqlite3VtabSavepoint(X, Y, Z) SQLITE_OK
+#  define sqlite3GetVTable(X,Y)  ((VTable*)0)
 #else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabClear(sqlite3 *db, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **);
@@ -10819,6 +11776,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabCommit(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabLock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlockList(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
 #  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse*,Table*);
@@ -10838,9 +11797,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
 
 /* Declarations for functions in fkey.c. All of these are replaced by
@@ -11125,7 +12083,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const unsigned char sqlite3CtypeMap[256] = {
 };
 #endif
 
-
+#ifndef SQLITE_USE_URI
+# define  SQLITE_USE_URI 0
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** The following singleton contains the global configuration for
@@ -11135,8 +12095,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD struct Sqlite3Config sqlite3Config = {
    SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS,  /* bMemstat */
    1,                         /* bCoreMutex */
    SQLITE_THREADSAFE==1,      /* bFullMutex */
+   SQLITE_USE_URI,            /* bOpenUri */
    0x7ffffffe,                /* mxStrlen */
-   100,                       /* szLookaside */
+   128,                       /* szLookaside */
    500,                       /* nLookaside */
    {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},         /* m */
    {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},       /* mutex */
@@ -11162,6 +12123,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_WSD struct Sqlite3Config sqlite3Config = {
    0,                         /* nRefInitMutex */
    0,                         /* xLog */
    0,                         /* pLogArg */
+   0,                         /* bLocaltimeFault */
 };
 
 
@@ -11328,8 +12290,8 @@ static const char * const azCompileOpt[] = {
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
   "ENABLE_RTREE",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-  "ENABLE_STAT2",
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  "ENABLE_STAT3",
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
   "ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY",
@@ -11358,6 +12320,9 @@ static const char * const azCompileOpt[] = {
 #ifdef SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
   "LOCK_TRACE",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+  "MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY),
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_MEMDEBUG
   "MEMDEBUG",
 #endif
@@ -11388,6 +12353,9 @@ static const char * const azCompileOpt[] = {
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
   "OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET
+  "OMIT_AUTORESET",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
   "OMIT_AUTOVACUUM",
 #endif
@@ -11468,6 +12436,9 @@ static const char * const azCompileOpt[] = {
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
   "OMIT_MEMORYDB",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  "OMIT_MERGE_SORT",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
   "OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION",
 #endif
@@ -11654,6 +12625,9 @@ typedef struct VdbeOp Op;
 */
 typedef unsigned char Bool;
 
+/* Opaque type used by code in vdbesort.c */
+typedef struct VdbeSorter VdbeSorter;
+
 /*
 ** A cursor is a pointer into a single BTree within a database file.
 ** The cursor can seek to a BTree entry with a particular key, or
@@ -11663,16 +12637,14 @@ typedef unsigned char Bool;
 ** 
 ** Every cursor that the virtual machine has open is represented by an
 ** instance of the following structure.
-**
-** If the VdbeCursor.isTriggerRow flag is set it means that this cursor is
-** really a single row that represents the NEW or OLD pseudo-table of
-** a row trigger.  The data for the row is stored in VdbeCursor.pData and
-** the rowid is in VdbeCursor.iKey.
 */
 struct VdbeCursor {
   BtCursor *pCursor;    /* The cursor structure of the backend */
+  Btree *pBt;           /* Separate file holding temporary table */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;    /* Info about index keys needed by index cursors */
   int iDb;              /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
-  i64 lastRowid;        /* Last rowid from a Next or NextIdx operation */
+  int pseudoTableReg;   /* Register holding pseudotable content. */
+  int nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
   Bool zeroed;          /* True if zeroed out and ready for reuse */
   Bool rowidIsValid;    /* True if lastRowid is valid */
   Bool atFirst;         /* True if pointing to first entry */
@@ -11681,14 +12653,14 @@ struct VdbeCursor {
   Bool deferredMoveto;  /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
   Bool isTable;         /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
   Bool isIndex;         /* True if an index containing keys only - no data */
-  i64 movetoTarget;     /* Argument to the deferred sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
-  Btree *pBt;           /* Separate file holding temporary table */
-  int pseudoTableReg;   /* Register holding pseudotable content. */
-  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;    /* Info about index keys needed by index cursors */
-  int nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
-  i64 seqCount;         /* Sequence counter */
+  Bool isOrdered;       /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  Bool isSorter;        /* True if a new-style sorter */
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;  /* The cursor for a virtual table */
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;     /* Module for cursor pVtabCursor */
+  i64 seqCount;         /* Sequence counter */
+  i64 movetoTarget;     /* Argument to the deferred sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
+  i64 lastRowid;        /* Last rowid from a Next or NextIdx operation */
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter;  /* Sorter object for OP_SorterOpen cursors */
 
   /* Result of last sqlite3BtreeMoveto() done by an OP_NotExists or 
   ** OP_IsUnique opcode on this cursor. */
@@ -11720,26 +12692,34 @@ typedef struct VdbeCursor VdbeCursor;
 ** restoring the state of the VM to as it was before the sub-program
 ** began executing.
 **
-** Frames are stored in a linked list headed at Vdbe.pParent. Vdbe.pParent
-** is the parent of the current frame, or zero if the current frame
-** is the main Vdbe program.
+** The memory for a VdbeFrame object is allocated and managed by a memory
+** cell in the parent (calling) frame. When the memory cell is deleted or
+** overwritten, the VdbeFrame object is not freed immediately. Instead, it
+** is linked into the Vdbe.pDelFrame list. The contents of the Vdbe.pDelFrame
+** list is deleted when the VM is reset in VdbeHalt(). The reason for doing
+** this instead of deleting the VdbeFrame immediately is to avoid recursive
+** calls to sqlite3VdbeMemRelease() when the memory cells belonging to the
+** child frame are released.
+**
+** The currently executing frame is stored in Vdbe.pFrame. Vdbe.pFrame is
+** set to NULL if the currently executing frame is the main program.
 */
 typedef struct VdbeFrame VdbeFrame;
 struct VdbeFrame {
   Vdbe *v;                /* VM this frame belongs to */
-  int pc;                 /* Program Counter */
-  Op *aOp;                /* Program instructions */
+  int pc;                 /* Program Counter in parent (calling) frame */
+  Op *aOp;                /* Program instructions for parent frame */
   int nOp;                /* Size of aOp array */
-  Mem *aMem;              /* Array of memory cells */
+  Mem *aMem;              /* Array of memory cells for parent frame */
   int nMem;               /* Number of entries in aMem */
-  VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* Element of Vdbe cursors */
+  VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* Array of Vdbe cursors for parent frame */
   u16 nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
   void *token;            /* Copy of SubProgram.token */
   int nChildMem;          /* Number of memory cells for child frame */
   int nChildCsr;          /* Number of cursors for child frame */
   i64 lastRowid;          /* Last insert rowid (sqlite3.lastRowid) */
   int nChange;            /* Statement changes (Vdbe.nChanges)     */
-  VdbeFrame *pParent;     /* Parent of this frame */
+  VdbeFrame *pParent;     /* Parent of this frame, or NULL if parent is main */
 };
 
 #define VdbeFrameMem(p) ((Mem *)&((u8 *)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))])
@@ -11752,29 +12732,27 @@ struct VdbeFrame {
 /*
 ** Internally, the vdbe manipulates nearly all SQL values as Mem
 ** structures. Each Mem struct may cache multiple representations (string,
-** integer etc.) of the same value.  A value (and therefore Mem structure)
-** has the following properties:
-**
-** Each value has a manifest type. The manifest type of the value stored
-** in a Mem struct is returned by the MemType(Mem*) macro. The type is
-** one of SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_INTEGER, SQLITE_REAL, SQLITE_TEXT or
-** SQLITE_BLOB.
+** integer etc.) of the same value.
 */
 struct Mem {
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The associated database connection */
+  char *z;            /* String or BLOB value */
+  double r;           /* Real value */
   union {
-    i64 i;              /* Integer value. */
+    i64 i;              /* Integer value used when MEM_Int is set in flags */
     int nZero;          /* Used when bit MEM_Zero is set in flags */
     FuncDef *pDef;      /* Used only when flags==MEM_Agg */
     RowSet *pRowSet;    /* Used only when flags==MEM_RowSet */
     VdbeFrame *pFrame;  /* Used when flags==MEM_Frame */
   } u;
-  double r;           /* Real value */
-  sqlite3 *db;        /* The associated database connection */
-  char *z;            /* String or BLOB value */
   int n;              /* Number of characters in string value, excluding '\0' */
   u16 flags;          /* Some combination of MEM_Null, MEM_Str, MEM_Dyn, etc. */
   u8  type;           /* One of SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_TEXT, SQLITE_INTEGER, etc */
   u8  enc;            /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  Mem *pScopyFrom;    /* This Mem is a shallow copy of pScopyFrom */
+  void *pFiller;      /* So that sizeof(Mem) is a multiple of 8 */
+#endif
   void (*xDel)(void *);  /* If not null, call this function to delete Mem.z */
   char *zMalloc;      /* Dynamic buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc() */
 };
@@ -11790,9 +12768,6 @@ struct Mem {
 ** database (see below for exceptions). If the MEM_Term flag is also
 ** set, then the string is nul terminated. The MEM_Int and MEM_Real 
 ** flags may coexist with the MEM_Str flag.
-**
-** Multiple of these values can appear in Mem.flags.  But only one
-** at a time can appear in Mem.type.
 */
 #define MEM_Null      0x0001   /* Value is NULL */
 #define MEM_Str       0x0002   /* Value is a string */
@@ -11801,6 +12776,7 @@ struct Mem {
 #define MEM_Blob      0x0010   /* Value is a BLOB */
 #define MEM_RowSet    0x0020   /* Value is a RowSet object */
 #define MEM_Frame     0x0040   /* Value is a VdbeFrame object */
+#define MEM_Invalid   0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
 #define MEM_TypeMask  0x00ff   /* Mask of type bits */
 
 /* Whenever Mem contains a valid string or blob representation, one of
@@ -11814,19 +12790,25 @@ struct Mem {
 #define MEM_Ephem     0x1000   /* Mem.z points to an ephemeral string */
 #define MEM_Agg       0x2000   /* Mem.z points to an agg function context */
 #define MEM_Zero      0x4000   /* Mem.i contains count of 0s appended to blob */
-
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
   #undef MEM_Zero
   #define MEM_Zero 0x0000
 #endif
 
-
 /*
 ** Clear any existing type flags from a Mem and replace them with f
 */
 #define MemSetTypeFlag(p, f) \
    ((p)->flags = ((p)->flags&~(MEM_TypeMask|MEM_Zero))|f)
 
+/*
+** Return true if a memory cell is not marked as invalid.  This macro
+** is for use inside assert() statements only.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Invalid)==0
+#endif
+
 
 /* A VdbeFunc is just a FuncDef (defined in sqliteInt.h) that contains
 ** additional information about auxiliary information bound to arguments
@@ -11868,23 +12850,11 @@ struct sqlite3_context {
   CollSeq *pColl;       /* Collating sequence */
 };
 
-/*
-** A Set structure is used for quick testing to see if a value
-** is part of a small set.  Sets are used to implement code like
-** this:
-**            x.y IN ('hi','hoo','hum')
-*/
-typedef struct Set Set;
-struct Set {
-  Hash hash;             /* A set is just a hash table */
-  HashElem *prev;        /* Previously accessed hash elemen */
-};
-
 /*
 ** An instance of the virtual machine.  This structure contains the complete
 ** state of the virtual machine.
 **
-** The "sqlite3_stmt" structure pointer that is returned by sqlite3_compile()
+** The "sqlite3_stmt" structure pointer that is returned by sqlite3_prepare()
 ** is really a pointer to an instance of this structure.
 **
 ** The Vdbe.inVtabMethod variable is set to non-zero for the duration of
@@ -11897,31 +12867,31 @@ struct Set {
 */
 struct Vdbe {
   sqlite3 *db;            /* The database connection that owns this statement */
-  Vdbe *pPrev,*pNext;     /* Linked list of VDBEs with the same Vdbe.db */
+  Op *aOp;                /* Space to hold the virtual machine's program */
+  Mem *aMem;              /* The memory locations */
+  Mem **apArg;            /* Arguments to currently executing user function */
+  Mem *aColName;          /* Column names to return */
+  Mem *pResultSet;        /* Pointer to an array of results */
+  int nMem;               /* Number of memory locations currently allocated */
   int nOp;                /* Number of instructions in the program */
   int nOpAlloc;           /* Number of slots allocated for aOp[] */
-  Op *aOp;                /* Space to hold the virtual machine's program */
   int nLabel;             /* Number of labels used */
   int nLabelAlloc;        /* Number of slots allocated in aLabel[] */
   int *aLabel;            /* Space to hold the labels */
-  Mem **apArg;            /* Arguments to currently executing user function */
-  Mem *aColName;          /* Column names to return */
-  Mem *pResultSet;        /* Pointer to an array of results */
   u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
   u16 nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
+  u32 magic;              /* Magic number for sanity checking */
+  char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message written here */
+  Vdbe *pPrev,*pNext;     /* Linked list of VDBEs with the same Vdbe.db */
   VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* One element of this array for each open cursor */
-  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
-  u8 okVar;               /* True if azVar[] has been initialized */
-  ynVar nVar;             /* Number of entries in aVar[] */
   Mem *aVar;              /* Values for the OP_Variable opcode. */
   char **azVar;           /* Name of variables */
-  u32 magic;              /* Magic number for sanity checking */
-  int nMem;               /* Number of memory locations currently allocated */
-  Mem *aMem;              /* The memory locations */
+  ynVar nVar;             /* Number of entries in aVar[] */
+  ynVar nzVar;            /* Number of entries in azVar[] */
   u32 cacheCtr;           /* VdbeCursor row cache generation counter */
   int pc;                 /* The program counter */
   int rc;                 /* Value to return */
-  char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message written here */
+  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
   u8 explain;             /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
   u8 changeCntOn;         /* True to update the change-counter */
   u8 expired;             /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
@@ -11932,19 +12902,22 @@ struct Vdbe {
   u8 readOnly;            /* True for read-only statements */
   u8 isPrepareV2;         /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
   int nChange;            /* Number of db changes made since last reset */
-  int btreeMask;          /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
-  i64 startTime;          /* Time when query started - used for profiling */
-  BtreeMutexArray aMutex; /* An array of Btree used here and needing locks */
+  yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
+  yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
+  int iStatement;         /* Statement number (or 0 if has not opened stmt) */
   int aCounter[3];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
-  char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */
-  void *pFree;            /* Free this when deleting the vdbe */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  i64 startTime;          /* Time when query started - used for profiling */
+#endif
   i64 nFkConstraint;      /* Number of imm. FK constraints this VM */
   i64 nStmtDefCons;       /* Number of def. constraints when stmt started */
-  int iStatement;         /* Statement number (or 0 if has not opened stmt) */
+  char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */
+  void *pFree;            /* Free this when deleting the vdbe */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   FILE *trace;            /* Write an execution trace here, if not NULL */
 #endif
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* Parent frame */
+  VdbeFrame *pDelFrame;   /* List of frame objects to free on VM reset */
   int nFrame;             /* Number of frames in pFrame list */
   u32 expmask;            /* Binding to these vars invalidates VM */
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Linked list of all sub-programs used by VM */
@@ -12007,6 +12980,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,int,int,int,Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p);
+#define MemReleaseExt(X)  \
+  if((X)->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame)) \
+    sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(X);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
@@ -12014,6 +12990,37 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeTransferError(Vdbe *p);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(Y,Z)      SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(X,Y,Z)   SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(Y,Z)
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(X,Y,Z)  SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(X,Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(X,Y,Z) SQLITE_OK
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(VdbeCursor *, Mem *, int *);
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe*);
+#else
+# define sqlite3VdbeEnter(X)
+# define sqlite3VdbeLeave(X)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(Vdbe*,Mem*);
+#endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *, int);
@@ -12021,12 +13028,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *, int);
 # define sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p,i) 0
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(Vdbe *p);
-#else
-# define sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(p)
-#endif
-
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(Mem*, u8);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbePrintSql(Vdbe*);
@@ -12145,6 +13146,22 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
       break;
     }
 
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL: {
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT );
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE );
+      testcase( op==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL );
+      assert( (op-SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT)>=0 );
+      assert( (op-SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT)<3 );
+      *pCurrent = 0;
+      *pHighwater = db->lookaside.anStat[op - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT];
+      if( resetFlag ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[op - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT] = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
     /* 
     ** Return an approximation for the amount of memory currently used
     ** by all pagers associated with the given database connection.  The
@@ -12176,6 +13193,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
       int i;                      /* Used to iterate through schemas */
       int nByte = 0;              /* Used to accumulate return value */
 
+      sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
       db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
       for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
         Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
@@ -12202,6 +13220,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
         }
       }
       db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
 
       *pHighwater = 0;
       *pCurrent = nByte;
@@ -12229,6 +13248,28 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
       break;
     }
 
+    /*
+    ** Set *pCurrent to the total cache hits or misses encountered by all
+    ** pagers the database handle is connected to. *pHighwater is always set 
+    ** to zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS: {
+      int i;
+      int nRet = 0;
+      assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+1 );
+
+      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+        if( db->aDb[i].pBt ){
+          Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(db->aDb[i].pBt);
+          sqlite3PagerCacheStat(pPager, op, resetFlag, &nRet);
+        }
+      }
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      *pCurrent = nRet;
+      break;
+    }
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
@@ -12284,26 +13325,12 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(
 **      Willmann-Bell, Inc
 **      Richmond, Virginia (USA)
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 #include <time.h>
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
 
-/*
-** On recent Windows platforms, the localtime_s() function is available
-** as part of the "Secure CRT". It is essentially equivalent to 
-** localtime_r() available under most POSIX platforms, except that the 
-** order of the parameters is reversed.
-**
-** See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a442x3ye(VS.80).aspx.
-**
-** If the user has not indicated to use localtime_r() or localtime_s()
-** already, check for an MSVC build environment that provides 
-** localtime_s().
-*/
-#if !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) && !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) && \
-     defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CRT_INSECURE_DEPRECATE)
-#define HAVE_LOCALTIME_S 1
-#endif
 
 /*
 ** A structure for holding a single date and time.
@@ -12371,12 +13398,6 @@ static int getDigits(const char *zDate, ...){
   return cnt;
 }
 
-/*
-** Read text from z[] and convert into a floating point number.  Return
-** the number of digits converted.
-*/
-#define getValue sqlite3AtoF
-
 /*
 ** Parse a timezone extension on the end of a date-time.
 ** The extension is of the form:
@@ -12549,12 +13570,18 @@ static int parseYyyyMmDd(const char *zDate, DateTime *p){
 }
 
 /*
-** Set the time to the current time reported by the VFS
+** Set the time to the current time reported by the VFS.
+**
+** Return the number of errors.
 */
-static void setDateTimeToCurrent(sqlite3_context *context, DateTime *p){
+static int setDateTimeToCurrent(sqlite3_context *context, DateTime *p){
   sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->iJD);
-  p->validJD = 1;
+  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->iJD)==SQLITE_OK ){
+    p->validJD = 1;
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return 1;
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -12578,17 +13605,14 @@ static int parseDateOrTime(
   const char *zDate, 
   DateTime *p
 ){
-  int isRealNum;    /* Return from sqlite3IsNumber().  Not used */
+  double r;
   if( parseYyyyMmDd(zDate,p)==0 ){
     return 0;
   }else if( parseHhMmSs(zDate, p)==0 ){
     return 0;
   }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zDate,"now")==0){
-    setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
-    return 0;
-  }else if( sqlite3IsNumber(zDate, &isRealNum, SQLITE_UTF8) ){
-    double r;
-    getValue(zDate, &r);
+    return setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
+  }else if( sqlite3AtoF(zDate, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(zDate), SQLITE_UTF8) ){
     p->iJD = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0 + 0.5);
     p->validJD = 1;
     return 0;
@@ -12657,15 +13681,85 @@ static void clearYMD_HMS_TZ(DateTime *p){
   p->validTZ = 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** On recent Windows platforms, the localtime_s() function is available
+** as part of the "Secure CRT". It is essentially equivalent to 
+** localtime_r() available under most POSIX platforms, except that the 
+** order of the parameters is reversed.
+**
+** See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a442x3ye(VS.80).aspx.
+**
+** If the user has not indicated to use localtime_r() or localtime_s()
+** already, check for an MSVC build environment that provides 
+** localtime_s().
+*/
+#if !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) && !defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) && \
+     defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CRT_INSECURE_DEPRECATE)
+#define HAVE_LOCALTIME_S 1
+#endif
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
 /*
-** Compute the difference (in milliseconds)
-** between localtime and UTC (a.k.a. GMT)
-** for the time value p where p is in UTC.
+** The following routine implements the rough equivalent of localtime_r()
+** using whatever operating-system specific localtime facility that
+** is available.  This routine returns 0 on success and
+** non-zero on any kind of error.
+**
+** If the sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault variable is true then this
+** routine will always fail.
 */
-static sqlite3_int64 localtimeOffset(DateTime *p){
+static int osLocaltime(time_t *t, struct tm *pTm){
+  int rc;
+#if (!defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) || !HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) \
+      && (!defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) || !HAVE_LOCALTIME_S)
+  struct tm *pX;
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  pX = localtime(t);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault ) pX = 0;
+#endif
+  if( pX ) *pTm = *pX;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  rc = pX==0;
+#else
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault ) return 1;
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_R) && HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
+  rc = localtime_r(t, pTm)==0;
+#else
+  rc = localtime_s(pTm, t);
+#endif /* HAVE_LOCALTIME_R */
+#endif /* HAVE_LOCALTIME_R || HAVE_LOCALTIME_S */
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME */
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME
+/*
+** Compute the difference (in milliseconds) between localtime and UTC
+** (a.k.a. GMT) for the time value p where p is in UTC. If no error occurs,
+** return this value and set *pRc to SQLITE_OK. 
+**
+** Or, if an error does occur, set *pRc to SQLITE_ERROR. The returned value
+** is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 localtimeOffset(
+  DateTime *p,                    /* Date at which to calculate offset */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Write error here if one occurs */
+  int *pRc                        /* OUT: Error code. SQLITE_OK or ERROR */
+){
   DateTime x, y;
   time_t t;
+  struct tm sLocal;
+
+  /* Initialize the contents of sLocal to avoid a compiler warning. */
+  memset(&sLocal, 0, sizeof(sLocal));
+
   x = *p;
   computeYMD_HMS(&x);
   if( x.Y<1971 || x.Y>=2038 ){
@@ -12683,47 +13777,23 @@ static sqlite3_int64 localtimeOffset(DateTime *p){
   x.validJD = 0;
   computeJD(&x);
   t = (time_t)(x.iJD/1000 - 21086676*(i64)10000);
-#ifdef HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
-  {
-    struct tm sLocal;
-    localtime_r(&t, &sLocal);
-    y.Y = sLocal.tm_year + 1900;
-    y.M = sLocal.tm_mon + 1;
-    y.D = sLocal.tm_mday;
-    y.h = sLocal.tm_hour;
-    y.m = sLocal.tm_min;
-    y.s = sLocal.tm_sec;
-  }
-#elif defined(HAVE_LOCALTIME_S) && HAVE_LOCALTIME_S
-  {
-    struct tm sLocal;
-    localtime_s(&sLocal, &t);
-    y.Y = sLocal.tm_year + 1900;
-    y.M = sLocal.tm_mon + 1;
-    y.D = sLocal.tm_mday;
-    y.h = sLocal.tm_hour;
-    y.m = sLocal.tm_min;
-    y.s = sLocal.tm_sec;
-  }
-#else
-  {
-    struct tm *pTm;
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-    pTm = localtime(&t);
-    y.Y = pTm->tm_year + 1900;
-    y.M = pTm->tm_mon + 1;
-    y.D = pTm->tm_mday;
-    y.h = pTm->tm_hour;
-    y.m = pTm->tm_min;
-    y.s = pTm->tm_sec;
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+  if( osLocaltime(&t, &sLocal) ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(pCtx, "local time unavailable", -1);
+    *pRc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    return 0;
   }
-#endif
+  y.Y = sLocal.tm_year + 1900;
+  y.M = sLocal.tm_mon + 1;
+  y.D = sLocal.tm_mday;
+  y.h = sLocal.tm_hour;
+  y.m = sLocal.tm_min;
+  y.s = sLocal.tm_sec;
   y.validYMD = 1;
   y.validHMS = 1;
   y.validJD = 0;
   y.validTZ = 0;
   computeJD(&y);
+  *pRc = SQLITE_OK;
   return y.iJD - x.iJD;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_LOCALTIME */
@@ -12747,9 +13817,12 @@ static sqlite3_int64 localtimeOffset(DateTime *p){
 **     localtime
 **     utc
 **
-** Return 0 on success and 1 if there is any kind of error.
+** Return 0 on success and 1 if there is any kind of error. If the error
+** is in a system call (i.e. localtime()), then an error message is written
+** to context pCtx. If the error is an unrecognized modifier, no error is
+** written to pCtx.
 */
-static int parseModifier(const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
+static int parseModifier(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
   int rc = 1;
   int n;
   double r;
@@ -12769,9 +13842,8 @@ static int parseModifier(const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
       */
       if( strcmp(z, "localtime")==0 ){
         computeJD(p);
-        p->iJD += localtimeOffset(p);
+        p->iJD += localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
         clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
-        rc = 0;
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -12792,11 +13864,12 @@ static int parseModifier(const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
       else if( strcmp(z, "utc")==0 ){
         sqlite3_int64 c1;
         computeJD(p);
-        c1 = localtimeOffset(p);
-        p->iJD -= c1;
-        clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
-        p->iJD += c1 - localtimeOffset(p);
-        rc = 0;
+        c1 = localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          p->iJD -= c1;
+          clearYMD_HMS_TZ(p);
+          p->iJD += c1 - localtimeOffset(p, pCtx, &rc);
+        }
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -12809,8 +13882,9 @@ static int parseModifier(const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
       ** weekday N where 0==Sunday, 1==Monday, and so forth.  If the
       ** date is already on the appropriate weekday, this is a no-op.
       */
-      if( strncmp(z, "weekday ", 8)==0 && getValue(&z[8],&r)>0
-                 && (n=(int)r)==r && n>=0 && r<7 ){
+      if( strncmp(z, "weekday ", 8)==0
+               && sqlite3AtoF(&z[8], &r, sqlite3Strlen30(&z[8]), SQLITE_UTF8)
+               && (n=(int)r)==r && n>=0 && r<7 ){
         sqlite3_int64 Z;
         computeYMD_HMS(p);
         p->validTZ = 0;
@@ -12865,8 +13939,11 @@ static int parseModifier(const char *zMod, DateTime *p){
     case '8':
     case '9': {
       double rRounder;
-      n = getValue(z, &r);
-      assert( n>=1 );
+      for(n=1; z[n] && z[n]!=':' && !sqlite3Isspace(z[n]); n++){}
+      if( !sqlite3AtoF(z, &r, n, SQLITE_UTF8) ){
+        rc = 1;
+        break;
+      }
       if( z[n]==':' ){
         /* A modifier of the form (+|-)HH:MM:SS.FFF adds (or subtracts) the
         ** specified number of hours, minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds
@@ -12961,8 +14038,9 @@ static int isDate(
   int eType;
   memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
   if( argc==0 ){
-    setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
-  }else if( (eType = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]))==SQLITE_FLOAT
+    return setDateTimeToCurrent(context, p);
+  }
+  if( (eType = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]))==SQLITE_FLOAT
                    || eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
     p->iJD = (sqlite3_int64)(sqlite3_value_double(argv[0])*86400000.0 + 0.5);
     p->validJD = 1;
@@ -12973,9 +14051,8 @@ static int isDate(
     }
   }
   for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
-    if( (z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[i]))==0 || parseModifier((char*)z, p) ){
-      return 1;
-    }
+    z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[i]);
+    if( z==0 || parseModifier(context, (char*)z, p) ) return 1;
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -13275,31 +14352,28 @@ static void currentTimeFunc(
   char *zFormat = (char *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
   sqlite3 *db;
   sqlite3_int64 iT;
+  struct tm *pTm;
+  struct tm sNow;
   char zBuf[20];
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
 
   db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iT);
+  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iT) ) return;
   t = iT/1000 - 10000*(sqlite3_int64)21086676;
 #ifdef HAVE_GMTIME_R
-  {
-    struct tm sNow;
-    gmtime_r(&t, &sNow);
-    strftime(zBuf, 20, zFormat, &sNow);
-  }
+  pTm = gmtime_r(&t, &sNow);
 #else
-  {
-    struct tm *pTm;
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-    pTm = gmtime(&t);
-    strftime(zBuf, 20, zFormat, pTm);
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+  pTm = gmtime(&t);
+  if( pTm ) memcpy(&sNow, pTm, sizeof(sNow));
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
 #endif
-
-  sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  if( pTm ){
+    strftime(zBuf, 20, zFormat, &sNow);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -13473,7 +14547,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpen(
   ** down into the VFS layer.  Some SQLITE_OPEN_ flags (for example,
   ** SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE) are blocked before
   ** reaching the VFS. */
-  rc = pVfs->xOpen(pVfs, zPath, pFile, flags & 0x87f3f, pFlagsOut);
+  rc = pVfs->xOpen(pVfs, zPath, pFile, flags & 0x87f7f, pFlagsOut);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pFile->pMethods==0 );
   return rc;
 }
@@ -13520,6 +14594,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsSleep(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nMicro){
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *pTimeOut){
   int rc;
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-49045-42493 SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64()
+  ** method to get the current date and time if that method is available
+  ** (if iVersion is 2 or greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and
+  ** will fall back to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is
+  ** unavailable.
+  */
   if( pVfs->iVersion>=2 && pVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64 ){
     rc = pVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, pTimeOut);
   }else{
@@ -13539,7 +14619,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(
 ){
   int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
   sqlite3_file *pFile;
-  pFile = (sqlite3_file *)sqlite3Malloc(pVfs->szOsFile);
+  pFile = (sqlite3_file *)sqlite3MallocZero(pVfs->szOsFile);
   if( pFile ){
     rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zFile, pFile, flags, pOutFlags);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -13628,12 +14708,12 @@ static void vfsUnlink(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs){
 ** true.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int makeDflt){
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = 0;
+  MUTEX_LOGIC(sqlite3_mutex *mutex;)
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
   int rc = sqlite3_initialize();
   if( rc ) return rc;
 #endif
-  mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER); )
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
   vfsUnlink(pVfs);
   if( makeDflt || vfsList==0 ){
@@ -13903,7 +14983,7 @@ static int sqlite3MemSize(void *pPrior){
 static void *sqlite3MemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nByte){
   sqlite3_int64 *p = (sqlite3_int64*)pPrior;
   assert( pPrior!=0 && nByte>0 );
-  nByte = ROUND8(nByte);
+  assert( nByte==ROUND8(nByte) ); /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
   p--;
   p = realloc(p, nByte+8 );
   if( p ){
@@ -14003,6 +15083,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void){
 # define backtrace(A,B) 1
 # define backtrace_symbols_fd(A,B,C)
 #endif
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Each memory allocation looks like this:
@@ -14309,6 +15390,7 @@ static void *sqlite3MemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nByte){
   struct MemBlockHdr *pOldHdr;
   void *pNew;
   assert( mem.disallow==0 );
+  assert( (nByte & 7)==0 );     /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
   pOldHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(pPrior);
   pNew = sqlite3MemMalloc(nByte);
   if( pNew ){
@@ -14927,7 +16009,7 @@ static void *memsys3MallocUnsafe(int nByte){
 ** This function assumes that the necessary mutexes, if any, are
 ** already held by the caller. Hence "Unsafe".
 */
-void memsys3FreeUnsafe(void *pOld){
+static void memsys3FreeUnsafe(void *pOld){
   Mem3Block *p = (Mem3Block*)pOld;
   int i;
   u32 size, x;
@@ -15002,7 +16084,7 @@ static void *memsys3Malloc(int nBytes){
 /*
 ** Free memory.
 */
-void memsys3Free(void *pPrior){
+static void memsys3Free(void *pPrior){
   assert( pPrior );
   memsys3Enter();
   memsys3FreeUnsafe(pPrior);
@@ -15012,7 +16094,7 @@ void memsys3Free(void *pPrior){
 /*
 ** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
 */
-void *memsys3Realloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
+static void *memsys3Realloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
   int nOld;
   void *p;
   if( pPrior==0 ){
@@ -15310,7 +16392,7 @@ static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem5Global {
   */
   u8 *aCtrl;
 
-} mem5 = { 0 };
+} mem5;
 
 /*
 ** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
@@ -15578,7 +16660,7 @@ static void *memsys5Realloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
   int nOld;
   void *p;
   assert( pPrior!=0 );
-  assert( (nBytes&(nBytes-1))==0 );
+  assert( (nBytes&(nBytes-1))==0 );  /* EV: R-46199-30249 */
   assert( nBytes>=0 );
   if( nBytes==0 ){
     return 0;
@@ -15625,7 +16707,7 @@ static int memsys5Roundup(int n){
 */
 static int memsys5Log(int iValue){
   int iLog;
-  for(iLog=0; (1<<iLog)<iValue; iLog++);
+  for(iLog=0; (iLog<(int)((sizeof(int)*8)-1)) && (1<<iLog)<iValue; iLog++);
   return iLog;
 }
 
@@ -15656,6 +16738,7 @@ static int memsys5Init(void *NotUsed){
   zByte = (u8*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap;
   assert( zByte!=0 );  /* sqlite3_config() does not allow otherwise */
 
+  /* boundaries on sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq are enforced in sqlite3_config() */
   nMinLog = memsys5Log(sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq);
   mem5.szAtom = (1<<nMinLog);
   while( (int)sizeof(Mem5Link)>mem5.szAtom ){
@@ -16159,11 +17242,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
 struct sqlite3_mutex {
   HMTX mutex;       /* Mutex controlling the lock */
   int  id;          /* Mutex type */
-  int  nRef;        /* Number of references */
-  TID  owner;       /* Thread holding this mutex */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+ int   trace;       /* True to trace changes */
+#endif
 };
 
-#define OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER   0,0,0,0
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0, 0 }
+#else
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0 }
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
@@ -16179,11 +17267,14 @@ static int os2MutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
 ** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
 **
 ** <ul>
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST               0
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE          1
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER      2
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM         3
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG        4
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -16197,7 +17288,7 @@ static int os2MutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
 ** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
 **
 ** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
-** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Three static mutexes are
+** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
 ** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
 ** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
 ** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
@@ -16227,13 +17318,13 @@ static sqlite3_mutex *os2MutexAlloc(int iType){
     }
     default: {
       static volatile int isInit = 0;
-      static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[] = {
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
-        { OS2_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, },
+      static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[6] = {
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
       };
       if ( !isInit ){
         APIRET rc;
@@ -16279,9 +17370,14 @@ static sqlite3_mutex *os2MutexAlloc(int iType){
 ** SQLite is careful to deallocate every mutex that it allocates.
 */
 static void os2MutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  if( p==0 ) return;
-  assert( p->nRef==0 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  TID tid;
+  PID pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  assert( ulCount==0 );
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+#endif
   DosCloseMutexSem( p->mutex );
   sqlite3_free( p );
 }
@@ -16296,26 +17392,29 @@ static int os2MutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   PID pid;
   ULONG ulCount;
   PTIB ptib;
-  if( p!=0 ) {
-    DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  } else {
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-    tid = ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-  }
-  return p==0 || (p->nRef!=0 && p->owner==tid);
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  if( ulCount==0 || ( ulCount>1 && p->id!=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE ) )
+    return 0;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
+  return tid==ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
 }
 static int os2MutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   TID tid;
   PID pid;
   ULONG ulCount;
   PTIB ptib;
-  if( p!= 0 ) {
-    DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  } else {
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-    tid = ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-  }
-  return p==0 || p->nRef==0 || p->owner!=tid;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  if( ulCount==0 )
+    return 1;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
+  return tid!=ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
+}
+static void os2MutexTrace(sqlite3_mutex *p, char *pAction){
+  TID   tid;
+  PID   pid;
+  ULONG ulCount;
+  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
+  printf("%s mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%ld\n", pAction, (void*)p, p->trace, ulCount);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -16331,32 +17430,21 @@ static int os2MutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
 ** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
 */
 static void os2MutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID holder1;
-  ULONG holder2;
-  if( p==0 ) return;
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
   DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &holder1, &tid, &holder2);
-  p->owner = tid;
-  p->nRef++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "enter");
+#endif
 }
 static int os2MutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  int rc;
-  TID tid;
-  PID holder1;
-  ULONG holder2;
-  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
-  if( DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_IMMEDIATE_RETURN) == NO_ERROR) {
-    DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &holder1, &tid, &holder2);
-    p->owner = tid;
-    p->nRef++;
+  if( DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_IMMEDIATE_RETURN) == NO_ERROR ) {
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  } else {
-    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "try");
+#endif
   }
-
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -16367,16 +17455,11 @@ static int os2MutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
 ** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
 */
 static void os2MutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID holder1;
-  ULONG holder2;
-  if( p==0 ) return;
-  assert( p->nRef>0 );
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &holder1, &tid, &holder2);
-  assert( p->owner==tid );
-  p->nRef--;
-  assert( p->nRef==0 || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+  assert( os2MutexHeld(p) );
   DosReleaseMutexSem(p->mutex);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "leave");
+#endif
 }
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
@@ -16391,6 +17474,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     os2MutexHeld,
     os2MutexNotheld
+#else
+    0,
+    0
 #endif
   };
 
@@ -16500,7 +17586,7 @@ static int pthreadMutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -16910,7 +17996,7 @@ static int winMutexEnd(void){
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -17034,7 +18120,7 @@ static int winMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->trace ){
-    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+    printf("try mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
   }
 #endif
   return rc;
@@ -17101,46 +18187,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
 **
 ** Memory allocation functions used throughout sqlite.
 */
-
-/*
-** This routine runs when the memory allocator sees that the
-** total memory allocation is about to exceed the soft heap
-** limit.
-*/
-static void softHeapLimitEnforcer(
-  void *NotUsed, 
-  sqlite3_int64 NotUsed2,
-  int allocSize
-){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
-  sqlite3_release_memory(allocSize);
-}
-
-/*
-** Set the soft heap-size limit for the library. Passing a zero or 
-** negative value indicates no limit.
-*/
-SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
-  sqlite3_uint64 iLimit;
-  int overage;
-  if( n<0 ){
-    iLimit = 0;
-  }else{
-    iLimit = n;
-  }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
-  sqlite3_initialize();
-#endif
-  if( iLimit>0 ){
-    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(softHeapLimitEnforcer, 0, iLimit);
-  }else{
-    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(0, 0, 0);
-  }
-  overage = (int)(sqlite3_memory_used() - (i64)n);
-  if( overage>0 ){
-    sqlite3_release_memory(overage);
-  }
-}
+/* #include <stdarg.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Attempt to release up to n bytes of non-essential memory currently
@@ -17149,23 +18196,28 @@ SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int n){
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
-  int nRet = 0;
-  nRet += sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(n-nRet);
-  return nRet;
+  return sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(n);
 #else
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-34391-24921 The sqlite3_release_memory() routine
+  ** is a no-op returning zero if SQLite is not compiled with
+  ** SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT. */
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(n);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return 0;
 #endif
 }
 
+/*
+** An instance of the following object records the location of
+** each unused scratch buffer.
+*/
+typedef struct ScratchFreeslot {
+  struct ScratchFreeslot *pNext;   /* Next unused scratch buffer */
+} ScratchFreeslot;
+
 /*
 ** State information local to the memory allocation subsystem.
 */
 static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem0Global {
-  /* Number of free pages for scratch and page-cache memory */
-  u32 nScratchFree;
-  u32 nPageFree;
-
   sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Mutex to serialize access */
 
   /*
@@ -17179,104 +18231,53 @@ static SQLITE_WSD struct Mem0Global {
   void *alarmArg;
 
   /*
-  ** Pointers to the end of sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch and
-  ** sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage to a block of memory that records
-  ** which pages are available.
+  ** Pointers to the end of sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch memory
+  ** (so that a range test can be used to determine if an allocation
+  ** being freed came from pScratch) and a pointer to the list of
+  ** unused scratch allocations.
+  */
+  void *pScratchEnd;
+  ScratchFreeslot *pScratchFree;
+  u32 nScratchFree;
+
+  /*
+  ** True if heap is nearly "full" where "full" is defined by the
+  ** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit() setting.
   */
-  u32 *aScratchFree;
-  u32 *aPageFree;
+  int nearlyFull;
 } mem0 = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
 
 #define mem0 GLOBAL(struct Mem0Global, mem0)
 
 /*
-** Initialize the memory allocation subsystem.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocInit(void){
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==0 ){
-    sqlite3MemSetDefault();
-  }
-  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
-    mem0.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
-  }
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch>=100
-      && sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch>=0 ){
-    int i;
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = ROUNDDOWN8(sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch-4);
-    mem0.aScratchFree = (u32*)&((char*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch)
-                  [sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch*sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch];
-    for(i=0; i<sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch; i++){ mem0.aScratchFree[i] = i; }
-    mem0.nScratchFree = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch;
-  }else{
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch = 0;
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = 0;
-  }
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage>=512
-      && sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage>=1 ){
-    int i;
-    int overhead;
-    int sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage);
-    int n = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage;
-    overhead = (4*n + sz - 1)/sz;
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage -= overhead;
-    mem0.aPageFree = (u32*)&((char*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage)
-                  [sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage*sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage];
-    for(i=0; i<sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage; i++){ mem0.aPageFree[i] = i; }
-    mem0.nPageFree = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage;
-  }else{
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage = 0;
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage = 0;
-  }
-  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xInit(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
-}
-
-/*
-** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown ){
-    sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
-  }
-  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the amount of memory currently checked out.
-*/
-SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void){
-  int n, mx;
-  sqlite3_int64 res;
-  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, 0);
-  res = (sqlite3_int64)n;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
-  return res;
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the maximum amount of memory that has ever been
-** checked out since either the beginning of this process
-** or since the most recent reset.
+** This routine runs when the memory allocator sees that the
+** total memory allocation is about to exceed the soft heap
+** limit.
 */
-SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag){
-  int n, mx;
-  sqlite3_int64 res;
-  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, resetFlag);
-  res = (sqlite3_int64)mx;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
-  return res;
+static void softHeapLimitEnforcer(
+  void *NotUsed, 
+  sqlite3_int64 NotUsed2,
+  int allocSize
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, NotUsed2);
+  sqlite3_release_memory(allocSize);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Change the alarm callback
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemoryAlarm(
+static int sqlite3MemoryAlarm(
   void(*xCallback)(void *pArg, sqlite3_int64 used,int N),
   void *pArg,
   sqlite3_int64 iThreshold
 ){
+  int nUsed;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
   mem0.alarmCallback = xCallback;
   mem0.alarmArg = pArg;
   mem0.alarmThreshold = iThreshold;
+  nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
+  mem0.nearlyFull = (iThreshold>0 && iThreshold<=nUsed);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -17295,6 +18296,119 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_memory_alarm(
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Set the soft heap-size limit for the library. Passing a zero or 
+** negative value indicates no limit.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 n){
+  sqlite3_int64 priorLimit;
+  sqlite3_int64 excess;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  sqlite3_initialize();
+#endif
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  priorLimit = mem0.alarmThreshold;
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  if( n<0 ) return priorLimit;
+  if( n>0 ){
+    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(softHeapLimitEnforcer, 0, n);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3MemoryAlarm(0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  excess = sqlite3_memory_used() - n;
+  if( excess>0 ) sqlite3_release_memory((int)(excess & 0x7fffffff));
+  return priorLimit;
+}
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
+  if( n<0 ) n = 0;
+  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(n);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocInit(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc==0 ){
+    sqlite3MemSetDefault();
+  }
+  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
+    mem0.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch>=100
+      && sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch>0 ){
+    int i, n, sz;
+    ScratchFreeslot *pSlot;
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch);
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = sz;
+    pSlot = (ScratchFreeslot*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch;
+    n = sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch;
+    mem0.pScratchFree = pSlot;
+    mem0.nScratchFree = n;
+    for(i=0; i<n-1; i++){
+      pSlot->pNext = (ScratchFreeslot*)(sz+(char*)pSlot);
+      pSlot = pSlot->pNext;
+    }
+    pSlot->pNext = 0;
+    mem0.pScratchEnd = (void*)&pSlot[1];
+  }else{
+    mem0.pScratchEnd = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch = 0;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage<512
+      || sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage<1 ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage = 0;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage = 0;
+  }
+  return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xInit(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the heap is currently under memory pressure - in other
+** words if the amount of heap used is close to the limit set by
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void){
+  return mem0.nearlyFull;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown ){
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.pAppData);
+  }
+  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the amount of memory currently checked out.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void){
+  int n, mx;
+  sqlite3_int64 res;
+  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, 0);
+  res = (sqlite3_int64)n;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the maximum amount of memory that has ever been
+** checked out since either the beginning of this process
+** or since the most recent reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag){
+  int n, mx;
+  sqlite3_int64 res;
+  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, resetFlag);
+  res = (sqlite3_int64)mx;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
+  return res;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Trigger the alarm 
 */
@@ -17326,15 +18440,20 @@ static int mallocWithAlarm(int n, void **pp){
   sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, n);
   if( mem0.alarmCallback!=0 ){
     int nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
-    if( nUsed+nFull >= mem0.alarmThreshold ){
+    if( nUsed >= mem0.alarmThreshold - nFull ){
+      mem0.nearlyFull = 1;
       sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
+    }else{
+      mem0.nearlyFull = 0;
     }
   }
   p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
   if( p==0 && mem0.alarmCallback ){
     sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
     p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
   }
+#endif
   if( p ){
     nFull = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
     sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nFull);
@@ -17350,7 +18469,9 @@ static int mallocWithAlarm(int n, void **pp){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Malloc(int n){
   void *p;
-  if( n<=0 || n>=0x7fffff00 ){
+  if( n<=0               /* IMP: R-65312-04917 */ 
+   || n>=0x7fffff00
+  ){
     /* A memory allocation of a number of bytes which is near the maximum
     ** signed integer value might cause an integer overflow inside of the
     ** xMalloc().  Hence we limit the maximum size to 0x7fffff00, giving
@@ -17364,6 +18485,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Malloc(int n){
   }else{
     p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(n);
   }
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(p) );  /* IMP: R-04675-44850 */
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -17402,59 +18524,65 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ScratchMalloc(int n){
   void *p;
   assert( n>0 );
 
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
-  /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocation per thread
-  ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
-  ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
-  ** would be much more complicated.) */
-  assert( scratchAllocOut<=1 );
-#endif
-
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch<n ){
-    goto scratch_overflow;
-  }else{  
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
-    if( mem0.nScratchFree==0 ){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+  if( mem0.nScratchFree && sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch>=n ){
+    p = mem0.pScratchFree;
+    mem0.pScratchFree = mem0.pScratchFree->pNext;
+    mem0.nScratchFree--;
+    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, 1);
+    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+  }else{
+    if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
+      sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
+      n = mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
+      if( p ) sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, n);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
-      goto scratch_overflow;
     }else{
-      int i;
-      i = mem0.aScratchFree[--mem0.nScratchFree];
-      i *= sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch;
-      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, 1);
-      sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
-      p = (void*)&((char*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch)[i];
-      assert(  (((u8*)p - (u8*)0) & 7)==0 );
+      p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(n);
     }
+    sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_SCRATCH);
   }
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
-  scratchAllocOut = p!=0;
-#endif
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(mem0.mutex) );
 
-  return p;
 
-scratch_overflow:
-  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
-    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
-    n = mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
-    if( p ) sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, n);
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
-  }else{
-    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(n);
-  }
-  sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_SCRATCH);
 #if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
-  scratchAllocOut = p!=0;
+  /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocations per thread
+  ** are outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
+  ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
+  ** would be much more complicated.) */
+  assert( scratchAllocOut<=1 );
+  if( p ) scratchAllocOut++;
 #endif
-  return p;    
+
+  return p;
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ScratchFree(void *p){
   if( p ){
-    if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch==0
-           || p<sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch
-           || p>=(void*)mem0.aScratchFree ){
+
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
+    /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocation per thread
+    ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
+    ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
+    ** would be much more complicated.) */
+    assert( scratchAllocOut>=1 && scratchAllocOut<=2 );
+    scratchAllocOut--;
+#endif
+
+    if( p>=sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch && p<mem0.pScratchEnd ){
+      /* Release memory from the SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH allocation */
+      ScratchFreeslot *pSlot;
+      pSlot = (ScratchFreeslot*)p;
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
+      pSlot->pNext = mem0.pScratchFree;
+      mem0.pScratchFree = pSlot;
+      mem0.nScratchFree++;
+      assert( mem0.nScratchFree <= (u32)sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch );
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, -1);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
+    }else{
+      /* Release memory back to the heap */
       assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_SCRATCH) );
       assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, ~MEMTYPE_SCRATCH) );
       sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
@@ -17469,26 +18597,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ScratchFree(void *p){
       }else{
         sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xFree(p);
       }
-    }else{
-      int i;
-      i = (int)((u8*)p - (u8*)sqlite3GlobalConfig.pScratch);
-      i /= sqlite3GlobalConfig.szScratch;
-      assert( i>=0 && i<sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch );
-      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
-      assert( mem0.nScratchFree<(u32)sqlite3GlobalConfig.nScratch );
-      mem0.aScratchFree[mem0.nScratchFree++] = i;
-      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, -1);
-      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
-
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
-    /* Verify that no more than two scratch allocation per thread
-    ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
-    ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
-    ** would be much more complicated.) */
-    assert( scratchAllocOut>=1 && scratchAllocOut<=2 );
-    scratchAllocOut = 0;
-#endif
-
     }
   }
 }
@@ -17529,7 +18637,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
 ** Free memory previously obtained from sqlite3Malloc().
 */
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void *p){
-  if( p==0 ) return;
+  if( p==0 ) return;  /* IMP: R-49053-54554 */
   assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
   assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
@@ -17573,13 +18681,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
 ** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void *pOld, int nBytes){
-  int nOld, nNew;
+  int nOld, nNew, nDiff;
   void *pNew;
   if( pOld==0 ){
-    return sqlite3Malloc(nBytes);
+    return sqlite3Malloc(nBytes); /* IMP: R-28354-25769 */
   }
   if( nBytes<=0 ){
-    sqlite3_free(pOld);
+    sqlite3_free(pOld); /* IMP: R-31593-10574 */
     return 0;
   }
   if( nBytes>=0x7fffff00 ){
@@ -17587,15 +18695,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void *pOld, int nBytes){
     return 0;
   }
   nOld = sqlite3MallocSize(pOld);
+  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46199-30249 SQLite guarantees that the second
+  ** argument to xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to
+  ** xRoundup. */
   nNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(nBytes);
   if( nOld==nNew ){
     pNew = pOld;
   }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bMemstat ){
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
     sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, nBytes);
-    if( sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED)+nNew-nOld >= 
-          mem0.alarmThreshold ){
-      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nNew-nOld);
+    nDiff = nNew - nOld;
+    if( sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED) >= 
+          mem0.alarmThreshold-nDiff ){
+      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nDiff);
     }
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(pOld, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(pOld, ~MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
@@ -17612,6 +18724,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void *pOld, int nBytes){
   }else{
     pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
   }
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pNew) ); /* IMP: R-04675-44850 */
   return pNew;
 }
 
@@ -17678,14 +18791,20 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbMallocRaw(sqlite3 *db, int n){
     if( db->mallocFailed ){
       return 0;
     }
-    if( db->lookaside.bEnabled && n<=db->lookaside.sz
-         && (pBuf = db->lookaside.pFree)!=0 ){
-      db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf->pNext;
-      db->lookaside.nOut++;
-      if( db->lookaside.nOut>db->lookaside.mxOut ){
-        db->lookaside.mxOut = db->lookaside.nOut;
+    if( db->lookaside.bEnabled ){
+      if( n>db->lookaside.sz ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[1]++;
+      }else if( (pBuf = db->lookaside.pFree)==0 ){
+        db->lookaside.anStat[2]++;
+      }else{
+        db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf->pNext;
+        db->lookaside.nOut++;
+        db->lookaside.anStat[0]++;
+        if( db->lookaside.nOut>db->lookaside.mxOut ){
+          db->lookaside.mxOut = db->lookaside.nOut;
+        }
+        return (void*)pBuf;
       }
-      return (void*)pBuf;
     }
   }
 #else
@@ -17842,48 +18961,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ApiExit(sqlite3* db, int rc){
 **
 **************************************************************************
 **
-** The following modules is an enhanced replacement for the "printf" subroutines
-** found in the standard C library.  The following enhancements are
-** supported:
-**
-**      +  Additional functions.  The standard set of "printf" functions
-**         includes printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, and
-**         vsprintf.  This module adds the following:
-**
-**           *  snprintf -- Works like sprintf, but has an extra argument
-**                          which is the size of the buffer written to.
-**
-**           *  mprintf --  Similar to sprintf.  Writes output to memory
-**                          obtained from malloc.
-**
-**           *  xprintf --  Calls a function to dispose of output.
-**
-**           *  nprintf --  No output, but returns the number of characters
-**                          that would have been output by printf.
-**
-**           *  A v- version (ex: vsnprintf) of every function is also
-**              supplied.
-**
-**      +  A few extensions to the formatting notation are supported:
-**
-**           *  The "=" flag (similar to "-") causes the output to be
-**              be centered in the appropriately sized field.
-**
-**           *  The %b field outputs an integer in binary notation.
-**
-**           *  The %c field now accepts a precision.  The character output
-**              is repeated by the number of times the precision specifies.
-**
-**           *  The %' field works like %c, but takes as its character the
-**              next character of the format string, instead of the next
-**              argument.  For example,  printf("%.78'-")  prints 78 minus
-**              signs, the same as  printf("%.78c",'-').
-**
-**      +  When compiled using GCC on a SPARC, this version of printf is
-**         faster than the library printf for SUN OS 4.1.
-**
-**      +  All functions are fully reentrant.
-**
+** This file contains code for a set of "printf"-like routines.  These
+** routines format strings much like the printf() from the standard C
+** library, though the implementation here has enhancements to support
+** SQLlite.
 */
 
 /*
@@ -18021,43 +19102,15 @@ static void appendSpace(StrAccum *pAccum, int N){
 
 /*
 ** On machines with a small stack size, you can redefine the
-** SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE to be less than 350.
+** SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE to be something smaller, if desired.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE
-# if defined(SQLITE_SMALL_STACK)
-#   define SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE 50
-# else
-#   define SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE 350
-# endif
+# define SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE 70
 #endif
 #define etBUFSIZE SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE  /* Size of the output buffer */
 
 /*
-** The root program.  All variations call this core.
-**
-** INPUTS:
-**   func   This is a pointer to a function taking three arguments
-**            1. A pointer to anything.  Same as the "arg" parameter.
-**            2. A pointer to the list of characters to be output
-**               (Note, this list is NOT null terminated.)
-**            3. An integer number of characters to be output.
-**               (Note: This number might be zero.)
-**
-**   arg    This is the pointer to anything which will be passed as the
-**          first argument to "func".  Use it for whatever you like.
-**
-**   fmt    This is the format string, as in the usual print.
-**
-**   ap     This is a pointer to a list of arguments.  Same as in
-**          vfprint.
-**
-** OUTPUTS:
-**          The return value is the total number of characters sent to
-**          the function "func".  Returns -1 on a error.
-**
-** Note that the order in which automatic variables are declared below
-** seems to make a big difference in determining how fast this beast
-** will run.
+** Render a string given by "fmt" into the StrAccum object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
   StrAccum *pAccum,                  /* Accumulate results here */
@@ -18080,23 +19133,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
   etByte flag_long;          /* True if "l" flag is present */
   etByte flag_longlong;      /* True if the "ll" flag is present */
   etByte done;               /* Loop termination flag */
+  etByte xtype = 0;          /* Conversion paradigm */
+  char prefix;               /* Prefix character.  "+" or "-" or " " or '\0'. */
   sqlite_uint64 longvalue;   /* Value for integer types */
   LONGDOUBLE_TYPE realvalue; /* Value for real types */
   const et_info *infop;      /* Pointer to the appropriate info structure */
-  char buf[etBUFSIZE];       /* Conversion buffer */
-  char prefix;               /* Prefix character.  "+" or "-" or " " or '\0'. */
-  etByte xtype = 0;          /* Conversion paradigm */
-  char *zExtra;              /* Extra memory used for etTCLESCAPE conversions */
+  char *zOut;                /* Rendering buffer */
+  int nOut;                  /* Size of the rendering buffer */
+  char *zExtra;              /* Malloced memory used by some conversion */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
   int  exp, e2;              /* exponent of real numbers */
+  int nsd;                   /* Number of significant digits returned */
   double rounder;            /* Used for rounding floating point values */
   etByte flag_dp;            /* True if decimal point should be shown */
   etByte flag_rtz;           /* True if trailing zeros should be removed */
-  etByte flag_exp;           /* True to force display of the exponent */
-  int nsd;                   /* Number of significant digits returned */
 #endif
+  char buf[etBUFSIZE];       /* Conversion buffer */
 
-  length = 0;
   bufpt = 0;
   for(; (c=(*fmt))!=0; ++fmt){
     if( c!='%' ){
@@ -18141,9 +19194,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         c = *++fmt;
       }
     }
-    if( width > etBUFSIZE-10 ){
-      width = etBUFSIZE-10;
-    }
     /* Get the precision */
     if( c=='.' ){
       precision = 0;
@@ -18190,12 +19240,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
     }
     zExtra = 0;
 
-
-    /* Limit the precision to prevent overflowing buf[] during conversion */
-    if( precision>etBUFSIZE-40 && (infop->flags & FLAG_STRING)==0 ){
-      precision = etBUFSIZE-40;
-    }
-
     /*
     ** At this point, variables are initialized as follows:
     **
@@ -18234,7 +19278,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
             v = va_arg(ap,int);
           }
           if( v<0 ){
-            longvalue = -v;
+            if( v==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+              longvalue = ((u64)1)<<63;
+            }else{
+              longvalue = -v;
+            }
             prefix = '-';
           }else{
             longvalue = v;
@@ -18256,16 +19304,26 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         if( flag_zeropad && precision<width-(prefix!=0) ){
           precision = width-(prefix!=0);
         }
-        bufpt = &buf[etBUFSIZE-1];
+        if( precision<etBUFSIZE-10 ){
+          nOut = etBUFSIZE;
+          zOut = buf;
+        }else{
+          nOut = precision + 10;
+          zOut = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( nOut );
+          if( zOut==0 ){
+            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        bufpt = &zOut[nOut-1];
         if( xtype==etORDINAL ){
           static const char zOrd[] = "thstndrd";
           int x = (int)(longvalue % 10);
           if( x>=4 || (longvalue/10)%10==1 ){
             x = 0;
           }
-          buf[etBUFSIZE-3] = zOrd[x*2];
-          buf[etBUFSIZE-2] = zOrd[x*2+1];
-          bufpt -= 2;
+          *(--bufpt) = zOrd[x*2+1];
+          *(--bufpt) = zOrd[x*2];
         }
         {
           register const char *cset;      /* Use registers for speed */
@@ -18277,7 +19335,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
             longvalue = longvalue/base;
           }while( longvalue>0 );
         }
-        length = (int)(&buf[etBUFSIZE-1]-bufpt);
+        length = (int)(&zOut[nOut-1]-bufpt);
         for(idx=precision-length; idx>0; idx--){
           *(--bufpt) = '0';                             /* Zero pad */
         }
@@ -18288,7 +19346,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
           pre = &aPrefix[infop->prefix];
           for(; (x=(*pre))!=0; pre++) *(--bufpt) = x;
         }
-        length = (int)(&buf[etBUFSIZE-1]-bufpt);
+        length = (int)(&zOut[nOut-1]-bufpt);
         break;
       case etFLOAT:
       case etEXP:
@@ -18298,7 +19356,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         length = 0;
 #else
         if( precision<0 ) precision = 6;         /* Set default precision */
-        if( precision>etBUFSIZE/2-10 ) precision = etBUFSIZE/2-10;
         if( realvalue<0.0 ){
           realvalue = -realvalue;
           prefix = '-';
@@ -18346,7 +19403,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         ** If the field type is etGENERIC, then convert to either etEXP
         ** or etFLOAT, as appropriate.
         */
-        flag_exp = xtype==etEXP;
         if( xtype!=etFLOAT ){
           realvalue += rounder;
           if( realvalue>=10.0 ){ realvalue *= 0.1; exp++; }
@@ -18367,6 +19423,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         }else{
           e2 = exp;
         }
+        if( e2+precision+width > etBUFSIZE - 15 ){
+          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( e2+precision+width+15 );
+          if( bufpt==0 ){
+            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        zOut = bufpt;
         nsd = 0;
         flag_dp = (precision>0 ?1:0) | flag_alternateform | flag_altform2;
         /* The sign in front of the number */
@@ -18398,7 +19462,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         /* Remove trailing zeros and the "." if no digits follow the "." */
         if( flag_rtz && flag_dp ){
           while( bufpt[-1]=='0' ) *(--bufpt) = 0;
-          assert( bufpt>buf );
+          assert( bufpt>zOut );
           if( bufpt[-1]=='.' ){
             if( flag_altform2 ){
               *(bufpt++) = '0';
@@ -18408,7 +19472,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
           }
         }
         /* Add the "eNNN" suffix */
-        if( flag_exp || xtype==etEXP ){
+        if( xtype==etEXP ){
           *(bufpt++) = aDigits[infop->charset];
           if( exp<0 ){
             *(bufpt++) = '-'; exp = -exp;
@@ -18427,8 +19491,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         /* The converted number is in buf[] and zero terminated. Output it.
         ** Note that the number is in the usual order, not reversed as with
         ** integer conversions. */
-        length = (int)(bufpt-buf);
-        bufpt = buf;
+        length = (int)(bufpt-zOut);
+        bufpt = zOut;
 
         /* Special case:  Add leading zeros if the flag_zeropad flag is
         ** set and we are not left justified */
@@ -18566,9 +19630,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
         appendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
       }
     }
-    if( zExtra ){
-      sqlite3_free(zExtra);
-    }
+    sqlite3_free(zExtra);
   }/* End for loop over the format string */
 } /* End of function */
 
@@ -18582,6 +19644,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
     testcase(p->mallocFailed);
     return;
   }
+  assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
   if( N<0 ){
     N = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
   }
@@ -18597,6 +19660,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
         return;
       }
     }else{
+      char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
       i64 szNew = p->nChar;
       szNew += N + 1;
       if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
@@ -18607,13 +19671,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
         p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
       }
       if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
-        zNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, p->nAlloc );
+        zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
       }else{
-        zNew = sqlite3_malloc(p->nAlloc);
+        zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
       }
       if( zNew ){
-        memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
-        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+        if( zOld==0 && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
         p->zText = zNew;
       }else{
         p->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -18622,6 +19685,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
       }
     }
   }
+  assert( p->zText );
   memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
   p->nChar += N;
 }
@@ -18768,21 +19832,28 @@ SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
 ** current locale settings.  This is important for SQLite because we
 ** are not able to use a "," as the decimal point in place of "." as
 ** specified by some locales.
+**
+** Oops:  The first two arguments of sqlite3_snprintf() are backwards
+** from the snprintf() standard.  Unfortunately, it is too late to change
+** this without breaking compatibility, so we just have to live with the
+** mistake.
+**
+** sqlite3_vsnprintf() is the varargs version.
 */
-SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int n, char *zBuf, const char *zFormat, ...){
-  char *z;
-  va_list ap;
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int n, char *zBuf, const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
   StrAccum acc;
-
-  if( n<=0 ){
-    return zBuf;
-  }
+  if( n<=0 ) return zBuf;
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBuf, n, 0);
   acc.useMalloc = 0;
-  va_start(ap,zFormat);
   sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 0, zFormat, ap);
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
+}
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int n, char *zBuf, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  char *z;
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap,zFormat);
+  z = sqlite3_vsnprintf(n, zBuf, zFormat, ap);
   va_end(ap);
-  z = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
   return z;
 }
 
@@ -19035,6 +20106,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void){
 **     0xfe 0xff   big-endian utf-16 follows
 **
 */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
 /*
@@ -19162,11 +20234,11 @@ static const unsigned char sqlite3Utf8Trans1[] = {
         || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800                          \
         || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
   }
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8Read(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(
   const unsigned char *zIn,       /* First byte of UTF-8 character */
   const unsigned char **pzNext    /* Write first byte past UTF-8 char here */
 ){
-  int c;
+  unsigned int c;
 
   /* Same as READ_UTF8() above but without the zTerm parameter.
   ** For this routine, we assume the UTF8 string is always zero-terminated.
@@ -19409,15 +20481,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *zIn, int nByte){
 ** This has the effect of making sure that the string is well-formed
 ** UTF-8.  Miscoded characters are removed.
 **
-** The translation is done in-place (since it is impossible for the
-** correct UTF-8 encoding to be longer than a malformed encoding).
+** The translation is done in-place and aborted if the output
+** overruns the input.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8To8(unsigned char *zIn){
   unsigned char *zOut = zIn;
   unsigned char *zStart = zIn;
   u32 c;
 
-  while( zIn[0] ){
+  while( zIn[0] && zOut<=zIn ){
     c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, (const u8**)&zIn);
     if( c!=0xfffd ){
       WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c);
@@ -19463,7 +20535,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *db, const void *z, int nByte, u8 e
 ** If a malloc failure occurs, NULL is returned and the db.mallocFailed
 ** flag set.
 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *db, u8 enc, char *z, int n, int *pnOut){
   Mem m;
   memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
@@ -19577,6 +20649,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UtfSelfTest(void){
 ** strings, and stuff like that.
 **
 */
+/* #include <stdarg.h> */
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
 # include <math.h>
 #endif
@@ -19586,8 +20659,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UtfSelfTest(void){
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Coverage(int x){
-  static int dummy = 0;
-  dummy += x;
+  static unsigned dummy = 0;
+  dummy += (unsigned)x;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -19775,6 +20848,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Dequote(char *z){
 /*
 ** Some systems have stricmp().  Others have strcasecmp().  Because
 ** there is no consistency, we will define our own.
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-20522-24639 The sqlite3_strnicmp() API allows
+** applications and extensions to compare the contents of two buffers
+** containing UTF-8 strings in a case-independent fashion, using the same
+** definition of case independence that SQLite uses internally when
+** comparing identifiers.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StrICmp(const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
   register unsigned char *a, *b;
@@ -19792,121 +20871,111 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *zLeft, const char *zRight, int N){
 }
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if z is a pure numeric string.  Return FALSE and leave
-** *realnum unchanged if the string contains any character which is not
-** part of a number.
+** The string z[] is an text representation of a real number.
+** Convert this string to a double and write it into *pResult.
 **
-** If the string is pure numeric, set *realnum to TRUE if the string
-** contains the '.' character or an "E+000" style exponentiation suffix.
-** Otherwise set *realnum to FALSE.  Note that just becaue *realnum is
-** false does not mean that the number can be successfully converted into
-** an integer - it might be too big.
+** The string z[] is length bytes in length (bytes, not characters) and
+** uses the encoding enc.  The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.
 **
-** An empty string is considered non-numeric.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsNumber(const char *z, int *realnum, u8 enc){
-  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
-  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) z++;
-  if( *z=='-' || *z=='+' ) z += incr;
-  if( !sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
-    return 0;
-  }
-  z += incr;
-  *realnum = 0;
-  while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){ z += incr; }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-  if( *z=='.' ){
-    z += incr;
-    if( !sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) return 0;
-    while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){ z += incr; }
-    *realnum = 1;
-  }
-  if( *z=='e' || *z=='E' ){
-    z += incr;
-    if( *z=='+' || *z=='-' ) z += incr;
-    if( !sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) return 0;
-    while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){ z += incr; }
-    *realnum = 1;
-  }
-#endif
-  return *z==0;
-}
-
-/*
-** The string z[] is an ASCII representation of a real number.
-** Convert this string to a double.
+** Return TRUE if the result is a valid real number (or integer) and FALSE
+** if the string is empty or contains extraneous text.  Valid numbers
+** are in one of these formats:
 **
-** This routine assumes that z[] really is a valid number.  If it
-** is not, the result is undefined.
+**    [+-]digits[E[+-]digits]
+**    [+-]digits.[digits][E[+-]digits]
+**    [+-].digits[E[+-]digits]
 **
-** This routine is used instead of the library atof() function because
-** the library atof() might want to use "," as the decimal point instead
-** of "." depending on how locale is set.  But that would cause problems
-** for SQL.  So this routine always uses "." regardless of locale.
+** Leading and trailing whitespace is ignored for the purpose of determining
+** validity.
+**
+** If some prefix of the input string is a valid number, this routine
+** returns FALSE but it still converts the prefix and writes the result
+** into *pResult.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult, int length, u8 enc){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-  const char *zBegin = z;
+  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  const char *zEnd = z + length;
   /* sign * significand * (10 ^ (esign * exponent)) */
-  int sign = 1;   /* sign of significand */
-  i64 s = 0;      /* significand */
-  int d = 0;      /* adjust exponent for shifting decimal point */
-  int esign = 1;  /* sign of exponent */
-  int e = 0;      /* exponent */
+  int sign = 1;    /* sign of significand */
+  i64 s = 0;       /* significand */
+  int d = 0;       /* adjust exponent for shifting decimal point */
+  int esign = 1;   /* sign of exponent */
+  int e = 0;       /* exponent */
+  int eValid = 1;  /* True exponent is either not used or is well-formed */
   double result;
   int nDigits = 0;
 
+  *pResult = 0.0;   /* Default return value, in case of an error */
+
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) z++;
+
   /* skip leading spaces */
-  while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
+  if( z>=zEnd ) return 0;
+
   /* get sign of significand */
   if( *z=='-' ){
     sign = -1;
-    z++;
+    z+=incr;
   }else if( *z=='+' ){
-    z++;
+    z+=incr;
   }
+
   /* skip leading zeroes */
-  while( z[0]=='0' ) z++, nDigits++;
+  while( z<zEnd && z[0]=='0' ) z+=incr, nDigits++;
 
   /* copy max significant digits to significand */
-  while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
     s = s*10 + (*z - '0');
-    z++, nDigits++;
+    z+=incr, nDigits++;
   }
+
   /* skip non-significant significand digits
   ** (increase exponent by d to shift decimal left) */
-  while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z++, nDigits++, d++;
+  while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z+=incr, nDigits++, d++;
+  if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
 
   /* if decimal point is present */
   if( *z=='.' ){
-    z++;
+    z+=incr;
     /* copy digits from after decimal to significand
     ** (decrease exponent by d to shift decimal right) */
-    while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) && s<((LARGEST_INT64-9)/10) ){
       s = s*10 + (*z - '0');
-      z++, nDigits++, d--;
+      z+=incr, nDigits++, d--;
     }
     /* skip non-significant digits */
-    while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z++, nDigits++;
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ) z+=incr, nDigits++;
   }
+  if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
 
   /* if exponent is present */
   if( *z=='e' || *z=='E' ){
-    z++;
+    z+=incr;
+    eValid = 0;
+    if( z>=zEnd ) goto do_atof_calc;
     /* get sign of exponent */
     if( *z=='-' ){
       esign = -1;
-      z++;
+      z+=incr;
     }else if( *z=='+' ){
-      z++;
+      z+=incr;
     }
     /* copy digits to exponent */
-    while( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
-      e = e*10 + (*z - '0');
-      z++;
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
+      e = e<10000 ? (e*10 + (*z - '0')) : 10000;
+      z+=incr;
+      eValid = 1;
     }
   }
 
+  /* skip trailing spaces */
+  if( nDigits && eValid ){
+    while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
+  }
+
+do_atof_calc:
   /* adjust exponent by d, and update sign */
   e = (e*esign) + d;
   if( e<0 ) {
@@ -19946,6 +21015,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult){
           result = s * scale;
           result *= 1.0e+308;
         }
+      }else if( e>=342 ){
+        if( esign<0 ){
+          result = 0.0*s;
+        }else{
+          result = 1e308*1e308*s;  /* Infinity */
+        }
       }else{
         /* 1.0e+22 is the largest power of 10 than can be 
         ** represented exactly. */
@@ -19965,10 +21040,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult){
   /* store the result */
   *pResult = result;
 
-  /* return number of characters used */
-  return (int)(z - zBegin);
+  /* return true if number and no extra non-whitespace chracters after */
+  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid;
 #else
-  return sqlite3Atoi64(z, pResult);
+  return !sqlite3Atoi64(z, pResult, length, enc);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
 }
 
@@ -19976,20 +21051,26 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult){
 ** Compare the 19-character string zNum against the text representation
 ** value 2^63:  9223372036854775808.  Return negative, zero, or positive
 ** if zNum is less than, equal to, or greater than the string.
+** Note that zNum must contain exactly 19 characters.
 **
 ** Unlike memcmp() this routine is guaranteed to return the difference
 ** in the values of the last digit if the only difference is in the
 ** last digit.  So, for example,
 **
-**      compare2pow63("9223372036854775800")
+**      compare2pow63("9223372036854775800", 1)
 **
 ** will return -8.
 */
-static int compare2pow63(const char *zNum){
-  int c;
-  c = memcmp(zNum,"922337203685477580",18)*10;
+static int compare2pow63(const char *zNum, int incr){
+  int c = 0;
+  int i;
+                    /* 012345678901234567 */
+  const char *pow63 = "922337203685477580";
+  for(i=0; c==0 && i<18; i++){
+    c = (zNum[i*incr]-pow63[i])*10;
+  }
   if( c==0 ){
-    c = zNum[18] - '8';
+    c = zNum[18*incr] - '8';
     testcase( c==(-1) );
     testcase( c==0 );
     testcase( c==(+1) );
@@ -19999,94 +21080,80 @@ static int compare2pow63(const char *zNum){
 
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if zNum is a 64-bit signed integer and write
-** the value of the integer into *pNum.  If zNum is not an integer
-** or is an integer that is too large to be expressed with 64 bits,
-** then return false.
+** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.
 **
-** When this routine was originally written it dealt with only
-** 32-bit numbers.  At that time, it was much faster than the
-** atoi() library routine in RedHat 7.2.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char *zNum, i64 *pNum){
-  i64 v = 0;
-  int neg;
-  int i, c;
-  const char *zStart;
-  while( sqlite3Isspace(*zNum) ) zNum++;
-  if( *zNum=='-' ){
-    neg = 1;
-    zNum++;
-  }else if( *zNum=='+' ){
-    neg = 0;
-    zNum++;
-  }else{
-    neg = 0;
-  }
-  zStart = zNum;
-  while( zNum[0]=='0' ){ zNum++; } /* Skip over leading zeros. Ticket #2454 */
-  for(i=0; (c=zNum[i])>='0' && c<='9'; i++){
-    v = v*10 + c - '0';
-  }
-  *pNum = neg ? -v : v;
-  testcase( i==18 );
-  testcase( i==19 );
-  testcase( i==20 );
-  if( c!=0 || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19 ){
-    /* zNum is empty or contains non-numeric text or is longer
-    ** than 19 digits (thus guaranting that it is too large) */
-    return 0;
-  }else if( i<19 ){
-    /* Less than 19 digits, so we know that it fits in 64 bits */
-    return 1;
-  }else{
-    /* 19-digit numbers must be no larger than 9223372036854775807 if positive
-    ** or 9223372036854775808 if negative.  Note that 9223372036854665808
-    ** is 2^63. */
-    return compare2pow63(zNum)<neg;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** The string zNum represents an unsigned integer.  The zNum string
-** consists of one or more digit characters and is terminated by
-** a zero character.  Any stray characters in zNum result in undefined
-** behavior.
+** If the zNum value is representable as a 64-bit twos-complement 
+** integer, then write that value into *pNum and return 0.
 **
-** If the unsigned integer that zNum represents will fit in a
-** 64-bit signed integer, return TRUE.  Otherwise return FALSE.
+** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854665808, return 2.  This special
+** case is broken out because while 9223372036854665808 cannot be a 
+** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854665808 can be.
 **
-** If the negFlag parameter is true, that means that zNum really represents
-** a negative number.  (The leading "-" is omitted from zNum.)  This
-** parameter is needed to determine a boundary case.  A string
-** of "9223373036854775808" returns false if negFlag is false or true
-** if negFlag is true.
+** If zNum is too big for a 64-bit integer and is not
+** 9223372036854665808 then return 1.
 **
-** Leading zeros are ignored.
+** length is the number of bytes in the string (bytes, not characters).
+** The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.  The encoding is
+** given by enc.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FitsIn64Bits(const char *zNum, int negFlag){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char *zNum, i64 *pNum, int length, u8 enc){
+  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  u64 u = 0;
+  int neg = 0; /* assume positive */
   int i;
-  int neg = 0;
-
-  assert( zNum[0]>='0' && zNum[0]<='9' ); /* zNum is an unsigned number */
-
-  if( negFlag ) neg = 1-neg;
-  while( *zNum=='0' ){
-    zNum++;   /* Skip leading zeros.  Ticket #2454 */
+  int c = 0;
+  const char *zStart;
+  const char *zEnd = zNum + length;
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) zNum++;
+  while( zNum<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*zNum) ) zNum+=incr;
+  if( zNum<zEnd ){
+    if( *zNum=='-' ){
+      neg = 1;
+      zNum+=incr;
+    }else if( *zNum=='+' ){
+      zNum+=incr;
+    }
+  }
+  zStart = zNum;
+  while( zNum<zEnd && zNum[0]=='0' ){ zNum+=incr; } /* Skip leading zeros. */
+  for(i=0; &zNum[i]<zEnd && (c=zNum[i])>='0' && c<='9'; i+=incr){
+    u = u*10 + c - '0';
+  }
+  if( u>LARGEST_INT64 ){
+    *pNum = SMALLEST_INT64;
+  }else if( neg ){
+    *pNum = -(i64)u;
+  }else{
+    *pNum = (i64)u;
   }
-  for(i=0; zNum[i]; i++){ assert( zNum[i]>='0' && zNum[i]<='9' ); }
   testcase( i==18 );
   testcase( i==19 );
   testcase( i==20 );
-  if( i<19 ){
-    /* Guaranteed to fit if less than 19 digits */
+  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr ){
+    /* zNum is empty or contains non-numeric text or is longer
+    ** than 19 digits (thus guaranteeing that it is too large) */
     return 1;
-  }else if( i>19 ){
-    /* Guaranteed to be too big if greater than 19 digits */
+  }else if( i<19*incr ){
+    /* Less than 19 digits, so we know that it fits in 64 bits */
+    assert( u<=LARGEST_INT64 );
     return 0;
   }else{
-    /* Compare against 2^63. */
-    return compare2pow63(zNum)<neg;
+    /* zNum is a 19-digit numbers.  Compare it against 9223372036854775808. */
+    c = compare2pow63(zNum, incr);
+    if( c<0 ){
+      /* zNum is less than 9223372036854775808 so it fits */
+      assert( u<=LARGEST_INT64 );
+      return 0;
+    }else if( c>0 ){
+      /* zNum is greater than 9223372036854775808 so it overflows */
+      return 1;
+    }else{
+      /* zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808.  Fits if negative.  The
+      ** special case 2 overflow if positive */
+      assert( u-1==LARGEST_INT64 );
+      assert( (*pNum)==SMALLEST_INT64 );
+      return neg ? 0 : 2;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -20133,6 +21200,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetInt32(const char *zNum, int *pValue){
   return 1;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return a 32-bit integer value extracted from a string.  If the
+** string is not an integer, just return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char *z){
+  int x = 0;
+  if( z ) sqlite3GetInt32(z, &x);
+  return x;
+}
+
 /*
 ** The variable-length integer encoding is as follows:
 **
@@ -20545,13 +21622,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Put4byte(unsigned char *p, u32 v){
 
 
 
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL) || defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 /*
 ** Translate a single byte of Hex into an integer.
 ** This routine only works if h really is a valid hexadecimal
 ** character:  0..9a..fA..F
 */
-static u8 hexToInt(int h){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h){
   assert( (h>='0' && h<='9') ||  (h>='a' && h<='f') ||  (h>='A' && h<='F') );
 #ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
   h += 9*(1&(h>>6));
@@ -20561,7 +21637,6 @@ static u8 hexToInt(int h){
 #endif
   return (u8)(h & 0xf);
 }
-#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL || SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL) || defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 /*
@@ -20578,7 +21653,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
   n--;
   if( zBlob ){
     for(i=0; i<n; i+=2){
-      zBlob[i/2] = (hexToInt(z[i])<<4) | hexToInt(z[i+1]);
+      zBlob[i/2] = (sqlite3HexToInt(z[i])<<4) | sqlite3HexToInt(z[i+1]);
     }
     zBlob[i/2] = 0;
   }
@@ -20643,6 +21718,106 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(sqlite3 *db){
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Attempt to add, substract, or multiply the 64-bit signed value iB against
+** the other 64-bit signed integer at *pA and store the result in *pA.
+** Return 0 on success.  Or if the operation would have resulted in an
+** overflow, leave *pA unchanged and return 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AddInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  i64 iA = *pA;
+  testcase( iA==0 ); testcase( iA==1 );
+  testcase( iB==-1 ); testcase( iB==0 );
+  if( iB>=0 ){
+    testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB );
+    testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB - 1 );
+    if( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA < iB ) return 1;
+    *pA += iB;
+  }else{
+    testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 1 );
+    testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 2 );
+    if( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) > iB + 1 ) return 1;
+    *pA += iB;
+  }
+  return 0; 
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  testcase( iB==SMALLEST_INT64+1 );
+  if( iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+    testcase( (*pA)==(-1) ); testcase( (*pA)==0 );
+    if( (*pA)>=0 ) return 1;
+    *pA -= iB;
+    return 0;
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3AddInt64(pA, -iB);
+  }
+}
+#define TWOPOWER32 (((i64)1)<<32)
+#define TWOPOWER31 (((i64)1)<<31)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MulInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
+  i64 iA = *pA;
+  i64 iA1, iA0, iB1, iB0, r;
+
+  iA1 = iA/TWOPOWER32;
+  iA0 = iA % TWOPOWER32;
+  iB1 = iB/TWOPOWER32;
+  iB0 = iB % TWOPOWER32;
+  if( iA1*iB1 != 0 ) return 1;
+  assert( iA1*iB0==0 || iA0*iB1==0 );
+  r = iA1*iB0 + iA0*iB1;
+  testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31)-1 );
+  testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31) );
+  testcase( r==TWOPOWER31 );
+  testcase( r==TWOPOWER31-1 );
+  if( r<(-TWOPOWER31) || r>=TWOPOWER31 ) return 1;
+  r *= TWOPOWER32;
+  if( sqlite3AddInt64(&r, iA0*iB0) ) return 1;
+  *pA = r;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute the absolute value of a 32-bit signed integer, of possible.  Or 
+** if the integer has a value of -2147483648, return +2147483647
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AbsInt32(int x){
+  if( x>=0 ) return x;
+  if( x==(int)0x80000000 ) return 0x7fffffff;
+  return -x;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES
+/*
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES is set at compile-time and if the database
+** filename in zBaseFilename is a URI with the "8_3_names=1" parameter and
+** if filename in z[] has a suffix (a.k.a. "extension") that is longer than
+** three characters, then shorten the suffix on z[] to be the last three
+** characters of the original suffix.
+**
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES is set to 2 at compile-time, then always
+** do the suffix shortening regardless of URI parameter.
+**
+** Examples:
+**
+**     test.db-journal    =>   test.nal
+**     test.db-wal        =>   test.wal
+**     test.db-shm        =>   test.shm
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FileSuffix3(const char *zBaseFilename, char *z){
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES<2
+  const char *zOk;
+  zOk = sqlite3_uri_parameter(zBaseFilename, "8_3_names");
+  if( zOk && sqlite3GetBoolean(zOk) )
+#endif
+  {
+    int i, sz;
+    sz = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+    for(i=sz-1; i>0 && z[i]!='/' && z[i]!='.'; i--){}
+    if( z[i]=='.' && ALWAYS(sz>i+4) ) memcpy(&z[i+1], &z[sz-3], 4);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
 /************** End of util.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file hash.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -20659,6 +21834,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(sqlite3 *db){
 ** This is the implementation of generic hash-tables
 ** used in SQLite.
 */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
 /* Turn bulk memory into a hash table object by initializing the
 ** fields of the Hash structure.
@@ -20953,53 +22129,53 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
      /*  23 */ "Permutation",
      /*  24 */ "Compare",
      /*  25 */ "Jump",
-     /*  26 */ "If",
-     /*  27 */ "IfNot",
-     /*  28 */ "Column",
-     /*  29 */ "Affinity",
-     /*  30 */ "MakeRecord",
-     /*  31 */ "Count",
-     /*  32 */ "Savepoint",
-     /*  33 */ "AutoCommit",
-     /*  34 */ "Transaction",
-     /*  35 */ "ReadCookie",
-     /*  36 */ "SetCookie",
-     /*  37 */ "VerifyCookie",
-     /*  38 */ "OpenRead",
-     /*  39 */ "OpenWrite",
-     /*  40 */ "OpenAutoindex",
-     /*  41 */ "OpenEphemeral",
-     /*  42 */ "OpenPseudo",
-     /*  43 */ "Close",
-     /*  44 */ "SeekLt",
-     /*  45 */ "SeekLe",
-     /*  46 */ "SeekGe",
-     /*  47 */ "SeekGt",
-     /*  48 */ "Seek",
-     /*  49 */ "NotFound",
-     /*  50 */ "Found",
-     /*  51 */ "IsUnique",
-     /*  52 */ "NotExists",
-     /*  53 */ "Sequence",
-     /*  54 */ "NewRowid",
-     /*  55 */ "Insert",
-     /*  56 */ "InsertInt",
-     /*  57 */ "Delete",
-     /*  58 */ "ResetCount",
-     /*  59 */ "RowKey",
-     /*  60 */ "RowData",
-     /*  61 */ "Rowid",
-     /*  62 */ "NullRow",
-     /*  63 */ "Last",
-     /*  64 */ "Sort",
-     /*  65 */ "Rewind",
-     /*  66 */ "Prev",
-     /*  67 */ "Next",
+     /*  26 */ "Once",
+     /*  27 */ "If",
+     /*  28 */ "IfNot",
+     /*  29 */ "Column",
+     /*  30 */ "Affinity",
+     /*  31 */ "MakeRecord",
+     /*  32 */ "Count",
+     /*  33 */ "Savepoint",
+     /*  34 */ "AutoCommit",
+     /*  35 */ "Transaction",
+     /*  36 */ "ReadCookie",
+     /*  37 */ "SetCookie",
+     /*  38 */ "VerifyCookie",
+     /*  39 */ "OpenRead",
+     /*  40 */ "OpenWrite",
+     /*  41 */ "OpenAutoindex",
+     /*  42 */ "OpenEphemeral",
+     /*  43 */ "SorterOpen",
+     /*  44 */ "OpenPseudo",
+     /*  45 */ "Close",
+     /*  46 */ "SeekLt",
+     /*  47 */ "SeekLe",
+     /*  48 */ "SeekGe",
+     /*  49 */ "SeekGt",
+     /*  50 */ "Seek",
+     /*  51 */ "NotFound",
+     /*  52 */ "Found",
+     /*  53 */ "IsUnique",
+     /*  54 */ "NotExists",
+     /*  55 */ "Sequence",
+     /*  56 */ "NewRowid",
+     /*  57 */ "Insert",
+     /*  58 */ "InsertInt",
+     /*  59 */ "Delete",
+     /*  60 */ "ResetCount",
+     /*  61 */ "SorterCompare",
+     /*  62 */ "SorterData",
+     /*  63 */ "RowKey",
+     /*  64 */ "RowData",
+     /*  65 */ "Rowid",
+     /*  66 */ "NullRow",
+     /*  67 */ "Last",
      /*  68 */ "Or",
      /*  69 */ "And",
-     /*  70 */ "IdxInsert",
-     /*  71 */ "IdxDelete",
-     /*  72 */ "IdxRowid",
+     /*  70 */ "SorterSort",
+     /*  71 */ "Sort",
+     /*  72 */ "Rewind",
      /*  73 */ "IsNull",
      /*  74 */ "NotNull",
      /*  75 */ "Ne",
@@ -21008,7 +22184,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
      /*  78 */ "Le",
      /*  79 */ "Lt",
      /*  80 */ "Ge",
-     /*  81 */ "IdxLT",
+     /*  81 */ "SorterNext",
      /*  82 */ "BitAnd",
      /*  83 */ "BitOr",
      /*  84 */ "ShiftLeft",
@@ -21019,60 +22195,65 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
      /*  89 */ "Divide",
      /*  90 */ "Remainder",
      /*  91 */ "Concat",
-     /*  92 */ "IdxGE",
+     /*  92 */ "Prev",
      /*  93 */ "BitNot",
      /*  94 */ "String8",
-     /*  95 */ "Destroy",
-     /*  96 */ "Clear",
-     /*  97 */ "CreateIndex",
-     /*  98 */ "CreateTable",
-     /*  99 */ "ParseSchema",
-     /* 100 */ "LoadAnalysis",
-     /* 101 */ "DropTable",
-     /* 102 */ "DropIndex",
-     /* 103 */ "DropTrigger",
-     /* 104 */ "IntegrityCk",
-     /* 105 */ "RowSetAdd",
-     /* 106 */ "RowSetRead",
-     /* 107 */ "RowSetTest",
-     /* 108 */ "Program",
-     /* 109 */ "Param",
-     /* 110 */ "FkCounter",
-     /* 111 */ "FkIfZero",
-     /* 112 */ "MemMax",
-     /* 113 */ "IfPos",
-     /* 114 */ "IfNeg",
-     /* 115 */ "IfZero",
-     /* 116 */ "AggStep",
-     /* 117 */ "AggFinal",
-     /* 118 */ "Checkpoint",
-     /* 119 */ "JournalMode",
-     /* 120 */ "Vacuum",
-     /* 121 */ "IncrVacuum",
-     /* 122 */ "Expire",
-     /* 123 */ "TableLock",
-     /* 124 */ "VBegin",
-     /* 125 */ "VCreate",
-     /* 126 */ "VDestroy",
-     /* 127 */ "VOpen",
-     /* 128 */ "VFilter",
-     /* 129 */ "VColumn",
+     /*  95 */ "Next",
+     /*  96 */ "SorterInsert",
+     /*  97 */ "IdxInsert",
+     /*  98 */ "IdxDelete",
+     /*  99 */ "IdxRowid",
+     /* 100 */ "IdxLT",
+     /* 101 */ "IdxGE",
+     /* 102 */ "Destroy",
+     /* 103 */ "Clear",
+     /* 104 */ "CreateIndex",
+     /* 105 */ "CreateTable",
+     /* 106 */ "ParseSchema",
+     /* 107 */ "LoadAnalysis",
+     /* 108 */ "DropTable",
+     /* 109 */ "DropIndex",
+     /* 110 */ "DropTrigger",
+     /* 111 */ "IntegrityCk",
+     /* 112 */ "RowSetAdd",
+     /* 113 */ "RowSetRead",
+     /* 114 */ "RowSetTest",
+     /* 115 */ "Program",
+     /* 116 */ "Param",
+     /* 117 */ "FkCounter",
+     /* 118 */ "FkIfZero",
+     /* 119 */ "MemMax",
+     /* 120 */ "IfPos",
+     /* 121 */ "IfNeg",
+     /* 122 */ "IfZero",
+     /* 123 */ "AggStep",
+     /* 124 */ "AggFinal",
+     /* 125 */ "Checkpoint",
+     /* 126 */ "JournalMode",
+     /* 127 */ "Vacuum",
+     /* 128 */ "IncrVacuum",
+     /* 129 */ "Expire",
      /* 130 */ "Real",
-     /* 131 */ "VNext",
-     /* 132 */ "VRename",
-     /* 133 */ "VUpdate",
-     /* 134 */ "Pagecount",
-     /* 135 */ "Trace",
-     /* 136 */ "Noop",
-     /* 137 */ "Explain",
-     /* 138 */ "NotUsed_138",
-     /* 139 */ "NotUsed_139",
-     /* 140 */ "NotUsed_140",
+     /* 131 */ "TableLock",
+     /* 132 */ "VBegin",
+     /* 133 */ "VCreate",
+     /* 134 */ "VDestroy",
+     /* 135 */ "VOpen",
+     /* 136 */ "VFilter",
+     /* 137 */ "VColumn",
+     /* 138 */ "VNext",
+     /* 139 */ "VRename",
+     /* 140 */ "VUpdate",
      /* 141 */ "ToText",
      /* 142 */ "ToBlob",
      /* 143 */ "ToNumeric",
      /* 144 */ "ToInt",
      /* 145 */ "ToReal",
+     /* 146 */ "Pagecount",
+     /* 147 */ "MaxPgcnt",
+     /* 148 */ "Trace",
+     /* 149 */ "Noop",
+     /* 150 */ "Explain",
   };
   return azName[i];
 }
@@ -21167,11 +22348,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
 # error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
 #endif
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
-#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
+#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
+# endif
+  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
+# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
 #else
-#define OSTRACE(X)
+# define OSTRACE(X)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -21341,20 +22525,35 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
 /************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in os_os2.c *********************/
 
+/* Forward references */
+typedef struct os2File os2File;         /* The file structure */
+typedef struct os2ShmNode os2ShmNode;   /* A shared descritive memory node */
+typedef struct os2ShmLink os2ShmLink;   /* A connection to shared-memory */
+
 /*
 ** The os2File structure is subclass of sqlite3_file specific for the OS/2
 ** protability layer.
 */
-typedef struct os2File os2File;
 struct os2File {
   const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
   HFILE h;                  /* Handle for accessing the file */
-  char* pathToDel;          /* Name of file to delete on close, NULL if not */
-  unsigned char locktype;   /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
+  int flags;                /* Flags provided to os2Open() */
+  int locktype;             /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
+  int szChunk;              /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+  char *zFullPathCp;        /* Full path name of this file */
+  os2ShmLink *pShmLink;     /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
 };
 
 #define LOCK_TIMEOUT 10L /* the default locking timeout */
 
+/*
+** Missing from some versions of the OS/2 toolkit -
+** used to allocate from high memory if possible
+*/
+#ifndef OBJ_ANY
+# define OBJ_ANY 0x00000400
+#endif
+
 /*****************************************************************************
 ** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
 ** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
@@ -21364,21 +22563,24 @@ struct os2File {
 ** Close a file.
 */
 static int os2Close( sqlite3_file *id ){
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  os2File *pFile;
-  if( id && (pFile = (os2File*)id) != 0 ){
-    OSTRACE(( "CLOSE %d\n", pFile->h ));
-    rc = DosClose( pFile->h );
-    pFile->locktype = NO_LOCK;
-    if( pFile->pathToDel != NULL ){
-      rc = DosForceDelete( (PSZ)pFile->pathToDel );
-      free( pFile->pathToDel );
-      pFile->pathToDel = NULL;
-    }
-    id = 0;
-    OpenCounter( -1 );
-  }
+  APIRET rc;
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+
+  assert( id!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(( "CLOSE %d (%s)\n", pFile->h, pFile->zFullPathCp ));
+
+  rc = DosClose( pFile->h );
+
+  if( pFile->flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE )
+    DosForceDelete( (PSZ)pFile->zFullPathCp );
 
+  free( pFile->zFullPathCp );
+  pFile->zFullPathCp = NULL;
+  pFile->locktype = NO_LOCK;
+  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
+  pFile->flags = 0;
+
+  OpenCounter( -1 );
   return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
 }
 
@@ -21451,10 +22653,21 @@ static int os2Write(
 ** Truncate an open file to a specified size
 */
 static int os2Truncate( sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte ){
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
+  APIRET rc;
   os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  assert( id!=0 );
   OSTRACE(( "TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte ));
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE );
+
+  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
+  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
+  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
+  ** size).
+  */
+  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+  }
+  
   rc = DosSetFileSize( pFile->h, nByte );
   return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
 }
@@ -21818,8 +23031,22 @@ static int os2FileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
                 ((os2File*)id)->h, ((os2File*)id)->locktype ));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
+      ((os2File*)id)->szChunk = *(int*)pArg;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
+      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      os2Truncate(id, sz);
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
   }
-  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -21833,6 +23060,7 @@ static int os2FileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
 ** same for both.
 */
 static int os2SectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
   return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
 }
 
@@ -21840,7 +23068,8 @@ static int os2SectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
 ** Return a vector of device characteristics.
 */
 static int os2DeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
-  return 0;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  return SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN;
 }
 
 
@@ -21927,26 +23156,682 @@ char *convertCpPathToUtf8( const char *in ){
   return out;
 }
 
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+
+/*
+** Use main database file for interprocess locking. If un-defined
+** a separate file is created for this purpose. The file will be
+** used only to set file locks. There will be no data written to it.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE     
+
+#if 0
+static void _ERR_TRACE( const char *fmt, ... ) {
+  va_list  ap;
+  va_start(ap, fmt);
+  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
+  fflush(stderr);
+}
+#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)        \
+        if( (rc) != SQLITE_OK ) _ERR_TRACE msg;
+#else
+#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
+** global mutex is used to protect os2ShmNodeList.
+**
+** Function os2ShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** statements. e.g.
+**
+**   os2ShmEnterMutex()
+**     assert( os2ShmMutexHeld() );
+**   os2ShmLeaveMutex()
+*/
+static void os2ShmEnterMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+static void os2ShmLeaveMutex(void){
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+static int os2ShmMutexHeld(void) {
+  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
+}
+int GetCurrentProcessId(void) {
+  PPIB pib;
+  DosGetInfoBlocks(NULL, &pib);
+  return (int)pib->pib_ulpid;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Object used to represent a the shared memory area for a single log file.
+** When multiple threads all reference the same log-summary, each thread has
+** its own os2File object, but they all point to a single instance of this 
+** object.  In other words, each log-summary is opened only once per process.
+**
+** os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
+** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
+**
+**      nRef
+**      pNext 
+**
+** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
+** 
+**      szRegion
+**      hLockFile
+**      shmBaseName
+**
+** Either os2ShmNode.mutex must be held or os2ShmNode.nRef==0 and
+** os2ShmMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
+** in this structure.
+**
+*/
+struct os2ShmNode {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
+  os2ShmNode *pNext;         /* Next in list of all os2ShmNode objects */
+
+  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
+
+  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  void **apRegion;           /* Array of pointers to shared-memory regions */
+
+  int nRef;                  /* Number of os2ShmLink objects pointing to this */
+  os2ShmLink *pFirst;        /* First os2ShmLink object pointing to this */
+
+  HFILE hLockFile;           /* File used for inter-process memory locking */
+  char shmBaseName[1];       /* Name of the memory object !!! must last !!! */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
+** open shared memory connection.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
+** are read-only thereafter:
+**
+**    os2Shm.pShmNode
+**    os2Shm.id
+**
+** All other fields are read/write.  The os2Shm.pShmNode->mutex must be held
+** while accessing any read/write fields.
+*/
+struct os2ShmLink {
+  os2ShmNode *pShmNode;      /* The underlying os2ShmNode object */
+  os2ShmLink *pNext;         /* Next os2Shm with the same os2ShmNode */
+  u32 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
+  u32 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection with its os2ShmNode */
+#endif
+};
+
+
+/*
+** A global list of all os2ShmNode objects.
+**
+** The os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true while reading or writing this list.
+*/
+static os2ShmNode *os2ShmNodeList = NULL;
+
+/*
+** Constants used for locking
+*/
+#ifdef  SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+#define OS2_SHM_BASE   (PENDING_BYTE + 0x10000)         /* first lock byte */
+#else
+#define OS2_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)        /* first lock byte */
+#endif
+
+#define OS2_SHM_DMS    (OS2_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
+
+/*
+** Apply advisory locks for all n bytes beginning at ofst.
+*/
+#define _SHM_UNLCK  1   /* no lock */
+#define _SHM_RDLCK  2   /* shared lock, no wait */
+#define _SHM_WRLCK  3   /* exlusive lock, no wait */
+#define _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT 4 /* exclusive lock, wait */
+static int os2ShmSystemLock(
+  os2ShmNode *pNode,    /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
+  int lockType,         /* _SHM_UNLCK, _SHM_RDLCK, _SHM_WRLCK or _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT */
+  int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
+  int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
+){
+  APIRET rc;
+  FILELOCK area;
+  ULONG mode, timeout;
+
+  /* Access to the os2ShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pNode->mutex) || pNode->nRef==0 );
+
+  mode = 1;     /* shared lock */
+  timeout = 0;  /* no wait */
+  area.lOffset = ofst;
+  area.lRange = nByte;
+
+  switch( lockType ) {
+    case _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT:
+      timeout = (ULONG)-1;      /* wait forever */
+    case _SHM_WRLCK:
+      mode = 0;                 /* exclusive lock */
+    case _SHM_RDLCK:
+      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
+                           NULL, &area, timeout, mode);
+      break;
+    /* case _SHM_UNLCK: */
+    default:
+      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
+                           &area, NULL, 0, 0);
+      break;
+  }
+                          
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
+           pNode->hLockFile,
+           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
+           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "Unlock" : "Lock",
+           rc));
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmSystemLock: %d %s\n", rc, pNode->shmBaseName))
+
+  return ( rc == 0 ) ?  SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
+}
+
+/*
+** Find an os2ShmNode in global list or allocate a new one, if not found.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static int os2OpenSharedMemory( os2File *fd, int szRegion ) {
+  os2ShmLink *pLink;
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  int cbShmName, rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH + 30];
+#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+  ULONG action;
+#endif
+  
+  /* We need some additional space at the end to append the region number */
+  cbShmName = sprintf(shmName, "\\SHAREMEM\\%s", fd->zFullPathCp );
+  if( cbShmName >= CCHMAXPATH-8 )
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN; 
+
+  /* Replace colon in file name to form a valid shared memory name */
+  shmName[10+1] = '!';
+
+  /* Allocate link object (we free it later in case of failure) */
+  pLink = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pLink) );
+  if( !pLink )
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  /* Access node list */
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+
+  /* Find node by it's shared memory base name */
+  for( pNode = os2ShmNodeList; 
+       pNode && stricmp(shmName, pNode->shmBaseName) != 0; 
+       pNode = pNode->pNext )   ;
+
+  /* Not found: allocate a new node */
+  if( !pNode ) {
+    pNode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNode) + cbShmName );
+    if( pNode ) {
+      memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(*pNode) );
+      pNode->szRegion = szRegion;
+      pNode->hLockFile = (HFILE)-1;      
+      strcpy(pNode->shmBaseName, shmName);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+      if( DosDupHandle(fd->h, &pNode->hLockFile) != 0 ) {
+#else
+      sprintf(shmName, "%s-lck", fd->zFullPathCp);
+      if( DosOpen((PSZ)shmName, &pNode->hLockFile, &action, 0, FILE_NORMAL, 
+                  OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW,
+                  OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
+                  OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR,
+                  NULL) != 0 ) {
+#endif
+        sqlite3_free(pNode);  
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
+      } else {
+        pNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
+        if( !pNode->mutex ) {
+          sqlite3_free(pNode);  
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }
+      }   
+    } else {
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    
+    if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
+      pNode->pNext = os2ShmNodeList;
+      os2ShmNodeList = pNode;
+    } else {
+      pNode = NULL;
+    }
+  } else if( pNode->szRegion != szRegion ) {
+    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
+    pNode = NULL;
+  }
+
+  if( pNode ) {
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+
+    memset(pLink, 0, sizeof(*pLink));
+
+    pLink->pShmNode = pNode;
+    pLink->pNext = pNode->pFirst;
+    pNode->pFirst = pLink;
+    pNode->nRef++;
+
+    fd->pShmLink = pLink;
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+    
+  } else {
+    /* Error occured. Free our link object. */
+    sqlite3_free(pLink);  
+  }
+
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2OpenSharedMemory: %d  %s\n", rc, fd->zFullPathCp))  
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Purge the os2ShmNodeList list of all entries with nRef==0.
+**
+** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
+** by VFS shared-memory methods.
+*/
+static void os2PurgeShmNodes( int deleteFlag ) {
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  os2ShmNode **ppNode;
+
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+  
+  ppNode = &os2ShmNodeList;
+
+  while( *ppNode ) {
+    pNode = *ppNode;
+
+    if( pNode->nRef == 0 ) {
+      *ppNode = pNode->pNext;   
+     
+      if( pNode->apRegion ) {
+        /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
+        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+        while( pNode->nRegion-- ) {
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+          int rc = 
+#endif          
+          DosFreeMem(pNode->apRegion[pNode->nRegion]);
+
+          OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
+                  (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pNode->nRegion,
+                  rc == 0 ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        }
+
+        /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
+        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+        sqlite3_free(pNode->apRegion);
+      }  
+
+      DosClose(pNode->hLockFile);
+      
+#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
+      if( deleteFlag ) {
+         char fileName[CCHMAXPATH];
+         /* Skip "\\SHAREMEM\\" */
+         sprintf(fileName, "%s-lck", pNode->shmBaseName + 10);
+         /* restore colon */
+         fileName[1] = ':';
+         
+         DosForceDelete(fileName); 
+      }
+#endif
+
+      sqlite3_mutex_free(pNode->mutex);
+
+      sqlite3_free(pNode);
+      
+    } else {
+      ppNode = &pNode->pNext;
+    }
+  } 
+
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
+** shared-memory associated with the database file id. Shared-memory regions
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
+** bytes in size.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
+**
+** Otherwise, if the bExtend parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
+** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
+** bExtend is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
+** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
+**
+** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
+** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int os2ShmMap(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* Handle open on database file */
+  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
+  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
+  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend block if necessary */
+  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
+){
+  PVOID pvTemp;
+  void **apRegion;
+  os2ShmNode *pNode;
+  int n, rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH];
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  
+  *pp = NULL;
+
+  if( !pFile->pShmLink )
+    rc = os2OpenSharedMemory( pFile, szRegion );
+  
+  if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
+    pNode = pFile->pShmLink->pShmNode ;
+    
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    assert( szRegion==pNode->szRegion );
+
+    /* Unmapped region ? */
+    if( iRegion >= pNode->nRegion ) {
+      /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
+      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+
+      apRegion = sqlite3_realloc(
+        pNode->apRegion, (iRegion + 1) * sizeof(apRegion[0]));
+
+      if( apRegion ) {
+        pNode->apRegion = apRegion;
+
+        while( pNode->nRegion <= iRegion ) {
+          sprintf(shmName, "%s-%u", 
+                  pNode->shmBaseName, pNode->nRegion);
+
+          if( DosGetNamedSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, 
+                PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE) != NO_ERROR ) {
+            if( !bExtend )
+              break;
+
+            if( DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
+                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT | OBJ_ANY) != NO_ERROR && 
+                DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
+                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT) != NO_ERROR ) { 
+              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+
+          apRegion[pNode->nRegion++] = pvTemp;
+        }
+
+        /* zero out remaining entries */ 
+        for( n = pNode->nRegion; n <= iRegion; n++ )
+          pNode->apRegion[n] = NULL;
+
+        /* Return this region (maybe zero) */
+        *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
+      } else {
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+
+      /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
+      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
+      
+    } else {
+      /* Region has been mapped previously */
+      *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+  } 
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmMap: %s iRgn = %d, szRgn = %d, bExt = %d : %d\n", 
+                 pFile->zFullPathCp, iRegion, szRegion, bExtend, rc))
+          
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
+** storage if deleteFlag is true.
+**
+** If there is no shared memory associated with the connection then this
+** routine is a harmless no-op.
+*/
+static int os2ShmUnmap(
+  sqlite3_file *id,               /* The underlying database file */
+  int deleteFlag                  /* Delete shared-memory if true */
+){
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  os2ShmLink *pLink = pFile->pShmLink;
+  
+  if( pLink ) {
+    int nRef = -1;
+    os2ShmLink **ppLink;
+    os2ShmNode *pNode = pLink->pShmNode;
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    for( ppLink = &pNode->pFirst;
+         *ppLink && *ppLink != pLink;
+         ppLink = &(*ppLink)->pNext )   ;
+         
+    assert(*ppLink);
+
+    if( *ppLink ) {
+      *ppLink = pLink->pNext;
+      nRef = --pNode->nRef;
+    } else {
+      ERR_TRACE(1, ("os2ShmUnmap: link not found ! %s\n", 
+                    pNode->shmBaseName))
+    }
+    
+    pFile->pShmLink = NULL;
+    sqlite3_free(pLink);
+
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
+    
+    if( nRef == 0 )
+      os2PurgeShmNodes( deleteFlag );
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
+**
+** Note that the relationship between SHAREd and EXCLUSIVE locks is a little
+** different here than in posix.  In xShmLock(), one can go from unlocked
+** to shared and back or from unlocked to exclusive and back.  But one may
+** not go from shared to exclusive or from exclusive to shared.
+*/
+static int os2ShmLock(
+  sqlite3_file *id,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
+  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
+  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
+){
+  u32 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
+  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
+  os2ShmLink *p = pFile->pShmLink;      /* The shared memory being locked */
+  os2ShmLink *pX;                       /* For looping over all siblings */
+  os2ShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;   /* Our node */
+  
+  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
+  assert( n>=1 );
+  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
+       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
+  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
+
+  mask = (u32)((1U<<(ofst+n)) - (1U<<ofst));
+  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
+
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
+
+  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
+    u32 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
+
+    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( pX==p ) continue;
+      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
+      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
+    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
+      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    /* Undo the local locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
+      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
+    } 
+  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
+    u32 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
+
+    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
+    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
+    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
+    }
+
+    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
+        rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Get the local shared locks */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      p->sharedMask |= mask;
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
+    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
+    */
+    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
+      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  
+    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
+    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
+        p->exclMask |= mask;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
+  
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
+           p->id, (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
+           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+
+  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmLock: ofst = %d, n = %d, flags = 0x%x -> %d \n", 
+                 ofst, n, flags, rc))
+                  
+  return rc; 
+}
+
+/*
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
+**
+** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
+** any load or store begun after the barrier.
+*/
+static void os2ShmBarrier(
+  sqlite3_file *id                /* Database file holding the shared memory */
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
+  os2ShmEnterMutex();
+  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
+}
+
+#else
+# define os2ShmMap     0
+# define os2ShmLock    0
+# define os2ShmBarrier 0
+# define os2ShmUnmap   0
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
+
 /*
 ** This vector defines all the methods that can operate on an
 ** sqlite3_file for os2.
 */
 static const sqlite3_io_methods os2IoMethod = {
-  1,                        /* iVersion */
-  os2Close,
-  os2Read,
-  os2Write,
-  os2Truncate,
-  os2Sync,
-  os2FileSize,
-  os2Lock,
-  os2Unlock,
-  os2CheckReservedLock,
-  os2FileControl,
-  os2SectorSize,
-  os2DeviceCharacteristics
+  2,                              /* iVersion */
+  os2Close,                       /* xClose */
+  os2Read,                        /* xRead */
+  os2Write,                       /* xWrite */
+  os2Truncate,                    /* xTruncate */
+  os2Sync,                        /* xSync */
+  os2FileSize,                    /* xFileSize */
+  os2Lock,                        /* xLock */
+  os2Unlock,                      /* xUnlock */
+  os2CheckReservedLock,           /* xCheckReservedLock */
+  os2FileControl,                 /* xFileControl */
+  os2SectorSize,                  /* xSectorSize */
+  os2DeviceCharacteristics,       /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
+  os2ShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
+  os2ShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
+  os2ShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
+  os2ShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
 };
 
+
 /***************************************************************************
 ** Here ends the I/O methods that form the sqlite3_io_methods object.
 **
@@ -21958,50 +23843,57 @@ static const sqlite3_io_methods os2IoMethod = {
 ** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
 */
 static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
-  static const unsigned char zChars[] =
+  static const char zChars[] =
     "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
     "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
     "0123456789";
   int i, j;
-  char zTempPathBuf[3];
-  PSZ zTempPath = (PSZ)&zTempPathBuf;
-  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
-    zTempPath = sqlite3_temp_directory;
-  }else{
-    if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TEMP", &zTempPath ) ){
-      if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMP", &zTempPath ) ){
-        if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMPDIR", &zTempPath ) ){
-           ULONG ulDriveNum = 0, ulDriveMap = 0;
-           DosQueryCurrentDisk( &ulDriveNum, &ulDriveMap );
-           sprintf( (char*)zTempPath, "%c:", (char)( 'A' + ulDriveNum - 1 ) );
-        }
-      }
-    }
+  PSZ zTempPathCp;      
+  char zTempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
+  ULONG ulDriveNum, ulDriveMap;
+  
+  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
+  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
+  ** function failing. 
+  */
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
+
+  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ) {
+    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
+  } else if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TEMP",   &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
+             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMP",    &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
+             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMPDIR", &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ) {
+    char *zTempPathUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( (char *)zTempPathCp );
+    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zTempPathUTF);
+    free( zTempPathUTF );
+  } else if( DosQueryCurrentDisk( &ulDriveNum, &ulDriveMap ) == NO_ERROR ) {
+    zTempPath[0] = (char)('A' + ulDriveNum - 1);
+    zTempPath[1] = ':'; 
+    zTempPath[2] = '\0'; 
+  } else {
+    zTempPath[0] = '\0'; 
   }
+  
   /* Strip off a trailing slashes or backslashes, otherwise we would get *
    * multiple (back)slashes which causes DosOpen() to fail.              *
    * Trailing spaces are not allowed, either.                            */
   j = sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath);
-  while( j > 0 && ( zTempPath[j-1] == '\\' || zTempPath[j-1] == '/'
-                    || zTempPath[j-1] == ' ' ) ){
+  while( j > 0 && ( zTempPath[j-1] == '\\' || zTempPath[j-1] == '/' || 
+                    zTempPath[j-1] == ' ' ) ){
     j--;
   }
   zTempPath[j] = '\0';
-  if( !sqlite3_temp_directory ){
-    char *zTempPathUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( zTempPath );
-    sqlite3_snprintf( nBuf-30, zBuf,
-                      "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPathUTF );
-    free( zTempPathUTF );
-  }else{
-    sqlite3_snprintf( nBuf-30, zBuf,
-                      "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath );
-  }
-  j = sqlite3Strlen30( zBuf );
+  
+  /* We use 20 bytes to randomize the name */
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-22, zBuf,
+                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
+  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
   sqlite3_randomness( 20, &zBuf[j] );
   for( i = 0; i < 20; i++, j++ ){
-    zBuf[j] = (char)zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
+    zBuf[j] = zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
   }
   zBuf[j] = 0;
+
   OSTRACE(( "TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf ));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -22021,8 +23913,8 @@ static int os2FullPathname(
   char *zRelativeCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zRelative );
   char zFullCp[CCHMAXPATH] = "\0";
   char *zFullUTF;
-  APIRET rc = DosQueryPathInfo( zRelativeCp, FIL_QUERYFULLNAME, zFullCp,
-                                CCHMAXPATH );
+  APIRET rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zRelativeCp, FIL_QUERYFULLNAME, 
+                                zFullCp, CCHMAXPATH );
   free( zRelativeCp );
   zFullUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( zFullCp );
   sqlite3_snprintf( nFull, zFull, zFullUTF );
@@ -22036,100 +23928,127 @@ static int os2FullPathname(
 */
 static int os2Open(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Not used */
-  const char *zName,            /* Name of the file */
+  const char *zName,            /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
   sqlite3_file *id,             /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
   int flags,                    /* Open mode flags */
   int *pOutFlags                /* Status return flags */
 ){
   HFILE h;
-  ULONG ulFileAttribute = FILE_NORMAL;
   ULONG ulOpenFlags = 0;
   ULONG ulOpenMode = 0;
+  ULONG ulAction = 0;
+  ULONG rc;
   os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  ULONG ulAction;
+  const char *zUtf8Name = zName;
   char *zNameCp;
-  char zTmpname[CCHMAXPATH+1];    /* Buffer to hold name of temp file */
+  char  zTmpname[CCHMAXPATH];
+
+  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
+  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
+  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+  int eType        = (flags & 0xFFFFFF00);
+  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  ));
+#endif
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  assert( id!=0 );
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  **
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
+  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  */
+  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
+  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
+  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
+  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
+
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
+
+  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  );
+
+  memset( pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile) );
+  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
 
   /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
   ** temporary file name to use 
   */
-  if( !zName ){
-    int rc = getTempname(CCHMAXPATH+1, zTmpname);
+  if( !zUtf8Name ){
+    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
+    rc = getTempname(CCHMAXPATH, zTmpname);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
     }
-    zName = zTmpname;
+    zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
   }
 
-
-  memset( pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile) );
-
-  OSTRACE(( "OPEN want %d\n", flags ));
-
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ){
+  if( isReadWrite ){
     ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN read/write\n" ));
   }else{
     ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READONLY;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN read only\n" ));
   }
 
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE ){
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN open new/create\n" ));
-  }else{
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_NEW;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN open existing\n" ));
-  }
-
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB ){
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN share read/write\n" ));
-  }else{
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_SHARE_DENYWRITE;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN share read only\n" ));
-  }
+  /* Open in random access mode for possibly better speed.  Allow full
+  ** sharing because file locks will provide exclusive access when needed.
+  ** The handle should not be inherited by child processes and we don't 
+  ** want popups from the critical error handler.
+  */
+  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_RANDOM | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
+                OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR;
 
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE ){
-    char pathUtf8[CCHMAXPATH];
-#ifdef NDEBUG /* when debugging we want to make sure it is deleted */
-    ulFileAttribute = FILE_HIDDEN;
-#endif
-    os2FullPathname( pVfs, zName, CCHMAXPATH, pathUtf8 );
-    pFile->pathToDel = convertUtf8PathToCp( pathUtf8 );
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN hidden/delete on close file attributes\n" ));
+  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
+  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
+  ** as it is usually understood.
+  */
+  if( isExclusive ){
+    /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
+    /* If the file exists, it fails. */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_EXISTS;
+  }else if( isCreate ){
+    /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
   }else{
-    pFile->pathToDel = NULL;
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN normal file attribute\n" ));
+    /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
+    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
   }
 
-  /* always open in random access mode for possibly better speed */
-  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_RANDOM;
-  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR;
-  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT;
-
-  zNameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zName );
+  zNameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zUtf8Name );
   rc = DosOpen( (PSZ)zNameCp,
                 &h,
                 &ulAction,
                 0L,
-                ulFileAttribute,
+                FILE_NORMAL,
                 ulOpenFlags,
                 ulOpenMode,
                 (PEAOP2)NULL );
   free( zNameCp );
+
   if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN Invalid handle rc=%d: zName=%s, ulAction=%#lx, ulAttr=%#lx, ulFlags=%#lx, ulMode=%#lx\n",
-              rc, zName, ulAction, ulFileAttribute, ulOpenFlags, ulOpenMode ));
-    if( pFile->pathToDel )
-      free( pFile->pathToDel );
-    pFile->pathToDel = NULL;
-    if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ){
-      OSTRACE(( "OPEN %d Invalid handle\n",
-                ((flags | SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) & ~SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE) ));
+    OSTRACE(( "OPEN Invalid handle rc=%d: zName=%s, ulAction=%#lx, ulFlags=%#lx, ulMode=%#lx\n",
+              rc, zUtf8Name, ulAction, ulOpenFlags, ulOpenMode ));
+
+    if( isReadWrite ){
       return os2Open( pVfs, zName, id,
-                      ((flags | SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) & ~SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE),
+                      ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
                       pOutFlags );
     }else{
       return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
@@ -22137,11 +24056,15 @@ static int os2Open(
   }
 
   if( pOutFlags ){
-    *pOutFlags = flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ? SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE : SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+    *pOutFlags = isReadWrite ? SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE : SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
   }
 
+  os2FullPathname( pVfs, zUtf8Name, sizeof( zTmpname ), zTmpname );
+  pFile->zFullPathCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zTmpname );
   pFile->pMethod = &os2IoMethod;
+  pFile->flags = flags;
   pFile->h = h;
+
   OpenCounter(+1);
   OSTRACE(( "OPEN %d pOutFlags=%d\n", pFile->h, pOutFlags ));
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -22155,13 +24078,16 @@ static int os2Delete(
   const char *zFilename,                 /* Name of file to delete */
   int syncDir                            /* Not used on os2 */
 ){
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
+  APIRET rc;
+  char *zFilenameCp;
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE );
+  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
   rc = DosDelete( (PSZ)zFilenameCp );
   free( zFilenameCp );
   OSTRACE(( "DELETE \"%s\"\n", zFilename ));
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
+  return (rc == NO_ERROR ||
+          rc == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ||
+          rc == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -22173,30 +24099,42 @@ static int os2Access(
   int flags,                /* Type of test to make on this file */
   int *pOut                 /* Write results here */
 ){
+  APIRET rc;
   FILESTATUS3 fsts3ConfigInfo;
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
+  char *zFilenameCp;
 
-  memset( &fsts3ConfigInfo, 0, sizeof(fsts3ConfigInfo) );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
+  
+  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
   rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zFilenameCp, FIL_STANDARD,
                          &fsts3ConfigInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
   free( zFilenameCp );
   OSTRACE(( "ACCESS fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile=%d flags=%d rc=%d\n",
             fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile, flags, rc ));
+
   switch( flags ){
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
     case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
-      rc = (rc == NO_ERROR);
-      OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s access of read and exists  rc=%d\n", zFilename, rc));
+      /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
+      ** as if it does not exist.
+      */
+      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.cbFile == 0 ) 
+        rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
+      break;
+    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
       break;
     case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
-      rc = (rc == NO_ERROR) && ( (fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile & FILE_READONLY) == 0 );
-      OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s access of read/write  rc=%d\n", zFilename, rc ));
+      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile & FILE_READONLY )
+        rc = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
       break;
     default:
+      rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
       assert( !"Invalid flags argument" );
   }
-  *pOut = rc;
+
+  *pOut = (rc == NO_ERROR);
+  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s flags %d: rc=%d\n", zFilename, flags, *pOut ));
+
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -22211,11 +24149,10 @@ static int os2Access(
 ** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
 */
 static void *os2DlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
-  UCHAR loadErr[256];
   HMODULE hmod;
   APIRET rc;
   char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp(zFilename);
-  rc = DosLoadModule((PSZ)loadErr, sizeof(loadErr), zFilenameCp, &hmod);
+  rc = DosLoadModule(NULL, 0, (PSZ)zFilenameCp, &hmod);
   free(zFilenameCp);
   return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void*)hmod;
 }
@@ -22226,19 +24163,19 @@ static void *os2DlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
 static void os2DlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
 /* no-op */
 }
-static void *os2DlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol){
+static void (*os2DlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
   PFN pfn;
   APIRET rc;
-  rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, zSymbol, &pfn);
+  rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)zSymbol, &pfn);
   if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
     /* if the symbol itself was not found, search again for the same
      * symbol with an extra underscore, that might be needed depending
      * on the calling convention */
     char _zSymbol[256] = "_";
-    strncat(_zSymbol, zSymbol, 255);
-    rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, _zSymbol, &pfn);
+    strncat(_zSymbol, zSymbol, 254);
+    rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)_zSymbol, &pfn);
   }
-  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void*)pfn;
+  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void(*)(void))pfn;
 }
 static void os2DlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
   DosFreeModule((HMODULE)pHandle);
@@ -22260,54 +24197,39 @@ static int os2Randomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
   n = nBuf;
   memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
 #else
-  int sizeofULong = sizeof(ULONG);
-  if( (int)sizeof(DATETIME) <= nBuf - n ){
-    DATETIME x;
-    DosGetDateTime(&x);
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &x, sizeof(x));
-    n += sizeof(x);
-  }
-
-  if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-    PPIB ppib;
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(NULL, &ppib);
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ppib->pib_ulpid, sizeofULong);
-    n += sizeofULong;
-  }
-
-  if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-    PTIB ptib;
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid, sizeofULong);
-    n += sizeofULong;
-  }
-
-  /* if we still haven't filled the buffer yet the following will */
-  /* grab everything once instead of making several calls for a single item */
-  if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-    ULONG ulSysInfo[QSV_MAX];
-    DosQuerySysInfo(1L, QSV_MAX, ulSysInfo, sizeofULong * QSV_MAX);
-
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ulSysInfo[QSV_MS_COUNT - 1], sizeofULong);
-    n += sizeofULong;
-
-    if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-      memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ulSysInfo[QSV_TIMER_INTERVAL - 1], sizeofULong);
-      n += sizeofULong;
-    }
-    if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-      memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ulSysInfo[QSV_TIME_LOW - 1], sizeofULong);
-      n += sizeofULong;
-    }
-    if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-      memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ulSysInfo[QSV_TIME_HIGH - 1], sizeofULong);
-      n += sizeofULong;
-    }
-    if( sizeofULong <= nBuf - n ){
-      memcpy(&zBuf[n], &ulSysInfo[QSV_TOTAVAILMEM - 1], sizeofULong);
-      n += sizeofULong;
-    }
-  }
+  int i;                           
+  PPIB ppib;
+  PTIB ptib;
+  DATETIME dt; 
+  static unsigned c = 0;
+  /* Ordered by variation probability */
+  static ULONG svIdx[6] = { QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_TIME_LOW,
+                            QSV_MAXPRMEM, QSV_MAXSHMEM,
+                            QSV_TOTAVAILMEM, QSV_TOTRESMEM };
+
+  /* 8 bytes; timezone and weekday don't increase the randomness much */
+  if( (int)sizeof(dt)-3 <= nBuf - n ){
+    c += 0x0100;
+    DosGetDateTime(&dt);
+    dt.year = (USHORT)((dt.year - 1900) | c);
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &dt, sizeof(dt)-3);
+    n += sizeof(dt)-3;
+  }
+
+  /* 4 bytes; PIDs and TIDs are 16 bit internally, so combine them */
+  if( (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n ){
+    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, &ppib);
+    *(PULONG)&zBuf[n] = MAKELONG(ppib->pib_ulpid,
+                                 ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid);
+    n += sizeof(ULONG);
+  }
+
+  /* Up to 6 * 4 bytes; variables depend on the system state */
+  for( i = 0; i < 6 && (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n; i++ ){
+    DosQuerySysInfo(svIdx[i], svIdx[i], 
+                    (PULONG)&zBuf[n], sizeof(ULONG));
+    n += sizeof(ULONG);
+  } 
 #endif
 
   return n;
@@ -22335,46 +24257,98 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
-** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
-** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
+** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
+** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
+** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
+** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+**
+** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
 */
-int os2CurrentTime( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow ){
-  double now;
-  SHORT minute; /* needs to be able to cope with negative timezone offset */
-  USHORT second, hour,
-         day, month, year;
+static int os2CurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+#endif
+  int year, month, datepart, timepart;
+ 
   DATETIME dt;
   DosGetDateTime( &dt );
-  second = (USHORT)dt.seconds;
-  minute = (SHORT)dt.minutes + dt.timezone;
-  hour = (USHORT)dt.hours;
-  day = (USHORT)dt.day;
-  month = (USHORT)dt.month;
-  year = (USHORT)dt.year;
+
+  year = dt.year;
+  month = dt.month;
 
   /* Calculations from http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd.html
-     http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd-0.1.c */
-  /* Calculate the Julian days */
-  now = day - 32076 +
+  ** http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd-0.1.c
+  ** Calculate the Julian days
+  */
+  datepart = (int)dt.day - 32076 +
     1461*(year + 4800 + (month - 14)/12)/4 +
     367*(month - 2 - (month - 14)/12*12)/12 -
     3*((year + 4900 + (month - 14)/12)/100)/4;
 
-  /* Add the fractional hours, mins and seconds */
-  now += (hour + 12.0)/24.0;
-  now += minute/1440.0;
-  now += second/86400.0;
-  *prNow = now;
+  /* Time in milliseconds, hours to noon added */
+  timepart = 12*3600*1000 + dt.hundredths*10 + dt.seconds*1000 +
+    ((int)dt.minutes + dt.timezone)*60*1000 + dt.hours*3600*1000;
+
+  *piNow = (sqlite3_int64)datepart*86400*1000 + timepart;
+   
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   if( sqlite3_current_time ){
-    *prNow = sqlite3_current_time/86400.0 + 2440587.5;
+    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
   }
 #endif
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
+** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
+** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+*/
+static int os2CurrentTime( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow ){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_int64 i;
+  rc = os2CurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
+  if( !rc ){
+    *prNow = i/86400000.0;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The idea is that this function works like a combination of
+** GetLastError() and FormatMessage() on windows (or errno and
+** strerror_r() on unix). After an error is returned by an OS
+** function, SQLite calls this function with zBuf pointing to
+** a buffer of nBuf bytes. The OS layer should populate the
+** buffer with a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded error message
+** describing the last IO error to have occurred within the calling
+** thread.
+**
+** If the error message is too large for the supplied buffer,
+** it should be truncated. The return value of xGetLastError
+** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
+** otherwise (if the message was truncated). If non-zero is returned,
+** then it is not necessary to include the nul-terminator character
+** in the output buffer.
+**
+** Not supplying an error message will have no adverse effect
+** on SQLite. It is fine to have an implementation that never
+** returns an error message:
+**
+**   int xGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+**     assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
+**     return 0;
+**   }
+**
+** However if an error message is supplied, it will be incorporated
+** by sqlite into the error message available to the user using
+** sqlite3_errmsg(), possibly making IO errors easier to debug.
+*/
 static int os2GetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -22383,7 +24357,7 @@ static int os2GetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
   static sqlite3_vfs os2Vfs = {
-    1,                 /* iVersion */
+    3,                 /* iVersion */
     sizeof(os2File),   /* szOsFile */
     CCHMAXPATH,        /* mxPathname */
     0,                 /* pNext */
@@ -22402,9 +24376,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
     os2Sleep,          /* xSleep */
     os2CurrentTime,    /* xCurrentTime */
     os2GetLastError,   /* xGetLastError */
+    os2CurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    0,                 /* xSetSystemCall */
+    0,                 /* xGetSystemCall */
+    0                  /* xNextSystemCall */
   };
   sqlite3_vfs_register(&os2Vfs, 1);
   initUconvObjects();
+/*  sqlite3OSTrace = 1; */
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
@@ -22533,9 +24512,12 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+/* #include <time.h> */
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#endif
 
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
 # include <sys/ioctl.h>
@@ -22552,6 +24534,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
 # include <sys/mount.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_UTIME
+# include <utime.h>
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Allowed values of unixFile.fsFlags
 */
@@ -22562,6 +24548,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
 ** the SQLITE_UNIX_THREADS macro.
 */
 #if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+/* # include <pthread.h> */
 # define SQLITE_UNIX_THREADS 1
 #endif
 
@@ -22617,12 +24604,11 @@ struct unixFile {
   sqlite3_io_methods const *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
   unixInodeInfo *pInode;              /* Info about locks on this inode */
   int h;                              /* The file descriptor */
-  int dirfd;                          /* File descriptor for the directory */
   unsigned char eFileLock;            /* The type of lock held on this fd */
+  unsigned char ctrlFlags;            /* Behavioral bits.  UNIXFILE_* flags */
   int lastErrno;                      /* The unix errno from last I/O error */
   void *lockingContext;               /* Locking style specific state */
   UnixUnusedFd *pUnused;              /* Pre-allocated UnixUnusedFd */
-  int fileFlags;                      /* Miscellanous flags */
   const char *zPath;                  /* Name of the file */
   unixShm *pShm;                      /* Shared memory segment information */
   int szChunk;                        /* Configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
@@ -22657,9 +24643,16 @@ struct unixFile {
 };
 
 /*
-** The following macros define bits in unixFile.fileFlags
+** Allowed values for the unixFile.ctrlFlags bitmask:
 */
-#define SQLITE_WHOLE_FILE_LOCKING  0x0001   /* Use whole-file locking */
+#define UNIXFILE_EXCL        0x01     /* Connections from one process only */
+#define UNIXFILE_RDONLY      0x02     /* Connection is read only */
+#define UNIXFILE_PERSIST_WAL 0x04     /* Persistent WAL mode */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
+# define UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC    0x08     /* Directory sync needed */
+#else
+# define UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC    0x00
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
@@ -22697,11 +24690,14 @@ struct unixFile {
 # error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
 #endif
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
-#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
+#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
+# endif
+  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
+# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
 #else
-#define OSTRACE(X)
+# define OSTRACE(X)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -22888,6 +24884,57 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
 # define O_BINARY 0
 #endif
 
+/*
+** The threadid macro resolves to the thread-id or to 0.  Used for
+** testing and debugging only.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+#define threadid pthread_self()
+#else
+#define threadid 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Different Unix systems declare open() in different ways.  Same use
+** open(const char*,int,mode_t).  Others use open(const char*,int,...).
+** The difference is important when using a pointer to the function.
+**
+** The safest way to deal with the problem is to always use this wrapper
+** which always has the same well-defined interface.
+*/
+static int posixOpen(const char *zFile, int flags, int mode){
+  return open(zFile, flags, mode);
+}
+
+/* Forward reference */
+static int openDirectory(const char*, int*);
+
+/*
+** Many system calls are accessed through pointer-to-functions so that
+** they may be overridden at runtime to facilitate fault injection during
+** testing and sandboxing.  The following array holds the names and pointers
+** to all overrideable system calls.
+*/
+static struct unix_syscall {
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
+} aSyscall[] = {
+  { "open",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posixOpen,  0  },
+#define osOpen      ((int(*)(const char*,int,int))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
+
+  { "close",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)close,      0  },
+#define osClose     ((int(*)(int))aSyscall[1].pCurrent)
+
+  { "access",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)access,     0  },
+#define osAccess    ((int(*)(const char*,int))aSyscall[2].pCurrent)
+
+  { "getcwd",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)getcwd,     0  },
+#define osGetcwd    ((char*(*)(char*,size_t))aSyscall[3].pCurrent)
+
+  { "stat",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)stat,       0  },
+#define osStat      ((int(*)(const char*,struct stat*))aSyscall[4].pCurrent)
+
 /*
 ** The DJGPP compiler environment looks mostly like Unix, but it
 ** lacks the fcntl() system call.  So redefine fcntl() to be something
@@ -22895,19 +24942,168 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
 ** DJGPP.  But it is DOS - what did you expect?
 */
 #ifdef __DJGPP__
-# define fcntl(A,B,C) 0
+  { "fstat",        0,                 0  },
+#define osFstat(a,b,c)    0
+#else     
+  { "fstat",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fstat,      0  },
+#define osFstat     ((int(*)(int,struct stat*))aSyscall[5].pCurrent)
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The threadid macro resolves to the thread-id or to 0.  Used for
-** testing and debugging only.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-#define threadid pthread_self()
+  { "ftruncate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)ftruncate,  0  },
+#define osFtruncate ((int(*)(int,off_t))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
+
+  { "fcntl",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fcntl,      0  },
+#define osFcntl     ((int(*)(int,int,...))aSyscall[7].pCurrent)
+
+  { "read",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)read,       0  },
+#define osRead      ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t))aSyscall[8].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread,      0  },
 #else
-#define threadid 0
+  { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPread     ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t,off_t))aSyscall[9].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  { "pread64",      (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread64,    0  },
+#else
+  { "pread64",      (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPread64   ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t,off_t))aSyscall[10].pCurrent)
+
+  { "write",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)write,      0  },
+#define osWrite     ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t))aSyscall[11].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite,     0  },
+#else
+  { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
 #endif
+#define osPwrite    ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t,off_t))\
+                    aSyscall[12].pCurrent)
 
+#if defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  { "pwrite64",     (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite64,   0  },
+#else
+  { "pwrite64",     (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osPwrite64  ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t,off_t))\
+                    aSyscall[13].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchmod,     0  },
+#else
+  { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
+#endif
+#define osFchmod    ((int(*)(int,mode_t))aSyscall[14].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
+  { "fallocate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posix_fallocate,  0 },
+#else
+  { "fallocate",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,                0 },
+#endif
+#define osFallocate ((int(*)(int,off_t,off_t))aSyscall[15].pCurrent)
+
+  { "unlink",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)unlink,           0 },
+#define osUnlink    ((int(*)(const char*))aSyscall[16].pCurrent)
+
+  { "openDirectory",    (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)openDirectory,      0 },
+#define osOpenDirectory ((int(*)(const char*,int*))aSyscall[17].pCurrent)
+
+}; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
+
+/*
+** This is the xSetSystemCall() method of sqlite3_vfs for all of the
+** "unix" VFSes.  Return SQLITE_OK opon successfully updating the
+** system call pointer, or SQLITE_NOTFOUND if there is no configurable
+** system call named zName.
+*/
+static int unixSetSystemCall(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNotUsed,        /* The VFS pointer.  Not used */
+  const char *zName,            /* Name of system call to override */
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr pNewFunc  /* Pointer to new system call value */
+){
+  unsigned int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pNotUsed);
+  if( zName==0 ){
+    /* If no zName is given, restore all system calls to their default
+    ** settings and return NULL
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+      if( aSyscall[i].pDefault ){
+        aSyscall[i].pCurrent = aSyscall[i].pDefault;
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* If zName is specified, operate on only the one system call
+    ** specified.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+      if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ){
+        if( aSyscall[i].pDefault==0 ){
+          aSyscall[i].pDefault = aSyscall[i].pCurrent;
+        }
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        if( pNewFunc==0 ) pNewFunc = aSyscall[i].pDefault;
+        aSyscall[i].pCurrent = pNewFunc;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the value of a system call.  Return NULL if zName is not a
+** recognized system call name.  NULL is also returned if the system call
+** is currently undefined.
+*/
+static sqlite3_syscall_ptr unixGetSystemCall(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNotUsed,
+  const char *zName
+){
+  unsigned int i;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pNotUsed);
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(aSyscall)/sizeof(aSyscall[0]); i++){
+    if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ) return aSyscall[i].pCurrent;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the name of the first system call after zName.  If zName==NULL
+** then return the name of the first system call.  Return NULL if zName
+** is the last system call or if zName is not the name of a valid
+** system call.
+*/
+static const char *unixNextSystemCall(sqlite3_vfs *p, const char *zName){
+  int i = -1;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  if( zName ){
+    for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aSyscall)-1; i++){
+      if( strcmp(zName, aSyscall[i].zName)==0 ) break;
+    }
+  }
+  for(i++; i<ArraySize(aSyscall); i++){
+    if( aSyscall[i].pCurrent!=0 ) return aSyscall[i].zName;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Retry open() calls that fail due to EINTR
+*/
+static int robust_open(const char *z, int f, int m){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = osOpen(z,f,m); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
@@ -22936,7 +25132,7 @@ static int unixMutexHeld(void) {
 #endif
 
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
 /*
 ** Helper function for printing out trace information from debugging
 ** binaries. This returns the string represetation of the supplied
@@ -22972,7 +25168,7 @@ static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
   }else if( op==F_SETLK ){
     zOpName = "SETLK";
   }else{
-    s = fcntl(fd, op, p);
+    s = osFcntl(fd, op, p);
     sqlite3DebugPrintf("fcntl unknown %d %d %d\n", fd, op, s);
     return s;
   }
@@ -22986,7 +25182,7 @@ static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
     assert( 0 );
   }
   assert( p->l_whence==SEEK_SET );
-  s = fcntl(fd, op, p);
+  s = osFcntl(fd, op, p);
   savedErrno = errno;
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("fcntl %d %d %s %s %d %d %d %d\n",
      threadid, fd, zOpName, zType, (int)p->l_start, (int)p->l_len,
@@ -22994,7 +25190,7 @@ static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
   if( s==(-1) && op==F_SETLK && (p->l_type==F_RDLCK || p->l_type==F_WRLCK) ){
     struct flock l2;
     l2 = *p;
-    fcntl(fd, F_GETLK, &l2);
+    osFcntl(fd, F_GETLK, &l2);
     if( l2.l_type==F_RDLCK ){
       zType = "RDLCK";
     }else if( l2.l_type==F_WRLCK ){
@@ -23010,10 +25206,18 @@ static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
   errno = savedErrno;
   return s;
 }
-#define fcntl lockTrace
+#undef osFcntl
+#define osFcntl lockTrace
 #endif /* SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE */
 
-
+/*
+** Retry ftruncate() calls that fail due to EINTR
+*/
+static int robust_ftruncate(int h, sqlite3_int64 sz){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = osFtruncate(h,sz); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
 
 /*
 ** This routine translates a standard POSIX errno code into something
@@ -23027,9 +25231,22 @@ static int lockTrace(int fd, int op, struct flock *p){
 */
 static int sqliteErrorFromPosixError(int posixError, int sqliteIOErr) {
   switch (posixError) {
+#if 0
+  /* At one point this code was not commented out. In theory, this branch
+  ** should never be hit, as this function should only be called after
+  ** a locking-related function (i.e. fcntl()) has returned non-zero with
+  ** the value of errno as the first argument. Since a system call has failed,
+  ** errno should be non-zero.
+  **
+  ** Despite this, if errno really is zero, we still don't want to return
+  ** SQLITE_OK. The system call failed, and *some* SQLite error should be
+  ** propagated back to the caller. Commenting this branch out means errno==0
+  ** will be handled by the "default:" case below.
+  */
   case 0: 
     return SQLITE_OK;
-    
+#endif
+
   case EAGAIN:
   case ETIMEDOUT:
   case EBUSY:
@@ -23051,8 +25268,15 @@ static int sqliteErrorFromPosixError(int posixError, int sqliteIOErr) {
   case EPERM: 
     return SQLITE_PERM;
     
+  /* EDEADLK is only possible if a call to fcntl(F_SETLKW) is made. And
+  ** this module never makes such a call. And the code in SQLite itself 
+  ** asserts that SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED is never returned. For these reasons
+  ** this case is also commented out. If the system does set errno to EDEADLK,
+  ** the default SQLITE_IOERR_XXX code will be returned. */
+#if 0
   case EDEADLK:
     return SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED;
+#endif
     
 #if EOPNOTSUPP!=ENOTSUP
   case EOPNOTSUPP: 
@@ -23071,7 +25295,9 @@ static int sqliteErrorFromPosixError(int posixError, int sqliteIOErr) {
   case ENODEV:
   case ENXIO:
   case ENOENT:
+#ifdef ESTALE                     /* ESTALE is not defined on Interix systems */
   case ESTALE:
+#endif
   case ENOSYS:
     /* these should force the client to close the file and reconnect */
     
@@ -23335,14 +25561,15 @@ struct unixFileId {
 struct unixInodeInfo {
   struct unixFileId fileId;       /* The lookup key */
   int nShared;                    /* Number of SHARED locks held */
-  int eFileLock;                  /* One of SHARED_LOCK, RESERVED_LOCK etc. */
+  unsigned char eFileLock;        /* One of SHARED_LOCK, RESERVED_LOCK etc. */
+  unsigned char bProcessLock;     /* An exclusive process lock is held */
   int nRef;                       /* Number of pointers to this structure */
   unixShmNode *pShmNode;          /* Shared memory associated with this inode */
   int nLock;                      /* Number of outstanding file locks */
   UnixUnusedFd *pUnused;          /* Unused file descriptors to close */
   unixInodeInfo *pNext;           /* List of all unixInodeInfo objects */
   unixInodeInfo *pPrev;           /*    .... doubly linked */
-#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   unsigned long long sharedByte;  /* for AFP simulated shared lock */
 #endif
 #if OS_VXWORKS
@@ -23357,33 +25584,108 @@ struct unixInodeInfo {
 static unixInodeInfo *inodeList = 0;
 
 /*
-** Close all file descriptors accumuated in the unixInodeInfo->pUnused list.
-** If all such file descriptors are closed without error, the list is
-** cleared and SQLITE_OK returned.
 **
-** Otherwise, if an error occurs, then successfully closed file descriptor
-** entries are removed from the list, and SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE returned. 
-** not deleted and SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE returned.
+** This function - unixLogError_x(), is only ever called via the macro
+** unixLogError().
+**
+** It is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function and errno has been
+** set. It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
+** errno and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from strerror() or
+** strerror_r().
+**
+** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
+** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the the associated file-system path,
+** if any.
+*/
+#define unixLogError(a,b,c)     unixLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
+static int unixLogErrorAtLine(
+  int errcode,                    /* SQLite error code */
+  const char *zFunc,              /* Name of OS function that failed */
+  const char *zPath,              /* File path associated with error */
+  int iLine                       /* Source line number where error occurred */
+){
+  char *zErr;                     /* Message from strerror() or equivalent */
+  int iErrno = errno;             /* Saved syscall error number */
+
+  /* If this is not a threadsafe build (SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0), then use
+  ** the strerror() function to obtain the human-readable error message
+  ** equivalent to errno. Otherwise, use strerror_r().
+  */ 
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE && defined(HAVE_STRERROR_R)
+  char aErr[80];
+  memset(aErr, 0, sizeof(aErr));
+  zErr = aErr;
+
+  /* If STRERROR_R_CHAR_P (set by autoconf scripts) or __USE_GNU is defined,
+  ** assume that the system provides the the GNU version of strerror_r() that 
+  ** returns a pointer to a buffer containing the error message. That pointer 
+  ** may point to aErr[], or it may point to some static storage somewhere. 
+  ** Otherwise, assume that the system provides the POSIX version of 
+  ** strerror_r(), which always writes an error message into aErr[].
+  **
+  ** If the code incorrectly assumes that it is the POSIX version that is
+  ** available, the error message will often be an empty string. Not a
+  ** huge problem. Incorrectly concluding that the GNU version is available 
+  ** could lead to a segfault though.
+  */
+#if defined(STRERROR_R_CHAR_P) || defined(__USE_GNU)
+  zErr = 
+# endif
+  strerror_r(iErrno, aErr, sizeof(aErr)-1);
+
+#elif SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  /* This is a threadsafe build, but strerror_r() is not available. */
+  zErr = "";
+#else
+  /* Non-threadsafe build, use strerror(). */
+  zErr = strerror(iErrno);
+#endif
+
+  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
+  sqlite3_log(errcode,
+      "os_unix.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      iLine, iErrno, zFunc, zPath, zErr
+  );
+
+  return errcode;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a file descriptor.
+**
+** We assume that close() almost always works, since it is only in a
+** very sick application or on a very sick platform that it might fail.
+** If it does fail, simply leak the file descriptor, but do log the
+** error.
+**
+** Note that it is not safe to retry close() after EINTR since the
+** file descriptor might have already been reused by another thread.
+** So we don't even try to recover from an EINTR.  Just log the error
+** and move on.
+*/
+static void robust_close(unixFile *pFile, int h, int lineno){
+  if( osClose(h) ){
+    unixLogErrorAtLine(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, "close",
+                       pFile ? pFile->zPath : 0, lineno);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Close all file descriptors accumuated in the unixInodeInfo->pUnused list.
 */ 
-static int closePendingFds(unixFile *pFile){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+static void closePendingFds(unixFile *pFile){
   unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
-  UnixUnusedFd *pError = 0;
   UnixUnusedFd *p;
   UnixUnusedFd *pNext;
   for(p=pInode->pUnused; p; p=pNext){
     pNext = p->pNext;
-    if( close(p->fd) ){
-      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE;
-      p->pNext = pError;
-      pError = p;
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_free(p);
-    }
+    robust_close(pFile, p->fd, __LINE__);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
   }
-  pInode->pUnused = pError;
-  return rc;
+  pInode->pUnused = 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -23395,7 +25697,7 @@ static int closePendingFds(unixFile *pFile){
 static void releaseInodeInfo(unixFile *pFile){
   unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
   assert( unixMutexHeld() );
-  if( pInode ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pInode) ){
     pInode->nRef--;
     if( pInode->nRef==0 ){
       assert( pInode->pShmNode==0 );
@@ -23442,7 +25744,7 @@ static int findInodeInfo(
   ** create a unique name for the file.
   */
   fd = pFile->h;
-  rc = fstat(fd, &statbuf);
+  rc = osFstat(fd, &statbuf);
   if( rc!=0 ){
     pFile->lastErrno = errno;
 #ifdef EOVERFLOW
@@ -23463,12 +25765,12 @@ static int findInodeInfo(
   ** the first page of the database, no damage is done.
   */
   if( statbuf.st_size==0 && (pFile->fsFlags & SQLITE_FSFLAGS_IS_MSDOS)!=0 ){
-    rc = write(fd, "S", 1);
+    do{ rc = osWrite(fd, "S", 1); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
     if( rc!=1 ){
       pFile->lastErrno = errno;
       return SQLITE_IOERR;
     }
-    rc = fstat(fd, &statbuf);
+    rc = osFstat(fd, &statbuf);
     if( rc!=0 ){
       pFile->lastErrno = errno;
       return SQLITE_IOERR;
@@ -23531,16 +25833,15 @@ static int unixCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
   /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it.
   */
 #ifndef __DJGPP__
-  if( !reserved ){
+  if( !reserved && !pFile->pInode->bProcessLock ){
     struct flock lock;
     lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
     lock.l_start = RESERVED_BYTE;
     lock.l_len = 1;
     lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
-    if (-1 == fcntl(pFile->h, F_GETLK, &lock)) {
-      int tErrno = errno;
-      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK);
-      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
+    if( osFcntl(pFile->h, F_GETLK, &lock) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK;
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
     } else if( lock.l_type!=F_UNLCK ){
       reserved = 1;
     }
@@ -23554,6 +25855,53 @@ static int unixCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Attempt to set a system-lock on the file pFile.  The lock is 
+** described by pLock.
+**
+** If the pFile was opened read/write from unix-excl, then the only lock
+** ever obtained is an exclusive lock, and it is obtained exactly once
+** the first time any lock is attempted.  All subsequent system locking
+** operations become no-ops.  Locking operations still happen internally,
+** in order to coordinate access between separate database connections
+** within this process, but all of that is handled in memory and the
+** operating system does not participate.
+**
+** This function is a pass-through to fcntl(F_SETLK) if pFile is using
+** any VFS other than "unix-excl" or if pFile is opened on "unix-excl"
+** and is read-only.
+**
+** Zero is returned if the call completes successfully, or -1 if a call
+** to fcntl() fails. In this case, errno is set appropriately (by fcntl()).
+*/
+static int unixFileLock(unixFile *pFile, struct flock *pLock){
+  int rc;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  assert( unixMutexHeld() );
+  assert( pInode!=0 );
+  if( ((pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_EXCL)!=0 || pInode->bProcessLock)
+   && ((pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_RDONLY)==0)
+  ){
+    if( pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+      struct flock lock;
+      assert( pInode->nLock==0 );
+      lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+      lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+      lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
+      lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+      rc = osFcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock);
+      if( rc<0 ) return rc;
+      pInode->bProcessLock = 1;
+      pInode->nLock++;
+    }else{
+      rc = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = osFcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, pLock);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter eFileLock - one
 ** of the following:
@@ -23619,15 +25967,14 @@ static int unixLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
   */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
-  unixInodeInfo *pInode = pFile->pInode;
+  unixInodeInfo *pInode;
   struct flock lock;
-  int s = 0;
   int tErrno = 0;
 
   assert( pFile );
   OSTRACE(("LOCK    %d %s was %s(%s,%d) pid=%d (unix)\n", pFile->h,
       azFileLock(eFileLock), azFileLock(pFile->eFileLock),
-      azFileLock(pInode->eFileLock), pInode->nShared , getpid()));
+      azFileLock(pFile->pInode->eFileLock), pFile->pInode->nShared , getpid()));
 
   /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
   ** unixFile, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
@@ -23690,11 +26037,10 @@ static int unixLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
   ){
     lock.l_type = (eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK?F_RDLCK:F_WRLCK);
     lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
-    s = fcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock);
-    if( s==(-1) ){
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
       tErrno = errno;
       rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
-      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
         pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
       }
       goto end_lock;
@@ -23708,33 +26054,31 @@ static int unixLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
   if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
     assert( pInode->nShared==0 );
     assert( pInode->eFileLock==0 );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
 
     /* Now get the read-lock */
     lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
     lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
-    if( (s = fcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock))==(-1) ){
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
       tErrno = errno;
+      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
     }
+
     /* Drop the temporary PENDING lock */
     lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
     lock.l_len = 1L;
     lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
-    if( fcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock)!=0 ){
-      if( s != -1 ){
-        /* This could happen with a network mount */
-        tErrno = errno; 
-        rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK); 
-        if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
-          pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
-        }
-        goto end_lock;
-      }
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* This could happen with a network mount */
+      tErrno = errno;
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK; 
     }
-    if( s==(-1) ){
-      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
-      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+
+    if( rc ){
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
         pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
       }
+      goto end_lock;
     }else{
       pFile->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
       pInode->nLock++;
@@ -23751,22 +26095,20 @@ static int unixLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
     */
     assert( 0!=pFile->eFileLock );
     lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
-    switch( eFileLock ){
-      case RESERVED_LOCK:
-        lock.l_start = RESERVED_BYTE;
-        break;
-      case EXCLUSIVE_LOCK:
-        lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
-        lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
-        break;
-      default:
-        assert(0);
+
+    assert( eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK || eFileLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+    if( eFileLock==RESERVED_LOCK ){
+      lock.l_start = RESERVED_BYTE;
+      lock.l_len = 1L;
+    }else{
+      lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
+      lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
     }
-    s = fcntl(pFile->h, F_SETLK, &lock);
-    if( s==(-1) ){
+
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
       tErrno = errno;
       rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
-      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
         pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
       }
     }
@@ -23831,13 +26173,11 @@ static void setPendingFd(unixFile *pFile){
 ** around a bug in BSD NFS lockd (also seen on MacOSX 10.3+) that fails to 
 ** remove the write lock on a region when a read lock is set.
 */
-static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
+static int posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
   unixInodeInfo *pInode;
   struct flock lock;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  int h;
-  int tErrno;                      /* Error code from system call errors */
 
   assert( pFile );
   OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d(%d,%d) pid=%d (unix)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
@@ -23849,14 +26189,10 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   unixEnterMutex();
-  h = pFile->h;
   pInode = pFile->pInode;
   assert( pInode->nShared!=0 );
   if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
     assert( pInode->eFileLock==pFile->eFileLock );
-    SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
-    SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
-    SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
@@ -23867,11 +26203,6 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
     ** the file has changed and hence might not know to flush their
     ** cache.  The use of a stale cache can lead to database corruption.
     */
-#if 0
-    assert( pFile->inNormalWrite==0
-         || pFile->dbUpdate==0
-         || pFile->transCntrChng==1 );
-#endif
     pFile->inNormalWrite = 0;
 #endif
 
@@ -23885,16 +26216,23 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
     **  4:   [RRRR.]
     */
     if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
+
+#if !defined(__APPLE__) || !SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+      (void)handleNFSUnlock;
+      assert( handleNFSUnlock==0 );
+#endif
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
       if( handleNFSUnlock ){
+        int tErrno;               /* Error code from system call errors */
         off_t divSize = SHARED_SIZE - 1;
         
         lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
         lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
         lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
         lock.l_len = divSize;
-        if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)==(-1) ){
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
           tErrno = errno;
-          rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
           if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
             pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
           }
@@ -23904,7 +26242,7 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
         lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
         lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
         lock.l_len = divSize;
-        if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)==(-1) ){
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
           tErrno = errno;
           rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK);
           if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
@@ -23916,25 +26254,30 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
         lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
         lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST+divSize;
         lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE-divSize;
-        if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)==(-1) ){
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==(-1) ){
           tErrno = errno;
-          rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
           if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
             pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
           }
           goto end_unlock;
         }
-      }else{
+      }else
+#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
+      {
         lock.l_type = F_RDLCK;
         lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
         lock.l_start = SHARED_FIRST;
         lock.l_len = SHARED_SIZE;
-        if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)==(-1) ){
-          tErrno = errno;
-          rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK);
-          if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
-            pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
-          }
+        if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock) ){
+          /* In theory, the call to unixFileLock() cannot fail because another
+          ** process is holding an incompatible lock. If it does, this 
+          ** indicates that the other process is not following the locking
+          ** protocol. If this happens, return SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK. Returning
+          ** SQLITE_BUSY would confuse the upper layer (in practice it causes 
+          ** an assert to fail). */ 
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK;
+          pFile->lastErrno = errno;
           goto end_unlock;
         }
       }
@@ -23943,14 +26286,11 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
     lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
     lock.l_start = PENDING_BYTE;
     lock.l_len = 2L;  assert( PENDING_BYTE+1==RESERVED_BYTE );
-    if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)!=(-1) ){
+    if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==0 ){
       pInode->eFileLock = SHARED_LOCK;
     }else{
-      tErrno = errno;
-      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
-      if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
-        pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
-      }
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
       goto end_unlock;
     }
   }
@@ -23964,17 +26304,11 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
       lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
       lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
       lock.l_start = lock.l_len = 0L;
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
-      SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
-      if( fcntl(h, F_SETLK, &lock)!=(-1) ){
+      if( unixFileLock(pFile, &lock)==0 ){
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }else{
-        tErrno = errno;
-        rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
-        if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
-          pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
-        }
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+	pFile->lastErrno = errno;
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
         pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }
@@ -23987,10 +26321,7 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
     pInode->nLock--;
     assert( pInode->nLock>=0 );
     if( pInode->nLock==0 ){
-      int rc2 = closePendingFds(pFile);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = rc2;
-      }
+      closePendingFds(pFile);
     }
   }
 	
@@ -24008,7 +26339,7 @@ static int _posixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock, int handleNFSUnlock){
 ** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static int unixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
-  return _posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 0);
+  return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -24023,37 +26354,23 @@ static int unixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
 */
 static int closeUnixFile(sqlite3_file *id){
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
-  if( pFile ){
-    if( pFile->dirfd>=0 ){
-      int err = close(pFile->dirfd);
-      if( err ){
-        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE;
-      }else{
-        pFile->dirfd=-1;
-      }
-    }
-    if( pFile->h>=0 ){
-      int err = close(pFile->h);
-      if( err ){
-        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE;
-      }
-    }
+  if( pFile->h>=0 ){
+    robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
+    pFile->h = -1;
+  }
 #if OS_VXWORKS
-    if( pFile->pId ){
-      if( pFile->isDelete ){
-        unlink(pFile->pId->zCanonicalName);
-      }
-      vxworksReleaseFileId(pFile->pId);
-      pFile->pId = 0;
+  if( pFile->pId ){
+    if( pFile->isDelete ){
+      osUnlink(pFile->pId->zCanonicalName);
     }
-#endif
-    OSTRACE(("CLOSE   %-3d\n", pFile->h));
-    OpenCounter(-1);
-    sqlite3_free(pFile->pUnused);
-    memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
+    vxworksReleaseFileId(pFile->pId);
+    pFile->pId = 0;
   }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE   %-3d\n", pFile->h));
+  OpenCounter(-1);
+  sqlite3_free(pFile->pUnused);
+  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -24062,22 +26379,25 @@ static int closeUnixFile(sqlite3_file *id){
 */
 static int unixClose(sqlite3_file *id){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  if( id ){
-    unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
-    unixUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
-    unixEnterMutex();
-    if( pFile->pInode && pFile->pInode->nLock ){
-      /* If there are outstanding locks, do not actually close the file just
-      ** yet because that would clear those locks.  Instead, add the file
-      ** descriptor to pInode->pUnused list.  It will be automatically closed 
-      ** when the last lock is cleared.
-      */
-      setPendingFd(pFile);
-    }
-    releaseInodeInfo(pFile);
-    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
-    unixLeaveMutex();
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  unixUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+  unixEnterMutex();
+
+  /* unixFile.pInode is always valid here. Otherwise, a different close
+  ** routine (e.g. nolockClose()) would be called instead.
+  */
+  assert( pFile->pInode->nLock>0 || pFile->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
+  if( ALWAYS(pFile->pInode) && pFile->pInode->nLock ){
+    /* If there are outstanding locks, do not actually close the file just
+    ** yet because that would clear those locks.  Instead, add the file
+    ** descriptor to pInode->pUnused list.  It will be automatically closed 
+    ** when the last lock is cleared.
+    */
+    setPendingFd(pFile);
   }
+  releaseInodeInfo(pFile);
+  rc = closeUnixFile(id);
+  unixLeaveMutex();
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -24180,7 +26500,7 @@ static int dotlockCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut) {
   }else{
     /* The lock is held if and only if the lockfile exists */
     const char *zLockFile = (const char*)pFile->lockingContext;
-    reserved = access(zLockFile, 0)==0;
+    reserved = osAccess(zLockFile, 0)==0;
   }
   OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d %d (dotlock)\n", pFile->h, rc, reserved));
   *pResOut = reserved;
@@ -24226,15 +26546,17 @@ static int dotlockLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   */
   if( pFile->eFileLock > NO_LOCK ){
     pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
-#if !OS_VXWORKS
     /* Always update the timestamp on the old file */
+#ifdef HAVE_UTIME
+    utime(zLockFile, NULL);
+#else
     utimes(zLockFile, NULL);
 #endif
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   
   /* grab an exclusive lock */
-  fd = open(zLockFile,O_RDONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL,0600);
+  fd = robust_open(zLockFile,O_RDONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL,0600);
   if( fd<0 ){
     /* failed to open/create the file, someone else may have stolen the lock */
     int tErrno = errno;
@@ -24248,10 +26570,7 @@ static int dotlockLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
     }
     return rc;
   } 
-  if( close(fd) ){
-    pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE;
-  }
+  robust_close(pFile, fd, __LINE__);
   
   /* got it, set the type and return ok */
   pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
@@ -24291,11 +26610,11 @@ static int dotlockUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   
   /* To fully unlock the database, delete the lock file */
   assert( eFileLock==NO_LOCK );
-  if( unlink(zLockFile) ){
+  if( osUnlink(zLockFile) ){
     int rc = 0;
     int tErrno = errno;
     if( ENOENT != tErrno ){
-      rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
     }
     if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(rc) ){
       pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
@@ -24339,6 +26658,20 @@ static int dotlockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
 */
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS
 
+/*
+** Retry flock() calls that fail with EINTR
+*/
+#ifdef EINTR
+static int robust_flock(int fd, int op){
+  int rc;
+  do{ rc = flock(fd,op); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+  return rc;
+}
+#else
+# define robust_flock(a,b) flock(a,b)
+#endif
+     
+
 /*
 ** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
 ** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, set *pResOut
@@ -24362,14 +26695,14 @@ static int flockCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
   /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it. */
   if( !reserved ){
     /* attempt to get the lock */
-    int lrc = flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB);
+    int lrc = robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB);
     if( !lrc ){
       /* got the lock, unlock it */
-      lrc = flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN);
+      lrc = robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN);
       if ( lrc ) {
         int tErrno = errno;
         /* unlock failed with an error */
-        lrc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK); 
+        lrc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK; 
         if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(lrc) ){
           pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
           rc = lrc;
@@ -24442,7 +26775,7 @@ static int flockLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   
   /* grab an exclusive lock */
   
-  if (flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)) {
+  if (robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)) {
     int tErrno = errno;
     /* didn't get, must be busy */
     rc = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK);
@@ -24491,21 +26824,12 @@ static int flockUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   }
   
   /* no, really, unlock. */
-  int rc = flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN);
-  if (rc) {
-    int r, tErrno = errno;
-    r = sqliteErrorFromPosixError(tErrno, SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK);
-    if( IS_LOCK_ERROR(r) ){
-      pFile->lastErrno = tErrno;
-    }
+  if( robust_flock(pFile->h, LOCK_UN) ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS
-    if( (r & SQLITE_IOERR) == SQLITE_IOERR ){
-      r = SQLITE_BUSY;
-    }
+    return SQLITE_OK;
 #endif /* SQLITE_IGNORE_FLOCK_LOCK_ERRORS */
-    
-    return r;
-  } else {
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+  }else{
     pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
@@ -24792,11 +27116,12 @@ static int afpCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int reserved = 0;
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  afpLockingContext *context;
   
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
   
   assert( pFile );
-  afpLockingContext *context = (afpLockingContext *) pFile->lockingContext;
+  context = (afpLockingContext *) pFile->lockingContext;
   if( context->reserved ){
     *pResOut = 1;
     return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -24936,7 +27261,7 @@ static int afpLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
   ** operating system calls for the specified lock.
   */
   if( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK ){
-    int lrc1, lrc2, lrc1Errno;
+    int lrc1, lrc2, lrc1Errno = 0;
     long lk, mask;
     
     assert( pInode->nShared==0 );
@@ -25129,7 +27454,7 @@ static int afpUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
       pInode->nLock--;
       assert( pInode->nLock>=0 );
       if( pInode->nLock==0 ){
-        rc = closePendingFds(pFile);
+        closePendingFds(pFile);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -25186,7 +27511,7 @@ static int afpClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
  ** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
  */
 static int nfsUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
-  return _posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 1);
+  return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 1);
 }
 
 #endif /* defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */
@@ -25228,10 +27553,10 @@ static int seekAndRead(unixFile *id, sqlite3_int64 offset, void *pBuf, int cnt){
 #endif
   TIMER_START;
 #if defined(USE_PREAD)
-  got = pread(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
+  do{ got = osPread(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
   SimulateIOError( got = -1 );
 #elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
-  got = pread64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
+  do{ got = osPread64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
   SimulateIOError( got = -1 );
 #else
   newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
@@ -25244,7 +27569,7 @@ static int seekAndRead(unixFile *id, sqlite3_int64 offset, void *pBuf, int cnt){
     }
     return -1;
   }
-  got = read(id->h, pBuf, cnt);
+  do{ got = osRead(id->h, pBuf, cnt); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
 #endif
   TIMER_END;
   if( got<0 ){
@@ -25306,20 +27631,23 @@ static int seekAndWrite(unixFile *id, i64 offset, const void *pBuf, int cnt){
 #endif
   TIMER_START;
 #if defined(USE_PREAD)
-  got = pwrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
+  do{ got = osPwrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
 #elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
-  got = pwrite64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
+  do{ got = osPwrite64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);}while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
 #else
-  newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
-  if( newOffset!=offset ){
-    if( newOffset == -1 ){
-      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
-    }else{
-      ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+  do{
+    newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
+    SimulateIOError( newOffset-- );
+    if( newOffset!=offset ){
+      if( newOffset == -1 ){
+        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+      }else{
+        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+      }
+      return -1;
     }
-    return -1;
-  }
-  got = write(id->h, pBuf, cnt);
+    got = osWrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt);
+  }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
 #endif
   TIMER_END;
   if( got<0 ){
@@ -25386,7 +27714,7 @@ static int unixWrite(
   SimulateDiskfullError(( wrote=0, amt=1 ));
 
   if( amt>0 ){
-    if( wrote<0 ){
+    if( wrote<0 && pFile->lastErrno!=ENOSPC ){
       /* lastErrno set by seekAndWrite */
       return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
     }else{
@@ -25409,11 +27737,11 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
 
 /*
 ** We do not trust systems to provide a working fdatasync().  Some do.
-** Others do no.  To be safe, we will stick with the (slower) fsync().
-** If you know that your system does support fdatasync() correctly,
+** Others do no.  To be safe, we will stick with the (slightly slower)
+** fsync(). If you know that your system does support fdatasync() correctly,
 ** then simply compile with -Dfdatasync=fdatasync
 */
-#if !defined(fdatasync) && !defined(__linux__)
+#if !defined(fdatasync)
 # define fdatasync fsync
 #endif
 
@@ -25487,7 +27815,7 @@ static int full_fsync(int fd, int fullSync, int dataOnly){
   rc = SQLITE_OK;
 #elif HAVE_FULLFSYNC
   if( fullSync ){
-    rc = fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC, 0);
+    rc = osFcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC, 0);
   }else{
     rc = 1;
   }
@@ -25521,6 +27849,50 @@ static int full_fsync(int fd, int fullSync, int dataOnly){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Open a file descriptor to the directory containing file zFilename.
+** If successful, *pFd is set to the opened file descriptor and
+** SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, either SQLITE_NOMEM
+** or SQLITE_CANTOPEN is returned and *pFd is set to an undefined
+** value.
+**
+** The directory file descriptor is used for only one thing - to
+** fsync() a directory to make sure file creation and deletion events
+** are flushed to disk.  Such fsyncs are not needed on newer
+** journaling filesystems, but are required on older filesystems.
+**
+** This routine can be overridden using the xSetSysCall interface.
+** The ability to override this routine was added in support of the
+** chromium sandbox.  Opening a directory is a security risk (we are
+** told) so making it overrideable allows the chromium sandbox to
+** replace this routine with a harmless no-op.  To make this routine
+** a no-op, replace it with a stub that returns SQLITE_OK but leaves
+** *pFd set to a negative number.
+**
+** If SQLITE_OK is returned, the caller is responsible for closing
+** the file descriptor *pFd using close().
+*/
+static int openDirectory(const char *zFilename, int *pFd){
+  int ii;
+  int fd = -1;
+  char zDirname[MAX_PATHNAME+1];
+
+  sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATHNAME, zDirname, "%s", zFilename);
+  for(ii=(int)strlen(zDirname); ii>1 && zDirname[ii]!='/'; ii--);
+  if( ii>0 ){
+    zDirname[ii] = '\0';
+    fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
+    if( fd>=0 ){
+#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
+      osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+#endif
+      OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
+    }
+  }
+  *pFd = fd;
+  return (fd>=0?SQLITE_OK:unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zDirname));
+}
+
 /*
 ** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
 **
@@ -25559,35 +27931,25 @@ static int unixSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
   SimulateIOError( rc=1 );
   if( rc ){
     pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC;
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, "full_fsync", pFile->zPath);
   }
-  if( pFile->dirfd>=0 ){
-    int err;
-    OSTRACE(("DIRSYNC %-3d (have_fullfsync=%d fullsync=%d)\n", pFile->dirfd,
+
+  /* Also fsync the directory containing the file if the DIRSYNC flag
+  ** is set.  This is a one-time occurrance.  Many systems (examples: AIX)
+  ** are unable to fsync a directory, so ignore errors on the fsync.
+  */
+  if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC ){
+    int dirfd;
+    OSTRACE(("DIRSYNC %s (have_fullfsync=%d fullsync=%d)\n", pFile->zPath,
             HAVE_FULLFSYNC, isFullsync));
-#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
-    /* The directory sync is only attempted if full_fsync is
-    ** turned off or unavailable.  If a full_fsync occurred above,
-    ** then the directory sync is superfluous.
-    */
-    if( (!HAVE_FULLFSYNC || !isFullsync) && full_fsync(pFile->dirfd,0,0) ){
-       /*
-       ** We have received multiple reports of fsync() returning
-       ** errors when applied to directories on certain file systems.
-       ** A failed directory sync is not a big deal.  So it seems
-       ** better to ignore the error.  Ticket #1657
-       */
-       /* pFile->lastErrno = errno; */
-       /* return SQLITE_IOERR; */
-    }
-#endif
-    err = close(pFile->dirfd); /* Only need to sync once, so close the */
-    if( err==0 ){              /* directory when we are done */
-      pFile->dirfd = -1;
-    }else{
-      pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE;
+    rc = osOpenDirectory(pFile->zPath, &dirfd);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && dirfd>=0 ){
+      full_fsync(dirfd, 0, 0);
+      robust_close(pFile, dirfd, __LINE__);
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
+    pFile->ctrlFlags &= ~UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -25610,10 +27972,10 @@ static int unixTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte){
     nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
   }
 
-  rc = ftruncate(pFile->h, (off_t)nByte);
+  rc = robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, (off_t)nByte);
   if( rc ){
     pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
   }else{
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
@@ -25639,7 +28001,7 @@ static int unixFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, i64 *pSize){
   int rc;
   struct stat buf;
   assert( id );
-  rc = fstat(((unixFile*)id)->h, &buf);
+  rc = osFstat(((unixFile*)id)->h, &buf);
   SimulateIOError( rc=1 );
   if( rc!=0 ){
     ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
@@ -25669,25 +28031,29 @@ static int proxyFileControl(sqlite3_file*,int,void*);
 
 /* 
 ** This function is called to handle the SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT 
-** file-control operation.
-**
-** If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, it could be
-** that the file needs to be extended at this point. Otherwise, the
-** SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT operation is a no-op for Unix.
+** file-control operation.  Enlarge the database to nBytes in size
+** (rounded up to the next chunk-size).  If the database is already
+** nBytes or larger, this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static int fcntlSizeHint(unixFile *pFile, i64 nByte){
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+  if( pFile->szChunk>0 ){
     i64 nSize;                    /* Required file size */
     struct stat buf;              /* Used to hold return values of fstat() */
    
-    if( fstat(pFile->h, &buf) ) return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    if( osFstat(pFile->h, &buf) ) return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
 
     nSize = ((nByte+pFile->szChunk-1) / pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
     if( nSize>(i64)buf.st_size ){
+
 #if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
-      if( posix_fallocate(pFile->h, buf.st_size, nSize-buf.st_size) ){
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
-      }
+      /* The code below is handling the return value of osFallocate() 
+      ** correctly. posix_fallocate() is defined to "returns zero on success, 
+      ** or an error number on  failure". See the manpage for details. */
+      int err;
+      do{
+        err = osFallocate(pFile->h, buf.st_size, nSize-buf.st_size);
+      }while( err==EINTR );
+      if( err ) return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
 #else
       /* If the OS does not have posix_fallocate(), fake it. First use
       ** ftruncate() to set the file size, then write a single byte to
@@ -25697,18 +28063,17 @@ static int fcntlSizeHint(unixFile *pFile, i64 nByte){
       */
       int nBlk = buf.st_blksize;  /* File-system block size */
       i64 iWrite;                 /* Next offset to write to */
-      int nWrite;                 /* Return value from seekAndWrite() */
 
-      if( ftruncate(pFile->h, nSize) ){
+      if( robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, nSize) ){
         pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
+        return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
       }
       iWrite = ((buf.st_size + 2*nBlk - 1)/nBlk)*nBlk-1;
-      do {
-        nWrite = seekAndWrite(pFile, iWrite, "", 1);
+      while( iWrite<nSize ){
+        int nWrite = seekAndWrite(pFile, iWrite, "", 1);
+        if( nWrite!=1 ) return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
         iWrite += nBlk;
-      } while( nWrite==1 && iWrite<nSize );
-      if( nWrite!=1 ) return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
+      }
 #endif
     }
   }
@@ -25720,21 +28085,37 @@ static int fcntlSizeHint(unixFile *pFile, i64 nByte){
 ** Information and control of an open file handle.
 */
 static int unixFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
   switch( op ){
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
-      *(int*)pArg = ((unixFile*)id)->eFileLock;
+      *(int*)pArg = pFile->eFileLock;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
-      *(int*)pArg = ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno;
+      *(int*)pArg = pFile->lastErrno;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
-      ((unixFile*)id)->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      pFile->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
-      return fcntlSizeHint((unixFile *)id, *(i64 *)pArg);
+      int rc;
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+      rc = fcntlSizeHint(pFile, *(i64 *)pArg);
+      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      return rc;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL: {
+      int bPersist = *(int*)pArg;
+      if( bPersist<0 ){
+        *(int*)pArg = (pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_PERSIST_WAL)!=0;
+      }else if( bPersist==0 ){
+        pFile->ctrlFlags &= ~UNIXFILE_PERSIST_WAL;
+      }else{
+        pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_PERSIST_WAL;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
     }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     /* The pager calls this method to signal that it has done
@@ -25753,8 +28134,11 @@ static int unixFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
       return proxyFileControl(id,op,pArg);
     }
 #endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && defined(__APPLE__) */
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;  /* A no-op */
+    }
   }
-  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -25818,7 +28202,8 @@ struct unixShmNode {
   char *zFilename;           /* Name of the mmapped file */
   int h;                     /* Open file descriptor */
   int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
-  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  u16 nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
+  u8 isReadonly;             /* True if read-only */
   char **apRegion;           /* Array of mapped shared-memory regions */
   int nRef;                  /* Number of unixShm objects pointing to this */
   unixShm *pFirst;           /* All unixShm objects pointing to this */
@@ -25846,11 +28231,9 @@ struct unixShm {
   unixShmNode *pShmNode;     /* The underlying unixShmNode object */
   unixShm *pNext;            /* Next unixShm with the same unixShmNode */
   u8 hasMutex;               /* True if holding the unixShmNode mutex */
+  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection within its unixShmNode */
   u16 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
   u16 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection within its unixShmNode */
-#endif
 };
 
 /*
@@ -25883,15 +28266,17 @@ static int unixShmSystemLock(
   /* Locks are within range */
   assert( n>=1 && n<SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
 
-  /* Initialize the locking parameters */
-  memset(&f, 0, sizeof(f));
-  f.l_type = lockType;
-  f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
-  f.l_start = ofst;
-  f.l_len = n;
+  if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
+    memset(&f, 0, sizeof(f));
+    f.l_type = lockType;
+    f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+    f.l_start = ofst;
+    f.l_len = n;
 
-  rc = fcntl(pShmNode->h, F_SETLK, &f);
-  rc = (rc!=(-1)) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
+    rc = osFcntl(pShmNode->h, F_SETLK, &f);
+    rc = (rc!=(-1)) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
 
   /* Update the global lock state and do debug tracing */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
@@ -25944,12 +28329,19 @@ static void unixShmPurge(unixFile *pFd){
   if( p && p->nRef==0 ){
     int i;
     assert( p->pInode==pFd->pInode );
-    if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
+    sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
     for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
-      munmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
+      if( p->h>=0 ){
+        munmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_free(p->apRegion[i]);
+      }
     }
     sqlite3_free(p->apRegion);
-    if( p->h>=0 ) close(p->h);
+    if( p->h>=0 ){
+      robust_close(pFd, p->h, __LINE__);
+      p->h = -1;
+    }
     p->pInode->pShmNode = 0;
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
@@ -25983,6 +28375,12 @@ static void unixShmPurge(unixFile *pFd){
 ** When opening a new shared-memory file, if no other instances of that
 ** file are currently open, in this process or in other processes, then
 ** the file must be truncated to zero length or have its header cleared.
+**
+** If the original database file (pDbFd) is using the "unix-excl" VFS
+** that means that an exclusive lock is held on the database file and
+** that no other processes are able to read or write the database.  In
+** that case, we do not really need shared memory.  No shared memory
+** file is created.  The shared memory will be simulated with heap memory.
 */
 static int unixOpenSharedMemory(unixFile *pDbFd){
   struct unixShm *p = 0;          /* The connection to be opened */
@@ -26012,7 +28410,7 @@ static int unixOpenSharedMemory(unixFile *pDbFd){
     ** with the same permissions. The actual permissions the file is created
     ** with are subject to the current umask setting.
     */
-    if( fstat(pDbFd->h, &sStat) ){
+    if( osFstat(pDbFd->h, &sStat) && pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
       rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
       goto shm_open_err;
     }
@@ -26035,6 +28433,7 @@ static int unixOpenSharedMemory(unixFile *pDbFd){
                      (u32)sStat.st_ino, (u32)sStat.st_dev);
 #else
     sqlite3_snprintf(nShmFilename, zShmFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, zShmFilename);
 #endif
     pShmNode->h = -1;
     pDbFd->pInode->pShmNode = pShmNode;
@@ -26045,25 +28444,36 @@ static int unixOpenSharedMemory(unixFile *pDbFd){
       goto shm_open_err;
     }
 
-    pShmNode->h = open(zShmFilename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, (sStat.st_mode & 0777));
-    if( pShmNode->h<0 ){
-      rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
-      goto shm_open_err;
-    }
-
-    /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
-    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
-    */
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    if( unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_WRLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( ftruncate(pShmNode->h, 0) ){
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN;
+    if( pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+      const char *zRO;
+      int openFlags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
+      zRO = sqlite3_uri_parameter(pDbFd->zPath, "readonly_shm");
+      if( zRO && sqlite3GetBoolean(zRO) ){
+        openFlags = O_RDONLY;
+        pShmNode->isReadonly = 1;
       }
+      pShmNode->h = robust_open(zShmFilename, openFlags, (sStat.st_mode&0777));
+      if( pShmNode->h<0 ){
+        if( pShmNode->h<0 ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zShmFilename);
+          goto shm_open_err;
+        }
+      }
+  
+      /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
+      ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
+      */
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_WRLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, 0) ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, "ftruncate", zShmFilename);
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_RDLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1);
+      }
+      if( rc ) goto shm_open_err;
     }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = unixShmSystemLock(pShmNode, F_RDLCK, UNIX_SHM_DMS, 1);
-    }
-    if( rc ) goto shm_open_err;
   }
 
   /* Make the new connection a child of the unixShmNode */
@@ -26137,6 +28547,9 @@ static int unixShmMap(
   pShmNode = p->pShmNode;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
   assert( szRegion==pShmNode->szRegion || pShmNode->nRegion==0 );
+  assert( pShmNode->pInode==pDbFd->pInode );
+  assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
 
   if( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
     char **apNew;                      /* New apRegion[] array */
@@ -26145,27 +28558,30 @@ static int unixShmMap(
 
     pShmNode->szRegion = szRegion;
 
-    /* The requested region is not mapped into this processes address space.
-    ** Check to see if it has been allocated (i.e. if the wal-index file is
-    ** large enough to contain the requested region).
-    */
-    if( fstat(pShmNode->h, &sStat) ){
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
-      goto shmpage_out;
-    }
-
-    if( sStat.st_size<nByte ){
-      /* The requested memory region does not exist. If bExtend is set to
-      ** false, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
-      **
-      ** Alternatively, if bExtend is true, use ftruncate() to allocate
-      ** the requested memory region.
+    if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+      /* The requested region is not mapped into this processes address space.
+      ** Check to see if it has been allocated (i.e. if the wal-index file is
+      ** large enough to contain the requested region).
       */
-      if( !bExtend ) goto shmpage_out;
-      if( ftruncate(pShmNode->h, nByte) ){
+      if( osFstat(pShmNode->h, &sStat) ){
         rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
+  
+      if( sStat.st_size<nByte ){
+        /* The requested memory region does not exist. If bExtend is set to
+        ** false, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
+        **
+        ** Alternatively, if bExtend is true, use ftruncate() to allocate
+        ** the requested memory region.
+        */
+        if( !bExtend ) goto shmpage_out;
+        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, nByte) ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "ftruncate",
+                            pShmNode->zFilename);
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     /* Map the requested memory region into this processes address space. */
@@ -26178,12 +28594,23 @@ static int unixShmMap(
     }
     pShmNode->apRegion = apNew;
     while(pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion){
-      void *pMem = mmap(0, szRegion, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, 
-          MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, iRegion*szRegion
-      );
-      if( pMem==MAP_FAILED ){
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
-        goto shmpage_out;
+      void *pMem;
+      if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
+        pMem = mmap(0, szRegion,
+            pShmNode->isReadonly ? PROT_READ : PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, 
+            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion
+        );
+        if( pMem==MAP_FAILED ){
+          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "mmap", pShmNode->zFilename);
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+      }else{
+        pMem = sqlite3_malloc(szRegion);
+        if( pMem==0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          goto shmpage_out;
+        }
+        memset(pMem, 0, szRegion);
       }
       pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion] = pMem;
       pShmNode->nRegion++;
@@ -26196,6 +28623,7 @@ static int unixShmMap(
   }else{
     *pp = 0;
   }
+  if( pShmNode->isReadonly && rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -26230,6 +28658,8 @@ static int unixShmLock(
        || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
        || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
   assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
+  assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
 
   mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
   assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
@@ -26367,7 +28797,7 @@ static int unixShmUnmap(
   assert( pShmNode->nRef>0 );
   pShmNode->nRef--;
   if( pShmNode->nRef==0 ){
-    if( deleteFlag ) unlink(pShmNode->zFilename);
+    if( deleteFlag && pShmNode->h>=0 ) osUnlink(pShmNode->zFilename);
     unixShmPurge(pDbFd);
   }
   unixLeaveMutex();
@@ -26608,7 +29038,7 @@ static const sqlite3_io_methods *autolockIoFinderImpl(
   lockInfo.l_start = 0;
   lockInfo.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
   lockInfo.l_type = F_RDLCK;
-  if( fcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
+  if( osFcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
     if( strcmp(fsInfo.f_fstypename, "nfs")==0 ){
       return &nfsIoMethods;
     } else {
@@ -26650,7 +29080,7 @@ static const sqlite3_io_methods *autolockIoFinderImpl(
   lockInfo.l_start = 0;
   lockInfo.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
   lockInfo.l_type = F_RDLCK;
-  if( fcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
+  if( osFcntl(pNew->h, F_GETLK, &lockInfo)!=-1 ) {
     return &posixIoMethods;
   }else{
     return &semIoMethods;
@@ -26680,11 +29110,12 @@ typedef const sqlite3_io_methods *(*finder_type)(const char*,unixFile*);
 static int fillInUnixFile(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,      /* Pointer to vfs object */
   int h,                  /* Open file descriptor of file being opened */
-  int dirfd,              /* Directory file descriptor */
+  int syncDir,            /* True to sync directory on first sync */
   sqlite3_file *pId,      /* Write to the unixFile structure here */
   const char *zFilename,  /* Name of the file being opened */
   int noLock,             /* Omit locking if true */
-  int isDelete            /* Delete on close if true */
+  int isDelete,           /* Delete on close if true */
+  int isReadOnly          /* True if the file is opened read-only */
 ){
   const sqlite3_io_methods *pLockingStyle;
   unixFile *pNew = (unixFile *)pId;
@@ -26697,12 +29128,34 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
   */
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(isDelete);
 
+  /* Usually the path zFilename should not be a relative pathname. The
+  ** exception is when opening the proxy "conch" file in builds that
+  ** include the special Apple locking styles.
+  */
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  assert( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]=='/' 
+    || pVfs->pAppData==(void*)&autolockIoFinder );
+#else
+  assert( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]=='/' );
+#endif
+
+  /* No locking occurs in temporary files */
+  assert( zFilename!=0 || noLock );
+
   OSTRACE(("OPEN    %-3d %s\n", h, zFilename));
   pNew->h = h;
-  pNew->dirfd = dirfd;
-  pNew->fileFlags = 0;
-  assert( zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]=='/' );  /* Never a relative pathname */
   pNew->zPath = zFilename;
+  if( memcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl",10)==0 ){
+    pNew->ctrlFlags = UNIXFILE_EXCL;
+  }else{
+    pNew->ctrlFlags = 0;
+  }
+  if( isReadOnly ){
+    pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_RDONLY;
+  }
+  if( syncDir ){
+    pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC;
+  }
 
 #if OS_VXWORKS
   pNew->pId = vxworksFindFileId(zFilename);
@@ -26750,7 +29203,7 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
       ** implicit assumption here is that if fstat() fails, things are in
       ** such bad shape that dropping a lock or two doesn't matter much.
       */
-      close(h);
+      robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
       h = -1;
     }
     unixLeaveMutex();
@@ -26776,7 +29229,7 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
       rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         sqlite3_free(pNew->lockingContext);
-        close(h);
+        robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
         h = -1;
       }
       unixLeaveMutex();        
@@ -26790,6 +29243,7 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
     */
     char *zLockFile;
     int nFilename;
+    assert( zFilename!=0 );
     nFilename = (int)strlen(zFilename) + 6;
     zLockFile = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(nFilename);
     if( zLockFile==0 ){
@@ -26827,16 +29281,15 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
   pNew->lastErrno = 0;
 #if OS_VXWORKS
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( h>=0 ) close(h);
+    if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
     h = -1;
-    unlink(zFilename);
+    osUnlink(zFilename);
     isDelete = 0;
   }
   pNew->isDelete = isDelete;
 #endif
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( dirfd>=0 ) close(dirfd); /* silent leak if fail, already in error */
-    if( h>=0 ) close(h);
+    if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
   }else{
     pNew->pMethod = pLockingStyle;
     OpenCounter(+1);
@@ -26844,37 +29297,6 @@ static int fillInUnixFile(
   return rc;
 }
 
-/*
-** Open a file descriptor to the directory containing file zFilename.
-** If successful, *pFd is set to the opened file descriptor and
-** SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, either SQLITE_NOMEM
-** or SQLITE_CANTOPEN is returned and *pFd is set to an undefined
-** value.
-**
-** If SQLITE_OK is returned, the caller is responsible for closing
-** the file descriptor *pFd using close().
-*/
-static int openDirectory(const char *zFilename, int *pFd){
-  int ii;
-  int fd = -1;
-  char zDirname[MAX_PATHNAME+1];
-
-  sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATHNAME, zDirname, "%s", zFilename);
-  for(ii=(int)strlen(zDirname); ii>1 && zDirname[ii]!='/'; ii--);
-  if( ii>0 ){
-    zDirname[ii] = '\0';
-    fd = open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
-    if( fd>=0 ){
-#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-      fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
-#endif
-      OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
-    }
-  }
-  *pFd = fd;
-  return (fd>=0?SQLITE_OK:SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT);
-}
-
 /*
 ** Return the name of a directory in which to put temporary files.
 ** If no suitable temporary file directory can be found, return NULL.
@@ -26896,9 +29318,9 @@ static const char *unixTempFileDir(void){
   if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
   for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
     if( zDir==0 ) continue;
-    if( stat(zDir, &buf) ) continue;
+    if( osStat(zDir, &buf) ) continue;
     if( !S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode) ) continue;
-    if( access(zDir, 07) ) continue;
+    if( osAccess(zDir, 07) ) continue;
     break;
   }
   return zDir;
@@ -26941,7 +29363,7 @@ static int unixGetTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
       zBuf[j] = (char)zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
     }
     zBuf[j] = 0;
-  }while( access(zBuf,0)==0 );
+  }while( osAccess(zBuf,0)==0 );
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -26989,7 +29411,7 @@ static UnixUnusedFd *findReusableFd(const char *zPath, int flags){
   **
   ** Even if a subsequent open() call does succeed, the consequences of
   ** not searching for a resusable file descriptor are not dire.  */
-  if( 0==stat(zPath, &sStat) ){
+  if( 0==osStat(zPath, &sStat) ){
     unixInodeInfo *pInode;
 
     unixEnterMutex();
@@ -27029,6 +29451,11 @@ static UnixUnusedFd *findReusableFd(const char *zPath, int flags){
 ** corresponding database file and sets *pMode to this value. Whenever 
 ** possible, WAL and journal files are created using the same permissions 
 ** as the associated database file.
+**
+** If the SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES option is enabled, then the
+** original filename is unavailable.  But 8_3_NAMES is only used for
+** FAT filesystems and permissions do not matter there, so just use
+** the default permissions.
 */
 static int findCreateFileMode(
   const char *zPath,              /* Path of file (possibly) being created */
@@ -27036,23 +29463,45 @@ static int findCreateFileMode(
   mode_t *pMode                   /* OUT: Permissions to open file with */
 ){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  *pMode = SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
   if( flags & (SQLITE_OPEN_WAL|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL) ){
     char zDb[MAX_PATHNAME+1];     /* Database file path */
     int nDb;                      /* Number of valid bytes in zDb */
     struct stat sStat;            /* Output of stat() on database file */
 
-    nDb = sqlite3Strlen30(zPath) - ((flags & SQLITE_OPEN_WAL) ? 4 : 8);
+    /* zPath is a path to a WAL or journal file. The following block derives
+    ** the path to the associated database file from zPath. This block handles
+    ** the following naming conventions:
+    **
+    **   "<path to db>-journal"
+    **   "<path to db>-wal"
+    **   "<path to db>-journalNN"
+    **   "<path to db>-walNN"
+    **
+    ** where NN is a decimal number. The NN naming schemes are 
+    ** used by the test_multiplex.c module.
+    */
+    nDb = sqlite3Strlen30(zPath) - 1; 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_8_3_NAMES
+    while( nDb>0 && !sqlite3Isalnum(zPath[nDb]) ) nDb--;
+    if( nDb==0 || zPath[nDb]!='-' ) return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+    while( zPath[nDb]!='-' ){
+      assert( nDb>0 );
+      assert( zPath[nDb]!='\n' );
+      nDb--;
+    }
+#endif
     memcpy(zDb, zPath, nDb);
     zDb[nDb] = '\0';
-    if( 0==stat(zDb, &sStat) ){
+
+    if( 0==osStat(zDb, &sStat) ){
       *pMode = sStat.st_mode & 0777;
     }else{
       rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
     }
   }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE ){
     *pMode = 0600;
-  }else{
-    *pMode = SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -27088,7 +29537,6 @@ static int unixOpen(
 ){
   unixFile *p = (unixFile *)pFile;
   int fd = -1;                   /* File descriptor returned by open() */
-  int dirfd = -1;                /* Directory file descriptor */
   int openFlags = 0;             /* Flags to pass to open() */
   int eType = flags&0xFFFFFF00;  /* Type of file to open */
   int noLock;                    /* True to omit locking primitives */
@@ -27102,12 +29550,15 @@ static int unixOpen(
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   int isAutoProxy  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY);
 #endif
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  struct statfs fsInfo;
+#endif
 
   /* If creating a master or main-file journal, this function will open
   ** a file-descriptor on the directory too. The first time unixSync()
   ** is called the directory file descriptor will be fsync()ed and close()d.
   */
-  int isOpenDirectory = (isCreate && (
+  int syncDir = (isCreate && (
         eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
@@ -27161,7 +29612,7 @@ static int unixOpen(
     p->pUnused = pUnused;
   }else if( !zName ){
     /* If zName is NULL, the upper layer is requesting a temp file. */
-    assert(isDelete && !isOpenDirectory);
+    assert(isDelete && !syncDir);
     rc = unixGetTempname(MAX_PATHNAME+1, zTmpname);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
@@ -27187,7 +29638,7 @@ static int unixOpen(
       assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
       return rc;
     }
-    fd = open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
+    fd = robust_open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
     OSTRACE(("OPENX   %-3d %s 0%o\n", fd, zName, openFlags));
     if( fd<0 && errno!=EISDIR && isReadWrite && !isExclusive ){
       /* Failed to open the file for read/write access. Try read-only. */
@@ -27195,10 +29646,11 @@ static int unixOpen(
       openFlags &= ~(O_RDWR|O_CREAT);
       flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
       openFlags |= O_RDONLY;
-      fd = open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
+      isReadonly = 1;
+      fd = robust_open(zName, openFlags, openMode);
     }
     if( fd<0 ){
-      rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "open", zName);
       goto open_finished;
     }
   }
@@ -27216,7 +29668,7 @@ static int unixOpen(
 #if OS_VXWORKS
     zPath = zName;
 #else
-    unlink(zName);
+    osUnlink(zName);
 #endif
   }
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
@@ -27225,32 +29677,17 @@ static int unixOpen(
   }
 #endif
 
-  if( isOpenDirectory ){
-    rc = openDirectory(zPath, &dirfd);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* It is safe to close fd at this point, because it is guaranteed not
-      ** to be open on a database file. If it were open on a database file,
-      ** it would not be safe to close as this would release any locks held
-      ** on the file by this process.  */
-      assert( eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
-      close(fd);             /* silently leak if fail, already in error */
-      goto open_finished;
-    }
-  }
-
 #ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-  fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+  osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
 #endif
 
   noLock = eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
 
   
 #if defined(__APPLE__) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
-  struct statfs fsInfo;
   if( fstatfs(fd, &fsInfo) == -1 ){
     ((unixFile*)pFile)->lastErrno = errno;
-    if( dirfd>=0 ) close(dirfd); /* silently leak if fail, in error */
-    close(fd); /* silently leak if fail, in error */
+    robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
     return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
   }
   if (0 == strncmp("msdos", fsInfo.f_fstypename, 5)) {
@@ -27271,7 +29708,6 @@ static int unixOpen(
     if( envforce!=NULL ){
       useProxy = atoi(envforce)>0;
     }else{
-      struct statfs fsInfo;
       if( statfs(zPath, &fsInfo) == -1 ){
         /* In theory, the close(fd) call is sub-optimal. If the file opened
         ** with fd is a database file, and there are other connections open
@@ -27281,17 +29717,15 @@ static int unixOpen(
         ** not while other file descriptors opened by the same process on
         ** the same file are working.  */
         p->lastErrno = errno;
-        if( dirfd>=0 ){
-          close(dirfd); /* silently leak if fail, in error */
-        }
-        close(fd); /* silently leak if fail, in error */
+        robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
         rc = SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
         goto open_finished;
       }
       useProxy = !(fsInfo.f_flags&MNT_LOCAL);
     }
     if( useProxy ){
-      rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, dirfd, pFile, zPath, noLock, isDelete);
+      rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, syncDir, pFile, zPath, noLock,
+                          isDelete, isReadonly);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = proxyTransformUnixFile((unixFile*)pFile, ":auto:");
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -27308,7 +29742,8 @@ static int unixOpen(
   }
 #endif
   
-  rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, dirfd, pFile, zPath, noLock, isDelete);
+  rc = fillInUnixFile(pVfs, fd, syncDir, pFile, zPath, noLock,
+                      isDelete, isReadonly);
 open_finished:
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_free(p->pUnused);
@@ -27329,13 +29764,13 @@ static int unixDelete(
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
-  if( unlink(zPath)==(-1) && errno!=ENOENT ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
+  if( osUnlink(zPath)==(-1) && errno!=ENOENT ){
+    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
   if( dirSync ){
     int fd;
-    rc = openDirectory(zPath, &fd);
+    rc = osOpenDirectory(zPath, &fd);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
 #if OS_VXWORKS
       if( fsync(fd)==-1 )
@@ -27343,11 +29778,11 @@ static int unixDelete(
       if( fsync(fd) )
 #endif
       {
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC;
-      }
-      if( close(fd)&&!rc ){
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE;
+        rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC, "fsync", zPath);
       }
+      robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -27387,10 +29822,10 @@ static int unixAccess(
     default:
       assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
   }
-  *pResOut = (access(zPath, amode)==0);
+  *pResOut = (osAccess(zPath, amode)==0);
   if( flags==SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS && *pResOut ){
     struct stat buf;
-    if( 0==stat(zPath, &buf) && buf.st_size==0 ){
+    if( 0==osStat(zPath, &buf) && buf.st_size==0 ){
       *pResOut = 0;
     }
   }
@@ -27429,8 +29864,8 @@ static int unixFullPathname(
     sqlite3_snprintf(nOut, zOut, "%s", zPath);
   }else{
     int nCwd;
-    if( getcwd(zOut, nOut-1)==0 ){
-      return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    if( osGetcwd(zOut, nOut-1)==0 ){
+      return unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "getcwd", zPath);
     }
     nCwd = (int)strlen(zOut);
     sqlite3_snprintf(nOut-nCwd, &zOut[nCwd], "/%s", zPath);
@@ -27458,7 +29893,7 @@ static void *unixDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, const char *zFilename){
 ** error message.
 */
 static void unixDlError(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
-  char *zErr;
+  const char *zErr;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   unixEnterMutex();
   zErr = dlerror();
@@ -27524,7 +29959,7 @@ static int unixRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
 #if !defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   {
     int pid, fd;
-    fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+    fd = robust_open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY, 0);
     if( fd<0 ){
       time_t t;
       time(&t);
@@ -27534,8 +29969,8 @@ static int unixRandomness(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
       assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(pid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
       nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(pid);
     }else{
-      nBuf = read(fd, zBuf, nBuf);
-      close(fd);
+      do{ nBuf = osRead(fd, zBuf, nBuf); }while( nBuf<0 && errno==EINTR );
+      robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -27588,22 +30023,27 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;  /* Fake system time in seconds since 1
 ** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
 ** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
 **
-** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date 
+** cannot be found.
 */
 static int unixCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
   static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 #if defined(NO_GETTOD)
   time_t t;
   time(&t);
-  *piNow = ((sqlite3_int64)i)*1000 + unixEpoch;
+  *piNow = ((sqlite3_int64)t)*1000 + unixEpoch;
 #elif OS_VXWORKS
   struct timespec sNow;
   clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &sNow);
   *piNow = unixEpoch + 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sNow.tv_sec + sNow.tv_nsec/1000000;
 #else
   struct timeval sNow;
-  gettimeofday(&sNow, 0);
-  *piNow = unixEpoch + 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sNow.tv_sec + sNow.tv_usec/1000;
+  if( gettimeofday(&sNow, 0)==0 ){
+    *piNow = unixEpoch + 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sNow.tv_sec + sNow.tv_usec/1000;
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
@@ -27612,7 +30052,7 @@ static int unixCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
   }
 #endif
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
-  return 0;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -27621,11 +30061,12 @@ static int unixCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
 ** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
 */
 static int unixCurrentTime(sqlite3_vfs *NotUsed, double *prNow){
-  sqlite3_int64 i;
+  sqlite3_int64 i = 0;
+  int rc;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
-  unixCurrentTimeInt64(0, &i);
+  rc = unixCurrentTimeInt64(0, &i);
   *prNow = i/86400000.0;
-  return 0;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -27909,7 +30350,6 @@ static int proxyCreateUnixFile(
     int islockfile           /* if non zero missing dirs will be created */
 ) {
   int fd = -1;
-  int dirfd = -1;
   unixFile *pNew;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int openFlags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
@@ -27933,17 +30373,17 @@ static int proxyCreateUnixFile(
     }
   }
   if( fd<0 ){
-    fd = open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+    fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
     terrno = errno;
     if( fd<0 && errno==ENOENT && islockfile ){
       if( proxyCreateLockPath(path) == SQLITE_OK ){
-        fd = open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+        fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
       }
     }
   }
   if( fd<0 ){
     openFlags = O_RDONLY;
-    fd = open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+    fd = robust_open(path, openFlags, SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
     terrno = errno;
   }
   if( fd<0 ){
@@ -27967,18 +30407,20 @@ static int proxyCreateUnixFile(
   }
   memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
   pNew->openFlags = openFlags;
+  memset(&dummyVfs, 0, sizeof(dummyVfs));
   dummyVfs.pAppData = (void*)&autolockIoFinder;
+  dummyVfs.zName = "dummy";
   pUnused->fd = fd;
   pUnused->flags = openFlags;
   pNew->pUnused = pUnused;
   
-  rc = fillInUnixFile(&dummyVfs, fd, dirfd, (sqlite3_file*)pNew, path, 0, 0);
+  rc = fillInUnixFile(&dummyVfs, fd, 0, (sqlite3_file*)pNew, path, 0, 0, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     *ppFile = pNew;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 end_create_proxy:    
-  close(fd); /* silently leak fd if error, we're already in error */
+  robust_close(pNew, fd, __LINE__);
   sqlite3_free(pNew);
   sqlite3_free(pUnused);
   return rc;
@@ -27998,17 +30440,23 @@ extern int gethostuuid(uuid_t id, const struct timespec *wait);
 ** bytes of writable memory.
 */
 static int proxyGetHostID(unsigned char *pHostID, int *pError){
-  struct timespec timeout = {1, 0}; /* 1 sec timeout */
-  
   assert(PROXY_HOSTIDLEN == sizeof(uuid_t));
   memset(pHostID, 0, PROXY_HOSTIDLEN);
-  if( gethostuuid(pHostID, &timeout) ){
-    int err = errno;
-    if( pError ){
-      *pError = err;
+#if defined(__MAX_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)\
+               && __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED<1050
+  {
+    static const struct timespec timeout = {1, 0}; /* 1 sec timeout */
+    if( gethostuuid(pHostID, &timeout) ){
+      int err = errno;
+      if( pError ){
+        *pError = err;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_IOERR;
     }
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
   }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pError);
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   /* simulate multiple hosts by creating unique hostid file paths */
   if( sqlite3_hostid_num != 0){
@@ -28049,40 +30497,41 @@ static int proxyBreakConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID){
   pathLen = strlcpy(tPath, cPath, MAXPATHLEN);
   if( pathLen>MAXPATHLEN || pathLen<6 || 
      (strlcpy(&tPath[pathLen-5], "break", 6) != 5) ){
-    sprintf(errmsg, "path error (len %d)", (int)pathLen);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg),errmsg,"path error (len %d)",(int)pathLen);
     goto end_breaklock;
   }
   /* read the conch content */
-  readLen = pread(conchFile->h, buf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
+  readLen = osPread(conchFile->h, buf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
   if( readLen<PROXY_PATHINDEX ){
-    sprintf(errmsg, "read error (len %d)", (int)readLen);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg),errmsg,"read error (len %d)",(int)readLen);
     goto end_breaklock;
   }
   /* write it out to the temporary break file */
-  fd = open(tPath, (O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL), SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
+  fd = robust_open(tPath, (O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL),
+                   SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
   if( fd<0 ){
-    sprintf(errmsg, "create failed (%d)", errno);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "create failed (%d)", errno);
     goto end_breaklock;
   }
-  if( pwrite(fd, buf, readLen, 0) != (ssize_t)readLen ){
-    sprintf(errmsg, "write failed (%d)", errno);
+  if( osPwrite(fd, buf, readLen, 0) != (ssize_t)readLen ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "write failed (%d)", errno);
     goto end_breaklock;
   }
   if( rename(tPath, cPath) ){
-    sprintf(errmsg, "rename failed (%d)", errno);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(errmsg), errmsg, "rename failed (%d)", errno);
     goto end_breaklock;
   }
   rc = 0;
   fprintf(stderr, "broke stale lock on %s\n", cPath);
-  close(conchFile->h);
+  robust_close(pFile, conchFile->h, __LINE__);
   conchFile->h = fd;
   conchFile->openFlags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
 
 end_breaklock:
   if( rc ){
     if( fd>=0 ){
-      unlink(tPath);
-      close(fd);
+      osUnlink(tPath);
+      robust_close(pFile, fd, __LINE__);
     }
     fprintf(stderr, "failed to break stale lock on %s, %s\n", cPath, errmsg);
   }
@@ -28099,6 +30548,7 @@ static int proxyConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID, int lockType){
   int nTries = 0;
   struct timespec conchModTime;
   
+  memset(&conchModTime, 0, sizeof(conchModTime));
   do {
     rc = conchFile->pMethod->xLock((sqlite3_file*)conchFile, lockType);
     nTries ++;
@@ -28110,7 +30560,7 @@ static int proxyConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID, int lockType){
        * 3rd try: break the lock unless the mod time has changed.
        */
       struct stat buf;
-      if( fstat(conchFile->h, &buf) ){
+      if( osFstat(conchFile->h, &buf) ){
         pFile->lastErrno = errno;
         return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
       }
@@ -28129,7 +30579,7 @@ static int proxyConchLock(unixFile *pFile, uuid_t myHostID, int lockType){
       
       if( nTries==2 ){  
         char tBuf[PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN];
-        int len = pread(conchFile->h, tBuf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
+        int len = osPread(conchFile->h, tBuf, PROXY_MAXCONCHLEN, 0);
         if( len<0 ){
           pFile->lastErrno = errno;
           return SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
@@ -28291,7 +30741,7 @@ static int proxyTakeConch(unixFile *pFile){
           strlcpy(&writeBuffer[PROXY_PATHINDEX], tempLockPath, MAXPATHLEN);
         }
         writeSize = PROXY_PATHINDEX + strlen(&writeBuffer[PROXY_PATHINDEX]);
-        ftruncate(conchFile->h, writeSize);
+        robust_ftruncate(conchFile->h, writeSize);
         rc = unixWrite((sqlite3_file *)conchFile, writeBuffer, writeSize, 0);
         fsync(conchFile->h);
         /* If we created a new conch file (not just updated the contents of a 
@@ -28299,15 +30749,18 @@ static int proxyTakeConch(unixFile *pFile){
          */
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK && createConch ){
           struct stat buf;
-          int err = fstat(pFile->h, &buf);
+          int err = osFstat(pFile->h, &buf);
           if( err==0 ){
             mode_t cmode = buf.st_mode&(S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP |
                                         S_IROTH|S_IWOTH);
             /* try to match the database file R/W permissions, ignore failure */
 #ifndef SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
-            fchmod(conchFile->h, cmode);
+            osFchmod(conchFile->h, cmode);
 #else
-            if( fchmod(conchFile->h, cmode)!=0 ){
+            do{
+              rc = osFchmod(conchFile->h, cmode);
+            }while( rc==(-1) && errno==EINTR );
+            if( rc!=0 ){
               int code = errno;
               fprintf(stderr, "fchmod %o FAILED with %d %s\n",
                       cmode, code, strerror(code));
@@ -28327,18 +30780,12 @@ static int proxyTakeConch(unixFile *pFile){
     end_takeconch:
       OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY: CLOSE  %d\n", pFile->h));
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pFile->openFlags ){
+        int fd;
         if( pFile->h>=0 ){
-#ifdef STRICT_CLOSE_ERROR
-          if( close(pFile->h) ){
-            pFile->lastErrno = errno;
-            return SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE;
-          }
-#else
-          close(pFile->h); /* silently leak fd if fail */
-#endif
+          robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
         }
         pFile->h = -1;
-        int fd = open(pCtx->dbPath, pFile->openFlags,
+        fd = robust_open(pCtx->dbPath, pFile->openFlags,
                       SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS);
         OSTRACE(("TRANSPROXY: OPEN  %d\n", fd));
         if( fd>=0 ){
@@ -28564,7 +31011,7 @@ static int proxyTransformUnixFile(unixFile *pFile, const char *path) {
       struct stat conchInfo;
       int goLockless = 0;
 
-      if( stat(pCtx->conchFilePath, &conchInfo) == -1 ) {
+      if( osStat(pCtx->conchFilePath, &conchInfo) == -1 ) {
         int err = errno;
         if( (err==ENOENT) && (statfs(dbPath, &fsInfo) != -1) ){
           goLockless = (fsInfo.f_flags&MNT_RDONLY) == MNT_RDONLY;
@@ -28849,7 +31296,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
   ** that filesystem time.
   */
   #define UNIXVFS(VFSNAME, FINDER) {                        \
-    2,                    /* iVersion */                    \
+    3,                    /* iVersion */                    \
     sizeof(unixFile),     /* szOsFile */                    \
     MAX_PATHNAME,         /* mxPathname */                  \
     0,                    /* pNext */                       \
@@ -28868,6 +31315,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
     unixCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */                \
     unixGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */               \
     unixCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */           \
+    unixSetSystemCall,    /* xSetSystemCall */              \
+    unixGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */              \
+    unixNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */             \
   }
 
   /*
@@ -28885,6 +31335,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
 #endif
     UNIXVFS("unix-none",     nolockIoFinder ),
     UNIXVFS("unix-dotfile",  dotlockIoFinder ),
+    UNIXVFS("unix-excl",     posixIoFinder ),
 #if OS_VXWORKS
     UNIXVFS("unix-namedsem", semIoFinder ),
 #endif
@@ -28902,6 +31353,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
   };
   unsigned int i;          /* Loop counter */
 
+  /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
+  ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==18 );
+
   /* Register all VFSes defined in the aVfs[] array */
   for(i=0; i<(sizeof(aVfs)/sizeof(sqlite3_vfs)); i++){
     sqlite3_vfs_register(&aVfs[i], i==0);
@@ -29016,11 +31471,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
 # error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
 #endif
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OSTrace = 0;
-#define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
+#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
+# endif
+  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
+# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
 #else
-#define OSTRACE(X)
+# define OSTRACE(X)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -29232,8 +31690,9 @@ struct winFile {
   const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod; /*** Must be first ***/
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;      /* The VFS used to open this file */
   HANDLE h;               /* Handle for accessing the file */
-  unsigned char locktype; /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
+  u8 locktype;            /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
   short sharedLockByte;   /* Randomly chosen byte used as a shared lock */
+  u8 bPersistWal;         /* True to persist WAL files */
   DWORD lastErrno;        /* The Windows errno from the last I/O error */
   DWORD sectorSize;       /* Sector size of the device file is on */
   winShm *pShm;           /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
@@ -29248,6 +31707,77 @@ struct winFile {
 #endif
 };
 
+/*
+ * If compiled with SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC on Windows, we will use the
+ * various Win32 API heap functions instead of our own.
+ */
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+/*
+ * The initial size of the Win32-specific heap.  This value may be zero.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE ((SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE) * \
+                                       (SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE) + 4194304)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The maximum size of the Win32-specific heap.  This value may be zero.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE  (0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The extra flags to use in calls to the Win32 heap APIs.  This value may be
+ * zero for the default behavior.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS     (0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The winMemData structure stores information required by the Win32-specific
+** sqlite3_mem_methods implementation.
+*/
+typedef struct winMemData winMemData;
+struct winMemData {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  u32 magic;    /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
+#endif
+  HANDLE hHeap; /* The handle to our heap. */
+  BOOL bOwned;  /* Do we own the heap (i.e. destroy it on shutdown)? */
+};
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define WINMEM_MAGIC     0x42b2830b
+#endif
+
+static struct winMemData win_mem_data = {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  WINMEM_MAGIC,
+#endif
+  NULL, FALSE
+};
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define winMemAssertMagic() assert( win_mem_data.magic==WINMEM_MAGIC )
+#else
+#define winMemAssertMagic()
+#endif
+
+#define winMemGetHeap() win_mem_data.hHeap
+
+static void *winMemMalloc(int nBytes);
+static void winMemFree(void *pPrior);
+static void *winMemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes);
+static int winMemSize(void *p);
+static int winMemRoundup(int n);
+static int winMemInit(void *pAppData);
+static void winMemShutdown(void *pAppData);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetWin32(void);
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
+
 /*
 ** Forward prototypes.
 */
@@ -29299,6 +31829,188 @@ static int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+/*
+** Allocate nBytes of memory.
+*/
+static void *winMemMalloc(int nBytes){
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+  void *p;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+  assert ( HeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+  assert( nBytes>=0 );
+  p = HeapAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
+  if( !p ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapAlloc %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+        nBytes, GetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free memory.
+*/
+static void winMemFree(void *pPrior){
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+  assert ( HeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#endif
+  if( !pPrior ) return; /* Passing NULL to HeapFree is undefined. */
+  if( !HeapFree(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapFree block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+        pPrior, GetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
+*/
+static void *winMemRealloc(void *pPrior, int nBytes){
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+  void *p;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+  assert ( HeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#endif
+  assert( nBytes>=0 );
+  if( !pPrior ){
+    p = HeapAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
+  }else{
+    p = HeapReAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
+  }
+  if( !p ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to %s %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+        pPrior ? "HeapReAlloc" : "HeapAlloc", nBytes, GetLastError(),
+        (void*)hHeap);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the size of an outstanding allocation, in bytes.
+*/
+static int winMemSize(void *p){
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+  SIZE_T n;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+  assert ( HeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+  if( !p ) return 0;
+  n = HeapSize(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, p);
+  if( n==(SIZE_T)-1 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapSize block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+        p, GetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return (int)n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Round up a request size to the next valid allocation size.
+*/
+static int winMemRoundup(int n){
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize this module.
+*/
+static int winMemInit(void *pAppData){
+  winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
+
+  if( !pWinMemData ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic==WINMEM_MAGIC );
+  if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    pWinMemData->hHeap = HeapCreate(SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS,
+                                    SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE,
+                                    SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+    if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
+          "failed to HeapCreate (%d), flags=%u, initSize=%u, maxSize=%u",
+          GetLastError(), SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE,
+          SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pWinMemData->bOwned = TRUE;
+  }
+  assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+  assert( HeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deinitialize this module.
+*/
+static void winMemShutdown(void *pAppData){
+  winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
+
+  if( !pWinMemData ) return;
+  if( pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+    assert( HeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+    if( pWinMemData->bOwned ){
+      if( !HeapDestroy(pWinMemData->hHeap) ){
+        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapDestroy (%d), heap=%p",
+            GetLastError(), (void*)pWinMemData->hHeap);
+      }
+      pWinMemData->bOwned = FALSE;
+    }
+    pWinMemData->hHeap = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Populate the low-level memory allocation function pointers in
+** sqlite3GlobalConfig.m with pointers to the routines in this file. The
+** arguments specify the block of memory to manage.
+**
+** This routine is only called by sqlite3_config(), and therefore
+** is not required to be threadsafe (it is not).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_mem_methods *sqlite3MemGetWin32(void){
+  static const sqlite3_mem_methods winMemMethods = {
+    winMemMalloc,
+    winMemFree,
+    winMemRealloc,
+    winMemSize,
+    winMemRoundup,
+    winMemInit,
+    winMemShutdown,
+    &win_mem_data
+  };
+  return &winMemMethods;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void){
+  sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC, sqlite3MemGetWin32());
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
+
 /*
 ** Convert a UTF-8 string to microsoft unicode (UTF-16?). 
 **
@@ -29415,7 +32127,7 @@ SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(const char *zFilename){
 ** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the 
 ** returned string is obtained from malloc().
 */
-static char *utf8ToMbcs(const char *zFilename){
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(const char *zFilename){
   char *zFilenameMbcs;
   WCHAR *zTmpWide;
 
@@ -29428,6 +32140,157 @@ static char *utf8ToMbcs(const char *zFilename){
   return zFilenameMbcs;
 }
 
+
+/*
+** The return value of getLastErrorMsg
+** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
+** otherwise (if the message was truncated).
+*/
+static int getLastErrorMsg(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  /* FormatMessage returns 0 on failure.  Otherwise it
+  ** returns the number of TCHARs written to the output
+  ** buffer, excluding the terminating null char.
+  */
+  DWORD error = GetLastError();
+  DWORD dwLen = 0;
+  char *zOut = 0;
+
+  if( isNT() ){
+    WCHAR *zTempWide = NULL;
+    dwLen = FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                           NULL,
+                           error,
+                           0,
+                           (LPWSTR) &zTempWide,
+                           0,
+                           0);
+    if( dwLen > 0 ){
+      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
+      zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
+      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
+      LocalFree(zTempWide);
+    }
+/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
+** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
+** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    char *zTemp = NULL;
+    dwLen = FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                           NULL,
+                           error,
+                           0,
+                           (LPSTR) &zTemp,
+                           0,
+                           0);
+    if( dwLen > 0 ){
+      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
+      zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
+      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
+      LocalFree(zTemp);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  if( 0 == dwLen ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%x (%u)", error, error);
+  }else{
+    /* copy a maximum of nBuf chars to output buffer */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "%s", zOut);
+    /* free the UTF8 buffer */
+    free(zOut);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+**
+** This function - winLogErrorAtLine() - is only ever called via the macro
+** winLogError().
+**
+** This routine is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function.
+** It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
+** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from 
+** FormatMessage.
+**
+** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
+** failed and the the associated file-system path, if any.
+*/
+#define winLogError(a,b,c)     winLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
+static int winLogErrorAtLine(
+  int errcode,                    /* SQLite error code */
+  const char *zFunc,              /* Name of OS function that failed */
+  const char *zPath,              /* File path associated with error */
+  int iLine                       /* Source line number where error occurred */
+){
+  char zMsg[500];                 /* Human readable error text */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  DWORD iErrno = GetLastError();  /* Error code */
+
+  zMsg[0] = 0;
+  getLastErrorMsg(sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
+  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
+  if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
+  for(i=0; zMsg[i] && zMsg[i]!='\r' && zMsg[i]!='\n'; i++){}
+  zMsg[i] = 0;
+  sqlite3_log(errcode,
+      "os_win.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      iLine, iErrno, zFunc, zPath, zMsg
+  );
+
+  return errcode;
+}
+
+/*
+** The number of times that a ReadFile(), WriteFile(), and DeleteFile()
+** will be retried following a locking error - probably caused by 
+** antivirus software.  Also the initial delay before the first retry.
+** The delay increases linearly with each retry.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY
+# define SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY 10
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY
+# define SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY 25
+#endif
+static int win32IoerrRetry = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY;
+static int win32IoerrRetryDelay = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY;
+
+/*
+** If a ReadFile() or WriteFile() error occurs, invoke this routine
+** to see if it should be retried.  Return TRUE to retry.  Return FALSE
+** to give up with an error.
+*/
+static int retryIoerr(int *pnRetry){
+  DWORD e;
+  if( *pnRetry>=win32IoerrRetry ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  e = GetLastError();
+  if( e==ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED ||
+      e==ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION ||
+      e==ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION ){
+    Sleep(win32IoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
+    ++*pnRetry;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Log a I/O error retry episode.
+*/
+static void logIoerr(int nRetry){
+  if( nRetry ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_IOERR, 
+      "delayed %dms for lock/sharing conflict",
+      win32IoerrRetryDelay*nRetry*(nRetry+1)/2
+    );
+  }
+}
+
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
 /*************************************************************************
 ** This section contains code for WinCE only.
@@ -29436,6 +32299,7 @@ static char *utf8ToMbcs(const char *zFilename){
 ** WindowsCE does not have a localtime() function.  So create a
 ** substitute.
 */
+/* #include <time.h> */
 struct tm *__cdecl localtime(const time_t *t)
 {
   static struct tm y;
@@ -29504,6 +32368,7 @@ static BOOL winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
   pFile->hMutex = CreateMutexW(NULL, FALSE, zName);
   if (!pFile->hMutex){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
     free(zName);
     return FALSE;
   }
@@ -29535,6 +32400,7 @@ static BOOL winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
     /* If mapping failed, close the shared memory handle and erase it */
     if (!pFile->shared){
       pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+      winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
       CloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
       pFile->hShared = NULL;
     }
@@ -29780,6 +32646,7 @@ static int seekWinFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
   dwRet = SetFilePointer(pFile->h, lowerBits, &upperBits, FILE_BEGIN);
   if( (dwRet==INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER && GetLastError()!=NO_ERROR) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, "seekWinFile", pFile->zPath);
     return 1;
   }
 
@@ -29825,7 +32692,8 @@ static int winClose(sqlite3_file *id){
 #endif
   OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d %s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
   OpenCounter(-1);
-  return rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
+  return rc ? SQLITE_OK
+            : winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, "winClose", pFile->zPath);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -29841,6 +32709,7 @@ static int winRead(
 ){
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* file handle */
   DWORD nRead;                    /* Number of bytes actually read from file */
+  int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retrys */
 
   assert( id!=0 );
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_READ);
@@ -29849,10 +32718,12 @@ static int winRead(
   if( seekWinFile(pFile, offset) ){
     return SQLITE_FULL;
   }
-  if( !ReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, 0) ){
+  while( !ReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, 0) ){
+    if( retryIoerr(&nRetry) ) continue;
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_READ, "winRead", pFile->zPath);
   }
+  logIoerr(nRetry);
   if( nRead<(DWORD)amt ){
     /* Unread parts of the buffer must be zero-filled */
     memset(&((char*)pBuf)[nRead], 0, amt-nRead);
@@ -29874,6 +32745,7 @@ static int winWrite(
 ){
   int rc;                         /* True if error has occured, else false */
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle */
+  int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retries */
 
   assert( amt>0 );
   assert( pFile );
@@ -29888,7 +32760,12 @@ static int winWrite(
     int nRem = amt;               /* Number of bytes yet to be written */
     DWORD nWrite;                 /* Bytes written by each WriteFile() call */
 
-    while( nRem>0 && WriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, 0) && nWrite>0 ){
+    while( nRem>0 ){
+      if( !WriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, 0) ){
+        if( retryIoerr(&nRetry) ) continue;
+        break;
+      }
+      if( nWrite<=0 ) break;
       aRem += nWrite;
       nRem -= nWrite;
     }
@@ -29899,10 +32776,13 @@ static int winWrite(
   }
 
   if( rc ){
-    if( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL ){
+    if(   ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL )
+       || ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_DISK_FULL )){
       return SQLITE_FULL;
     }
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE, "winWrite", pFile->zPath);
+  }else{
+    logIoerr(nRetry);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -29924,16 +32804,16 @@ static int winTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
   ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
   ** size).
   */
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+  if( pFile->szChunk>0 ){
     nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
   }
 
   /* SetEndOfFile() returns non-zero when successful, or zero when it fails. */
   if( seekWinFile(pFile, nByte) ){
-    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
   }else if( 0==SetEndOfFile(pFile->h) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
-    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
   }
 
   OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld %s\n", pFile->h, nByte, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
@@ -29953,7 +32833,18 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
 ** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
 */
 static int winSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) || !defined(SQLITE_NO_SYNC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#ifndef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  /*
+  ** Used only when SQLITE_NO_SYNC is not defined.
+   */
+  BOOL rc;
+#endif
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || !defined(SQLITE_NO_SYNC) || \
+    (defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG))
+  /*
+  ** Used when SQLITE_NO_SYNC is not defined and by the assert() and/or
+  ** OSTRACE() macros.
+   */
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
@@ -29967,32 +32858,33 @@ static int winSync(sqlite3_file *id, int flags){
 
   OSTRACE(("SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
 
+  /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
+  ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
+  */
+  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_TEST
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(flags);
 #else
-  if( flags & SQLITE_SYNC_FULL ){
+  if( (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL ){
     sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
   }
   sqlite3_sync_count++;
 #endif
 
-  /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
-  ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
-  */
-  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR; );
-
   /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
   ** no-op
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #else
-  if( FlushFileBuffers(pFile->h) ){
+  rc = FlushFileBuffers(pFile->h);
+  SimulateIOError( rc=FALSE );
+  if( rc ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, "winSync", pFile->zPath);
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -30013,7 +32905,7 @@ static int winFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize){
      && ((error = GetLastError()) != NO_ERROR) )
   {
     pFile->lastErrno = error;
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
   }
   *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -30052,6 +32944,7 @@ static int getReadLock(winFile *pFile){
   }
   if( res == 0 ){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    /* No need to log a failure to lock */
   }
   return res;
 }
@@ -30070,8 +32963,9 @@ static int unlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
     res = UnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST + pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
 #endif
   }
-  if( res == 0 ){
+  if( res==0 && GetLastError()!=ERROR_NOT_LOCKED ){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, "unlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
   }
   return res;
 }
@@ -30272,7 +33166,7 @@ static int winUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int locktype){
     if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !getReadLock(pFile) ){
       /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
       ** reacquire the read lock */
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
     }
   }
   if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
@@ -30292,28 +33186,64 @@ static int winUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int locktype){
 ** Control and query of the open file handle.
 */
 static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
+  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
   switch( op ){
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
-      *(int*)pArg = ((winFile*)id)->locktype;
+      *(int*)pArg = pFile->locktype;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
-      *(int*)pArg = (int)((winFile*)id)->lastErrno;
+      *(int*)pArg = (int)pFile->lastErrno;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
-      ((winFile*)id)->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      pFile->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
-      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
-      winTruncate(id, sz);
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+      if( pFile->szChunk>0 ){
+        sqlite3_int64 oldSz;
+        int rc = winFileSize(id, &oldSz);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3_int64 newSz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
+          if( newSz>oldSz ){
+            SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
+            rc = winTruncate(id, newSz);
+            SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
+          }
+        }
+        return rc;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL: {
+      int bPersist = *(int*)pArg;
+      if( bPersist<0 ){
+        *(int*)pArg = pFile->bPersistWal;
+      }else{
+        pFile->bPersistWal = bPersist!=0;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY: {
+      int *a = (int*)pArg;
+      if( a[0]>0 ){
+        win32IoerrRetry = a[0];
+      }else{
+        a[0] = win32IoerrRetry;
+      }
+      if( a[1]>0 ){
+        win32IoerrRetryDelay = a[1];
+      }else{
+        a[1] = win32IoerrRetryDelay;
+      }
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
   }
-  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -30341,6 +33271,14 @@ static int winDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 
+/* 
+** Windows will only let you create file view mappings
+** on allocation size granularity boundaries.
+** During sqlite3_os_init() we do a GetSystemInfo()
+** to get the granularity size.
+*/
+SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+
 /*
 ** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
 ** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by 
@@ -30509,6 +33447,7 @@ static int winDelete(sqlite3_vfs *,const char*,int);
 static void winShmPurge(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int deleteFlag){
   winShmNode **pp;
   winShmNode *p;
+  BOOL bRc;
   assert( winShmMutexHeld() );
   pp = &winShmNodeList;
   while( (p = *pp)!=0 ){
@@ -30516,8 +33455,14 @@ static void winShmPurge(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int deleteFlag){
       int i;
       if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
       for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
-        UnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
-        CloseHandle(p->aRegion[i].hMap);
+        bRc = UnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), i,
+                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        bRc = CloseHandle(p->aRegion[i].hMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d close region=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), i,
+                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
       }
       if( p->hFile.h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
         SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
@@ -30569,6 +33514,7 @@ static int winOpenSharedMemory(winFile *pDbFd){
   memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
   pNew->zFilename = (char*)&pNew[1];
   sqlite3_snprintf(nName+15, pNew->zFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
+  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename); 
 
   /* Look to see if there is an existing winShmNode that can be used.
   ** If no matching winShmNode currently exists, create a new one.
@@ -30594,10 +33540,11 @@ static int winOpenSharedMemory(winFile *pDbFd){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       goto shm_open_err;
     }
+
     rc = winOpen(pDbFd->pVfs,
                  pShmNode->zFilename,             /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
                  (sqlite3_file*)&pShmNode->hFile,  /* File handle here */
-                 SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, /* Mode flags */
+                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, /* Mode flags */
                  0);
     if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
       rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
@@ -30610,7 +33557,7 @@ static int winOpenSharedMemory(winFile *pDbFd){
     if( winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, 0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN;
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
       }
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -30869,7 +33816,7 @@ static int winShmMap(
     */
     rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, &sz);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
       goto shmpage_out;
     }
 
@@ -30883,7 +33830,7 @@ static int winShmMap(
       if( !isWrite ) goto shmpage_out;
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, nByte);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
     }
@@ -30905,14 +33852,22 @@ static int winShmMap(
       hMap = CreateFileMapping(pShmNode->hFile.h, 
           NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
       );
+      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d create region=%d nbyte=%d %s\n",
+               (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
+               hMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       if( hMap ){
+        int iOffset = pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion;
+        int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
         pMap = MapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
-            0, 0, nByte
+            0, iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
         );
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d map region=%d offset=%d size=%d %s\n",
+                 (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset, szRegion,
+                 pMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       }
       if( !pMap ){
         pShmNode->lastErrno = GetLastError();
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
+        rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
         if( hMap ) CloseHandle(hMap);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
@@ -30925,8 +33880,10 @@ static int winShmMap(
 
 shmpage_out:
   if( pShmNode->nRegion>iRegion ){
+    int iOffset = iRegion*szRegion;
+    int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
     char *p = (char *)pShmNode->aRegion[iRegion].pMap;
-    *pp = (void *)&p[iRegion*szRegion];
+    *pp = (void *)&p[iOffsetShift];
   }else{
     *pp = 0;
   }
@@ -30992,7 +33949,7 @@ static void *convertUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
 */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
   }else{
-    zConverted = utf8ToMbcs(zFilename);
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
 #endif
   }
   /* caller will handle out of memory */
@@ -31072,68 +34029,6 @@ static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
   return SQLITE_OK; 
 }
 
-/*
-** The return value of getLastErrorMsg
-** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
-** otherwise (if the message was truncated).
-*/
-static int getLastErrorMsg(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
-  /* FormatMessage returns 0 on failure.  Otherwise it
-  ** returns the number of TCHARs written to the output
-  ** buffer, excluding the terminating null char.
-  */
-  DWORD error = GetLastError();
-  DWORD dwLen = 0;
-  char *zOut = 0;
-
-  if( isNT() ){
-    WCHAR *zTempWide = NULL;
-    dwLen = FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-                           NULL,
-                           error,
-                           0,
-                           (LPWSTR) &zTempWide,
-                           0,
-                           0);
-    if( dwLen > 0 ){
-      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
-      zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
-      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
-      LocalFree(zTempWide);
-    }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    char *zTemp = NULL;
-    dwLen = FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-                           NULL,
-                           error,
-                           0,
-                           (LPSTR) &zTemp,
-                           0,
-                           0);
-    if( dwLen > 0 ){
-      /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
-      zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
-      /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
-      LocalFree(zTemp);
-    }
-#endif
-  }
-  if( 0 == dwLen ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%x (%u)", error, error);
-  }else{
-    /* copy a maximum of nBuf chars to output buffer */
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "%s", zOut);
-    /* free the UTF8 buffer */
-    free(zOut);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
 /*
 ** Open a file.
 */
@@ -31153,9 +34048,61 @@ static int winOpen(
   int isTemp = 0;
 #endif
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
-  void *zConverted;                 /* Filename in OS encoding */
-  const char *zUtf8Name = zName;    /* Filename in UTF-8 encoding */
-  char zTmpname[MAX_PATH+1];        /* Buffer used to create temp filename */
+  void *zConverted;              /* Filename in OS encoding */
+  const char *zUtf8Name = zName; /* Filename in UTF-8 encoding */
+  int cnt = 0;
+
+  /* If argument zPath is a NULL pointer, this function is required to open
+  ** a temporary file. Use this buffer to store the file name in.
+  */
+  char zTmpname[MAX_PATH+1];     /* Buffer used to create temp filename */
+
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Function Return Code */
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  int eType = flags&0xFFFFFF00;  /* Type of file to open */
+#endif
+
+  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
+  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
+  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
+#endif
+  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  ));
+#endif
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  **
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
+  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
+  */
+  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
+  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
+  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
+  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
+
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
+  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
+
+  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
+  );
 
   assert( id!=0 );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
@@ -31166,7 +34113,8 @@ static int winOpen(
   ** temporary file name to use 
   */
   if( !zUtf8Name ){
-    int rc = getTempname(MAX_PATH+1, zTmpname);
+    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
+    rc = getTempname(MAX_PATH+1, zTmpname);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
     }
@@ -31179,29 +34127,31 @@ static int winOpen(
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
 
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ){
+  if( isReadWrite ){
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
   }else{
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ;
   }
+
   /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
   ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
   ** as it is usually understood.
   */
-  assert(!(flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE) || (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE));
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE ){
+  if( isExclusive ){
     /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
     /* If the file exists, it fails. */
     dwCreationDisposition = CREATE_NEW;
-  }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE ){
+  }else if( isCreate ){
     /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
     dwCreationDisposition = OPEN_ALWAYS;
   }else{
     /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
     dwCreationDisposition = OPEN_EXISTING;
   }
+
   dwShareMode = FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE;
-  if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE ){
+
+  if( isDelete ){
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
     dwFlagsAndAttributes = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN;
     isTemp = 1;
@@ -31218,51 +34168,57 @@ static int winOpen(
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   dwFlagsAndAttributes |= FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;
 #endif
+
   if( isNT() ){
-    h = CreateFileW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
-       dwDesiredAccess,
-       dwShareMode,
-       NULL,
-       dwCreationDisposition,
-       dwFlagsAndAttributes,
-       NULL
-    );
+    while( (h = CreateFileW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
+                            dwDesiredAccess,
+                            dwShareMode, NULL,
+                            dwCreationDisposition,
+                            dwFlagsAndAttributes,
+                            NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
+                            retryIoerr(&cnt) ){}
 /* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
 ** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
 ** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
 */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
   }else{
-    h = CreateFileA((char*)zConverted,
-       dwDesiredAccess,
-       dwShareMode,
-       NULL,
-       dwCreationDisposition,
-       dwFlagsAndAttributes,
-       NULL
-    );
+    while( (h = CreateFileA((char*)zConverted,
+                            dwDesiredAccess,
+                            dwShareMode, NULL,
+                            dwCreationDisposition,
+                            dwFlagsAndAttributes,
+                            NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
+                            retryIoerr(&cnt) ){}
 #endif
   }
+
+  logIoerr(cnt);
+
   OSTRACE(("OPEN %d %s 0x%lx %s\n", 
            h, zName, dwDesiredAccess, 
            h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ? "failed" : "ok"));
+
   if( h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
     pFile->lastErrno = GetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, "winOpen", zUtf8Name);
     free(zConverted);
-    if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ){
+    if( isReadWrite && !isExclusive ){
       return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id, 
-             ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE), pOutFlags);
+             ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)), pOutFlags);
     }else{
       return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
     }
   }
+
   if( pOutFlags ){
-    if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE ){
+    if( isReadWrite ){
       *pOutFlags = SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE;
     }else{
       *pOutFlags = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
     }
   }
+
   memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
   pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
   pFile->h = h;
@@ -31271,9 +34227,9 @@ static int winOpen(
   pFile->pShm = 0;
   pFile->zPath = zName;
   pFile->sectorSize = getSectorSize(pVfs, zUtf8Name);
+
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-  if( (flags & (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)) ==
-               (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)
+  if( isReadWrite && eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB
        && !winceCreateLock(zName, pFile)
   ){
     CloseHandle(h);
@@ -31287,8 +34243,9 @@ static int winOpen(
   {
     free(zConverted);
   }
+
   OpenCounter(+1);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -31303,15 +34260,13 @@ static int winOpen(
 ** to MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTs deletion attempts are run before giving
 ** up and returning an error.
 */
-#define MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS 5
 static int winDelete(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,          /* Not used on win32 */
   const char *zFilename,      /* Name of file to delete */
   int syncDir                 /* Not used on win32 */
 ){
   int cnt = 0;
-  DWORD rc;
-  DWORD error = 0;
+  int rc;
   void *zConverted;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(syncDir);
@@ -31322,33 +34277,30 @@ static int winDelete(
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
   if( isNT() ){
-    do{
-      DeleteFileW(zConverted);
-    }while(   (   ((rc = GetFileAttributesW(zConverted)) != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
-               || ((error = GetLastError()) == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED))
-           && (++cnt < MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS)
-           && (Sleep(100), 1) );
+    rc = 1;
+    while( GetFileAttributesW(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
+           (rc = DeleteFileW(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt) ){}
+    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
 /* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
 ** Since the ASCII version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
 ** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
 */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
   }else{
-    do{
-      DeleteFileA(zConverted);
-    }while(   (   ((rc = GetFileAttributesA(zConverted)) != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
-               || ((error = GetLastError()) == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED))
-           && (++cnt < MX_DELETION_ATTEMPTS)
-           && (Sleep(100), 1) );
+    rc = 1;
+    while( GetFileAttributesA(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
+           (rc = DeleteFileA(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt) ){}
+    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
 #endif
   }
+  if( rc ){
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "winDelete", zFilename);
+  }else{
+    logIoerr(cnt);
+  }
   free(zConverted);
-  OSTRACE(("DELETE \"%s\" %s\n", zFilename,
-       ( (rc==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (error==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)) ?
-         "ok" : "failed" ));
- 
-  return (   (rc == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) 
-          && (error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE \"%s\" %s\n", zFilename, (rc ? "failed" : "ok" )));
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -31371,11 +34323,13 @@ static int winAccess(
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
   if( isNT() ){
+    int cnt = 0;
     WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
     memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
-    if( GetFileAttributesExW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
+    while( !(rc = GetFileAttributesExW((WCHAR*)zConverted,
                              GetFileExInfoStandard, 
-                             &sAttrData) ){
+                             &sAttrData)) && retryIoerr(&cnt) ){}
+    if( rc ){
       /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
       ** as if it does not exist.
       */
@@ -31387,7 +34341,9 @@ static int winAccess(
         attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
       }
     }else{
+      logIoerr(cnt);
       if( GetLastError()!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ){
+        winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, "winAccess", zFilename);
         free(zConverted);
         return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
       }else{
@@ -31410,7 +34366,8 @@ static int winAccess(
       rc = attr!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
       break;
     case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
-      rc = (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)==0;
+      rc = attr!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
+             (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)==0;
       break;
     default:
       assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
@@ -31452,6 +34409,13 @@ static int winFullPathname(
   void *zConverted;
   char *zOut;
 
+  /* If this path name begins with "/X:", where "X" is any alphabetic
+  ** character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
+  */
+  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && sqlite3Isalpha(zRelative[1]) && zRelative[2]==':' ){
+    zRelative++;
+  }
+
   /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
   ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
   ** function failing. This function could fail if, for example, the
@@ -31605,7 +34569,7 @@ static void winDlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   getLastErrorMsg(nBuf, zBufOut);
 }
-void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
+static void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   /* The GetProcAddressA() routine is only available on wince. */
@@ -31616,7 +34580,7 @@ void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
   return (void(*)(void))GetProcAddress((HANDLE)pHandle, zSymbol);
 #endif
 }
-void winDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
+static void winDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   FreeLibrary((HANDLE)pHandle);
 }
@@ -31690,7 +34654,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;  /* Fake system time in seconds since 1
 ** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
 ** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
 **
-** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
+** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date 
+** cannot be found.
 */
 static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
   /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of 
@@ -31710,7 +34675,7 @@ static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
   GetSystemTime(&time);
   /* if SystemTimeToFileTime() fails, it returns zero. */
   if (!SystemTimeToFileTime(&time,&ft)){
-    return 1;
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 #else
   GetSystemTimeAsFileTime( &ft );
@@ -31726,7 +34691,7 @@ static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
   }
 #endif
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -31734,7 +34699,7 @@ static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
 ** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
 ** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
 */
-int winCurrentTime(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow){
+static int winCurrentTime(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow){
   int rc;
   sqlite3_int64 i;
   rc = winCurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
@@ -31786,7 +34751,7 @@ static int winGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
   static sqlite3_vfs winVfs = {
-    2,                   /* iVersion */
+    3,                   /* iVersion */
     sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
     MAX_PATH,            /* mxPathname */
     0,                   /* pNext */
@@ -31805,8 +34770,18 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
     winCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */
     winGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */
     winCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    0,                   /* xSetSystemCall */
+    0,                   /* xGetSystemCall */
+    0,                   /* xNextSystemCall */
   };
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  /* get memory map allocation granularity */
+  memset(&winSysInfo, 0, sizeof(SYSTEM_INFO));
+  GetSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
+  assert(winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity > 0);
+#endif
+
   sqlite3_vfs_register(&winVfs, 1);
   return SQLITE_OK; 
 }
@@ -32371,12 +35346,16 @@ static void pcacheUnpin(PgHdr *p){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheInitialize(void){
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xInit==0 ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-26801-64137 If the xInit() method is NULL, then the
+    ** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+    ** page cache. */
     sqlite3PCacheSetDefault();
   }
   return sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xInit(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.pArg);
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheShutdown(void){
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xShutdown ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-26000-56589 The xShutdown() method may be NULL. */
     sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xShutdown(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.pArg);
   }
 }
@@ -32478,6 +35457,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheFetch(
     }
     if( pPg ){
       int rc;
+#ifdef SQLITE_LOG_CACHE_SPILL
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_FULL, 
+                  "spill page %d making room for %d - cache used: %d/%d",
+                  pPg->pgno, pgno,
+                  sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache.xPagecount(pCache->pCache),
+                  pCache->nMax);
+#endif
       rc = pCache->xStress(pCache->pStress, pPg);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
         return rc;
@@ -32836,24 +35822,63 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheIterateDirty(PCache *pCache, void (*xIter)(PgHd
 typedef struct PCache1 PCache1;
 typedef struct PgHdr1 PgHdr1;
 typedef struct PgFreeslot PgFreeslot;
+typedef struct PGroup PGroup;
+
+
+/* Each page cache (or PCache) belongs to a PGroup.  A PGroup is a set 
+** of one or more PCaches that are able to recycle each others unpinned
+** pages when they are under memory pressure.  A PGroup is an instance of
+** the following object.
+**
+** This page cache implementation works in one of two modes:
+**
+**   (1)  Every PCache is the sole member of its own PGroup.  There is
+**        one PGroup per PCache.
+**
+**   (2)  There is a single global PGroup that all PCaches are a member
+**        of.
+**
+** Mode 1 uses more memory (since PCache instances are not able to rob
+** unused pages from other PCaches) but it also operates without a mutex,
+** and is therefore often faster.  Mode 2 requires a mutex in order to be
+** threadsafe, but is able recycle pages more efficient.
+**
+** For mode (1), PGroup.mutex is NULL.  For mode (2) there is only a single
+** PGroup which is the pcache1.grp global variable and its mutex is
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU.
+*/
+struct PGroup {
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;          /* MUTEX_STATIC_LRU or NULL */
+  int nMaxPage;                  /* Sum of nMax for purgeable caches */
+  int nMinPage;                  /* Sum of nMin for purgeable caches */
+  int mxPinned;                  /* nMaxpage + 10 - nMinPage */
+  int nCurrentPage;              /* Number of purgeable pages allocated */
+  PgHdr1 *pLruHead, *pLruTail;   /* LRU list of unpinned pages */
+};
 
-/* Pointers to structures of this type are cast and returned as 
-** opaque sqlite3_pcache* handles
+/* Each page cache is an instance of the following object.  Every
+** open database file (including each in-memory database and each
+** temporary or transient database) has a single page cache which
+** is an instance of this object.
+**
+** Pointers to structures of this type are cast and returned as 
+** opaque sqlite3_pcache* handles.
 */
 struct PCache1 {
   /* Cache configuration parameters. Page size (szPage) and the purgeable
   ** flag (bPurgeable) are set when the cache is created. nMax may be 
   ** modified at any time by a call to the pcache1CacheSize() method.
-  ** The global mutex must be held when accessing nMax.
+  ** The PGroup mutex must be held when accessing nMax.
   */
+  PGroup *pGroup;                     /* PGroup this cache belongs to */
   int szPage;                         /* Size of allocated pages in bytes */
   int bPurgeable;                     /* True if cache is purgeable */
   unsigned int nMin;                  /* Minimum number of pages reserved */
   unsigned int nMax;                  /* Configured "cache_size" value */
+  unsigned int n90pct;                /* nMax*9/10 */
 
   /* Hash table of all pages. The following variables may only be accessed
-  ** when the accessor is holding the global mutex (see pcache1EnterMutex() 
-  ** and pcache1LeaveMutex()).
+  ** when the accessor is holding the PGroup mutex.
   */
   unsigned int nRecyclable;           /* Number of pages in the LRU list */
   unsigned int nPage;                 /* Total number of pages in apHash */
@@ -32889,18 +35914,27 @@ struct PgFreeslot {
 ** Global data used by this cache.
 */
 static SQLITE_WSD struct PCacheGlobal {
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;               /* static mutex MUTEX_STATIC_LRU */
-
-  int nMaxPage;                       /* Sum of nMaxPage for purgeable caches */
-  int nMinPage;                       /* Sum of nMinPage for purgeable caches */
-  int nCurrentPage;                   /* Number of purgeable pages allocated */
-  PgHdr1 *pLruHead, *pLruTail;        /* LRU list of unpinned pages */
-
-  /* Variables related to SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE settings. */
-  int szSlot;                         /* Size of each free slot */
-  void *pStart, *pEnd;                /* Bounds of pagecache malloc range */
-  PgFreeslot *pFree;                  /* Free page blocks */
-  int isInit;                         /* True if initialized */
+  PGroup grp;                    /* The global PGroup for mode (2) */
+
+  /* Variables related to SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE settings.  The
+  ** szSlot, nSlot, pStart, pEnd, nReserve, and isInit values are all
+  ** fixed at sqlite3_initialize() time and do not require mutex protection.
+  ** The nFreeSlot and pFree values do require mutex protection.
+  */
+  int isInit;                    /* True if initialized */
+  int szSlot;                    /* Size of each free slot */
+  int nSlot;                     /* The number of pcache slots */
+  int nReserve;                  /* Try to keep nFreeSlot above this */
+  void *pStart, *pEnd;           /* Bounds of pagecache malloc range */
+  /* Above requires no mutex.  Use mutex below for variable that follow. */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;          /* Mutex for accessing the following: */
+  int nFreeSlot;                 /* Number of unused pcache slots */
+  PgFreeslot *pFree;             /* Free page blocks */
+  /* The following value requires a mutex to change.  We skip the mutex on
+  ** reading because (1) most platforms read a 32-bit integer atomically and
+  ** (2) even if an incorrect value is read, no great harm is done since this
+  ** is really just an optimization. */
+  int bUnderPressure;            /* True if low on PAGECACHE memory */
 } pcache1_g;
 
 /*
@@ -32926,10 +35960,10 @@ static SQLITE_WSD struct PCacheGlobal {
 #define PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(c, p) (PgHdr1*)(((char*)p) + c->szPage)
 
 /*
-** Macros to enter and leave the global LRU mutex.
+** Macros to enter and leave the PCache LRU mutex.
 */
-#define pcache1EnterMutex() sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex)
-#define pcache1LeaveMutex() sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex)
+#define pcache1EnterMutex(X) sqlite3_mutex_enter((X)->mutex)
+#define pcache1LeaveMutex(X) sqlite3_mutex_leave((X)->mutex)
 
 /******************************************************************************/
 /******** Page Allocation/SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE Related Functions **************/
@@ -32939,14 +35973,20 @@ static SQLITE_WSD struct PCacheGlobal {
 ** supplied to use for the page-cache by passing the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE
 ** verb to sqlite3_config(). Parameter pBuf points to an allocation large
 ** enough to contain 'n' buffers of 'sz' bytes each.
+**
+** This routine is called from sqlite3_initialize() and so it is guaranteed
+** to be serialized already.  There is no need for further mutexing.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup(void *pBuf, int sz, int n){
   if( pcache1.isInit ){
     PgFreeslot *p;
     sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz);
     pcache1.szSlot = sz;
+    pcache1.nSlot = pcache1.nFreeSlot = n;
+    pcache1.nReserve = n>90 ? 10 : (n/10 + 1);
     pcache1.pStart = pBuf;
     pcache1.pFree = 0;
+    pcache1.bUnderPressure = 0;
     while( n-- ){
       p = (PgFreeslot*)pBuf;
       p->pNext = pcache1.pFree;
@@ -32962,30 +36002,36 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup(void *pBuf, int sz, int n){
 ** configured using sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE) option. If no 
 ** such buffer exists or there is no space left in it, this function falls 
 ** back to sqlite3Malloc().
+**
+** Multiple threads can run this routine at the same time.  Global variables
+** in pcache1 need to be protected via mutex.
 */
 static void *pcache1Alloc(int nByte){
-  void *p;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
+  void *p = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.grp.mutex) );
   sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE, nByte);
-  if( nByte<=pcache1.szSlot && pcache1.pFree ){
-    assert( pcache1.isInit );
+  if( nByte<=pcache1.szSlot ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
     p = (PgHdr1 *)pcache1.pFree;
-    pcache1.pFree = pcache1.pFree->pNext;
-    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, 1);
-  }else{
-
-    /* Allocate a new buffer using sqlite3Malloc. Before doing so, exit the
-    ** global pcache mutex and unlock the pager-cache object pCache. This is 
-    ** so that if the attempt to allocate a new buffer causes the the 
-    ** configured soft-heap-limit to be breached, it will be possible to
-    ** reclaim memory from this pager-cache.
+    if( p ){
+      pcache1.pFree = pcache1.pFree->pNext;
+      pcache1.nFreeSlot--;
+      pcache1.bUnderPressure = pcache1.nFreeSlot<pcache1.nReserve;
+      assert( pcache1.nFreeSlot>=0 );
+      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, 1);
+    }
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+  }
+  if( p==0 ){
+    /* Memory is not available in the SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE pool.  Get
+    ** it from sqlite3Malloc instead.
     */
-    pcache1LeaveMutex();
     p = sqlite3Malloc(nByte);
-    pcache1EnterMutex();
     if( p ){
       int sz = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
       sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, sz);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
     }
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE);
   }
@@ -32996,30 +36042,35 @@ static void *pcache1Alloc(int nByte){
 ** Free an allocated buffer obtained from pcache1Alloc().
 */
 static void pcache1Free(void *p){
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
   if( p==0 ) return;
   if( p>=pcache1.pStart && p<pcache1.pEnd ){
     PgFreeslot *pSlot;
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
     sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, -1);
     pSlot = (PgFreeslot*)p;
     pSlot->pNext = pcache1.pFree;
     pcache1.pFree = pSlot;
+    pcache1.nFreeSlot++;
+    pcache1.bUnderPressure = pcache1.nFreeSlot<pcache1.nReserve;
+    assert( pcache1.nFreeSlot<=pcache1.nSlot );
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
   }else{
     int iSize;
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE) );
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
     iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
     sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, -iSize);
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
 }
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
 /*
-** Return the size of a pache allocation
+** Return the size of a pcache allocation
 */
 static int pcache1MemSize(void *p){
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
   if( p>=pcache1.pStart && p<pcache1.pEnd ){
     return pcache1.szSlot;
   }else{
@@ -33038,15 +36089,22 @@ static int pcache1MemSize(void *p){
 */
 static PgHdr1 *pcache1AllocPage(PCache1 *pCache){
   int nByte = sizeof(PgHdr1) + pCache->szPage;
-  void *pPg = pcache1Alloc(nByte);
-  PgHdr1 *p;
+  PgHdr1 *p = 0;
+  void *pPg;
+
+  /* The group mutex must be released before pcache1Alloc() is called. This
+  ** is because it may call sqlite3_release_memory(), which assumes that 
+  ** this mutex is not held. */
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+  pPg = pcache1Alloc(nByte);
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+
   if( pPg ){
     p = PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, pPg);
     if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
-      pcache1.nCurrentPage++;
+      pCache->pGroup->nCurrentPage++;
     }
-  }else{
-    p = 0;
   }
   return p;
 }
@@ -33060,10 +36118,12 @@ static PgHdr1 *pcache1AllocPage(PCache1 *pCache){
 */
 static void pcache1FreePage(PgHdr1 *p){
   if( ALWAYS(p) ){
-    if( p->pCache->bPurgeable ){
-      pcache1.nCurrentPage--;
-    }
+    PCache1 *pCache = p->pCache;
+    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
     pcache1Free(PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(p));
+    if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
+      pCache->pGroup->nCurrentPage--;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -33073,20 +36133,39 @@ static void pcache1FreePage(PgHdr1 *p){
 ** exists, this function falls back to sqlite3Malloc().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int sz){
-  void *p;
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
-  p = pcache1Alloc(sz);
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
-  return p;
+  return pcache1Alloc(sz);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Free an allocated buffer obtained from sqlite3PageMalloc().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void *p){
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
   pcache1Free(p);
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if it desirable to avoid allocating a new page cache
+** entry.
+**
+** If memory was allocated specifically to the page cache using
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE but that memory has all been used, then
+** it is desirable to avoid allocating a new page cache entry because
+** presumably SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE was suppose to be sufficient
+** for all page cache needs and we should not need to spill the
+** allocation onto the heap.
+**
+** Or, the heap is used for all page cache memory put the heap is
+** under memory pressure, then again it is desirable to avoid
+** allocating a new page cache entry in order to avoid stressing
+** the heap even further.
+*/
+static int pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(PCache1 *pCache){
+  if( pcache1.nSlot && pCache->szPage<=pcache1.szSlot ){
+    return pcache1.bUnderPressure;
+  }else{
+    return sqlite3HeapNearlyFull();
+  }
 }
 
 /******************************************************************************/
@@ -33096,25 +36175,25 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void *p){
 ** This function is used to resize the hash table used by the cache passed
 ** as the first argument.
 **
-** The global mutex must be held when this function is called.
+** The PCache mutex must be held when this function is called.
 */
 static int pcache1ResizeHash(PCache1 *p){
   PgHdr1 **apNew;
   unsigned int nNew;
   unsigned int i;
 
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pGroup->mutex) );
 
   nNew = p->nHash*2;
   if( nNew<256 ){
     nNew = 256;
   }
 
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(); }
   apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(); }
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
+  pcache1EnterMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( apNew ){
     memset(apNew, 0, sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
     for(i=0; i<p->nHash; i++){
@@ -33137,25 +36216,33 @@ static int pcache1ResizeHash(PCache1 *p){
 
 /*
 ** This function is used internally to remove the page pPage from the 
-** global LRU list, if is part of it. If pPage is not part of the global
+** PGroup LRU list, if is part of it. If pPage is not part of the PGroup
 ** LRU list, then this function is a no-op.
 **
-** The global mutex must be held when this function is called.
+** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
+**
+** If pPage is NULL then this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static void pcache1PinPage(PgHdr1 *pPage){
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
-  if( pPage && (pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pcache1.pLruTail) ){
+  PCache1 *pCache;
+  PGroup *pGroup;
+
+  if( pPage==0 ) return;
+  pCache = pPage->pCache;
+  pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
+  if( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail ){
     if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
       pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
     }
     if( pPage->pLruNext ){
       pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
     }
-    if( pcache1.pLruHead==pPage ){
-      pcache1.pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
+    if( pGroup->pLruHead==pPage ){
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
     }
-    if( pcache1.pLruTail==pPage ){
-      pcache1.pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
+    if( pGroup->pLruTail==pPage ){
+      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
     }
     pPage->pLruNext = 0;
     pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
@@ -33168,13 +36255,14 @@ static void pcache1PinPage(PgHdr1 *pPage){
 ** Remove the page supplied as an argument from the hash table 
 ** (PCache1.apHash structure) that it is currently stored in.
 **
-** The global mutex must be held when this function is called.
+** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
 */
 static void pcache1RemoveFromHash(PgHdr1 *pPage){
   unsigned int h;
   PCache1 *pCache = pPage->pCache;
   PgHdr1 **pp;
 
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
   h = pPage->iKey % pCache->nHash;
   for(pp=&pCache->apHash[h]; (*pp)!=pPage; pp=&(*pp)->pNext);
   *pp = (*pp)->pNext;
@@ -33183,13 +36271,14 @@ static void pcache1RemoveFromHash(PgHdr1 *pPage){
 }
 
 /*
-** If there are currently more than pcache.nMaxPage pages allocated, try
-** to recycle pages to reduce the number allocated to pcache.nMaxPage.
+** If there are currently more than nMaxPage pages allocated, try
+** to recycle pages to reduce the number allocated to nMaxPage.
 */
-static void pcache1EnforceMaxPage(void){
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
-  while( pcache1.nCurrentPage>pcache1.nMaxPage && pcache1.pLruTail ){
-    PgHdr1 *p = pcache1.pLruTail;
+static void pcache1EnforceMaxPage(PGroup *pGroup){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
+  while( pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage && pGroup->pLruTail ){
+    PgHdr1 *p = pGroup->pLruTail;
+    assert( p->pCache->pGroup==pGroup );
     pcache1PinPage(p);
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
     pcache1FreePage(p);
@@ -33201,15 +36290,15 @@ static void pcache1EnforceMaxPage(void){
 ** greater than or equal to iLimit. Any pinned pages that meet this 
 ** criteria are unpinned before they are discarded.
 **
-** The global mutex must be held when this function is called.
+** The PCache mutex must be held when this function is called.
 */
 static void pcache1TruncateUnsafe(
-  PCache1 *pCache, 
-  unsigned int iLimit 
+  PCache1 *pCache,             /* The cache to truncate */
+  unsigned int iLimit          /* Drop pages with this pgno or larger */
 ){
-  TESTONLY( unsigned int nPage = 0; )      /* Used to assert pCache->nPage is correct */
+  TESTONLY( unsigned int nPage = 0; )  /* To assert pCache->nPage is correct */
   unsigned int h;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pcache1.mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCache->pGroup->mutex) );
   for(h=0; h<pCache->nHash; h++){
     PgHdr1 **pp = &pCache->apHash[h]; 
     PgHdr1 *pPage;
@@ -33239,8 +36328,10 @@ static int pcache1Init(void *NotUsed){
   assert( pcache1.isInit==0 );
   memset(&pcache1, 0, sizeof(pcache1));
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
-    pcache1.mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU);
+    pcache1.grp.mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU);
+    pcache1.mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM);
   }
+  pcache1.grp.mxPinned = 10;
   pcache1.isInit = 1;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -33262,18 +36353,47 @@ static void pcache1Shutdown(void *NotUsed){
 ** Allocate a new cache.
 */
 static sqlite3_pcache *pcache1Create(int szPage, int bPurgeable){
-  PCache1 *pCache;
+  PCache1 *pCache;      /* The newly created page cache */
+  PGroup *pGroup;       /* The group the new page cache will belong to */
+  int sz;               /* Bytes of memory required to allocate the new cache */
+
+  /*
+  ** The seperateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
+  ** PGroup.  In other words, separateCache is true for mode (1) where no
+  ** mutexing is required.
+  **
+  **   *  Always use a unified cache (mode-2) if ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
+  **
+  **   *  Always use a unified cache in single-threaded applications
+  **
+  **   *  Otherwise (if multi-threaded and ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT is off)
+  **      use separate caches (mode-1)
+  */
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT) || SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0
+  const int separateCache = 0;
+#else
+  int separateCache = sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex>0;
+#endif
 
-  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(PCache1));
+  sz = sizeof(PCache1) + sizeof(PGroup)*separateCache;
+  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3_malloc(sz);
   if( pCache ){
-    memset(pCache, 0, sizeof(PCache1));
+    memset(pCache, 0, sz);
+    if( separateCache ){
+      pGroup = (PGroup*)&pCache[1];
+      pGroup->mxPinned = 10;
+    }else{
+      pGroup = &pcache1.grp;
+    }
+    pCache->pGroup = pGroup;
     pCache->szPage = szPage;
     pCache->bPurgeable = (bPurgeable ? 1 : 0);
     if( bPurgeable ){
       pCache->nMin = 10;
-      pcache1EnterMutex();
-      pcache1.nMinPage += pCache->nMin;
-      pcache1LeaveMutex();
+      pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+      pGroup->nMinPage += pCache->nMin;
+      pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
+      pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
     }
   }
   return (sqlite3_pcache *)pCache;
@@ -33287,11 +36407,14 @@ static sqlite3_pcache *pcache1Create(int szPage, int bPurgeable){
 static void pcache1Cachesize(sqlite3_pcache *p, int nMax){
   PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
   if( pCache->bPurgeable ){
-    pcache1EnterMutex();
-    pcache1.nMaxPage += (nMax - pCache->nMax);
+    PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+    pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
+    pGroup->nMaxPage += (nMax - pCache->nMax);
+    pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
     pCache->nMax = nMax;
-    pcache1EnforceMaxPage();
-    pcache1LeaveMutex();
+    pCache->n90pct = pCache->nMax*9/10;
+    pcache1EnforceMaxPage(pGroup);
+    pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
   }
 }
 
@@ -33300,9 +36423,10 @@ static void pcache1Cachesize(sqlite3_pcache *p, int nMax){
 */
 static int pcache1Pagecount(sqlite3_pcache *p){
   int n;
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
-  n = ((PCache1 *)p)->nPage;
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1*)p;
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
+  n = pCache->nPage;
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
   return n;
 }
 
@@ -33330,14 +36454,16 @@ static int pcache1Pagecount(sqlite3_pcache *p){
 **   2. If createFlag==0 and the page is not already in the cache, NULL is
 **      returned.
 **
-**   3. If createFlag is 1, and the page is not already in the cache,
-**      and if either of the following are true, return NULL:
+**   3. If createFlag is 1, and the page is not already in the cache, then
+**      return NULL (do not allocate a new page) if any of the following
+**      conditions are true:
 **
 **       (a) the number of pages pinned by the cache is greater than
 **           PCache1.nMax, or
+**
 **       (b) the number of pages pinned by the cache is greater than
 **           the sum of nMax for all purgeable caches, less the sum of 
-**           nMin for all other purgeable caches. 
+**           nMin for all other purgeable caches, or
 **
 **   4. If none of the first three conditions apply and the cache is marked
 **      as purgeable, and if one of the following is true:
@@ -33349,6 +36475,9 @@ static int pcache1Pagecount(sqlite3_pcache *p){
 **           already equal to or greater than the sum of nMax for all
 **           purgeable caches,
 **
+**       (c) The system is under memory pressure and wants to avoid
+**           unnecessary pages cache entry allocations
+**
 **      then attempt to recycle a page from the LRU list. If it is the right
 **      size, return the recycled buffer. Otherwise, free the buffer and
 **      proceed to step 5. 
@@ -33356,30 +36485,50 @@ static int pcache1Pagecount(sqlite3_pcache *p){
 **   5. Otherwise, allocate and return a new page buffer.
 */
 static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
-  unsigned int nPinned;
+  int nPinned;
   PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
+  PGroup *pGroup;
   PgHdr1 *pPage = 0;
 
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable || createFlag!=1 );
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
-  if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable || pCache->nMin==0 );
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable==0 || pCache->nMin==10 );
+  assert( pCache->nMin==0 || pCache->bPurgeable );
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup = pCache->pGroup);
 
-  /* Search the hash table for an existing entry. */
+  /* Step 1: Search the hash table for an existing entry. */
   if( pCache->nHash>0 ){
     unsigned int h = iKey % pCache->nHash;
     for(pPage=pCache->apHash[h]; pPage&&pPage->iKey!=iKey; pPage=pPage->pNext);
   }
 
+  /* Step 2: Abort if no existing page is found and createFlag is 0 */
   if( pPage || createFlag==0 ){
     pcache1PinPage(pPage);
     goto fetch_out;
   }
 
-  /* Step 3 of header comment. */
+  /* The pGroup local variable will normally be initialized by the
+  ** pcache1EnterMutex() macro above.  But if SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT is defined,
+  ** then pcache1EnterMutex() is a no-op, so we have to initialize the
+  ** local variable here.  Delaying the initialization of pGroup is an
+  ** optimization:  The common case is to exit the module before reaching
+  ** this point.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
+  pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Step 3: Abort if createFlag is 1 but the cache is nearly full */
   nPinned = pCache->nPage - pCache->nRecyclable;
+  assert( nPinned>=0 );
+  assert( pGroup->mxPinned == pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage );
+  assert( pCache->n90pct == pCache->nMax*9/10 );
   if( createFlag==1 && (
-        nPinned>=(pcache1.nMaxPage+pCache->nMin-pcache1.nMinPage)
-     || nPinned>=(pCache->nMax * 9 / 10)
+        nPinned>=pGroup->mxPinned
+     || nPinned>=(int)pCache->n90pct
+     || pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(pCache)
   )){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
@@ -33388,18 +36537,22 @@ static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
 
-  /* Step 4. Try to recycle a page buffer if appropriate. */
-  if( pCache->bPurgeable && pcache1.pLruTail && (
-     (pCache->nPage+1>=pCache->nMax) || pcache1.nCurrentPage>=pcache1.nMaxPage
+  /* Step 4. Try to recycle a page. */
+  if( pCache->bPurgeable && pGroup->pLruTail && (
+         (pCache->nPage+1>=pCache->nMax)
+      || pGroup->nCurrentPage>=pGroup->nMaxPage
+      || pcache1UnderMemoryPressure(pCache)
   )){
-    pPage = pcache1.pLruTail;
+    PCache1 *pOtherCache;
+    pPage = pGroup->pLruTail;
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
     pcache1PinPage(pPage);
-    if( pPage->pCache->szPage!=pCache->szPage ){
+    if( (pOtherCache = pPage->pCache)->szPage!=pCache->szPage ){
       pcache1FreePage(pPage);
       pPage = 0;
     }else{
-      pcache1.nCurrentPage -= (pPage->pCache->bPurgeable - pCache->bPurgeable);
+      pGroup->nCurrentPage -= 
+               (pOtherCache->bPurgeable - pCache->bPurgeable);
     }
   }
 
@@ -33407,7 +36560,9 @@ static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
   ** attempt to allocate a new one. 
   */
   if( !pPage ){
+    if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
     pPage = pcache1AllocPage(pCache);
+    if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
   }
 
   if( pPage ){
@@ -33426,8 +36581,7 @@ static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
   if( pPage && iKey>pCache->iMaxKey ){
     pCache->iMaxKey = iKey;
   }
-  if( createFlag==1 ) sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
   return (pPage ? PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(pPage) : 0);
 }
 
@@ -33440,37 +36594,34 @@ static void *pcache1Fetch(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iKey, int createFlag){
 static void pcache1Unpin(sqlite3_pcache *p, void *pPg, int reuseUnlikely){
   PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
   PgHdr1 *pPage = PAGE_TO_PGHDR1(pCache, pPg);
+  PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
  
   assert( pPage->pCache==pCache );
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
 
   /* It is an error to call this function if the page is already 
-  ** part of the global LRU list.
+  ** part of the PGroup LRU list.
   */
   assert( pPage->pLruPrev==0 && pPage->pLruNext==0 );
-  assert( pcache1.pLruHead!=pPage && pcache1.pLruTail!=pPage );
+  assert( pGroup->pLruHead!=pPage && pGroup->pLruTail!=pPage );
 
-  if( reuseUnlikely || pcache1.nCurrentPage>pcache1.nMaxPage ){
+  if( reuseUnlikely || pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage ){
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
     pcache1FreePage(pPage);
   }else{
-    /* Add the page to the global LRU list. Normally, the page is added to
-    ** the head of the list (last page to be recycled). However, if the 
-    ** reuseUnlikely flag passed to this function is true, the page is added
-    ** to the tail of the list (first page to be recycled).
-    */
-    if( pcache1.pLruHead ){
-      pcache1.pLruHead->pLruPrev = pPage;
-      pPage->pLruNext = pcache1.pLruHead;
-      pcache1.pLruHead = pPage;
+    /* Add the page to the PGroup LRU list. */
+    if( pGroup->pLruHead ){
+      pGroup->pLruHead->pLruPrev = pPage;
+      pPage->pLruNext = pGroup->pLruHead;
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
     }else{
-      pcache1.pLruTail = pPage;
-      pcache1.pLruHead = pPage;
+      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage;
+      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
     }
     pCache->nRecyclable++;
   }
 
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33489,7 +36640,7 @@ static void pcache1Rekey(
   assert( pPage->iKey==iOld );
   assert( pPage->pCache==pCache );
 
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
 
   h = iOld%pCache->nHash;
   pp = &pCache->apHash[h];
@@ -33506,7 +36657,7 @@ static void pcache1Rekey(
     pCache->iMaxKey = iNew;
   }
 
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33518,12 +36669,12 @@ static void pcache1Rekey(
 */
 static void pcache1Truncate(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iLimit){
   PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pCache->pGroup);
   if( iLimit<=pCache->iMaxKey ){
     pcache1TruncateUnsafe(pCache, iLimit);
     pCache->iMaxKey = iLimit-1;
   }
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33533,12 +36684,15 @@ static void pcache1Truncate(sqlite3_pcache *p, unsigned int iLimit){
 */
 static void pcache1Destroy(sqlite3_pcache *p){
   PCache1 *pCache = (PCache1 *)p;
-  pcache1EnterMutex();
+  PGroup *pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( pCache->bPurgeable || (pCache->nMax==0 && pCache->nMin==0) );
+  pcache1EnterMutex(pGroup);
   pcache1TruncateUnsafe(pCache, 0);
-  pcache1.nMaxPage -= pCache->nMax;
-  pcache1.nMinPage -= pCache->nMin;
-  pcache1EnforceMaxPage();
-  pcache1LeaveMutex();
+  pGroup->nMaxPage -= pCache->nMax;
+  pGroup->nMinPage -= pCache->nMin;
+  pGroup->mxPinned = pGroup->nMaxPage + 10 - pGroup->nMinPage;
+  pcache1EnforceMaxPage(pGroup);
+  pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
   sqlite3_free(pCache->apHash);
   sqlite3_free(pCache);
 }
@@ -33577,16 +36731,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PCacheSetDefault(void){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheReleaseMemory(int nReq){
   int nFree = 0;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.grp.mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pcache1.mutex) );
   if( pcache1.pStart==0 ){
     PgHdr1 *p;
-    pcache1EnterMutex();
-    while( (nReq<0 || nFree<nReq) && (p=pcache1.pLruTail) ){
+    pcache1EnterMutex(&pcache1.grp);
+    while( (nReq<0 || nFree<nReq) && ((p=pcache1.grp.pLruTail)!=0) ){
       nFree += pcache1MemSize(PGHDR1_TO_PAGE(p));
       pcache1PinPage(p);
       pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
       pcache1FreePage(p);
     }
-    pcache1LeaveMutex();
+    pcache1LeaveMutex(&pcache1.grp);
   }
   return nFree;
 }
@@ -33605,12 +36761,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheStats(
 ){
   PgHdr1 *p;
   int nRecyclable = 0;
-  for(p=pcache1.pLruHead; p; p=p->pLruNext){
+  for(p=pcache1.grp.pLruHead; p; p=p->pLruNext){
     nRecyclable++;
   }
-  *pnCurrent = pcache1.nCurrentPage;
-  *pnMax = pcache1.nMaxPage;
-  *pnMin = pcache1.nMinPage;
+  *pnCurrent = pcache1.grp.nCurrentPage;
+  *pnMax = pcache1.grp.nMaxPage;
+  *pnMin = pcache1.grp.nMinPage;
   *pnRecyclable = nRecyclable;
 }
 #endif
@@ -34085,21 +37241,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, u8 iBatch, sqlite3_int64 i
 
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-# define sqlite3WalOpen(x,y,z)                 0
-# define sqlite3WalClose(w,x,y,z)              0
-# define sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(y,z)   0
+# define sqlite3WalOpen(x,y,z)                   0
+# define sqlite3WalLimit(x,y)
+# define sqlite3WalClose(w,x,y,z)                0
+# define sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(y,z)     0
 # define sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(z)
-# define sqlite3WalRead(v,w,x,y,z)             0
-# define sqlite3WalDbsize(y)                   0
-# define sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(y)    0
-# define sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(x)      0
-# define sqlite3WalUndo(x,y,z)                 0
+# define sqlite3WalRead(v,w,x,y,z)               0
+# define sqlite3WalDbsize(y)                     0
+# define sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(y)      0
+# define sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(x)        0
+# define sqlite3WalUndo(x,y,z)                   0
 # define sqlite3WalSavepoint(y,z)
-# define sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(y,z)          0
-# define sqlite3WalFrames(u,v,w,x,y,z)         0
-# define sqlite3WalCheckpoint(u,v,w,x)         0
-# define sqlite3WalCallback(z)                 0
-# define sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(y,z)          0
+# define sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(y,z)            0
+# define sqlite3WalFrames(u,v,w,x,y,z)           0
+# define sqlite3WalCheckpoint(r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z) 0
+# define sqlite3WalCallback(z)                   0
+# define sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(y,z)            0
+# define sqlite3WalHeapMemory(z)                 0
 #else
 
 #define WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA 4
@@ -34110,9 +37268,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, u8 iBatch, sqlite3_int64 i
 typedef struct Wal Wal;
 
 /* Open and close a connection to a write-ahead log. */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_file*, const char *zName, Wal**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_file*, const char *, int, i64, Wal**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalClose(Wal *pWal, int sync_flags, int, u8 *);
 
+/* Set the limiting size of a WAL file. */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalLimit(Wal*, i64);
+
 /* Used by readers to open (lock) and close (unlock) a snapshot.  A 
 ** snapshot is like a read-transaction.  It is the state of the database
 ** at an instant in time.  sqlite3WalOpenSnapshot gets a read lock and
@@ -34150,9 +37311,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFrames(Wal *pWal, int, PgHdr *, Pgno, int, int);
 /* Copy pages from the log to the database file */ 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
   Wal *pWal,                      /* Write-ahead log connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* One of PASSIVE, FULL and RESTART */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
   int sync_flags,                 /* Flags to sync db file with (or 0) */
   int nBuf,                       /* Size of buffer nBuf */
-  u8 *zBuf                        /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  u8 *zBuf,                       /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Number of frames in WAL */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Number of backfilled frames in WAL */
 );
 
 /* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
@@ -34167,6 +37333,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCallback(Wal *pWal);
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op);
 
+/* Return true if the argument is non-NULL and the WAL module is using
+** heap-memory for the wal-index. Otherwise, if the argument is NULL or the
+** WAL module is using shared-memory, return false. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalHeapMemory(Wal *pWal);
+
 #endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 #endif /* _WAL_H_ */
 
@@ -34766,7 +37938,8 @@ struct Pager {
   u8 noReadlock;              /* Do not bother to obtain readlocks */
   u8 noSync;                  /* Do not sync the journal if true */
   u8 fullSync;                /* Do extra syncs of the journal for robustness */
-  u8 sync_flags;              /* One of SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL */
+  u8 ckptSyncFlags;           /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for checkpoint */
+  u8 syncFlags;               /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL otherwise */
   u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary file */
   u8 readOnly;                /* True for a read-only database */
   u8 memDb;                   /* True to inhibit all file I/O */
@@ -34820,8 +37993,8 @@ struct Pager {
   char *zJournal;             /* Name of the journal file */
   int (*xBusyHandler)(void*); /* Function to call when busy */
   void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int nHit, nMiss;            /* Total cache hits and misses */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  int nHit, nMiss;            /* Cache hits and missing */
   int nRead, nWrite;          /* Database pages read/written */
 #endif
   void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
@@ -35077,7 +38250,9 @@ static int assert_pager_state(Pager *p){
 
   return 1;
 }
+#endif /* ifndef NDEBUG */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG 
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to a human readable string in a static buffer
 ** containing the state of the Pager object passed as an argument. This
@@ -35201,7 +38376,7 @@ static int write32bits(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 offset, u32 val){
 static int pagerUnlockDb(Pager *pPager, int eLock){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
-  assert( !pPager->exclusiveMode );
+  assert( !pPager->exclusiveMode || pPager->eLock==eLock );
   assert( eLock==NO_LOCK || eLock==SHARED_LOCK );
   assert( eLock!=NO_LOCK || pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
   if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
@@ -35448,7 +38623,7 @@ static int zeroJournalHdr(Pager *pPager, int doTruncate){
       rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->jfd, zeroHdr, sizeof(zeroHdr), 0);
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pPager->noSync ){
-      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY|pPager->sync_flags);
+      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY|pPager->syncFlags);
     }
 
     /* At this point the transaction is committed but the write lock 
@@ -36625,15 +39800,21 @@ static int pager_truncate(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage){
    && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN) 
   ){
     i64 currentSize, newSize;
+    int szPage = pPager->pageSize;
     assert( pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
     /* TODO: Is it safe to use Pager.dbFileSize here? */
     rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pPager->fd, &currentSize);
-    newSize = pPager->pageSize*(i64)nPage;
+    newSize = szPage*(i64)nPage;
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && currentSize!=newSize ){
       if( currentSize>newSize ){
         rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pPager->fd, newSize);
       }else{
-        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, "", 1, newSize-1);
+        char *pTmp = pPager->pTmpSpace;
+        memset(pTmp, 0, szPage);
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) <  currentSize );
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) == currentSize );
+        testcase( (newSize-szPage) >  currentSize );
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pTmp, szPage, newSize-szPage);
       }
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         pPager->dbFileSize = nPage;
@@ -36845,7 +40026,6 @@ static int pager_playback(Pager *pPager, int isHot){
       rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager,&pPager->journalOff,0,1,0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
-          rc = SQLITE_OK;
           pPager->journalOff = szJ;
           break;
         }else if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
@@ -36897,10 +40077,10 @@ static int pager_playback(Pager *pPager, int isHot){
     rc = readMasterJournal(pPager->jfd, zMaster, pPager->pVfs->mxPathname+1);
     testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   }
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pPager->noSync 
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK
    && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN)
   ){
-    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->sync_flags);
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0');
@@ -36993,6 +40173,28 @@ static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Update the value of the change-counter at offsets 24 and 92 in
+** the header and the sqlite version number at offset 96.
+**
+** This is an unconditional update.  See also the pager_incr_changecounter()
+** routine which only updates the change-counter if the update is actually
+** needed, as determined by the pPager->changeCountDone state variable.
+*/
+static void pager_write_changecounter(PgHdr *pPg){
+  u32 change_counter;
+
+  /* Increment the value just read and write it back to byte 24. */
+  change_counter = sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)pPg->pPager->dbFileVers)+1;
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+24, change_counter);
+
+  /* Also store the SQLite version number in bytes 96..99 and in
+  ** bytes 92..95 store the change counter for which the version number
+  ** is valid. */
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+92, change_counter);
+  put32bits(((char*)pPg->pData)+96, SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER);
+}
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 /*
 ** This function is invoked once for each page that has already been 
@@ -37068,19 +40270,47 @@ static int pagerRollbackWal(Pager *pPager){
 ** the contents of the list of pages headed by pList (connected by pDirty),
 ** this function notifies any active backup processes that the pages have
 ** changed. 
+**
+** The list of pages passed into this routine is always sorted by page number.
+** Hence, if page 1 appears anywhere on the list, it will be the first page.
 */ 
 static int pagerWalFrames(
   Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
   PgHdr *pList,                   /* List of frames to log */
   Pgno nTruncate,                 /* Database size after this commit */
   int isCommit,                   /* True if this is a commit */
-  int sync_flags                  /* Flags to pass to OsSync() (or 0) */
+  int syncFlags                   /* Flags to pass to OsSync() (or 0) */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES)
+  PgHdr *p;                       /* For looping over pages */
+#endif
 
   assert( pPager->pWal );
+  assert( pList );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Verify that the page list is in accending order */
+  for(p=pList; p && p->pDirty; p=p->pDirty){
+    assert( p->pgno < p->pDirty->pgno );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  if( isCommit ){
+    /* If a WAL transaction is being committed, there is no point in writing
+    ** any pages with page numbers greater than nTruncate into the WAL file.
+    ** They will never be read by any client. So remove them from the pDirty
+    ** list here. */
+    PgHdr *p;
+    PgHdr **ppNext = &pList;
+    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p); p=p->pDirty){
+      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ) ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+    }
+    assert( pList );
+  }
+
+  if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
   rc = sqlite3WalFrames(pPager->pWal, 
-      pPager->pageSize, pList, nTruncate, isCommit, sync_flags
+      pPager->pageSize, pList, nTruncate, isCommit, syncFlags
   );
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->pBackup ){
     PgHdr *p;
@@ -37090,9 +40320,9 @@ static int pagerWalFrames(
   }
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES
-  {
-    PgHdr *p;
-    for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty) pager_set_pagehash(p);
+  pList = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache);
+  for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty){
+    pager_set_pagehash(p);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -37122,12 +40352,13 @@ static int pagerBeginReadTransaction(Pager *pPager){
   sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(pPager->pWal);
 
   rc = sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(pPager->pWal, &changed);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && changed ){
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || changed ){
     pager_reset(pPager);
   }
 
   return rc;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** This function is called as part of the transition from PAGER_OPEN
@@ -37184,7 +40415,7 @@ static int pagerPagecount(Pager *pPager, Pgno *pnPage){
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 /*
 ** Check if the *-wal file that corresponds to the database opened by pPager
 ** exists if the database is not empy, or verify that the *-wal file does
@@ -37409,14 +40640,49 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager *pPager, int mxPage){
 **              assurance that the journal will not be corrupted to the
 **              point of causing damage to the database during rollback.
 **
+** The above is for a rollback-journal mode.  For WAL mode, OFF continues
+** to mean that no syncs ever occur.  NORMAL means that the WAL is synced
+** prior to the start of checkpoint and that the database file is synced
+** at the conclusion of the checkpoint if the entire content of the WAL
+** was written back into the database.  But no sync operations occur for
+** an ordinary commit in NORMAL mode with WAL.  FULL means that the WAL
+** file is synced following each commit operation, in addition to the
+** syncs associated with NORMAL.
+**
+** Do not confuse synchronous=FULL with SQLITE_SYNC_FULL.  The
+** SQLITE_SYNC_FULL macro means to use the MacOSX-style full-fsync
+** using fcntl(F_FULLFSYNC).  SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL means to do an
+** ordinary fsync() call.  There is no difference between SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
+** and SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL on platforms other than MacOSX.  But the
+** synchronous=FULL versus synchronous=NORMAL setting determines when
+** the xSync primitive is called and is relevant to all platforms.
+**
 ** Numeric values associated with these states are OFF==1, NORMAL=2,
 ** and FULL=3.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager *pPager, int level, int bFullFsync){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(
+  Pager *pPager,        /* The pager to set safety level for */
+  int level,            /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */  
+  int bFullFsync,       /* PRAGMA fullfsync */
+  int bCkptFullFsync    /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync */
+){
+  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
   pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
-  pPager->sync_flags = (bFullFsync?SQLITE_SYNC_FULL:SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL);
+  if( pPager->noSync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = 0;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = 0;
+  }else if( bFullFsync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+  }else if( bCkptFullFsync ){
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
+  }else{
+    pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+    pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -37595,9 +40861,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager *pPager, int mxPage){
   if( mxPage>0 ){
     pPager->mxPgno = mxPage;
   }
-  if( pPager->eState!=PAGER_OPEN && pPager->mxPgno<pPager->dbSize ){
-    pPager->mxPgno = pPager->dbSize;
-  }
+  assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_OPEN );      /* Called only by OP_MaxPgcnt */
+  assert( pPager->mxPgno>=pPager->dbSize );  /* OP_MaxPgcnt enforces this */
   return pPager->mxPgno;
 }
 
@@ -37797,15 +41062,13 @@ static int pagerSyncHotJournal(Pager *pPager){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerClose(Pager *pPager){
   u8 *pTmp = (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace;
 
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
   disable_simulated_io_errors();
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
   /* pPager->errCode = 0; */
   pPager->exclusiveMode = 0;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-  sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal,
-    (pPager->noSync ? 0 : pPager->sync_flags), 
-    pPager->pageSize, pTmp
-  );
+  sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, pTmp);
   pPager->pWal = 0;
 #endif
   pager_reset(pPager);
@@ -37971,7 +41234,7 @@ static int syncJournal(Pager *pPager, int newHdr){
         if( pPager->fullSync && 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL) ){
           PAGERTRACE(("SYNC journal of %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
           IOTRACE(("JSYNC %p\n", pPager))
-          rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->sync_flags);
+          rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->syncFlags);
           if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
         }
         IOTRACE(("JHDR %p %lld\n", pPager, pPager->journalHdr));
@@ -37983,8 +41246,8 @@ static int syncJournal(Pager *pPager, int newHdr){
       if( 0==(iDc&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL) ){
         PAGERTRACE(("SYNC journal of %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
         IOTRACE(("JSYNC %p\n", pPager))
-        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->sync_flags| 
-          (pPager->sync_flags==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL?SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY:0)
+        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->jfd, pPager->syncFlags| 
+          (pPager->syncFlags==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL?SQLITE_SYNC_DATAONLY:0)
         );
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
       }
@@ -38085,6 +41348,7 @@ static int pager_write_pagelist(Pager *pPager, PgHdr *pList){
       char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    
 
       assert( (pList->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
+      if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
 
       /* Encode the database */
       CODEC2(pPager, pList->pData, pgno, 6, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData);
@@ -38228,7 +41492,7 @@ static int pagerStress(void *p, PgHdr *pPg){
   **
   ** Spilling is also prohibited when in an error state since that could
   ** lead to database corruption.   In the current implementaton it 
-  ** is impossible for sqlite3PCacheFetch() to be called with createFlag==1
+  ** is impossible for sqlite3PcacheFetch() to be called with createFlag==1
   ** while in the error state, hence it is impossible for this routine to
   ** be called in the error state.  Nevertheless, we include a NEVER()
   ** test for the error state as a safeguard against future changes.
@@ -38359,6 +41623,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
   int noReadlock = (flags & PAGER_NO_READLOCK)!=0;  /* True to omit read-lock */
   int pcacheSize = sqlite3PcacheSize();       /* Bytes to allocate for PCache */
   u32 szPageDflt = SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;  /* Default page size */
+  const char *zUri = 0;    /* URI args to copy */
+  int nUri = 0;            /* Number of bytes of URI args at *zUri */
 
   /* Figure out how much space is required for each journal file-handle
   ** (there are two of them, the main journal and the sub-journal). This
@@ -38377,28 +41643,33 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
   /* Set the output variable to NULL in case an error occurs. */
   *ppPager = 0;
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+  if( flags & PAGER_MEMORY ){
+    memDb = 1;
+    zFilename = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+
   /* Compute and store the full pathname in an allocated buffer pointed
   ** to by zPathname, length nPathname. Or, if this is a temporary file,
   ** leave both nPathname and zPathname set to 0.
   */
   if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+    const char *z;
     nPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
     zPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nPathname*2);
     if( zPathname==0 ){
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
-    if( strcmp(zFilename,":memory:")==0 ){
-      memDb = 1;
-      zPathname[0] = 0;
-    }else
-#endif
-    {
-      zPathname[0] = 0; /* Make sure initialized even if FullPathname() fails */
-      rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nPathname, zPathname);
-    }
-
+    zPathname[0] = 0; /* Make sure initialized even if FullPathname() fails */
+    rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nPathname, zPathname);
     nPathname = sqlite3Strlen30(zPathname);
+    z = zUri = &zFilename[sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)+1];
+    while( *z ){
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z)+1;
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z)+1;
+    }
+    nUri = &z[1] - zUri;
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nPathname+8>pVfs->mxPathname ){
       /* This branch is taken when the journal path required by
       ** the database being opened will be more than pVfs->mxPathname
@@ -38431,7 +41702,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
     ROUND8(pcacheSize) +           /* PCache object */
     ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile) +       /* The main db file */
     journalFileSize * 2 +          /* The two journal files */ 
-    nPathname + 1 +                /* zFilename */
+    nPathname + 1 + nUri +         /* zFilename */
     nPathname + 8 + 1              /* zJournal */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
     + nPathname + 4 + 1              /* zWal */
@@ -38452,19 +41723,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
 
   /* Fill in the Pager.zFilename and Pager.zJournal buffers, if required. */
   if( zPathname ){
-    pPager->zJournal =   (char*)(pPtr += nPathname + 1);
+    assert( nPathname>0 );
+    pPager->zJournal =   (char*)(pPtr += nPathname + 1 + nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zFilename, zPathname, nPathname);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zJournal, zPathname, nPathname);
     memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal", 8);
-    if( pPager->zFilename[0]==0 ){
-      pPager->zJournal[0] = 0;
-    }
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zJournal);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-    else{
-      pPager->zWal = &pPager->zJournal[nPathname+8+1];
-      memcpy(pPager->zWal, zPathname, nPathname);
-      memcpy(&pPager->zWal[nPathname], "-wal", 4);
-    }
+    pPager->zWal = &pPager->zJournal[nPathname+8+1];
+    memcpy(pPager->zWal, zPathname, nPathname);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zWal[nPathname], "-wal", 4);
+    sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zWal);
 #endif
     sqlite3_free(zPathname);
   }
@@ -38473,9 +41743,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
 
   /* Open the pager file.
   */
-  if( zFilename && zFilename[0] && !memDb ){
+  if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
     int fout = 0;                    /* VFS flags returned by xOpen() */
     rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zFilename, pPager->fd, vfsFlags, &fout);
+    assert( !memDb );
     readOnly = (fout&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
 
     /* If the file was successfully opened for read/write access,
@@ -38579,7 +41850,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpen(
   assert( useJournal || pPager->tempFile );
   pPager->noSync = pPager->tempFile;
   pPager->fullSync = pPager->noSync ?0:1;
-  pPager->sync_flags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+  pPager->syncFlags = pPager->noSync ? 0 : SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
+  pPager->ckptSyncFlags = pPager->syncFlags;
   /* pPager->pFirst = 0; */
   /* pPager->pFirstSynced = 0; */
   /* pPager->pLast = 0; */
@@ -38679,7 +41951,7 @@ static int hasHotJournal(Pager *pPager, int *pExists){
           sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
           if( pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK)==SQLITE_OK ){
             sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
-            pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+            if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ) pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
           }
           sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
         }else{
@@ -38929,7 +42201,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager){
     ** mode. Otherwise, the following function call is a no-op.
     */
     rc = pagerOpenWalIfPresent(pPager);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
     assert( pPager->pWal==0 || rc==SQLITE_OK );
+#endif
   }
 
   if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
@@ -39054,14 +42328,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerAcquire(
     /* In this case the pcache already contains an initialized copy of
     ** the page. Return without further ado.  */
     assert( pgno<=PAGER_MAX_PGNO && pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
-    PAGER_INCR(pPager->nHit);
+    pPager->nHit++;
     return SQLITE_OK;
 
   }else{
     /* The pager cache has created a new page. Its content needs to 
     ** be initialized.  */
 
-    PAGER_INCR(pPager->nMiss);
     pPg = *ppPage;
     pPg->pPager = pPager;
 
@@ -39097,6 +42370,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerAcquire(
       IOTRACE(("ZERO %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
     }else{
       assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
+      pPager->nMiss++;
       rc = readDbPage(pPg);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto pager_acquire_err;
@@ -39358,29 +42632,29 @@ static int pager_write(PgHdr *pPg){
 
   CHECK_PAGE(pPg);
 
+  /* The journal file needs to be opened. Higher level routines have already
+  ** obtained the necessary locks to begin the write-transaction, but the
+  ** rollback journal might not yet be open. Open it now if this is the case.
+  **
+  ** This is done before calling sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty() on the page. 
+  ** Otherwise, if it were done after calling sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(), then
+  ** an error might occur and the pager would end up in WRITER_LOCKED state
+  ** with pages marked as dirty in the cache.
+  */
+  if( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+    rc = pager_open_journal(pPager);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
+  assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+
   /* Mark the page as dirty.  If the page has already been written
   ** to the journal then we can return right away.
   */
   sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
   if( pageInJournal(pPg) && !subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
     assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
-    assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
   }else{
-
-    /* If we get this far, it means that the page needs to be
-    ** written to the transaction journal or the checkpoint journal
-    ** or both.
-    **
-    ** Higher level routines have already obtained the necessary locks
-    ** to begin the write-transaction, but the rollback journal might not 
-    ** yet be open. Open it now if this is the case.
-    */
-    if( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
-      rc = pager_open_journal(pPager);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-    }
-    assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
-    assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
   
     /* The transaction journal now exists and we have a RESERVED or an
     ** EXCLUSIVE lock on the main database file.  Write the current page to
@@ -39607,7 +42881,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerDontWrite(PgHdr *pPg){
 /*
 ** This routine is called to increment the value of the database file 
 ** change-counter, stored as a 4-byte big-endian integer starting at 
-** byte offset 24 of the pager file.
+** byte offset 24 of the pager file.  The secondary change counter at
+** 92 is also updated, as is the SQLite version number at offset 96.
+**
+** But this only happens if the pPager->changeCountDone flag is false.
+** To avoid excess churning of page 1, the update only happens once.
+** See also the pager_write_changecounter() routine that does an 
+** unconditional update of the change counters.
 **
 ** If the isDirectMode flag is zero, then this is done by calling 
 ** sqlite3PagerWrite() on page 1, then modifying the contents of the
@@ -39648,7 +42928,6 @@ static int pager_incr_changecounter(Pager *pPager, int isDirectMode){
 
   if( !pPager->changeCountDone && pPager->dbSize>0 ){
     PgHdr *pPgHdr;                /* Reference to page 1 */
-    u32 change_counter;           /* Initial value of change-counter field */
 
     assert( !pPager->tempFile && isOpen(pPager->fd) );
 
@@ -39666,16 +42945,8 @@ static int pager_incr_changecounter(Pager *pPager, int isDirectMode){
     }
 
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* Increment the value just read and write it back to byte 24. */
-      change_counter = sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)pPager->dbFileVers);
-      change_counter++;
-      put32bits(((char*)pPgHdr->pData)+24, change_counter);
-
-      /* Also store the SQLite version number in bytes 96..99 and in
-      ** bytes 92..95 store the change counter for which the version number
-      ** is valid. */
-      put32bits(((char*)pPgHdr->pData)+92, change_counter);
-      put32bits(((char*)pPgHdr->pData)+96, SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER);
+      /* Actually do the update of the change counter */
+      pager_write_changecounter(pPgHdr);
 
       /* If running in direct mode, write the contents of page 1 to the file. */
       if( DIRECT_MODE ){
@@ -39700,19 +42971,20 @@ static int pager_incr_changecounter(Pager *pPager, int isDirectMode){
 }
 
 /*
-** Sync the pager file to disk. This is a no-op for in-memory files
+** Sync the database file to disk. This is a no-op for in-memory databases
 ** or pages with the Pager.noSync flag set.
 **
-** If successful, or called on a pager for which it is a no-op, this
+** If successful, or if called on a pager for which it is a no-op, this
 ** function returns SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, an IO error code is returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager){
-  int rc;                              /* Return code */
-  assert( !MEMDB );
-  if( pPager->noSync ){
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->sync_flags);
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->syncFlags);
+  }else if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    assert( !MEMDB );
+    sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED, (void *)&rc);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -39799,11 +43071,21 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(
   }else{
     if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
       PgHdr *pList = sqlite3PcacheDirtyList(pPager->pPCache);
-      if( pList ){
+      PgHdr *pPageOne = 0;
+      if( pList==0 ){
+        /* Must have at least one page for the WAL commit flag.
+        ** Ticket [2d1a5c67dfc2363e44f29d9bbd57f] 2011-05-18 */
+        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, 1, &pPageOne);
+        pList = pPageOne;
+        pList->pDirty = 0;
+      }
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      if( ALWAYS(pList) ){
         rc = pagerWalFrames(pPager, pList, pPager->dbSize, 1, 
-            (pPager->fullSync ? pPager->sync_flags : 0)
+            (pPager->fullSync ? pPager->syncFlags : 0)
         );
       }
+      sqlite3PagerUnref(pPageOne);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
       }
@@ -39931,8 +43213,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(
       }
   
       /* Finally, sync the database file. */
-      if( !pPager->noSync && !noSync ){
-        rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->sync_flags);
+      if( !noSync ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
       }
       IOTRACE(("DBSYNC %p\n", pPager))
     }
@@ -40044,7 +43326,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRollback(Pager *pPager){
     rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
   }else if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+    int eState = pPager->eState;
     rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+    if( !MEMDB && eState>PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
+      /* This can happen using journal_mode=off. Move the pager to the error 
+      ** state to indicate that the contents of the cache may not be trusted.
+      ** Any active readers will get SQLITE_ABORT.
+      */
+      pPager->errCode = SQLITE_ABORT;
+      pPager->eState = PAGER_ERROR;
+      return rc;
+    }
   }else{
     rc = pager_playback(pPager, 0);
   }
@@ -40113,6 +43405,31 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int *sqlite3PagerStats(Pager *pPager){
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Parameter eStat must be either SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT or
+** SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS. Before returning, *pnVal is incremented by the
+** current cache hit or miss count, according to the value of eStat. If the 
+** reset parameter is non-zero, the cache hit or miss count is zeroed before 
+** returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *pPager, int eStat, int reset, int *pnVal){
+  int *piStat;
+
+  assert( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT
+       || eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS
+  );
+  if( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT ){
+    piStat = &pPager->nHit;
+  }else{
+    piStat = &pPager->nMiss;
+  }
+
+  *pnVal += *piStat;
+  if( reset ){
+    *piStat = 0;
+  }
+}
+
 /*
 ** Return true if this is an in-memory pager.
 */
@@ -40503,7 +43820,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *pPager, int eMode){
             || eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
   assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_QUERY<0 );
   assert( PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL>=0 && PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE>=0 );
-  if( eMode>=0 && !pPager->tempFile ){
+  assert( pPager->exclusiveMode || 0==sqlite3WalHeapMemory(pPager->pWal) );
+  if( eMode>=0 && !pPager->tempFile && !sqlite3WalHeapMemory(pPager->pWal) ){
     pPager->exclusiveMode = (u8)eMode;
   }
   return (int)pPager->exclusiveMode;
@@ -40650,6 +43968,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(Pager *pPager){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(Pager *pPager, i64 iLimit){
   if( iLimit>=-1 ){
     pPager->journalSizeLimit = iLimit;
+    sqlite3WalLimit(pPager->pWal, iLimit);
   }
   return pPager->journalSizeLimit;
 }
@@ -40666,15 +43985,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_backup **sqlite3PagerBackupPtr(Pager *pPager){
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 /*
-** This function is called when the user invokes "PRAGMA checkpoint".
+** This function is called when the user invokes "PRAGMA wal_checkpoint",
+** "PRAGMA wal_blocking_checkpoint" or calls the sqlite3_wal_checkpoint()
+** or wal_blocking_checkpoint() API functions.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pPager->pWal ){
-    u8 *zBuf = (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace;
-    rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pPager->pWal,
-        (pPager->noSync ? 0 : pPager->sync_flags),
-        pPager->pageSize, zBuf
+    rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pPager->pWal, eMode,
+        pPager->xBusyHandler, pPager->pBusyHandlerArg,
+        pPager->ckptSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace,
+        pnLog, pnCkpt
     );
   }
   return rc;
@@ -40690,9 +44013,62 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager){
   const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods = pPager->fd->pMethods;
-  return pMethods->iVersion>=2 && pMethods->xShmMap!=0;
+  return pPager->exclusiveMode || (pMethods->iVersion>=2 && pMethods->xShmMap);
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to take an exclusive lock on the database file. If a PENDING lock
+** is obtained instead, immediately release it.
+*/
+static int pagerExclusiveLock(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pPager->eLock==SHARED_LOCK || pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+  rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    /* If the attempt to grab the exclusive lock failed, release the 
+    ** pending lock that may have been obtained instead.  */
+    pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Call sqlite3WalOpen() to open the WAL handle. If the pager is in 
+** exclusive-locking mode when this function is called, take an EXCLUSIVE
+** lock on the database file and use heap-memory to store the wal-index
+** in. Otherwise, use the normal shared-memory.
+*/
+static int pagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( pPager->pWal==0 && pPager->tempFile==0 );
+  assert( pPager->eLock==SHARED_LOCK || pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK || pPager->noReadlock);
+
+  /* If the pager is already in exclusive-mode, the WAL module will use 
+  ** heap-memory for the wal-index instead of the VFS shared-memory 
+  ** implementation. Take the exclusive lock now, before opening the WAL
+  ** file, to make sure this is safe.
+  */
+  if( pPager->exclusiveMode ){
+    rc = pagerExclusiveLock(pPager);
+  }
+
+  /* Open the connection to the log file. If this operation fails, 
+  ** (e.g. due to malloc() failure), return an error code.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, 
+        pPager->fd, pPager->zWal, pPager->exclusiveMode,
+        pPager->journalSizeLimit, &pPager->pWal
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** The caller must be holding a SHARED lock on the database file to call
 ** this function.
@@ -40726,11 +44102,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(
     /* Close any rollback journal previously open */
     sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
 
-    /* Open the connection to the log file. If this operation fails, 
-    ** (e.g. due to malloc() failure), unlock the database file and 
-    ** return an error code.
-    */
-    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, pPager->fd, pPager->zWal, &pPager->pWal);
+    rc = pagerOpenWal(pPager);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       pPager->journalMode = PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL;
       pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
@@ -40769,8 +44141,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager){
       );
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && logexists ){
-      rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, pPager->fd,
-                          pPager->zWal, &pPager->pWal);
+      rc = pagerOpenWal(pPager);
     }
   }
     
@@ -40778,22 +44149,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager){
   ** the database file, the log and log-summary files will be deleted.
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->pWal ){
-    rc = pagerLockDb(pPager, EXCLUSIVE_LOCK);
+    rc = pagerExclusiveLock(pPager);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal,
-                           (pPager->noSync ? 0 : pPager->sync_flags), 
-        pPager->pageSize, (u8*)pPager->pTmpSpace
-      );
+      rc = sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags,
+                           pPager->pageSize, (u8*)pPager->pTmpSpace);
       pPager->pWal = 0;
-    }else{
-      /* If we cannot get an EXCLUSIVE lock, downgrade the PENDING lock
-      ** that we did get back to SHARED. */
-      pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SQLITE_LOCK_SHARED);
     }
   }
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Unless this is an in-memory or temporary database, clear the pager cache.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager *pPager){
+  if( !MEMDB && pPager->tempFile==0 ) pager_reset(pPager);
+}
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
 /*
 ** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
@@ -41228,6 +44600,7 @@ struct Wal {
   sqlite3_file *pDbFd;       /* File handle for the database file */
   sqlite3_file *pWalFd;      /* File handle for WAL file */
   u32 iCallback;             /* Value to pass to log callback (or 0) */
+  i64 mxWalSize;             /* Truncate WAL to this size upon reset */
   int nWiData;               /* Size of array apWiData */
   volatile u32 **apWiData;   /* Pointer to wal-index content in memory */
   u32 szPage;                /* Database page size */
@@ -41235,7 +44608,7 @@ struct Wal {
   u8 exclusiveMode;          /* Non-zero if connection is in exclusive mode */
   u8 writeLock;              /* True if in a write transaction */
   u8 ckptLock;               /* True if holding a checkpoint lock */
-  u8 readOnly;               /* True if the WAL file is open read-only */
+  u8 readOnly;               /* WAL_RDWR, WAL_RDONLY, or WAL_SHM_RDONLY */
   WalIndexHdr hdr;           /* Wal-index header for current transaction */
   const char *zWalName;      /* Name of WAL file */
   u32 nCkpt;                 /* Checkpoint sequence counter in the wal-header */
@@ -41244,6 +44617,20 @@ struct Wal {
 #endif
 };
 
+/*
+** Candidate values for Wal.exclusiveMode.
+*/
+#define WAL_NORMAL_MODE     0
+#define WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE  1     
+#define WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE 2
+
+/*
+** Possible values for WAL.readOnly
+*/
+#define WAL_RDWR        0    /* Normal read/write connection */
+#define WAL_RDONLY      1    /* The WAL file is readonly */
+#define WAL_SHM_RDONLY  2    /* The SHM file is readonly */
+
 /*
 ** Each page of the wal-index mapping contains a hash-table made up of
 ** an array of HASHTABLE_NSLOT elements of the following type.
@@ -41267,14 +44654,14 @@ typedef u16 ht_slot;
 */
 struct WalIterator {
   int iPrior;                     /* Last result returned from the iterator */
-  int nSegment;                   /* Size of the aSegment[] array */
+  int nSegment;                   /* Number of entries in aSegment[] */
   struct WalSegment {
     int iNext;                    /* Next slot in aIndex[] not yet returned */
     ht_slot *aIndex;              /* i0, i1, i2... such that aPgno[iN] ascend */
     u32 *aPgno;                   /* Array of page numbers. */
-    int nEntry;                   /* Max size of aPgno[] and aIndex[] arrays */
+    int nEntry;                   /* Nr. of entries in aPgno[] and aIndex[] */
     int iZero;                    /* Frame number associated with aPgno[0] */
-  } aSegment[1];                  /* One for every 32KB page in the WAL */
+  } aSegment[1];                  /* One for every 32KB page in the wal-index */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -41330,9 +44717,18 @@ static int walIndexPage(Wal *pWal, int iPage, volatile u32 **ppPage){
 
   /* Request a pointer to the required page from the VFS */
   if( pWal->apWiData[iPage]==0 ){
-    rc = sqlite3OsShmMap(pWal->pDbFd, iPage, WALINDEX_PGSZ, 
-        pWal->writeLock, (void volatile **)&pWal->apWiData[iPage]
-    );
+    if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+      pWal->apWiData[iPage] = (u32 volatile *)sqlite3MallocZero(WALINDEX_PGSZ);
+      if( !pWal->apWiData[iPage] ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3OsShmMap(pWal->pDbFd, iPage, WALINDEX_PGSZ, 
+          pWal->writeLock, (void volatile **)&pWal->apWiData[iPage]
+      );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_READONLY ){
+        pWal->readOnly |= WAL_SHM_RDONLY;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   *ppPage = pWal->apWiData[iPage];
@@ -41415,6 +44811,12 @@ static void walChecksumBytes(
   aOut[1] = s2;
 }
 
+static void walShmBarrier(Wal *pWal){
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+  }
+}
+
 /*
 ** Write the header information in pWal->hdr into the wal-index.
 **
@@ -41429,7 +44831,7 @@ static void walIndexWriteHdr(Wal *pWal){
   pWal->hdr.iVersion = WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION;
   walChecksumBytes(1, (u8*)&pWal->hdr, nCksum, 0, pWal->hdr.aCksum);
   memcpy((void *)&aHdr[1], (void *)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
-  sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+  walShmBarrier(pWal);
   memcpy((void *)&aHdr[0], (void *)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
 }
 
@@ -42001,7 +45403,15 @@ static int walIndexRecover(Wal *pWal){
 ** Close an open wal-index.
 */
 static void walIndexClose(Wal *pWal, int isDelete){
-  sqlite3OsShmUnmap(pWal->pDbFd, isDelete);
+  if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWal->nWiData; i++){
+      sqlite3_free((void *)pWal->apWiData[i]);
+      pWal->apWiData[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    sqlite3OsShmUnmap(pWal->pDbFd, isDelete);
+  }
 }
 
 /* 
@@ -42023,6 +45433,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,              /* vfs module to open wal and wal-index */
   sqlite3_file *pDbFd,            /* The open database file */
   const char *zWalName,           /* Name of the WAL file */
+  int bNoShm,                     /* True to run in heap-memory mode */
+  i64 mxWalSize,                  /* Truncate WAL to this size on reset */
   Wal **ppWal                     /* OUT: Allocated Wal handle */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
@@ -42055,13 +45467,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(
   pRet->pWalFd = (sqlite3_file *)&pRet[1];
   pRet->pDbFd = pDbFd;
   pRet->readLock = -1;
+  pRet->mxWalSize = mxWalSize;
   pRet->zWalName = zWalName;
+  pRet->exclusiveMode = (bNoShm ? WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE: WAL_NORMAL_MODE);
 
   /* Open file handle on the write-ahead log file. */
   flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_WAL);
   rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zWalName, pRet->pWalFd, flags, &flags);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && flags&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY ){
-    pRet->readOnly = 1;
+    pRet->readOnly = WAL_RDONLY;
   }
 
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -42075,6 +45489,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalOpen(
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Change the size to which the WAL file is trucated on each reset.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalLimit(Wal *pWal, i64 iLimit){
+  if( pWal ) pWal->mxWalSize = iLimit;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Find the smallest page number out of all pages held in the WAL that
 ** has not been returned by any prior invocation of this method on the
@@ -42117,9 +45538,29 @@ static int walIteratorNext(
 
 /*
 ** This function merges two sorted lists into a single sorted list.
+**
+** aLeft[] and aRight[] are arrays of indices.  The sort key is
+** aContent[aLeft[]] and aContent[aRight[]].  Upon entry, the following
+** is guaranteed for all J<K:
+**
+**        aContent[aLeft[J]] < aContent[aLeft[K]]
+**        aContent[aRight[J]] < aContent[aRight[K]]
+**
+** This routine overwrites aRight[] with a new (probably longer) sequence
+** of indices such that the aRight[] contains every index that appears in
+** either aLeft[] or the old aRight[] and such that the second condition
+** above is still met.
+**
+** The aContent[aLeft[X]] values will be unique for all X.  And the
+** aContent[aRight[X]] values will be unique too.  But there might be
+** one or more combinations of X and Y such that
+**
+**      aLeft[X]!=aRight[Y]  &&  aContent[aLeft[X]] == aContent[aRight[Y]]
+**
+** When that happens, omit the aLeft[X] and use the aRight[Y] index.
 */
 static void walMerge(
-  u32 *aContent,                  /* Pages in wal */
+  const u32 *aContent,            /* Pages in wal - keys for the sort */
   ht_slot *aLeft,                 /* IN: Left hand input list */
   int nLeft,                      /* IN: Elements in array *paLeft */
   ht_slot **paRight,              /* IN/OUT: Right hand input list */
@@ -42159,10 +45600,24 @@ static void walMerge(
 }
 
 /*
-** Sort the elements in list aList, removing any duplicates.
+** Sort the elements in list aList using aContent[] as the sort key.
+** Remove elements with duplicate keys, preferring to keep the
+** larger aList[] values.
+**
+** The aList[] entries are indices into aContent[].  The values in
+** aList[] are to be sorted so that for all J<K:
+**
+**      aContent[aList[J]] < aContent[aList[K]]
+**
+** For any X and Y such that
+**
+**      aContent[aList[X]] == aContent[aList[Y]]
+**
+** Keep the larger of the two values aList[X] and aList[Y] and discard
+** the smaller.
 */
 static void walMergesort(
-  u32 *aContent,                  /* Pages in wal */
+  const u32 *aContent,            /* Pages in wal */
   ht_slot *aBuffer,               /* Buffer of at least *pnList items to use */
   ht_slot *aList,                 /* IN/OUT: List to sort */
   int *pnList                     /* IN/OUT: Number of elements in aList[] */
@@ -42227,6 +45682,7 @@ static void walIteratorFree(WalIterator *p){
 /*
 ** Construct a WalInterator object that can be used to loop over all 
 ** pages in the WAL in ascending order. The caller must hold the checkpoint
+** lock.
 **
 ** On success, make *pp point to the newly allocated WalInterator object
 ** return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, return an error code. If this routine
@@ -42311,6 +45767,34 @@ static int walIteratorInit(Wal *pWal, WalIterator **pp){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Attempt to obtain the exclusive WAL lock defined by parameters lockIdx and
+** n. If the attempt fails and parameter xBusy is not NULL, then it is a
+** busy-handler function. Invoke it and retry the lock until either the
+** lock is successfully obtained or the busy-handler returns 0.
+*/
+static int walBusyLock(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL connection */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
+  int lockIdx,                    /* Offset of first byte to lock */
+  int n                           /* Number of bytes to lock */
+){
+  int rc;
+  do {
+    rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, lockIdx, n);
+  }while( xBusy && rc==SQLITE_BUSY && xBusy(pBusyArg) );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The cache of the wal-index header must be valid to call this function.
+** Return the page-size in bytes used by the database.
+*/
+static int walPagesize(Wal *pWal){
+  return (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+}
+
 /*
 ** Copy as much content as we can from the WAL back into the database file
 ** in response to an sqlite3_wal_checkpoint() request or the equivalent.
@@ -42344,8 +45828,10 @@ static int walIteratorInit(Wal *pWal, WalIterator **pp){
 */
 static int walCheckpoint(
   Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* One of PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART */
+  int (*xBusyCall)(void*),        /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
   int sync_flags,                 /* Flags for OsSync() (or 0) */
-  int nBuf,                       /* Size of zBuf in bytes */
   u8 *zBuf                        /* Temporary buffer to use */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
@@ -42357,11 +45843,13 @@ static int walCheckpoint(
   u32 mxPage;                     /* Max database page to write */
   int i;                          /* Loop counter */
   volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo;    /* The checkpoint status information */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*) = 0;        /* Function to call when waiting for locks */
 
-  szPage = (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+  szPage = walPagesize(pWal);
   testcase( szPage<=32768 );
   testcase( szPage>=65536 );
-  if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
+  if( pInfo->nBackfill>=pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) return SQLITE_OK;
 
   /* Allocate the iterator */
   rc = walIteratorInit(pWal, &pIter);
@@ -42370,11 +45858,7 @@ static int walCheckpoint(
   }
   assert( pIter );
 
-  /*** TODO:  Move this test out to the caller.  Make it an assert() here ***/
-  if( szPage!=nBuf ){
-    rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-    goto walcheckpoint_out;
-  }
+  if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ) xBusy = xBusyCall;
 
   /* Compute in mxSafeFrame the index of the last frame of the WAL that is
   ** safe to write into the database.  Frames beyond mxSafeFrame might
@@ -42383,17 +45867,17 @@ static int walCheckpoint(
   */
   mxSafeFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
   mxPage = pWal->hdr.nPage;
-  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
   for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
     u32 y = pInfo->aReadMark[i];
-    if( mxSafeFrame>=y ){
+    if( mxSafeFrame>y ){
       assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
-      rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
+      rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
         mxSafeFrame = y;
+        xBusy = 0;
       }else{
         goto walcheckpoint_out;
       }
@@ -42401,7 +45885,7 @@ static int walCheckpoint(
   }
 
   if( pInfo->nBackfill<mxSafeFrame
-   && (rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1))==SQLITE_OK
+   && (rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1))==SQLITE_OK
   ){
     i64 nSize;                    /* Current size of database file */
     u32 nBackfill = pInfo->nBackfill;
@@ -42454,13 +45938,32 @@ static int walCheckpoint(
 
     /* Release the reader lock held while backfilling */
     walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1);
-  }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
     /* Reset the return code so as not to report a checkpoint failure
-    ** just because active readers prevent any backfill.
-    */
+    ** just because there are active readers.  */
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
+  /* If this is an SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART operation, and the entire wal
+  ** file has been copied into the database file, then block until all
+  ** readers have finished using the wal file. This ensures that the next
+  ** process to write to the database restarts the wal file.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
+    assert( pWal->writeLock );
+    if( pInfo->nBackfill<pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    }else if( eMode==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART ){
+      assert( mxSafeFrame==pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
+      rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
  walcheckpoint_out:
   walIteratorFree(pIter);
   return rc;
@@ -42489,9 +45992,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalClose(
     */
     rc = sqlite3OsLock(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      pWal->exclusiveMode = 1;
-      rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pWal, sync_flags, nBuf, zBuf);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int bPersistWal = -1;
+      if( pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_NORMAL_MODE ){
+        pWal->exclusiveMode = WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
+          pWal, SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, 0, 0, sync_flags, nBuf, zBuf, 0, 0
+      );
+      sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL, &bPersistWal);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bPersistWal!=1 ){
         isDelete = 1;
       }
     }
@@ -42545,7 +46054,7 @@ static int walIndexTryHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
   */
   aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
   memcpy(&h1, (void *)&aHdr[0], sizeof(h1));
-  sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+  walShmBarrier(pWal);
   memcpy(&h2, (void *)&aHdr[1], sizeof(h2));
 
   if( memcmp(&h1, &h2, sizeof(h1))!=0 ){
@@ -42609,21 +46118,28 @@ static int walIndexReadHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
   ** with a writer.  So get a WRITE lock and try again.
   */
   assert( badHdr==0 || pWal->writeLock==0 );
-  if( badHdr && SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1)) ){
-    pWal->writeLock = 1;
-    if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0)) ){
-      badHdr = walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged);
-      if( badHdr ){
-        /* If the wal-index header is still malformed even while holding
-        ** a WRITE lock, it can only mean that the header is corrupted and
-        ** needs to be reconstructed.  So run recovery to do exactly that.
-        */
-        rc = walIndexRecover(pWal);
-        *pChanged = 1;
+  if( badHdr ){
+    if( pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY ){
+      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK)) ){
+        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK);
+        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY;
+      }
+    }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1)) ){
+      pWal->writeLock = 1;
+      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0)) ){
+        badHdr = walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged);
+        if( badHdr ){
+          /* If the wal-index header is still malformed even while holding
+          ** a WRITE lock, it can only mean that the header is corrupted and
+          ** needs to be reconstructed.  So run recovery to do exactly that.
+          */
+          rc = walIndexRecover(pWal);
+          *pChanged = 1;
+        }
       }
+      pWal->writeLock = 0;
+      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
     }
-    pWal->writeLock = 0;
-    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
   }
 
   /* If the header is read successfully, check the version number to make
@@ -42702,10 +46218,31 @@ static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
 
   assert( pWal->readLock<0 );     /* Not currently locked */
 
-  /* Take steps to avoid spinning forever if there is a protocol error. */
+  /* Take steps to avoid spinning forever if there is a protocol error.
+  **
+  ** Circumstances that cause a RETRY should only last for the briefest
+  ** instances of time.  No I/O or other system calls are done while the
+  ** locks are held, so the locks should not be held for very long. But 
+  ** if we are unlucky, another process that is holding a lock might get
+  ** paged out or take a page-fault that is time-consuming to resolve, 
+  ** during the few nanoseconds that it is holding the lock.  In that case,
+  ** it might take longer than normal for the lock to free.
+  **
+  ** After 5 RETRYs, we begin calling sqlite3OsSleep().  The first few
+  ** calls to sqlite3OsSleep() have a delay of 1 microsecond.  Really this
+  ** is more of a scheduler yield than an actual delay.  But on the 10th
+  ** an subsequent retries, the delays start becoming longer and longer, 
+  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 21 milliseconds.
+  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 1 second.
+  */
   if( cnt>5 ){
-    if( cnt>100 ) return SQLITE_PROTOCOL;
-    sqlite3OsSleep(pWal->pVfs, 1);
+    int nDelay = 1;                      /* Pause time in microseconds */
+    if( cnt>100 ){
+      VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = 1; )
+      return SQLITE_PROTOCOL;
+    }
+    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*238;  /* Max delay 21ms. Total delay 996ms */
+    sqlite3OsSleep(pWal->pVfs, nDelay);
   }
 
   if( !useWal ){
@@ -42746,7 +46283,7 @@ static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
     ** and can be safely ignored.
     */
     rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
-    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+    walShmBarrier(pWal);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       if( memcmp((void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr)) ){
         /* It is not safe to allow the reader to continue here if frames
@@ -42787,22 +46324,11 @@ static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
       mxI = i;
     }
   }
-  if( mxI==0 ){
-    /* If we get here, it means that all of the aReadMark[] entries between
-    ** 1 and WAL_NREADER-1 are zero.  Try to initialize aReadMark[1] to
-    ** be mxFrame, then retry.
-    */
-    rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), 1);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      pInfo->aReadMark[1] = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
-      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), 1);
-      rc = WAL_RETRY;
-    }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
-      rc = WAL_RETRY;
-    }
-    return rc;
-  }else{
-    if( mxReadMark < pWal->hdr.mxFrame ){
+  /* There was once an "if" here. The extra "{" is to preserve indentation. */
+  {
+    if( (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)==0
+     && (mxReadMark<pWal->hdr.mxFrame || mxI==0)
+    ){
       for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
         rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -42815,6 +46341,10 @@ static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
         }
       }
     }
+    if( mxI==0 ){
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)!=0 );
+      return rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? WAL_RETRY : SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK;
+    }
 
     rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI));
     if( rc ){
@@ -42840,7 +46370,7 @@ static int walTryBeginRead(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged, int useWal, int cnt){
     ** log-wrap (either of which would require an exclusive lock on
     ** WAL_READ_LOCK(mxI)) has not occurred since the snapshot was valid.
     */
-    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
+    walShmBarrier(pWal);
     if( pInfo->aReadMark[mxI]!=mxReadMark
      || memcmp((void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr))
     ){
@@ -42875,6 +46405,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
   do{
     rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, pChanged, 0, ++cnt);
   }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
+  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );
+  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+  testcase( rc==SQLITE_PROTOCOL );
+  testcase( rc==SQLITE_OK );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -42997,7 +46531,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(
     int sz;
     i64 iOffset;
     sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
-    sz = (pWal->hdr.szPage&0xfe00) + ((pWal->hdr.szPage&0x0001)<<16);
+    sz = (sz&0xfe00) + ((sz&0x0001)<<16);
     testcase( sz<=32768 );
     testcase( sz>=65536 );
     iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
@@ -43182,7 +46716,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalSavepointUndo(Wal *pWal, u32 *aWalData){
 **
 ** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error is encountered (regardless of whether
 ** or not pWal->hdr.mxFrame is modified). An SQLite error code is returned
-** if some error 
+** if an error occurs.
 */
 static int walRestartLog(Wal *pWal){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -43192,6 +46726,8 @@ static int walRestartLog(Wal *pWal){
     volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
     assert( pInfo->nBackfill==pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
     if( pInfo->nBackfill>0 ){
+      u32 salt1;
+      sqlite3_randomness(4, &salt1);
       rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         /* If all readers are using WAL_READ_LOCK(0) (in other words if no
@@ -43206,15 +46742,35 @@ static int walRestartLog(Wal *pWal){
         */
         int i;                    /* Loop counter */
         u32 *aSalt = pWal->hdr.aSalt;       /* Big-endian salt values */
+
+        /* Limit the size of WAL file if the journal_size_limit PRAGMA is
+        ** set to a non-negative value.  Log errors encountered
+        ** during the truncation attempt. */
+        if( pWal->mxWalSize>=0 ){
+          i64 sz;
+          int rx;
+          sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+          rx = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pWalFd, &sz);
+          if( rx==SQLITE_OK && (sz > pWal->mxWalSize) ){
+            rx = sqlite3OsTruncate(pWal->pWalFd, pWal->mxWalSize);
+          }
+          sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+          if( rx ){
+            sqlite3_log(rx, "cannot limit WAL size: %s", pWal->zWalName);
+          }
+        }
+
         pWal->nCkpt++;
         pWal->hdr.mxFrame = 0;
         sqlite3Put4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0], 1 + sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0]));
-        sqlite3_randomness(4, &aSalt[1]);
+        aSalt[1] = salt1;
         walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
         pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
         for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
         assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
+      }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        return rc;
       }
     }
     walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0));
@@ -43224,6 +46780,10 @@ static int walRestartLog(Wal *pWal){
       int notUsed;
       rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, &notUsed, 1, ++cnt);
     }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
+    assert( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_BUSY ); /* BUSY not possible when useWal==1 */
+    testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+    testcase( rc==SQLITE_PROTOCOL );
+    testcase( rc==SQLITE_OK );
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -43294,7 +46854,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFrames(
       return rc;
     }
   }
-  assert( pWal->szPage==szPage );
+  assert( (int)pWal->szPage==szPage );
 
   /* Write the log file. */
   for(p=pList; p; p=p->pDirty){
@@ -43403,18 +46963,29 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFrames(
 **
 ** Obtain a CHECKPOINT lock and then backfill as much information as
 ** we can from WAL into the database.
+**
+** If parameter xBusy is not NULL, it is a pointer to a busy-handler
+** callback. In this case this function runs a blocking checkpoint.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
   Wal *pWal,                      /* Wal connection */
+  int eMode,                      /* PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART */
+  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
+  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
   int sync_flags,                 /* Flags to sync db file with (or 0) */
   int nBuf,                       /* Size of temporary buffer */
-  u8 *zBuf                        /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  u8 *zBuf,                       /* Temporary buffer to use */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Number of frames in WAL */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Number of backfilled frames in WAL */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
   int isChanged = 0;              /* True if a new wal-index header is loaded */
+  int eMode2 = eMode;             /* Mode to pass to walCheckpoint() */
 
   assert( pWal->ckptLock==0 );
+  assert( pWal->writeLock==0 );
 
+  if( pWal->readOnly ) return SQLITE_READONLY;
   WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint begins\n", pWal));
   rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
   if( rc ){
@@ -43425,11 +46996,45 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
   }
   pWal->ckptLock = 1;
 
+  /* If this is a blocking-checkpoint, then obtain the write-lock as well
+  ** to prevent any writers from running while the checkpoint is underway.
+  ** This has to be done before the call to walIndexReadHdr() below.
+  **
+  ** If the writer lock cannot be obtained, then a passive checkpoint is
+  ** run instead. Since the checkpointer is not holding the writer lock,
+  ** there is no point in blocking waiting for any readers. Assuming no 
+  ** other error occurs, this function will return SQLITE_BUSY to the caller.
+  */
+  if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
+    rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pWal->writeLock = 1;
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      eMode2 = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Read the wal-index header. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
+  }
+
   /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
-  rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = walCheckpoint(pWal, sync_flags, nBuf, zBuf);
+    if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame && walPagesize(pWal)!=nBuf ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }else{
+      rc = walCheckpoint(pWal, eMode2, xBusy, pBusyArg, sync_flags, zBuf);
+    }
+
+    /* If no error occurred, set the output variables. */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+      if( pnLog ) *pnLog = (int)pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
+      if( pnCkpt ) *pnCkpt = (int)(walCkptInfo(pWal)->nBackfill);
+    }
   }
+
   if( isChanged ){
     /* If a new wal-index header was loaded before the checkpoint was 
     ** performed, then the pager-cache associated with pWal is now
@@ -43441,10 +47046,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCheckpoint(
   }
 
   /* Release the locks. */
+  sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pWal);
   walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
   pWal->ckptLock = 0;
   WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
-  return rc;
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=eMode2 ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc);
 }
 
 /* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
@@ -43481,13 +47087,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalCallback(Wal *pWal){
 ** on the main database file before invoking this operation.
 **
 ** If op is negative, then do a dry-run of the op==1 case but do
-** not actually change anything.  The pager uses this to see if it
+** not actually change anything. The pager uses this to see if it
 ** should acquire the database exclusive lock prior to invoking
 ** the op==1 case.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op){
   int rc;
   assert( pWal->writeLock==0 );
+  assert( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE || op==-1 );
 
   /* pWal->readLock is usually set, but might be -1 if there was a 
   ** prior error while attempting to acquire are read-lock. This cannot 
@@ -43521,6 +47128,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/* 
+** Return true if the argument is non-NULL and the WAL module is using
+** heap-memory for the wal-index. Otherwise, if the argument is NULL or the
+** WAL module is using shared-memory, return false. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalHeapMemory(Wal *pWal){
+  return (pWal && pWal->exclusiveMode==WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE );
+}
+
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
 /************** End of wal.c *************************************************/
@@ -43763,7 +47379,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(Wal *pWal, int op){
 /* The following value is the maximum cell size assuming a maximum page
 ** size give above.
 */
-#define MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt)  (pBt->pageSize-8)
+#define MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt)  ((int)(pBt->pageSize-8))
 
 /* The maximum number of cells on a single page of the database.  This
 ** assumes a minimum cell size of 6 bytes  (4 bytes for the cell itself
@@ -43881,7 +47497,7 @@ struct BtLock {
 ** All fields in this structure are accessed under sqlite3.mutex.
 ** The pBt pointer itself may not be changed while there exists cursors 
 ** in the referenced BtShared that point back to this Btree since those
-** cursors have to do go through this Btree to find their BtShared and
+** cursors have to go through this Btree to find their BtShared and
 ** they often do so without holding sqlite3.mutex.
 */
 struct Btree {
@@ -43954,23 +47570,24 @@ struct BtShared {
   u8 pageSizeFixed;     /* True if the page size can no longer be changed */
   u8 secureDelete;      /* True if secure_delete is enabled */
   u8 initiallyEmpty;    /* Database is empty at start of transaction */
+  u8 openFlags;         /* Flags to sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
   u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
   u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
 #endif
+  u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
+  u8 doNotUseWAL;       /* If true, do not open write-ahead-log file */
   u16 maxLocal;         /* Maximum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
   u16 minLocal;         /* Minimum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
   u16 maxLeaf;          /* Maximum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
   u16 minLeaf;          /* Minimum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
-  u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
-  u8 doNotUseWAL;       /* If true, do not open write-ahead-log file */
   u32 pageSize;         /* Total number of bytes on a page */
   u32 usableSize;       /* Number of usable bytes on each page */
   int nTransaction;     /* Number of open transactions (read + write) */
   u32 nPage;            /* Number of pages in the database */
   void *pSchema;        /* Pointer to space allocated by sqlite3BtreeSchema() */
   void (*xFreeSchema)(void*);  /* Destructor for BtShared.pSchema */
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex; /* Non-recursive mutex required to access this struct */
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex; /* Non-recursive mutex required to access this object */
   Bitvec *pHasContent;  /* Set of pages moved to free-list this transaction */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
   int nRef;             /* Number of references to this structure */
@@ -43990,8 +47607,8 @@ struct BtShared {
 */
 typedef struct CellInfo CellInfo;
 struct CellInfo {
-  u8 *pCell;     /* Pointer to the start of cell content */
   i64 nKey;      /* The key for INTKEY tables, or number of bytes in key */
+  u8 *pCell;     /* Pointer to the start of cell content */
   u32 nData;     /* Number of bytes of data */
   u32 nPayload;  /* Total amount of payload */
   u16 nHeader;   /* Size of the cell content header in bytes */
@@ -44033,20 +47650,20 @@ struct BtCursor {
   Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
   sqlite3_int64 cachedRowid; /* Next rowid cache.  0 means not valid */
   CellInfo info;            /* A parse of the cell we are pointing at */
+  i64 nKey;        /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
+  void *pKey;      /* Saved key that was cursor's last known position */
+  int skipNext;    /* Prev() is noop if negative. Next() is noop if positive */
   u8 wrFlag;                /* True if writable */
   u8 atLast;                /* Cursor pointing to the last entry */
   u8 validNKey;             /* True if info.nKey is valid */
   u8 eState;                /* One of the CURSOR_XXX constants (see below) */
-  void *pKey;      /* Saved key that was cursor's last known position */
-  i64 nKey;        /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
-  int skipNext;    /* Prev() is noop if negative. Next() is noop if positive */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-  u8 isIncrblobHandle;      /* True if this cursor is an incr. io handle */
   Pgno *aOverflow;          /* Cache of overflow page locations */
+  u8 isIncrblobHandle;      /* True if this cursor is an incr. io handle */
 #endif
   i16 iPage;                            /* Index of current page in apPage */
-  MemPage *apPage[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];  /* Pages from root to current page */
   u16 aiIdx[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];        /* Current index in apPage[i] */
+  MemPage *apPage[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];  /* Pages from root to current page */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -44211,12 +47828,13 @@ static void lockBtreeMutex(Btree *p){
 ** clear the p->locked boolean.
 */
 static void unlockBtreeMutex(Btree *p){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
   assert( p->locked==1 );
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-  assert( p->db==p->pBt->db );
+  assert( p->db==pBt->db );
 
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pBt->mutex);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pBt->mutex);
   p->locked = 0;
 }
 
@@ -44357,30 +47975,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(sqlite3 *db){
   int i;
-  Btree *p, *pLater;
+  Btree *p;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
     p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
-    assert( !p || (p->locked==0 && p->sharable) || p->pBt->db==p->db );
-    if( p && p->sharable ){
-      p->wantToLock++;
-      if( !p->locked ){
-        assert( p->wantToLock==1 );
-        while( p->pPrev ) p = p->pPrev;
-        /* Reason for ALWAYS:  There must be at least on unlocked Btree in
-        ** the chain.  Otherwise the !p->locked test above would have failed */
-        while( p->locked && ALWAYS(p->pNext) ) p = p->pNext;
-        for(pLater = p->pNext; pLater; pLater=pLater->pNext){
-          if( pLater->locked ){
-            unlockBtreeMutex(pLater);
-          }
-        }
-        while( p ){
-          lockBtreeMutex(p);
-          p = p->pNext;
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    if( p ) sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
   }
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(sqlite3 *db){
@@ -44389,16 +47988,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(sqlite3 *db){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
     p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
-    if( p && p->sharable ){
-      assert( p->wantToLock>0 );
-      p->wantToLock--;
-      if( p->wantToLock==0 ){
-        unlockBtreeMutex(p);
-      }
-    }
+    if( p ) sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Return true if a particular Btree requires a lock.  Return FALSE if
+** no lock is ever required since it is not sharable.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSharable(Btree *p){
+  return p->sharable;
+}
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
 ** Return true if the current thread holds the database connection
@@ -44423,97 +48024,42 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(sqlite3 *db){
 }
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
-** Add a new Btree pointer to a BtreeMutexArray. 
-** if the pointer can possibly be shared with
-** another database connection.
+** Return true if the correct mutexes are held for accessing the
+** db->aDb[iDb].pSchema structure.  The mutexes required for schema
+** access are:
 **
-** The pointers are kept in sorted order by pBtree->pBt.  That
-** way when we go to enter all the mutexes, we can enter them
-** in order without every having to backup and retry and without
-** worrying about deadlock.
+**   (1) The mutex on db
+**   (2) if iDb!=1, then the mutex on db->aDb[iDb].pBt.
 **
-** The number of shared btrees will always be small (usually 0 or 1)
-** so an insertion sort is an adequate algorithm here.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayInsert(BtreeMutexArray *pArray, Btree *pBtree){
-  int i, j;
-  BtShared *pBt;
-  if( pBtree==0 || pBtree->sharable==0 ) return;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  {
-    for(i=0; i<pArray->nMutex; i++){
-      assert( pArray->aBtree[i]!=pBtree );
-    }
-  }
-#endif
-  assert( pArray->nMutex>=0 );
-  assert( pArray->nMutex<ArraySize(pArray->aBtree)-1 );
-  pBt = pBtree->pBt;
-  for(i=0; i<pArray->nMutex; i++){
-    assert( pArray->aBtree[i]!=pBtree );
-    if( pArray->aBtree[i]->pBt>pBt ){
-      for(j=pArray->nMutex; j>i; j--){
-        pArray->aBtree[j] = pArray->aBtree[j-1];
-      }
-      pArray->aBtree[i] = pBtree;
-      pArray->nMutex++;
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  pArray->aBtree[pArray->nMutex++] = pBtree;
-}
-
-/*
-** Enter the mutex of every btree in the array.  This routine is
-** called at the beginning of sqlite3VdbeExec().  The mutexes are
-** exited at the end of the same function.
+** If pSchema is not NULL, then iDb is computed from pSchema and
+** db using sqlite3SchemaToIndex().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayEnter(BtreeMutexArray *pArray){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<pArray->nMutex; i++){
-    Btree *p = pArray->aBtree[i];
-    /* Some basic sanity checking */
-    assert( i==0 || pArray->aBtree[i-1]->pBt<p->pBt );
-    assert( !p->locked || p->wantToLock>0 );
-
-    /* We should already hold a lock on the database connection */
-    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-
-    /* The Btree is sharable because only sharable Btrees are entered
-    ** into the array in the first place. */
-    assert( p->sharable );
-
-    p->wantToLock++;
-    if( !p->locked ){
-      lockBtreeMutex(p);
-    }
-  }
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, Schema *pSchema){
+  Btree *p;
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( pSchema ) iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pSchema);
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  if( !sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) ) return 0;
+  if( iDb==1 ) return 1;
+  p = db->aDb[iDb].pBt;
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  return p->sharable==0 || p->locked==1;
 }
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
 
+#else /* SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0 above.  SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 below */
 /*
-** Leave the mutex of every btree in the group.
+** The following are special cases for mutex enter routines for use
+** in single threaded applications that use shared cache.  Except for
+** these two routines, all mutex operations are no-ops in that case and
+** are null #defines in btree.h.
+**
+** If shared cache is disabled, then all btree mutex routines, including
+** the ones below, are no-ops and are null #defines in btree.h.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(BtreeMutexArray *pArray){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<pArray->nMutex; i++){
-    Btree *p = pArray->aBtree[i];
-    /* Some basic sanity checking */
-    assert( i==0 || pArray->aBtree[i-1]->pBt<p->pBt );
-    assert( p->locked );
-    assert( p->wantToLock>0 );
-
-    /* We should already hold a lock on the database connection */
-    assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-
-    p->wantToLock--;
-    if( p->wantToLock==0 ){
-      unlockBtreeMutex(p);
-    }
-  }
-}
 
-#else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeEnter(Btree *p){
   p->pBt->db = p->db;
 }
@@ -45188,18 +48734,21 @@ static int btreeMoveto(
   int rc;                    /* Status code */
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;   /* Unpacked index key */
   char aSpace[150];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
+  char *pFree = 0;
 
   if( pKey ){
     assert( nKey==(i64)(int)nKey );
-    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pCur->pKeyInfo, (int)nKey, pKey,
-                                      aSpace, sizeof(aSpace));
+    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
+        pCur->pKeyInfo, aSpace, sizeof(aSpace), &pFree
+    );
     if( pIdxKey==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pCur->pKeyInfo, (int)nKey, pKey, pIdxKey);
   }else{
     pIdxKey = 0;
   }
   rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCur, pIdxKey, nKey, bias, pRes);
-  if( pKey ){
-    sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(pIdxKey);
+  if( pFree ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(pCur->pKeyInfo->db, pFree);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -45320,6 +48869,7 @@ static void ptrmapPut(BtShared *pBt, Pgno key, u8 eType, Pgno parent, int *pRC){
     *pRC = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
     goto ptrmap_exit;
   }
+  assert( offset <= (int)pBt->usableSize-5 );
   pPtrmap = (u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
 
   if( eType!=pPtrmap[offset] || get4byte(&pPtrmap[offset+1])!=parent ){
@@ -45359,6 +48909,11 @@ static int ptrmapGet(BtShared *pBt, Pgno key, u8 *pEType, Pgno *pPgno){
   pPtrmap = (u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
 
   offset = PTRMAP_PTROFFSET(iPtrmap, key);
+  if( offset<0 ){
+    sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
+  assert( offset <= (int)pBt->usableSize-5 );
   assert( pEType!=0 );
   *pEType = pPtrmap[offset];
   if( pPgno ) *pPgno = get4byte(&pPtrmap[offset+1]);
@@ -45383,6 +48938,8 @@ static int ptrmapGet(BtShared *pBt, Pgno key, u8 *pEType, Pgno *pPgno){
 */
 #define findCell(P,I) \
   ((P)->aData + ((P)->maskPage & get2byte(&(P)->aData[(P)->cellOffset+2*(I)])))
+#define findCellv2(D,M,O,I) (D+(M&get2byte(D+(O+2*(I)))))
+
 
 /*
 ** This a more complex version of findCell() that works for
@@ -45450,14 +49007,9 @@ static void btreeParseCellPtr(
     /* This is the (easy) common case where the entire payload fits
     ** on the local page.  No overflow is required.
     */
-    int nSize;          /* Total size of cell content in bytes */
-    nSize = nPayload + n;
+    if( (pInfo->nSize = (u16)(n+nPayload))<4 ) pInfo->nSize = 4;
     pInfo->nLocal = (u16)nPayload;
     pInfo->iOverflow = 0;
-    if( (nSize & ~3)==0 ){
-      nSize = 4;        /* Minimum cell size is 4 */
-    }
-    pInfo->nSize = (u16)nSize;
   }else{
     /* If the payload will not fit completely on the local page, we have
     ** to decide how much to store locally and how much to spill onto
@@ -45765,7 +49317,7 @@ static int allocateSpace(MemPage *pPage, int nByte, int *pIdx){
   */
   top -= nByte;
   put2byte(&data[hdr+5], top);
-  assert( top+nByte <= pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+  assert( top+nByte <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
   *pIdx = top;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -45786,7 +49338,7 @@ static int freeSpace(MemPage *pPage, int start, int size){
   assert( pPage->pBt!=0 );
   assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
   assert( start>=pPage->hdrOffset+6+pPage->childPtrSize );
-  assert( (start + size)<=pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+  assert( (start + size) <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
   assert( size>=0 );   /* Minimum cell size is 4 */
 
@@ -45829,7 +49381,7 @@ static int freeSpace(MemPage *pPage, int start, int size){
   while( (pbegin = get2byte(&data[addr]))>0 ){
     int pnext, psize, x;
     assert( pbegin>addr );
-    assert( pbegin<=pPage->pBt->usableSize-4 );
+    assert( pbegin <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize-4 );
     pnext = get2byte(&data[pbegin]);
     psize = get2byte(&data[pbegin+2]);
     if( pbegin + psize + 3 >= pnext && pnext>0 ){
@@ -46204,11 +49756,20 @@ static int btreeInvokeBusyHandler(void *pArg){
 ** Open a database file.
 ** 
 ** zFilename is the name of the database file.  If zFilename is NULL
-** a new database with a random name is created.  This randomly named
-** database file will be deleted when sqlite3BtreeClose() is called.
+** then an ephemeral database is created.  The ephemeral database might
+** be exclusively in memory, or it might use a disk-based memory cache.
+** Either way, the ephemeral database will be automatically deleted 
+** when sqlite3BtreeClose() is called.
+**
 ** If zFilename is ":memory:" then an in-memory database is created
 ** that is automatically destroyed when it is closed.
 **
+** The "flags" parameter is a bitmask that might contain bits
+** BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL and/or BTREE_NO_READLOCK.  The BTREE_NO_READLOCK
+** bit is also set if the SQLITE_NoReadlock flags is set in db->flags.
+** These flags are passed through into sqlite3PagerOpen() and must
+** be the same values as PAGER_OMIT_JOURNAL and PAGER_NO_READLOCK.
+**
 ** If the database is already opened in the same database connection
 ** and we are in shared cache mode, then the open will fail with an
 ** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT error.  We cannot allow two or more BtShared
@@ -46216,13 +49777,13 @@ static int btreeInvokeBusyHandler(void *pArg){
 ** to problems with locking.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,      /* VFS to use for this b-tree */
   const char *zFilename,  /* Name of the file containing the BTree database */
   sqlite3 *db,            /* Associated database handle */
   Btree **ppBtree,        /* Pointer to new Btree object written here */
   int flags,              /* Options */
   int vfsFlags            /* Flags passed through to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
 ){
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;             /* The VFS to use for this btree */
   BtShared *pBt = 0;             /* Shared part of btree structure */
   Btree *p;                      /* Handle to return */
   sqlite3_mutex *mutexOpen = 0;  /* Prevents a race condition. Ticket #3537 */
@@ -46230,23 +49791,39 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
   u8 nReserve;                   /* Byte of unused space on each page */
   unsigned char zDbHeader[100];  /* Database header content */
 
+  /* True if opening an ephemeral, temporary database */
+  const int isTempDb = zFilename==0 || zFilename[0]==0;
+
   /* Set the variable isMemdb to true for an in-memory database, or 
-  ** false for a file-based database. This symbol is only required if
-  ** either of the shared-data or autovacuum features are compiled 
-  ** into the library.
+  ** false for a file-based database.
   */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
-  #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
-    const int isMemdb = 0;
-  #else
-    const int isMemdb = zFilename && !strcmp(zFilename, ":memory:");
-  #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
+  const int isMemdb = 0;
+#else
+  const int isMemdb = (zFilename && strcmp(zFilename, ":memory:")==0)
+                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db));
 #endif
 
   assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( pVfs!=0 );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( (flags&0xff)==flags );   /* flags fit in 8 bits */
+
+  /* Only a BTREE_SINGLE database can be BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  assert( (flags & BTREE_UNORDERED)==0 || (flags & BTREE_SINGLE)!=0 );
 
-  pVfs = db->pVfs;
+  /* A BTREE_SINGLE database is always a temporary and/or ephemeral */
+  assert( (flags & BTREE_SINGLE)==0 || isTempDb );
+
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_NoReadlock ){
+    flags |= BTREE_NO_READLOCK;
+  }
+  if( isMemdb ){
+    flags |= BTREE_MEMORY;
+  }
+  if( (vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)!=0 && (isMemdb || isTempDb) ){
+    vfsFlags = (vfsFlags & ~SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB) | SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB;
+  }
   p = sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Btree));
   if( !p ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -46263,21 +49840,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
   ** If this Btree is a candidate for shared cache, try to find an
   ** existing BtShared object that we can share with
   */
-  if( isMemdb==0 && zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+  if( isMemdb==0 && isTempDb==0 ){
     if( vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE ){
       int nFullPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
       char *zFullPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nFullPathname);
-      sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared;
+      MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared; )
       p->sharable = 1;
       if( !zFullPathname ){
         sqlite3_free(p);
         return SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }
       sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
       mutexOpen = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN);
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutexOpen);
       mutexShared = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutexShared);
+#endif
       for(pBt=GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList); pBt; pBt=pBt->pNext){
         assert( pBt->nRef>0 );
         if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager))
@@ -46338,6 +49917,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       goto btree_open_out;
     }
+    pBt->openFlags = (u8)flags;
     pBt->db = db;
     sqlite3PagerSetBusyhandler(pBt->pPager, btreeInvokeBusyHandler, pBt);
     p->pBt = pBt;
@@ -46382,9 +49962,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
     /* Add the new BtShared object to the linked list sharable BtShareds.
     */
     if( p->sharable ){
-      sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared;
+      MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *mutexShared; )
       pBt->nRef = 1;
-      mutexShared = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+      MUTEX_LOGIC( mutexShared = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);)
       if( SQLITE_THREADSAFE && sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex ){
         pBt->mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
         if( pBt->mutex==0 ){
@@ -46442,6 +50022,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
     sqlite3_free(pBt);
     sqlite3_free(p);
     *ppBtree = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* If the B-Tree was successfully opened, set the pager-cache size to the
+    ** default value. Except, when opening on an existing shared pager-cache,
+    ** do not change the pager-cache size.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3BtreeSchema(p, 0, 0)==0 ){
+      sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(p->pBt->pPager, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
+    }
   }
   if( mutexOpen ){
     assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mutexOpen) );
@@ -46458,12 +50046,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeOpen(
 */
 static int removeFromSharingList(BtShared *pBt){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-  sqlite3_mutex *pMaster;
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; )
   BtShared *pList;
   int removed = 0;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_notheld(pBt->mutex) );
-  pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER); )
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
   pBt->nRef--;
   if( pBt->nRef<=0 ){
@@ -46599,11 +50187,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree *p, int mxPage){
 ** probability of damage to near zero but with a write performance reduction.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree *p, int level, int fullSync){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(
+  Btree *p,              /* The btree to set the safety level on */
+  int level,             /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */
+  int fullSync,          /* PRAGMA fullfsync. */
+  int ckptFullSync       /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfync */
+){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
-  sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(pBt->pPager, level, fullSync);
+  sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(pBt->pPager, level, fullSync, ckptFullSync);
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -46624,7 +50218,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree *p){
   return rc;
 }
 
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM)
 /*
 ** Change the default pages size and the number of reserved bytes per page.
 ** Or, if the page size has already been fixed, return SQLITE_READONLY 
@@ -46679,6 +50272,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree *p){
   return p->pBt->pageSize;
 }
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM)
 /*
 ** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
 ** are intentually left unused.  This is the "reserved" space that is
@@ -46878,7 +50472,7 @@ static int lockBtree(BtShared *pBt){
                                    pageSize-usableSize);
       return rc;
     }
-    if( nPageHeader>nPageFile ){
+    if( (pBt->db->flags & SQLITE_RecoveryMode)==0 && nPage>nPageFile ){
       rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
       goto page1_init_failed;
     }
@@ -47232,11 +50826,12 @@ static int modifyPagePointer(MemPage *pPage, Pgno iFrom, Pgno iTo, u8 eType){
       if( eType==PTRMAP_OVERFLOW1 ){
         CellInfo info;
         btreeParseCellPtr(pPage, pCell, &info);
-        if( info.iOverflow ){
-          if( iFrom==get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]) ){
-            put4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow], iTo);
-            break;
-          }
+        if( info.iOverflow
+         && pCell+info.iOverflow+3<=pPage->aData+pPage->maskPage
+         && iFrom==get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow])
+        ){
+          put4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow], iTo);
+          break;
         }
       }else{
         if( get4byte(pCell)==iFrom ){
@@ -47657,12 +51252,23 @@ static void btreeEndTransaction(Btree *p){
 ** the rollback journal (which causes the transaction to commit) and
 ** drop locks.
 **
+** Normally, if an error occurs while the pager layer is attempting to 
+** finalize the underlying journal file, this function returns an error and
+** the upper layer will attempt a rollback. However, if the second argument
+** is non-zero then this b-tree transaction is part of a multi-file 
+** transaction. In this case, the transaction has already been committed 
+** (by deleting a master journal file) and the caller will ignore this 
+** functions return code. So, even if an error occurs in the pager layer,
+** reset the b-tree objects internal state to indicate that the write
+** transaction has been closed. This is quite safe, as the pager will have
+** transitioned to the error state.
+**
 ** This will release the write lock on the database file.  If there
 ** are no active cursors, it also releases the read lock.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree *p){
-  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree *p, int bCleanup){
 
+  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_NONE ) return SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
   btreeIntegrity(p);
 
@@ -47671,10 +51277,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree *p){
   */
   if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE ){
     int rc;
+    BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
     assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
     assert( pBt->nTransaction>0 );
     rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(pBt->pPager);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && bCleanup==0 ){
       sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
       return rc;
     }
@@ -47694,7 +51301,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree *p){
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
   rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(p, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p, 0);
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   return rc;
@@ -47945,7 +51552,8 @@ static int btreeCursor(
     return SQLITE_READONLY;
   }
   if( iTable==1 && btreePagecount(pBt)==0 ){
-    return SQLITE_EMPTY;
+    assert( wrFlag==0 );
+    iTable = 0;
   }
 
   /* Now that no other errors can occur, finish filling in the BtCursor
@@ -48410,21 +52018,55 @@ static int accessPayload(
         /* Need to read this page properly. It contains some of the
         ** range of data that is being read (eOp==0) or written (eOp!=0).
         */
-        DbPage *pDbPage;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+        sqlite3_file *fd;
+#endif
         int a = amt;
-        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage);
-        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          aPayload = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
-          nextPage = get4byte(aPayload);
-          if( a + offset > ovflSize ){
-            a = ovflSize - offset;
+        if( a + offset > ovflSize ){
+          a = ovflSize - offset;
+        }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+        /* If all the following are true:
+        **
+        **   1) this is a read operation, and 
+        **   2) data is required from the start of this overflow page, and
+        **   3) the database is file-backed, and
+        **   4) there is no open write-transaction, and
+        **   5) the database is not a WAL database,
+        **
+        ** then data can be read directly from the database file into the
+        ** output buffer, bypassing the page-cache altogether. This speeds
+        ** up loading large records that span many overflow pages.
+        */
+        if( eOp==0                                             /* (1) */
+         && offset==0                                          /* (2) */
+         && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_READ                     /* (4) */
+         && (fd = sqlite3PagerFile(pBt->pPager))->pMethods     /* (3) */
+         && pBt->pPage1->aData[19]==0x01                       /* (5) */
+        ){
+          u8 aSave[4];
+          u8 *aWrite = &pBuf[-4];
+          memcpy(aSave, aWrite, 4);
+          rc = sqlite3OsRead(fd, aWrite, a+4, pBt->pageSize * (nextPage-1));
+          nextPage = get4byte(aWrite);
+          memcpy(aWrite, aSave, 4);
+        }else
+#endif
+
+        {
+          DbPage *pDbPage;
+          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            aPayload = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
+            nextPage = get4byte(aPayload);
+            rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, eOp, pDbPage);
+            sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
+            offset = 0;
           }
-          rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, eOp, pDbPage);
-          sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
-          offset = 0;
-          amt -= a;
-          pBuf += a;
         }
+        amt -= a;
+        pBuf += a;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -48699,6 +52341,9 @@ static int moveToRoot(BtCursor *pCur){
       releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
     }
     pCur->iPage = 0;
+  }else if( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 ){
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0]);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -48808,7 +52453,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeFirst(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID ){
-      assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+      assert( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
       *pRes = 1;
     }else{
       assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell>0 );
@@ -48847,7 +52492,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeLast(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
-      assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+      assert( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
       *pRes = 1;
     }else{
       assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
@@ -48920,17 +52565,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
   }
-  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
-  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->isInit );
-  assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell>0 || pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID );
+  assert( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage] );
+  assert( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->isInit );
+  assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell>0 );
   if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID ){
     *pRes = -1;
-    assert( pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
+    assert( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 || pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell==0 );
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || pIdxKey );
   for(;;){
-    int lwr, upr;
+    int lwr, upr, idx;
     Pgno chldPg;
     MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
     int c;
@@ -48946,14 +52591,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
     lwr = 0;
     upr = pPage->nCell-1;
     if( biasRight ){
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)upr;
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = upr);
     }else{
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)((upr+lwr)/2);
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (upr+lwr)/2);
     }
     for(;;){
-      int idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]; /* Index of current cell in pPage */
       u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
 
+      assert( idx==pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] );
       pCur->info.nSize = 0;
       pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
       if( pPage->intKey ){
@@ -49020,7 +52665,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
       if( c==0 ){
         if( pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf ){
           lwr = idx;
-          upr = lwr - 1;
           break;
         }else{
           *pRes = 0;
@@ -49036,9 +52680,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(
       if( lwr>upr ){
         break;
       }
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)((lwr+upr)/2);
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (lwr+upr)/2);
     }
-    assert( lwr==upr+1 );
+    assert( lwr==upr+1 || (pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf) );
     assert( pPage->isInit );
     if( pPage->leaf ){
       chldPg = 0;
@@ -49303,8 +52947,10 @@ static int allocateBtreePage(
         pTrunk = 0;
         goto end_allocate_page;
       }
+      assert( pTrunk!=0 );
+      assert( pTrunk->aData!=0 );
 
-      k = get4byte(&pTrunk->aData[4]);
+      k = get4byte(&pTrunk->aData[4]); /* # of leaves on this trunk page */
       if( k==0 && !searchList ){
         /* The trunk has no leaves and the list is not being searched. 
         ** So extract the trunk page itself and use it as the newly 
@@ -49389,19 +53035,13 @@ static int allocateBtreePage(
         u32 closest;
         Pgno iPage;
         unsigned char *aData = pTrunk->aData;
-        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
-        if( rc ){
-          goto end_allocate_page;
-        }
         if( nearby>0 ){
           u32 i;
           int dist;
           closest = 0;
-          dist = get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby;
-          if( dist<0 ) dist = -dist;
+          dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
           for(i=1; i<k; i++){
-            int d2 = get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby;
-            if( d2<0 ) d2 = -d2;
+            int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
             if( d2<dist ){
               closest = i;
               dist = d2;
@@ -49424,11 +53064,12 @@ static int allocateBtreePage(
           TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d was leaf %d of %d on trunk %d"
                  ": %d more free pages\n",
                  *pPgno, closest+1, k, pTrunk->pgno, n-1));
+          rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
+          if( rc ) goto end_allocate_page;
           if( closest<k-1 ){
             memcpy(&aData[8+closest*4], &aData[4+k*4], 4);
           }
           put4byte(&aData[4], k-1);
-          assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pTrunk->pDbPage) );
           noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno);
           rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, noContent);
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -49497,6 +53138,7 @@ static int allocateBtreePage(
   }else{
     *ppPage = 0;
   }
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || sqlite3PagerIswriteable((*ppPage)->pDbPage) );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -49656,6 +53298,9 @@ static int clearCell(MemPage *pPage, unsigned char *pCell){
   if( info.iOverflow==0 ){
     return SQLITE_OK;  /* No overflow pages. Return without doing anything */
   }
+  if( pCell+info.iOverflow+3 > pPage->aData+pPage->maskPage ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT;  /* Cell extends past end of page */
+  }
   ovflPgno = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
   assert( pBt->usableSize > 4 );
   ovflPageSize = pBt->usableSize - 4;
@@ -49873,10 +53518,10 @@ static int fillInCell(
 ** "sz" must be the number of bytes in the cell.
 */
 static void dropCell(MemPage *pPage, int idx, int sz, int *pRC){
-  int i;          /* Loop counter */
   u32 pc;         /* Offset to cell content of cell being deleted */
   u8 *data;       /* pPage->aData */
   u8 *ptr;        /* Used to move bytes around within data[] */
+  u8 *endPtr;     /* End of loop */
   int rc;         /* The return code */
   int hdr;        /* Beginning of the header.  0 most pages.  100 page 1 */
 
@@ -49901,9 +53546,11 @@ static void dropCell(MemPage *pPage, int idx, int sz, int *pRC){
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
-  for(i=idx+1; i<pPage->nCell; i++, ptr+=2){
-    ptr[0] = ptr[2];
-    ptr[1] = ptr[3];
+  endPtr = &data[pPage->cellOffset + 2*pPage->nCell - 2];
+  assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
+  while( ptr<endPtr ){
+    *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[2];
+    ptr += 2;
   }
   pPage->nCell--;
   put2byte(&data[hdr+3], pPage->nCell);
@@ -49943,6 +53590,7 @@ static void insertCell(
   int cellOffset;   /* Address of first cell pointer in data[] */
   u8 *data;         /* The content of the whole page */
   u8 *ptr;          /* Used for moving information around in data[] */
+  u8 *endPtr;       /* End of the loop */
 
   int nSkip = (iChild ? 4 : 0);
 
@@ -49986,16 +53634,19 @@ static void insertCell(
     /* The allocateSpace() routine guarantees the following two properties
     ** if it returns success */
     assert( idx >= end+2 );
-    assert( idx+sz <= pPage->pBt->usableSize );
+    assert( idx+sz <= (int)pPage->pBt->usableSize );
     pPage->nCell++;
     pPage->nFree -= (u16)(2 + sz);
     memcpy(&data[idx+nSkip], pCell+nSkip, sz-nSkip);
     if( iChild ){
       put4byte(&data[idx], iChild);
     }
-    for(j=end, ptr=&data[j]; j>ins; j-=2, ptr-=2){
-      ptr[0] = ptr[-2];
-      ptr[1] = ptr[-1];
+    ptr = &data[end];
+    endPtr = &data[ins];
+    assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
+    while( ptr>endPtr ){
+      *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[-2];
+      ptr -= 2;
     }
     put2byte(&data[ins], idx);
     put2byte(&data[pPage->hdrOffset+3], pPage->nCell);
@@ -50029,7 +53680,8 @@ static void assemblePage(
 
   assert( pPage->nOverflow==0 );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
-  assert( nCell>=0 && nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) && MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921);
+  assert( nCell>=0 && nCell<=(int)MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)
+            && (int)MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921);
   assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pPage->pDbPage) );
 
   /* Check that the page has just been zeroed by zeroPage() */
@@ -50039,10 +53691,11 @@ static void assemblePage(
   pCellptr = &data[pPage->cellOffset + nCell*2];
   cellbody = nUsable;
   for(i=nCell-1; i>=0; i--){
+    u16 sz = aSize[i];
     pCellptr -= 2;
-    cellbody -= aSize[i];
+    cellbody -= sz;
     put2byte(pCellptr, cellbody);
-    memcpy(&data[cellbody], apCell[i], aSize[i]);
+    memcpy(&data[cellbody], apCell[i], sz);
   }
   put2byte(&data[hdr+3], nCell);
   put2byte(&data[hdr+5], cellbody);
@@ -50243,7 +53896,7 @@ static void copyNodeContent(MemPage *pFrom, MemPage *pTo, int *pRC){
   
     assert( pFrom->isInit );
     assert( pFrom->nFree>=iToHdr );
-    assert( get2byte(&aFrom[iFromHdr+5])<=pBt->usableSize );
+    assert( get2byte(&aFrom[iFromHdr+5]) <= (int)pBt->usableSize );
   
     /* Copy the b-tree node content from page pFrom to page pTo. */
     iData = get2byte(&aFrom[iFromHdr+5]);
@@ -50423,13 +54076,15 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
       ** four bytes of the divider cell. So the pointer is safe to use
       ** later on.  
       **
-      ** Unless SQLite is compiled in secure-delete mode. In this case,
+      ** But not if we are in secure-delete mode. In secure-delete mode,
       ** the dropCell() routine will overwrite the entire cell with zeroes.
       ** In this case, temporarily copy the cell into the aOvflSpace[]
       ** buffer. It will be copied out again as soon as the aSpace[] buffer
       ** is allocated.  */
       if( pBt->secureDelete ){
-        int iOff = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(apDiv[i]) - SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pParent->aData);
+        int iOff;
+
+        iOff = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(apDiv[i]) - SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pParent->aData);
         if( (iOff+szNew[i])>(int)pBt->usableSize ){
           rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
           memset(apOld, 0, (i+1)*sizeof(MemPage*));
@@ -50496,12 +54151,24 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
     memcpy(pOld->aData, apOld[i]->aData, pBt->pageSize);
 
     limit = pOld->nCell+pOld->nOverflow;
-    for(j=0; j<limit; j++){
-      assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
-      apCell[nCell] = findOverflowCell(pOld, j);
-      szCell[nCell] = cellSizePtr(pOld, apCell[nCell]);
-      nCell++;
-    }
+    if( pOld->nOverflow>0 ){
+      for(j=0; j<limit; j++){
+        assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
+        apCell[nCell] = findOverflowCell(pOld, j);
+        szCell[nCell] = cellSizePtr(pOld, apCell[nCell]);
+        nCell++;
+      }
+    }else{
+      u8 *aData = pOld->aData;
+      u16 maskPage = pOld->maskPage;
+      u16 cellOffset = pOld->cellOffset;
+      for(j=0; j<limit; j++){
+        assert( nCell<nMaxCells );
+        apCell[nCell] = findCellv2(aData, maskPage, cellOffset, j);
+        szCell[nCell] = cellSizePtr(pOld, apCell[nCell]);
+        nCell++;
+      }
+    }       
     if( i<nOld-1 && !leafData){
       u16 sz = (u16)szNew[i];
       u8 *pTemp;
@@ -50510,7 +54177,7 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
       pTemp = &aSpace1[iSpace1];
       iSpace1 += sz;
       assert( sz<=pBt->maxLocal+23 );
-      assert( iSpace1<=pBt->pageSize );
+      assert( iSpace1 <= (int)pBt->pageSize );
       memcpy(pTemp, apDiv[i], sz);
       apCell[nCell] = pTemp+leafCorrection;
       assert( leafCorrection==0 || leafCorrection==4 );
@@ -50675,9 +54342,7 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
       }
     }
     if( minI>i ){
-      int t;
       MemPage *pT;
-      t = apNew[i]->pgno;
       pT = apNew[i];
       apNew[i] = apNew[minI];
       apNew[minI] = pT;
@@ -50756,7 +54421,7 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
       }
       iOvflSpace += sz;
       assert( sz<=pBt->maxLocal+23 );
-      assert( iOvflSpace<=pBt->pageSize );
+      assert( iOvflSpace <= (int)pBt->pageSize );
       insertCell(pParent, nxDiv, pCell, sz, pTemp, pNew->pgno, &rc);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto balance_cleanup;
       assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pParent->pDbPage) );
@@ -50839,6 +54504,7 @@ static int balance_nonroot(
         /* Cell i is the cell immediately following the last cell on old
         ** sibling page j. If the siblings are not leaf pages of an
         ** intkey b-tree, then cell i was a divider cell. */
+        assert( j+1 < ArraySize(apCopy) );
         pOld = apCopy[++j];
         iNextOld = i + !leafData + pOld->nCell + pOld->nOverflow;
         if( pOld->nOverflow ){
@@ -51201,7 +54867,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeInsert(
   rc = fillInCell(pPage, newCell, pKey, nKey, pData, nData, nZero, &szNew);
   if( rc ) goto end_insert;
   assert( szNew==cellSizePtr(pPage, newCell) );
-  assert( szNew<=MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) );
+  assert( szNew <= MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) );
   idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
   if( loc==0 ){
     u16 szOld;
@@ -51341,7 +55007,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDelete(BtCursor *pCur){
 
     pCell = findCell(pLeaf, pLeaf->nCell-1);
     nCell = cellSizePtr(pLeaf, pCell);
-    assert( MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt)>=nCell );
+    assert( MX_CELL_SIZE(pBt) >= nCell );
 
     allocateTempSpace(pBt);
     pTmp = pBt->pTmpSpace;
@@ -51392,11 +55058,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDelete(BtCursor *pCur){
 **     BTREE_INTKEY|BTREE_LEAFDATA     Used for SQL tables with rowid keys
 **     BTREE_ZERODATA                  Used for SQL indices
 */
-static int btreeCreateTable(Btree *p, int *piTable, int flags){
+static int btreeCreateTable(Btree *p, int *piTable, int createTabFlags){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
   MemPage *pRoot;
   Pgno pgnoRoot;
   int rc;
+  int ptfFlags;          /* Page-type flage for the root page of new table */
 
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
   assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
@@ -51515,8 +55182,14 @@ static int btreeCreateTable(Btree *p, int *piTable, int flags){
   }
 #endif
   assert( sqlite3PagerIswriteable(pRoot->pDbPage) );
-  zeroPage(pRoot, flags | PTF_LEAF);
+  if( createTabFlags & BTREE_INTKEY ){
+    ptfFlags = PTF_INTKEY | PTF_LEAFDATA | PTF_LEAF;
+  }else{
+    ptfFlags = PTF_ZERODATA | PTF_LEAF;
+  }
+  zeroPage(pRoot, ptfFlags);
   sqlite3PagerUnref(pRoot->pDbPage);
+  assert( (pBt->openFlags & BTREE_SINGLE)==0 || pgnoRoot==2 );
   *piTable = (int)pgnoRoot;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -51814,6 +55487,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(Btree *p, int idx, u32 iMeta){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCount(BtCursor *pCur, i64 *pnEntry){
   i64 nEntry = 0;                      /* Value to return in *pnEntry */
   int rc;                              /* Return code */
+
+  if( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 ){
+    *pnEntry = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
   rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
 
   /* Unless an error occurs, the following loop runs one iteration for each
@@ -52421,8 +56099,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(Btree *p){
 **
 ** Return SQLITE_LOCKED if this or any other connection has an open 
 ** transaction on the shared-cache the argument Btree is connected to.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree *p, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( p ){
     BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
@@ -52430,7 +56110,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(Btree *p){
     if( pBt->inTransaction!=TRANS_NONE ){
       rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(pBt->pPager);
+      rc = sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(pBt->pPager, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
     }
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   }
@@ -52470,7 +56150,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(Btree *p){
 **
 ** Just before the shared-btree is closed, the function passed as the 
 ** xFree argument when the memory allocation was made is invoked on the 
-** blob of allocated memory. This function should not call sqlite3_free()
+** blob of allocated memory. The xFree function should not call sqlite3_free()
 ** on the memory, the btree layer does that.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3BtreeSchema(Btree *p, int nBytes, void(*xFree)(void *)){
@@ -52582,8 +56262,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePutData(BtCursor *pCsr, u32 offset, u32 amt, void
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *pCur){
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert(!pCur->isIncrblobHandle);
-  assert(!pCur->aOverflow);
+  invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
   pCur->isIncrblobHandle = 1;
 }
 #endif
@@ -52597,7 +56276,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(Btree *pBtree, int iVersion){
   BtShared *pBt = pBtree->pBt;
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
  
-  assert( pBtree->inTrans==TRANS_NONE );
   assert( iVersion==1 || iVersion==2 );
 
   /* If setting the version fields to 1, do not automatically open the
@@ -52743,6 +56421,16 @@ static Btree *findBtree(sqlite3 *pErrorDb, sqlite3 *pDb, const char *zDb){
   return pDb->aDb[i].pBt;
 }
 
+/*
+** Attempt to set the page size of the destination to match the page size
+** of the source.
+*/
+static int setDestPgsz(sqlite3_backup *p){
+  int rc;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(p->pDest,sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc),-1,0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Create an sqlite3_backup process to copy the contents of zSrcDb from
 ** connection handle pSrcDb to zDestDb in pDestDb. If successful, return
@@ -52776,7 +56464,10 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
     );
     p = 0;
   }else {
-    /* Allocate space for a new sqlite3_backup object */
+    /* Allocate space for a new sqlite3_backup object...
+    ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
+    ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
+    ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
     p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
     if( !p ){
       sqlite3Error(pDestDb, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
@@ -52793,10 +56484,11 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
     p->iNext = 1;
     p->isAttached = 0;
 
-    if( 0==p->pSrc || 0==p->pDest ){
-      /* One (or both) of the named databases did not exist. An error has
-      ** already been written into the pDestDb handle. All that is left
-      ** to do here is free the sqlite3_backup structure.
+    if( 0==p->pSrc || 0==p->pDest || setDestPgsz(p)==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      /* One (or both) of the named databases did not exist or an OOM
+      ** error was hit.  The error has already been written into the
+      ** pDestDb handle.  All that is left to do here is free the
+      ** sqlite3_backup structure.
       */
       sqlite3_free(p);
       p = 0;
@@ -52831,6 +56523,10 @@ static int backupOnePage(sqlite3_backup *p, Pgno iSrcPg, const u8 *zSrcData){
   int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
   const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
   const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pSrc);
+  int nDestReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pDest);
+#endif
 
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   i64 iOff;
@@ -52849,11 +56545,22 @@ static int backupOnePage(sqlite3_backup *p, Pgno iSrcPg, const u8 *zSrcData){
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
   /* Backup is not possible if the page size of the destination is changing
-  ** a a codec is in use.
+  ** and a codec is in use.
   */
   if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerGetCodec(pDestPager)!=0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
   }
+
+  /* Backup is not possible if the number of bytes of reserve space differ
+  ** between source and destination.  If there is a difference, try to
+  ** fix the destination to agree with the source.  If that is not possible,
+  ** then the backup cannot proceed.
+  */
+  if( nSrcReserve!=nDestReserve ){
+    u32 newPgsz = nSrcPgsz;
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pDestPager, &newPgsz, nSrcReserve);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && newPgsz!=nSrcPgsz ) rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+  }
 #endif
 
   /* This loop runs once for each destination page spanned by the source 
@@ -53007,64 +56714,74 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage){
     ** the case where the source and destination databases have the
     ** same schema version.
     */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE 
-     && (rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1))==SQLITE_OK
-    ){
-      int nDestTruncate;
-  
-      if( p->pDestDb ){
-        sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(p->pDestDb, 0);
-      }
-
-      /* Set nDestTruncate to the final number of pages in the destination
-      ** database. The complication here is that the destination page
-      ** size may be different to the source page size. 
-      **
-      ** If the source page size is smaller than the destination page size, 
-      ** round up. In this case the call to sqlite3OsTruncate() below will
-      ** fix the size of the file. However it is important to call
-      ** sqlite3PagerTruncateImage() here so that any pages in the 
-      ** destination file that lie beyond the nDestTruncate page mark are
-      ** journalled by PagerCommitPhaseOne() before they are destroyed
-      ** by the file truncation.
-      */
-      assert( pgszSrc==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc) );
-      assert( pgszDest==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest) );
-      if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
-        int ratio = pgszDest/pgszSrc;
-        nDestTruncate = (nSrcPage+ratio-1)/ratio;
-        if( nDestTruncate==(int)PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ){
-          nDestTruncate--;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( p->pDestDb ){
+          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(p->pDestDb, -1);
+        }
+        if( destMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(p->pDest, 2);
         }
-      }else{
-        nDestTruncate = nSrcPage * (pgszSrc/pgszDest);
       }
-      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
-
-      if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
-        /* If the source page-size is smaller than the destination page-size,
-        ** two extra things may need to happen:
-        **
-        **   * The destination may need to be truncated, and
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        int nDestTruncate;
+        /* Set nDestTruncate to the final number of pages in the destination
+        ** database. The complication here is that the destination page
+        ** size may be different to the source page size. 
         **
-        **   * Data stored on the pages immediately following the 
-        **     pending-byte page in the source database may need to be
-        **     copied into the destination database.
+        ** If the source page size is smaller than the destination page size, 
+        ** round up. In this case the call to sqlite3OsTruncate() below will
+        ** fix the size of the file. However it is important to call
+        ** sqlite3PagerTruncateImage() here so that any pages in the 
+        ** destination file that lie beyond the nDestTruncate page mark are
+        ** journalled by PagerCommitPhaseOne() before they are destroyed
+        ** by the file truncation.
         */
-        const i64 iSize = (i64)pgszSrc * (i64)nSrcPage;
-        sqlite3_file * const pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pDestPager);
+        assert( pgszSrc==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc) );
+        assert( pgszDest==sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest) );
+        if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
+          int ratio = pgszDest/pgszSrc;
+          nDestTruncate = (nSrcPage+ratio-1)/ratio;
+          if( nDestTruncate==(int)PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ){
+            nDestTruncate--;
+          }
+        }else{
+          nDestTruncate = nSrcPage * (pgszSrc/pgszDest);
+        }
+        sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
 
-        assert( pFile );
-        assert( (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
-              nDestTruncate==(int)(PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt)-1)
-           && iSize>=PENDING_BYTE && iSize<=PENDING_BYTE+pgszDest
-        ));
-        if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1))
-         && SQLITE_OK==(rc = backupTruncateFile(pFile, iSize))
-         && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager))
-        ){
+        if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
+          /* If the source page-size is smaller than the destination page-size,
+          ** two extra things may need to happen:
+          **
+          **   * The destination may need to be truncated, and
+          **
+          **   * Data stored on the pages immediately following the 
+          **     pending-byte page in the source database may need to be
+          **     copied into the destination database.
+          */
+          const i64 iSize = (i64)pgszSrc * (i64)nSrcPage;
+          sqlite3_file * const pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pDestPager);
           i64 iOff;
-          i64 iEnd = MIN(PENDING_BYTE + pgszDest, iSize);
+          i64 iEnd;
+
+          assert( pFile );
+          assert( (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
+                nDestTruncate==(int)(PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt)-1)
+             && iSize>=PENDING_BYTE && iSize<=PENDING_BYTE+pgszDest
+          ));
+
+          /* This call ensures that all data required to recreate the original
+          ** database has been stored in the journal for pDestPager and the
+          ** journal synced to disk. So at this point we may safely modify
+          ** the database file in any way, knowing that if a power failure
+          ** occurs, the original database will be reconstructed from the 
+          ** journal file.  */
+          rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+
+          /* Write the extra pages and truncate the database file as required */
+          iEnd = MIN(PENDING_BYTE + pgszDest, iSize);
           for(
             iOff=PENDING_BYTE+pgszSrc; 
             rc==SQLITE_OK && iOff<iEnd; 
@@ -53079,16 +56796,24 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage){
             }
             sqlite3PagerUnref(pSrcPg);
           }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = backupTruncateFile(pFile, iSize);
+          }
+
+          /* Sync the database file to disk. */
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager);
+          }
+        }else{
+          rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 0);
+        }
+    
+        /* Finish committing the transaction to the destination database. */
+        if( SQLITE_OK==rc
+         && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pDest, 0))
+        ){
+          rc = SQLITE_DONE;
         }
-      }else{
-        rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 0);
-      }
-  
-      /* Finish committing the transaction to the destination database. */
-      if( SQLITE_OK==rc
-       && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pDest))
-      ){
-        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
       }
     }
   
@@ -53100,7 +56825,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage){
     if( bCloseTrans ){
       TESTONLY( int rc2 );
       TESTONLY( rc2  = ) sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(p->pSrc, 0);
-      TESTONLY( rc2 |= ) sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pSrc);
+      TESTONLY( rc2 |= ) sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(p->pSrc, 0);
       assert( rc2==SQLITE_OK );
     }
   
@@ -53122,14 +56847,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage){
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p){
   sqlite3_backup **pp;                 /* Ptr to head of pagers backup list */
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;                /* Mutex to protect source database */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *mutex; ) /* Mutex to protect source database */
   int rc;                              /* Value to return */
 
   /* Enter the mutexes */
   if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p->pSrc);
-  mutex = p->pSrcDb->mutex;
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( mutex = p->pSrcDb->mutex; )
   if( p->pDestDb ){
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
   }
@@ -53159,6 +56884,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p){
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p->pSrc);
   if( p->pDestDb ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
+    ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
+    ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
@@ -53202,7 +56930,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupUpdate(sqlite3_backup *pBackup, Pgno iPage, con
       ** has been modified by a transaction on the source pager. Copy
       ** the new data into the backup.
       */
-      int rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData);
+      int rc;
+      assert( p->pDestDb );
+      sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData);
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
       assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && rc!=SQLITE_LOCKED );
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         p->rc = rc;
@@ -53241,10 +56973,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupRestart(sqlite3_backup *pBackup){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(Btree *pTo, Btree *pFrom){
   int rc;
+  sqlite3_file *pFd;              /* File descriptor for database pTo */
   sqlite3_backup b;
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(pTo);
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(pFrom);
 
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pTo) );
+  pFd = sqlite3PagerFile(sqlite3BtreePager(pTo));
+  if( pFd->pMethods ){
+    i64 nByte = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pFrom)*(i64)sqlite3BtreeLastPage(pFrom);
+    sqlite3OsFileControl(pFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE, &nByte);
+  }
+
   /* Set up an sqlite3_backup object. sqlite3_backup.pDestDb must be set
   ** to 0. This is used by the implementations of sqlite3_backup_step()
   ** and sqlite3_backup_finish() to detect that they are being called
@@ -53268,8 +57008,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(Btree *pTo, Btree *pFrom){
   rc = sqlite3_backup_finish(&b);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     pTo->pBt->pageSizeFixed = 0;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3PagerClearCache(sqlite3BtreePager(b.pDest));
   }
 
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pTo)==0 );
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(pFrom);
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(pTo);
   return rc;
@@ -53410,6 +57153,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(Mem *pMem){
     pMem->z[pMem->n] = 0;
     pMem->z[pMem->n+1] = 0;
     pMem->flags |= MEM_Term;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pMem->pScopyFrom = 0;
+#endif
   }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -53530,7 +57276,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem *pMem, FuncDef *pFunc){
     ctx.s.db = pMem->db;
     ctx.pMem = pMem;
     ctx.pFunc = pFunc;
-    pFunc->xFinalize(&ctx);
+    pFunc->xFinalize(&ctx); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
     assert( 0==(pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn) && !pMem->xDel );
     sqlite3DbFree(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc);
     memcpy(pMem, &ctx.s, sizeof(ctx.s));
@@ -53546,24 +57292,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem *pMem, FuncDef *pFunc){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p){
   assert( p->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Agg );
-  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Dyn );
-  testcase( p->flags & MEM_RowSet );
-  testcase( p->flags & MEM_Frame );
-  if( p->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame) ){
-    if( p->flags&MEM_Agg ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(p, p->u.pDef);
-      assert( (p->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 );
-      sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
-    }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn && p->xDel ){
-      assert( (p->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
-      p->xDel((void *)p->z);
-      p->xDel = 0;
-    }else if( p->flags&MEM_RowSet ){
-      sqlite3RowSetClear(p->u.pRowSet);
-    }else if( p->flags&MEM_Frame ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(p);
-    }
+  if( p->flags&MEM_Agg ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(p, p->u.pDef);
+    assert( (p->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
+  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn && p->xDel ){
+    assert( (p->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+    p->xDel((void *)p->z);
+    p->xDel = 0;
+  }else if( p->flags&MEM_RowSet ){
+    sqlite3RowSetClear(p->u.pRowSet);
+  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Frame ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(p);
   }
 }
 
@@ -53573,7 +57313,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p){
 ** (Mem.type==SQLITE_TEXT).
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p){
-  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(p);
+  MemReleaseExt(p);
   sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
   p->z = 0;
   p->zMalloc = 0;
@@ -53642,14 +57382,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE i64 sqlite3VdbeIntValue(Mem *pMem){
   }else if( flags & MEM_Real ){
     return doubleToInt64(pMem->r);
   }else if( flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
-    i64 value;
-    pMem->flags |= MEM_Str;
-    if( sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, SQLITE_UTF8)
-       || sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pMem) ){
-      return 0;
-    }
-    assert( pMem->z );
-    sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &value);
+    i64 value = 0;
+    assert( pMem->z || pMem->n==0 );
+    testcase( pMem->z==0 );
+    sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &value, pMem->n, pMem->enc);
     return value;
   }else{
     return 0;
@@ -53672,14 +57408,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE double sqlite3VdbeRealValue(Mem *pMem){
   }else if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
     /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
     double val = (double)0;
-    pMem->flags |= MEM_Str;
-    if( sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, SQLITE_UTF8)
-       || sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pMem) ){
-      /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-      return (double)0;
-    }
-    assert( pMem->z );
-    sqlite3AtoF(pMem->z, &val);
+    sqlite3AtoF(pMem->z, &val, pMem->n, pMem->enc);
     return val;
   }else{
     /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
@@ -53752,21 +57481,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem *pMem){
 ** as much of the string as we can and ignore the rest.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem *pMem){
-  int rc;
-  assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Null))==0 );
-  assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str))!=0 );
-  assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, SQLITE_UTF8);
-  if( rc ) return rc;
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pMem);
-  if( rc ) return rc;
-  if( sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &pMem->u.i) ){
-    MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Int);
-  }else{
-    pMem->r = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pMem);
-    MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Real);
-    sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pMem);
+  if( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Null))==0 ){
+    assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str))!=0 );
+    assert( pMem->db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
+    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &pMem->u.i, pMem->n, pMem->enc) ){
+      MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Int);
+    }else{
+      pMem->r = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pMem);
+      MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Real);
+      sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pMem);
+    }
   }
+  assert( (pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_Null))!=0 );
+  pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -53775,7 +57502,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem *pMem){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(Mem *pMem){
   if( pMem->flags & MEM_Frame ){
-    sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(pMem->u.pFrame);
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame = pMem->u.pFrame;
+    pFrame->pParent = pFrame->v->pDelFrame;
+    pFrame->v->pDelFrame = pFrame;
   }
   if( pMem->flags & MEM_RowSet ){
     sqlite3RowSetClear(pMem->u.pRowSet);
@@ -53871,6 +57600,28 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem *p){
   return 0; 
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** This routine prepares a memory cell for modication by breaking
+** its link to a shallow copy and by marking any current shallow
+** copies of this cell as invalid.
+**
+** This is used for testing and debugging only - to make sure shallow
+** copies are not misused.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(Vdbe *pVdbe, Mem *pMem){
+  int i;
+  Mem *pX;
+  for(i=1, pX=&pVdbe->aMem[1]; i<=pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
+    if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
+      pX->flags |= MEM_Invalid;
+      pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  pMem->pScopyFrom = 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
 /*
 ** Size of struct Mem not including the Mem.zMalloc member.
 */
@@ -53884,7 +57635,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem *p){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(Mem *pTo, const Mem *pFrom, int srcType){
   assert( (pFrom->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pTo);
+  MemReleaseExt(pTo);
   memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
   pTo->xDel = 0;
   if( (pFrom->flags&MEM_Static)==0 ){
@@ -53902,7 +57653,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(Mem *pTo, const Mem *pFrom){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
   assert( (pFrom->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pTo);
+  MemReleaseExt(pTo);
   memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
   pTo->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
 
@@ -54239,7 +57990,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value* pVal, u8 enc){
         return 0;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pVal);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pVal); /* IMP: R-59893-45467 */
   }else{
     assert( (pVal->flags&MEM_Blob)==0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pVal, enc);
@@ -54287,6 +58038,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(
   int op;
   char *zVal = 0;
   sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  int negInt = 1;
+  const char *zNeg = "";
 
   if( !pExpr ){
     *ppVal = 0;
@@ -54294,23 +58047,34 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(
   }
   op = pExpr->op;
 
-  /* op can only be TK_REGISTER if we have compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2.
+  /* op can only be TK_REGISTER if we have compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3.
   ** The ifdef here is to enable us to achieve 100% branch test coverage even
-  ** when SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 is omitted.
+  ** when SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 is omitted.
   */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
   if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = pExpr->op2;
 #else
   if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
 #endif
 
+  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
+  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_UMINUS
+   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
+    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    op = pExpr->op;
+    negInt = -1;
+    zNeg = "-";
+  }
+
   if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
     pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
     if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
     if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
     }else{
-      zVal = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
       if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
       sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
       if( op==TK_FLOAT ) pVal->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
@@ -54320,15 +58084,27 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(
     }else{
       sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
     }
+    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
     if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
       sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
     }
   }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
+    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
     if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) ){
-      pVal->u.i = -1 * pVal->u.i;
-      /* (double)-1 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-      pVal->r = (double)-1 * pVal->r;
+      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
+      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+        pVal->flags &= MEM_Int;
+        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
+        pVal->r = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
+      }else{
+        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+      }
+      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
     }
+  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
+    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
   else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
@@ -54555,7 +58331,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe *p, int op, int p1, int p2, int p3){
   pOp->p3 = p3;
   pOp->p4.p = 0;
   pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
-  p->expired = 0;
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   pOp->zComment = 0;
   if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ) sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
@@ -54594,6 +58369,20 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
   return addr;
 }
 
+/*
+** Add an OP_ParseSchema opcode.  This routine is broken out from
+** sqlite3VdbeAddOp4() since it needs to also local all btrees.
+**
+** The zWhere string must have been obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** This routine will take ownership of the allocated memory.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe *p, int iDb, char *zWhere){
+  int j;
+  int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(p, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(p, addr, zWhere, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  for(j=0; j<p->db->nDb; j++) sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(p, j);
+}
+
 /*
 ** Add an opcode that includes the p4 value as an integer.
 */
@@ -54807,7 +58596,7 @@ static void resolveP2Values(Vdbe *p, int *pMaxFuncArgs){
     pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
     if( opcode==OP_Function || opcode==OP_AggStep ){
       if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
-    }else if( opcode==OP_Transaction && pOp->p2!=0 ){
+    }else if( (opcode==OP_Transaction && pOp->p2!=0) || opcode==OP_Vacuum ){
       p->readOnly = 0;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
     }else if( opcode==OP_VUpdate ){
@@ -54819,6 +58608,12 @@ static void resolveP2Values(Vdbe *p, int *pMaxFuncArgs){
       n = pOp[-1].p1;
       if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
 #endif
+    }else if( opcode==OP_Next || opcode==OP_SorterNext ){
+      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreeNext;
+      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+    }else if( opcode==OP_Prev ){
+      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreePrevious;
+      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
     }
 
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 && pOp->p2<0 ){
@@ -54856,7 +58651,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(Vdbe *p, int *pnOp, int *pnMaxArg)
   assert( aOp && !p->db->mallocFailed );
 
   /* Check that sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree() was not called on this VM */
-  assert( p->aMutex.nMutex==0 );
+  assert( p->btreeMask==0 );
 
   resolveP2Values(p, pnMaxArg);
   *pnOp = p->nOp;
@@ -54910,10 +58705,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp)
 ** static array using sqlite3VdbeAddOpList but we want to make a
 ** few minor changes to the program.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe *p, u32 addr, int val){
   assert( p!=0 );
-  assert( addr>=0 );
-  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+  if( ((u32)p->nOp)>addr ){
     p->aOp[addr].p1 = val;
   }
 }
@@ -54922,10 +58716,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
 ** Change the value of the P2 operand for a specific instruction.
 ** This routine is useful for setting a jump destination.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe *p, u32 addr, int val){
   assert( p!=0 );
-  assert( addr>=0 );
-  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+  if( ((u32)p->nOp)>addr ){
     p->aOp[addr].p2 = val;
   }
 }
@@ -54933,10 +58726,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
 /*
 ** Change the value of the P3 operand for a specific instruction.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe *p, int addr, int val){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe *p, u32 addr, int val){
   assert( p!=0 );
-  assert( addr>=0 );
-  if( p->nOp>addr ){
+  if( ((u32)p->nOp)>addr ){
     p->aOp[addr].p3 = val;
   }
 }
@@ -54958,7 +58750,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe *p, u8 val){
 ** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+  assert( addr>=0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
+  if( addr>=0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
 }
 
 
@@ -55052,18 +58845,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *pVdbe, SubProgram *p){
 }
 
 /*
-** Change N opcodes starting at addr to No-ops.
+** Change the opcode at addr into OP_Noop
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe *p, int addr, int N){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe *p, int addr){
   if( p->aOp ){
     VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
     sqlite3 *db = p->db;
-    while( N-- ){
-      freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
-      memset(pOp, 0, sizeof(pOp[0]));
-      pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
-      pOp++;
-    }
+    freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
+    memset(pOp, 0, sizeof(pOp[0]));
+    pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
   }
 }
 
@@ -55166,30 +58956,29 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe *p, int addr, const char *zP4, int
 ** makes the code easier to read during debugging.  None of this happens
 ** in a production build.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
-  va_list ap;
-  if( !p ) return;
+static void vdbeVComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, va_list ap){
   assert( p->nOp>0 || p->aOp==0 );
   assert( p->aOp==0 || p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment==0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
   if( p->nOp ){
-    char **pz = &p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment;
+    assert( p->aOp );
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment);
+    p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment = sqlite3VMPrintf(p->db, zFormat, ap);
+  }
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  if( p ){
     va_start(ap, zFormat);
-    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, *pz);
-    *pz = sqlite3VMPrintf(p->db, zFormat, ap);
+    vdbeVComment(p, zFormat, ap);
     va_end(ap);
   }
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
   va_list ap;
-  if( !p ) return;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(p, OP_Noop);
-  assert( p->nOp>0 || p->aOp==0 );
-  assert( p->aOp==0 || p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment==0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
-  if( p->nOp ){
-    char **pz = &p->aOp[p->nOp-1].zComment;
+  if( p ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(p, OP_Noop);
     va_start(ap, zFormat);
-    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, *pz);
-    *pz = sqlite3VMPrintf(p->db, zFormat, ap);
+    vdbeVComment(p, zFormat, ap);
     va_end(ap);
   }
 }
@@ -55219,7 +59008,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe *p, int addr){
   /* C89 specifies that the constant "dummy" will be initialized to all
   ** zeros, which is correct.  MSVC generates a warning, nevertheless. */
-  static const VdbeOp dummy;  /* Ignore the MSVC warning about no initializer */
+  static VdbeOp dummy;  /* Ignore the MSVC warning about no initializer */
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( addr<0 ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
@@ -55327,6 +59116,10 @@ static char *displayP4(Op *pOp, char *zTemp, int nTemp){
       sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "program");
       break;
     }
+    case P4_ADVANCE: {
+      zTemp[0] = 0;
+      break;
+    }
     default: {
       zP4 = pOp->p4.z;
       if( zP4==0 ){
@@ -55343,22 +59136,80 @@ static char *displayP4(Op *pOp, char *zTemp, int nTemp){
 /*
 ** Declare to the Vdbe that the BTree object at db->aDb[i] is used.
 **
-** The prepared statement has to know in advance which Btree objects
-** will be used so that it can acquire mutexes on them all in sorted
-** order (via sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter().  Mutexes are acquired
-** in order (and released in reverse order) to avoid deadlocks.
+** The prepared statements need to know in advance the complete set of
+** attached databases that they will be using.  A mask of these databases
+** is maintained in p->btreeMask and is used for locking and other purposes.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe *p, int i){
-  int mask;
-  assert( i>=0 && i<p->db->nDb && i<sizeof(u32)*8 );
+  assert( i>=0 && i<p->db->nDb && i<(int)sizeof(yDbMask)*8 );
   assert( i<(int)sizeof(p->btreeMask)*8 );
-  mask = ((u32)1)<<i;
-  if( (p->btreeMask & mask)==0 ){
-    p->btreeMask |= mask;
-    sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayInsert(&p->aMutex, p->db->aDb[i].pBt);
+  p->btreeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+  if( i!=1 && sqlite3BtreeSharable(p->db->aDb[i].pBt) ){
+    p->lockMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
   }
 }
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+/*
+** If SQLite is compiled to support shared-cache mode and to be threadsafe,
+** this routine obtains the mutex associated with each BtShared structure
+** that may be accessed by the VM passed as an argument. In doing so it also
+** sets the BtShared.db member of each of the BtShared structures, ensuring
+** that the correct busy-handler callback is invoked if required.
+**
+** If SQLite is not threadsafe but does support shared-cache mode, then
+** sqlite3BtreeEnter() is invoked to set the BtShared.db variables
+** of all of BtShared structures accessible via the database handle 
+** associated with the VM.
+**
+** If SQLite is not threadsafe and does not support shared-cache mode, this
+** function is a no-op.
+**
+** The p->btreeMask field is a bitmask of all btrees that the prepared 
+** statement p will ever use.  Let N be the number of bits in p->btreeMask
+** corresponding to btrees that use shared cache.  Then the runtime of
+** this routine is N*N.  But as N is rarely more than 1, this should not
+** be a problem.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  yDbMask mask;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Db *aDb;
+  int nDb;
+  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  db = p->db;
+  aDb = db->aDb;
+  nDb = db->nDb;
+  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
+    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+      sqlite3BtreeEnter(aDb[i].pBt);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
+/*
+** Unlock all of the btrees previously locked by a call to sqlite3VdbeEnter().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe *p){
+  int i;
+  yDbMask mask;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  Db *aDb;
+  int nDb;
+  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  db = p->db;
+  aDb = db->aDb;
+  nDb = db->nDb;
+  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
+    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(aDb[i].pBt);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
 
 #if defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
 /*
@@ -55465,7 +59316,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;                 /* The database connection */
   int i;                               /* Loop counter */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
-  Mem *pMem = p->pResultSet = &p->aMem[1];  /* First Mem of result set */
+  Mem *pMem = &p->aMem[1];             /* First Mem of result set */
 
   assert( p->explain );
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );
@@ -55476,6 +59327,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
   ** sqlite3_column_text16(), causing a translation to UTF-16 encoding.
   */
   releaseMemArray(pMem, 8);
+  p->pResultSet = 0;
 
   if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
@@ -55581,12 +59433,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
     pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
-    if( p->explain==1 ){
-      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
-      pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
-      pMem++;
-    }
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
+    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
+    pMem++;
 
     if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 32, 0) ){            /* P4 */
       assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
@@ -55631,7 +59481,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
       }
     }
 
-    p->nResColumn = 8 - 5*(p->explain-1);
+    p->nResColumn = 8 - 4*(p->explain-1);
+    p->pResultSet = &p->aMem[1];
     p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
     rc = SQLITE_ROW;
   }
@@ -55727,44 +59578,88 @@ static void *allocSpace(
 }
 
 /*
-** Prepare a virtual machine for execution.  This involves things such
+** Rewind the VDBE back to the beginning in preparation for
+** running it.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe *p){
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE)
+  int i;
+#endif
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+
+  /* There should be at least one opcode.
+  */
+  assert( p->nOp>0 );
+
+  /* Set the magic to VDBE_MAGIC_RUN sooner rather than later. */
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  for(i=1; i<p->nMem; i++){
+    assert( p->aMem[i].db==p->db );
+  }
+#endif
+  p->pc = -1;
+  p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
+  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+  p->nChange = 0;
+  p->cacheCtr = 1;
+  p->minWriteFileFormat = 255;
+  p->iStatement = 0;
+  p->nFkConstraint = 0;
+#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
+  for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+    p->aOp[i].cnt = 0;
+    p->aOp[i].cycles = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare a virtual machine for execution for the first time after
+** creating the virtual machine.  This involves things such
 ** as allocating stack space and initializing the program counter.
 ** After the VDBE has be prepped, it can be executed by one or more
 ** calls to sqlite3VdbeExec().  
 **
-** This is the only way to move a VDBE from VDBE_MAGIC_INIT to
-** VDBE_MAGIC_RUN.
+** This function may be called exact once on a each virtual machine.
+** After this routine is called the VM has been "packaged" and is ready
+** to run.  After this routine is called, futher calls to 
+** sqlite3VdbeAddOp() functions are prohibited.  This routine disconnects
+** the Vdbe from the Parse object that helped generate it so that the
+** the Vdbe becomes an independent entity and the Parse object can be
+** destroyed.
 **
-** This function may be called more than once on a single virtual machine.
-** The first call is made while compiling the SQL statement. Subsequent
-** calls are made as part of the process of resetting a statement to be
-** re-executed (from a call to sqlite3_reset()). The nVar, nMem, nCursor 
-** and isExplain parameters are only passed correct values the first time
-** the function is called. On subsequent calls, from sqlite3_reset(), nVar
-** is passed -1 and nMem, nCursor and isExplain are all passed zero.
+** Use the sqlite3VdbeRewind() procedure to restore a virtual machine back
+** to its initial state after it has been run.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(
   Vdbe *p,                       /* The VDBE */
-  int nVar,                      /* Number of '?' see in the SQL statement */
-  int nMem,                      /* Number of memory cells to allocate */
-  int nCursor,                   /* Number of cursors to allocate */
-  int nArg,                      /* Maximum number of args in SubPrograms */
-  int isExplain,                 /* True if the EXPLAIN keywords is present */
-  int usesStmtJournal            /* True to set Vdbe.usesStmtJournal */
+  Parse *pParse                  /* Parsing context */
 ){
-  int n;
-  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  sqlite3 *db;                   /* The database connection */
+  int nVar;                      /* Number of parameters */
+  int nMem;                      /* Number of VM memory registers */
+  int nCursor;                   /* Number of cursors required */
+  int nArg;                      /* Number of arguments in subprograms */
+  int n;                         /* Loop counter */
+  u8 *zCsr;                      /* Memory available for allocation */
+  u8 *zEnd;                      /* First byte past allocated memory */
+  int nByte;                     /* How much extra memory is needed */
 
   assert( p!=0 );
-  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
-
-  /* There should be at least one opcode.
-  */
   assert( p->nOp>0 );
-
-  /* Set the magic to VDBE_MAGIC_RUN sooner rather than later. */
-  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
-
+  assert( pParse!=0 );
+  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  db = p->db;
+  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
+  nVar = pParse->nVar;
+  nMem = pParse->nMem;
+  nCursor = pParse->nTab;
+  nArg = pParse->nMaxArg;
+  
   /* For each cursor required, also allocate a memory cell. Memory
   ** cells (nMem+1-nCursor)..nMem, inclusive, will never be used by
   ** the vdbe program. Instead they are used to allocate space for
@@ -55777,91 +59672,69 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(
   nMem += nCursor;
 
   /* Allocate space for memory registers, SQL variables, VDBE cursors and 
-  ** an array to marshal SQL function arguments in. This is only done the
-  ** first time this function is called for a given VDBE, not when it is
-  ** being called from sqlite3_reset() to reset the virtual machine.
-  */
-  if( nVar>=0 && ALWAYS(db->mallocFailed==0) ){
-    u8 *zCsr = (u8 *)&p->aOp[p->nOp];       /* Memory avaliable for alloation */
-    u8 *zEnd = (u8 *)&p->aOp[p->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past available mem */
-    int nByte;                              /* How much extra memory needed */
-
-    resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);
-    p->usesStmtJournal = (u8)usesStmtJournal;
-    if( isExplain && nMem<10 ){
-      nMem = 10;
-    }
-    memset(zCsr, 0, zEnd-zCsr);
-    zCsr += (zCsr - (u8*)0)&7;
-    assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(zCsr) );
-
-    /* Memory for registers, parameters, cursor, etc, is allocated in two
-    ** passes.  On the first pass, we try to reuse unused space at the 
-    ** end of the opcode array.  If we are unable to satisfy all memory
-    ** requirements by reusing the opcode array tail, then the second
-    ** pass will fill in the rest using a fresh allocation.  
-    **
-    ** This two-pass approach that reuses as much memory as possible from
-    ** the leftover space at the end of the opcode array can significantly
-    ** reduce the amount of memory held by a prepared statement.
-    */
-    do {
-      nByte = 0;
-      p->aMem = allocSpace(p->aMem, nMem*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
-      p->aVar = allocSpace(p->aVar, nVar*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
-      p->apArg = allocSpace(p->apArg, nArg*sizeof(Mem*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
-      p->azVar = allocSpace(p->azVar, nVar*sizeof(char*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
-      p->apCsr = allocSpace(p->apCsr, nCursor*sizeof(VdbeCursor*),
-                            &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
-      if( nByte ){
-        p->pFree = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
-      }
-      zCsr = p->pFree;
-      zEnd = &zCsr[nByte];
-    }while( nByte && !db->mallocFailed );
+  ** an array to marshal SQL function arguments in.
+  */
+  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];       /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
+  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
 
-    p->nCursor = (u16)nCursor;
-    if( p->aVar ){
-      p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
-      for(n=0; n<nVar; n++){
-        p->aVar[n].flags = MEM_Null;
-        p->aVar[n].db = db;
-      }
+  resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);
+  p->usesStmtJournal = (u8)(pParse->isMultiWrite && pParse->mayAbort);
+  if( pParse->explain && nMem<10 ){
+    nMem = 10;
+  }
+  memset(zCsr, 0, zEnd-zCsr);
+  zCsr += (zCsr - (u8*)0)&7;
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(zCsr) );
+  p->expired = 0;
+
+  /* Memory for registers, parameters, cursor, etc, is allocated in two
+  ** passes.  On the first pass, we try to reuse unused space at the 
+  ** end of the opcode array.  If we are unable to satisfy all memory
+  ** requirements by reusing the opcode array tail, then the second
+  ** pass will fill in the rest using a fresh allocation.  
+  **
+  ** This two-pass approach that reuses as much memory as possible from
+  ** the leftover space at the end of the opcode array can significantly
+  ** reduce the amount of memory held by a prepared statement.
+  */
+  do {
+    nByte = 0;
+    p->aMem = allocSpace(p->aMem, nMem*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->aVar = allocSpace(p->aVar, nVar*sizeof(Mem), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->apArg = allocSpace(p->apArg, nArg*sizeof(Mem*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->azVar = allocSpace(p->azVar, nVar*sizeof(char*), &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    p->apCsr = allocSpace(p->apCsr, nCursor*sizeof(VdbeCursor*),
+                          &zCsr, zEnd, &nByte);
+    if( nByte ){
+      p->pFree = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
     }
-    if( p->aMem ){
-      p->aMem--;                      /* aMem[] goes from 1..nMem */
-      p->nMem = nMem;                 /*       not from 0..nMem-1 */
-      for(n=1; n<=nMem; n++){
-        p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Null;
-        p->aMem[n].db = db;
-      }
+    zCsr = p->pFree;
+    zEnd = &zCsr[nByte];
+  }while( nByte && !db->mallocFailed );
+
+  p->nCursor = (u16)nCursor;
+  if( p->aVar ){
+    p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
+    for(n=0; n<nVar; n++){
+      p->aVar[n].flags = MEM_Null;
+      p->aVar[n].db = db;
     }
   }
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  for(n=1; n<p->nMem; n++){
-    assert( p->aMem[n].db==db );
+  if( p->azVar ){
+    p->nzVar = pParse->nzVar;
+    memcpy(p->azVar, pParse->azVar, p->nzVar*sizeof(p->azVar[0]));
+    memset(pParse->azVar, 0, pParse->nzVar*sizeof(pParse->azVar[0]));
   }
-#endif
-
-  p->pc = -1;
-  p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
-  p->explain |= isExplain;
-  p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
-  p->nChange = 0;
-  p->cacheCtr = 1;
-  p->minWriteFileFormat = 255;
-  p->iStatement = 0;
-  p->nFkConstraint = 0;
-#ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
-  {
-    int i;
-    for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
-      p->aOp[i].cnt = 0;
-      p->aOp[i].cycles = 0;
+  if( p->aMem ){
+    p->aMem--;                      /* aMem[] goes from 1..nMem */
+    p->nMem = nMem;                 /*       not from 0..nMem-1 */
+    for(n=1; n<=nMem; n++){
+      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Null;
+      p->aMem[n].db = db;
     }
   }
-#endif
+  p->explain = pParse->explain;
+  sqlite3VdbeRewind(p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -55872,6 +59745,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(Vdbe *p, VdbeCursor *pCx){
   if( pCx==0 ){
     return;
   }
+  sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(p->db, pCx);
   if( pCx->pBt ){
     sqlite3BtreeClose(pCx->pBt);
     /* The pCx->pCursor will be close automatically, if it exists, by
@@ -55918,7 +59792,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *pFrame){
 */
 static void closeAllCursors(Vdbe *p){
   if( p->pFrame ){
-    VdbeFrame *pFrame = p->pFrame;
+    VdbeFrame *pFrame;
     for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
     sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(pFrame);
   }
@@ -55938,6 +59812,11 @@ static void closeAllCursors(Vdbe *p){
   if( p->aMem ){
     releaseMemArray(&p->aMem[1], p->nMem);
   }
+  while( p->pDelFrame ){
+    VdbeFrame *pDel = p->pDelFrame;
+    p->pDelFrame = pDel->pParent;
+    sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(pDel);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -56099,7 +59978,7 @@ static int vdbeCommit(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
     for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nDb; i++){
       Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
       if( pBt ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt);
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt, 0);
       }
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -56130,6 +60009,7 @@ static int vdbeCommit(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
       if( !zMaster ){
         return SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }
+      sqlite3FileSuffix3(zMainFile, zMaster);
       rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, zMaster, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &res);
     }while( rc==SQLITE_OK && res );
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -56154,9 +60034,10 @@ static int vdbeCommit(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
       Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
       if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) ){
         char const *zFile = sqlite3BtreeGetJournalname(pBt);
-        if( zFile==0 || zFile[0]==0 ){
+        if( zFile==0 ){
           continue;  /* Ignore TEMP and :memory: databases */
         }
+        assert( zFile[0]!=0 );
         if( !needSync && !sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(pBt) ){
           needSync = 1;
         }
@@ -56230,7 +60111,7 @@ static int vdbeCommit(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
     for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){ 
       Btree *pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
       if( pBt ){
-        sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt);
+        sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(pBt, 1);
       }
     }
     sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
@@ -56343,6 +60224,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *p, int eOp){
     db->nStatement--;
     p->iStatement = 0;
 
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, iSavepoint);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, iSavepoint);
+      }
+    }
+
     /* If the statement transaction is being rolled back, also restore the 
     ** database handles deferred constraint counter to the value it had when 
     ** the statement transaction was opened.  */
@@ -56353,33 +60243,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *p, int eOp){
   return rc;
 }
 
-/*
-** If SQLite is compiled to support shared-cache mode and to be threadsafe,
-** this routine obtains the mutex associated with each BtShared structure
-** that may be accessed by the VM passed as an argument. In doing so it
-** sets the BtShared.db member of each of the BtShared structures, ensuring
-** that the correct busy-handler callback is invoked if required.
-**
-** If SQLite is not threadsafe but does support shared-cache mode, then
-** sqlite3BtreeEnterAll() is invoked to set the BtShared.db variables
-** of all of BtShared structures accessible via the database handle 
-** associated with the VM. Of course only a subset of these structures
-** will be accessed by the VM, and we could use Vdbe.btreeMask to figure
-** that subset out, but there is no advantage to doing so.
-**
-** If SQLite is not threadsafe and does not support shared-cache mode, this
-** function is a no-op.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(Vdbe *p){
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-  sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayEnter(&p->aMutex);
-#else
-  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(p->db);
-#endif
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** This function is called when a transaction opened by the database 
 ** handle associated with the VM passed as an argument is about to be 
@@ -56452,7 +60315,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
     int isSpecialError;            /* Set to true if a 'special' error */
 
     /* Lock all btrees used by the statement */
-    sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(p);
+    sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
 
     /* Check for one of the special errors */
     mrc = p->rc & 0xff;
@@ -56503,17 +60366,22 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
      && db->writeVdbeCnt==(p->readOnly==0) 
     ){
       if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->errorAction==OE_Fail && !isSpecialError) ){
-        if( sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1) ){
-          sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(&p->aMutex);
-          return SQLITE_ERROR;
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          if( NEVER(p->readOnly) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
+            return SQLITE_ERROR;
+          }
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+        }else{ 
+          /* The auto-commit flag is true, the vdbe program was successful 
+          ** or hit an 'OR FAIL' constraint and there are no deferred foreign
+          ** key constraints to hold up the transaction. This means a commit 
+          ** is required. */
+          rc = vdbeCommit(db, p);
         }
-        /* The auto-commit flag is true, the vdbe program was successful 
-        ** or hit an 'OR FAIL' constraint and there are no deferred foreign
-        ** key constraints to hold up the transaction. This means a commit 
-        ** is required.  */
-        rc = vdbeCommit(db, p);
-        if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
-          sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(&p->aMutex);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY && p->readOnly ){
+          sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
           return SQLITE_BUSY;
         }else if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           p->rc = rc;
@@ -56544,17 +60412,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
     ** do so. If this operation returns an error, and the current statement
     ** error code is SQLITE_OK or SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, then promote the
     ** current statement error code.
-    **
-    ** Note that sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement() can only fail if eStatementOp
-    ** is SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK.  But if p->rc==SQLITE_OK then eStatementOp
-    ** must be SAVEPOINT_RELEASE.  Hence the NEVER(p->rc==SQLITE_OK) in 
-    ** the following code.
     */
     if( eStatementOp ){
       rc = sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(p, eStatementOp);
       if( rc ){
-        assert( eStatementOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
-        if( NEVER(p->rc==SQLITE_OK) || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
+        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
           p->rc = rc;
           sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
           p->zErrMsg = 0;
@@ -56580,12 +60442,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
   
     /* Rollback or commit any schema changes that occurred. */
     if( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK && db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
       db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
     }
 
     /* Release the locks */
-    sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(&p->aMutex);
+    sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
   }
 
   /* We have successfully halted and closed the VM.  Record this fact. */
@@ -56611,7 +60473,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe *p){
   }
 
   assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return (p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? SQLITE_BUSY : SQLITE_OK);
 }
 
 
@@ -56623,6 +60485,30 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe *p){
   p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Copy the error code and error message belonging to the VDBE passed
+** as the first argument to its database handle (so that they will be 
+** returned by calls to sqlite3_errcode() and sqlite3_errmsg()).
+**
+** This function does not clear the VDBE error code or message, just
+** copies them to the database handle.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeTransferError(Vdbe *p){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  int rc = p->rc;
+  if( p->zErrMsg ){
+    u8 mallocFailed = db->mallocFailed;
+    sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+    db->mallocFailed = mallocFailed;
+    db->errCode = rc;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Clean up a VDBE after execution but do not delete the VDBE just yet.
 ** Write any error messages into *pzErrMsg.  Return the result code.
@@ -56650,18 +60536,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeReset(Vdbe *p){
   ** instructions yet, leave the main database error information unchanged.
   */
   if( p->pc>=0 ){
-    if( p->zErrMsg ){
-      sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr,-1,p->zErrMsg,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-      sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
-      db->errCode = p->rc;
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
-      p->zErrMsg = 0;
-    }else if( p->rc ){
-      sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, 0);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
-    }
+    sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = 0;
     if( p->runOnlyOnce ) p->expired = 1;
   }else if( p->rc && p->expired ){
     /* The expired flag was set on the VDBE before the first call
@@ -56747,6 +60624,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc, int mask){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
   SubProgram *pSub, *pNext;
+  int i;
   assert( p->db==0 || p->db==db );
   releaseMemArray(p->aVar, p->nVar);
   releaseMemArray(p->aColName, p->nResColumn*COLNAME_N);
@@ -56755,6 +60633,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
     vdbeFreeOpArray(db, pSub->aOp, pSub->nOp);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pSub);
   }
+  for(i=p->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azVar[i]);
   vdbeFreeOpArray(db, p->aOp, p->nOp);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLabel);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aColName);
@@ -56887,7 +60766,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem *pMem, int file_format){
     if( file_format>=4 && (i&1)==i ){
       return 8+(u32)i;
     }
-    u = i<0 ? -i : i;
+    if( i<0 ){
+      if( i<(-MAX_6BYTE) ) return 6;
+      /* Previous test prevents:  u = -(-9223372036854775808) */
+      u = -i;
+    }else{
+      u = i;
+    }
     if( u<=127 ) return 1;
     if( u<=32767 ) return 2;
     if( u<=8388607 ) return 3;
@@ -57133,57 +61018,70 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(
   return 0;
 }
 
-
 /*
-** Given the nKey-byte encoding of a record in pKey[], parse the
-** record into a UnpackedRecord structure.  Return a pointer to
-** that structure.
+** This routine is used to allocate sufficient space for an UnpackedRecord
+** structure large enough to be used with sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack() if
+** the first argument is a pointer to KeyInfo structure pKeyInfo.
 **
-** The calling function might provide szSpace bytes of memory
-** space at pSpace.  This space can be used to hold the returned
-** VDbeParsedRecord structure if it is large enough.  If it is
-** not big enough, space is obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
+** The space is either allocated using sqlite3DbMallocRaw() or from within
+** the unaligned buffer passed via the second and third arguments (presumably
+** stack space). If the former, then *ppFree is set to a pointer that should
+** be eventually freed by the caller using sqlite3DbFree(). Or, if the 
+** allocation comes from the pSpace/szSpace buffer, *ppFree is set to NULL
+** before returning.
 **
-** The returned structure should be closed by a call to
-** sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord().
-*/ 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(
-  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,     /* Information about the record format */
-  int nKey,              /* Size of the binary record */
-  const void *pKey,      /* The binary record */
-  char *pSpace,          /* Unaligned space available to hold the object */
-  int szSpace            /* Size of pSpace[] in bytes */
+** If an OOM error occurs, NULL is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,              /* Description of the record */
+  char *pSpace,                   /* Unaligned space available */
+  int szSpace,                    /* Size of pSpace[] in bytes */
+  char **ppFree                   /* OUT: Caller should free this pointer */
 ){
-  const unsigned char *aKey = (const unsigned char *)pKey;
-  UnpackedRecord *p;  /* The unpacked record that we will return */
-  int nByte;          /* Memory space needed to hold p, in bytes */
-  int d;
-  u32 idx;
-  u16 u;              /* Unsigned loop counter */
-  u32 szHdr;
-  Mem *pMem;
-  int nOff;           /* Increase pSpace by this much to 8-byte align it */
-  
-  /*
-  ** We want to shift the pointer pSpace up such that it is 8-byte aligned.
+  UnpackedRecord *p;              /* Unpacked record to return */
+  int nOff;                       /* Increment pSpace by nOff to align it */
+  int nByte;                      /* Number of bytes required for *p */
+
+  /* We want to shift the pointer pSpace up such that it is 8-byte aligned.
   ** Thus, we need to calculate a value, nOff, between 0 and 7, to shift 
   ** it by.  If pSpace is already 8-byte aligned, nOff should be zero.
   */
   nOff = (8 - (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pSpace) & 7)) & 7;
-  pSpace += nOff;
-  szSpace -= nOff;
   nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*(pKeyInfo->nField+1);
-  if( nByte>szSpace ){
-    p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pKeyInfo->db, nByte);
-    if( p==0 ) return 0;
-    p->flags = UNPACKED_NEED_FREE | UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY;
+  if( nByte>szSpace+nOff ){
+    p = (UnpackedRecord *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pKeyInfo->db, nByte);
+    *ppFree = (char *)p;
+    if( !p ) return 0;
   }else{
-    p = (UnpackedRecord*)pSpace;
-    p->flags = UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY;
+    p = (UnpackedRecord*)&pSpace[nOff];
+    *ppFree = 0;
   }
+
+  p->aMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
   p->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
   p->nField = pKeyInfo->nField + 1;
-  p->aMem = pMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the nKey-byte encoding of a record in pKey[], populate the 
+** UnpackedRecord structure indicated by the fourth argument with the
+** contents of the decoded record.
+*/ 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,     /* Information about the record format */
+  int nKey,              /* Size of the binary record */
+  const void *pKey,      /* The binary record */
+  UnpackedRecord *p      /* Populate this structure before returning. */
+){
+  const unsigned char *aKey = (const unsigned char *)pKey;
+  int d; 
+  u32 idx;                        /* Offset in aKey[] to read from */
+  u16 u;                          /* Unsigned loop counter */
+  u32 szHdr;
+  Mem *pMem = p->aMem;
+
+  p->flags = 0;
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
   idx = getVarint32(aKey, szHdr);
   d = szHdr;
@@ -57194,7 +61092,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(
     idx += getVarint32(&aKey[idx], serial_type);
     pMem->enc = pKeyInfo->enc;
     pMem->db = pKeyInfo->db;
-    pMem->flags = 0;
+    /* pMem->flags = 0; // sqlite3VdbeSerialGet() will set this for us */
     pMem->zMalloc = 0;
     d += sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey[d], serial_type, pMem);
     pMem++;
@@ -57202,29 +61100,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(
   }
   assert( u<=pKeyInfo->nField + 1 );
   p->nField = u;
-  return (void*)p;
-}
-
-/*
-** This routine destroys a UnpackedRecord object.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(UnpackedRecord *p){
-  int i;
-  Mem *pMem;
-
-  assert( p!=0 );
-  assert( p->flags & UNPACKED_NEED_DESTROY );
-  for(i=0, pMem=p->aMem; i<p->nField; i++, pMem++){
-    /* The unpacked record is always constructed by the
-    ** sqlite3VdbeUnpackRecord() function above, which makes all
-    ** strings and blobs static.  And none of the elements are
-    ** ever transformed, so there is never anything to delete.
-    */
-    if( NEVER(pMem->zMalloc) ) sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
-  }
-  if( p->flags & UNPACKED_NEED_FREE ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(p->pKeyInfo->db, p);
-  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -57275,7 +61150,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
 
   /* Compilers may complain that mem1.u.i is potentially uninitialized.
   ** We could initialize it, as shown here, to silence those complaints.
-  ** But in fact, mem1.u.i will never actually be used initialized, and doing 
+  ** But in fact, mem1.u.i will never actually be used uninitialized, and doing 
   ** the unnecessary initialization has a measurable negative performance
   ** impact, since this routine is a very high runner.  And so, we choose
   ** to ignore the compiler warnings and leave this variable uninitialized.
@@ -57378,7 +61253,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3 *db, BtCursor *pCur, i64 *rowid){
   ** this code can safely assume that nCellKey is 32-bits  
   */
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
+  VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );     /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
   assert( (nCellKey & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)nCellKey );
 
@@ -57453,7 +61328,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(
   Mem m;
 
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
+  VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
   /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the say
   ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
@@ -57620,6 +61495,8 @@ static int vdbeSafetyNotNull(Vdbe *p){
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   int rc;
   if( pStmt==0 ){
+    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-57228-12904 Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL
+    ** pointer is a harmless no-op. */
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
@@ -57655,7 +61532,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
     Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(v->db->mutex);
     rc = sqlite3VdbeReset(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeRewind(v);
     assert( (rc & (v->db->errMask))==rc );
     rc = sqlite3ApiExit(v->db, rc);
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(v->db->mutex);
@@ -57696,7 +61573,7 @@ SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value *pVal){
     sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(p);
     p->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
     p->flags |= MEM_Blob;
-    return p->z;
+    return p->n ? p->z : 0;
   }else{
     return sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
   }
@@ -57898,11 +61775,30 @@ static int sqlite3Step(Vdbe *p){
   assert(p);
   if( p->magic!=VDBE_MAGIC_RUN ){
     /* We used to require that sqlite3_reset() be called before retrying
-    ** sqlite3_step() after any error.  But after 3.6.23, we changed this
-    ** so that sqlite3_reset() would be called automatically instead of
-    ** throwing the error.
+    ** sqlite3_step() after any error or after SQLITE_DONE.  But beginning
+    ** with version 3.7.0, we changed this so that sqlite3_reset() would
+    ** be called automatically instead of throwing the SQLITE_MISUSE error.
+    ** This "automatic-reset" change is not technically an incompatibility, 
+    ** since any application that receives an SQLITE_MISUSE is broken by
+    ** definition.
+    **
+    ** Nevertheless, some published applications that were originally written
+    ** for version 3.6.23 or earlier do in fact depend on SQLITE_MISUSE 
+    ** returns, and the so were broken by the automatic-reset change.  As a
+    ** a work-around, the SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET compile-time restores the
+    ** legacy behavior of returning SQLITE_MISUSE for cases where the 
+    ** previous sqlite3_step() returned something other than a SQLITE_LOCKED
+    ** or SQLITE_BUSY error.
     */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET
+    if( p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY || p->rc==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
+      sqlite3_reset((sqlite3_stmt*)p);
+    }else{
+      return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+    }
+#else
     sqlite3_reset((sqlite3_stmt*)p);
+#endif
   }
 
   /* Check that malloc() has not failed. If it has, return early. */
@@ -57944,7 +61840,9 @@ static int sqlite3Step(Vdbe *p){
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
   {
+    db->vdbeExecCnt++;
     rc = sqlite3VdbeExec(p);
+    db->vdbeExecCnt--;
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
@@ -57986,11 +61884,19 @@ static int sqlite3Step(Vdbe *p){
     ** error has occured, then return the error code in p->rc to the
     ** caller. Set the error code in the database handle to the same value.
     */ 
-    rc = db->errCode = p->rc;
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
   }
   return (rc&db->errMask);
 }
 
+/*
+** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
+** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 5
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** This is the top-level implementation of sqlite3_step().  Call
 ** sqlite3Step() to do most of the work.  If a schema error occurs,
@@ -58009,10 +61915,10 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   db = v->db;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   while( (rc = sqlite3Step(v))==SQLITE_SCHEMA
-         && cnt++ < 5
+         && cnt++ < SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
          && (rc2 = rc = sqlite3Reprepare(v))==SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-    v->expired = 0;
+    assert( v->expired==0 );
   }
   if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(v->isPrepareV2) && ALWAYS(db->pErr) ){
     /* This case occurs after failing to recompile an sql statement. 
@@ -58050,6 +61956,12 @@ SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context *p){
 /*
 ** Extract the user data from a sqlite3_context structure and return a
 ** pointer to it.
+**
+** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46798-50301 The sqlite3_context_db_handle() interface
+** returns a copy of the pointer to the database connection (the 1st
+** parameter) of the sqlite3_create_function() and
+** sqlite3_create_function16() routines that originally registered the
+** application defined function.
 */
 SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context *p){
   assert( p && p->pFunc );
@@ -58208,13 +62120,11 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
 */
 static Mem *columnMem(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
   Vdbe *pVm;
-  int vals;
   Mem *pOut;
 
   pVm = (Vdbe *)pStmt;
   if( pVm && pVm->pResultSet!=0 && i<pVm->nResColumn && i>=0 ){
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
-    vals = sqlite3_data_count(pStmt);
     pOut = &pVm->pResultSet[i];
   }else{
     /* If the value passed as the second argument is out of range, return
@@ -58232,7 +62142,11 @@ static Mem *columnMem(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
       __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
 #endif
-      = {{0}, (double)0, 0, "", 0, MEM_Null, SQLITE_NULL, 0, 0, 0 };
+      = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, SQLITE_NULL, 0,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+         0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
+#endif
+         0, 0 };
 
     if( pVm && ALWAYS(pVm->db) ){
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
@@ -58259,8 +62173,7 @@ static Mem *columnMem(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
 **     sqlite3_column_real()
 **     sqlite3_column_bytes()
 **     sqlite3_column_bytes16()
-**
-** But not for sqlite3_column_blob(), which never calls malloc().
+**     sqiite3_column_blob()
 */
 static void columnMallocFailure(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt)
 {
@@ -58528,6 +62441,12 @@ static int vdbeUnbind(Vdbe *p, int i){
 
   /* If the bit corresponding to this variable in Vdbe.expmask is set, then 
   ** binding a new value to this variable invalidates the current query plan.
+  **
+  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-48440-37595 If the specific value bound to host
+  ** parameter in the WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan
+  ** for a statement, then the statement will be automatically recompiled,
+  ** as if there had been a schema change, on the first sqlite3_step() call
+  ** following any change to the bindings of that parameter.
   */
   if( p->isPrepareV2 &&
      ((i<32 && p->expmask & ((u32)1 << i)) || p->expmask==0xffffffff)
@@ -58564,6 +62483,8 @@ static int bindText(
       rc = sqlite3ApiExit(p->db, rc);
     }
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
+  }else if( xDel!=SQLITE_STATIC && xDel!=SQLITE_TRANSIENT ){
+    xDel((void*)zData);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -58684,32 +62605,6 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   return p ? p->nVar : 0;
 }
 
-/*
-** Create a mapping from variable numbers to variable names
-** in the Vdbe.azVar[] array, if such a mapping does not already
-** exist.
-*/
-static void createVarMap(Vdbe *p){
-  if( !p->okVar ){
-    int j;
-    Op *pOp;
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->db->mutex);
-    /* The race condition here is harmless.  If two threads call this
-    ** routine on the same Vdbe at the same time, they both might end
-    ** up initializing the Vdbe.azVar[] array.  That is a little extra
-    ** work but it results in the same answer.
-    */
-    for(j=0, pOp=p->aOp; j<p->nOp; j++, pOp++){
-      if( pOp->opcode==OP_Variable ){
-        assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nVar );
-        p->azVar[pOp->p1-1] = pOp->p4.z;
-      }
-    }
-    p->okVar = 1;
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->db->mutex);
-  }
-}
-
 /*
 ** Return the name of a wildcard parameter.  Return NULL if the index
 ** is out of range or if the wildcard is unnamed.
@@ -58718,10 +62613,9 @@ static void createVarMap(Vdbe *p){
 */
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
   Vdbe *p = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
-  if( p==0 || i<1 || i>p->nVar ){
+  if( p==0 || i<1 || i>p->nzVar ){
     return 0;
   }
-  createVarMap(p);
   return p->azVar[i-1];
 }
 
@@ -58735,9 +62629,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe *p, const char *zName, int nNa
   if( p==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  createVarMap(p); 
   if( zName ){
-    for(i=0; i<p->nVar; i++){
+    for(i=0; i<p->nzVar; i++){
       const char *z = p->azVar[i];
       if( z && memcmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
         return i+1;
@@ -58806,6 +62699,14 @@ SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   return pStmt ? ((Vdbe*)pStmt)->db : 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return true if the prepared statement is guaranteed to not modify the
+** database.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
+  return pStmt ? ((Vdbe*)pStmt)->readOnly : 1;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to the next prepared statement after pStmt associated
 ** with database connection pDb.  If pStmt is NULL, return the first
@@ -58880,9 +62781,12 @@ static int findNextHostParameter(const char *zSql, int *pnToken){
 }
 
 /*
-** Return a pointer to a string in memory obtained form sqlite3DbMalloc() which
-** holds a copy of zRawSql but with host parameters expanded to their
-** current bindings.
+** This function returns a pointer to a nul-terminated string in memory
+** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is 1, then the
+** string contains a copy of zRawSql but with host parameters expanded to 
+** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is greater than 1, 
+** then the returned string holds a copy of zRawSql with "-- " prepended
+** to each line of text.
 **
 ** The calling function is responsible for making sure the memory returned
 ** is eventually freed.
@@ -58913,63 +62817,72 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&out, zBase, sizeof(zBase), 
                       db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
   out.db = db;
-  while( zRawSql[0] ){
-    n = findNextHostParameter(zRawSql, &nToken);
-    assert( n>0 );
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zRawSql, n);
-    zRawSql += n;
-    assert( zRawSql[0] || nToken==0 );
-    if( nToken==0 ) break;
-    if( zRawSql[0]=='?' ){
-      if( nToken>1 ){
-        assert( sqlite3Isdigit(zRawSql[1]) );
-        sqlite3GetInt32(&zRawSql[1], &idx);
+  if( db->vdbeExecCnt>1 ){
+    while( *zRawSql ){
+      const char *zStart = zRawSql;
+      while( *(zRawSql++)!='\n' && *zRawSql );
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "-- ", 3);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zStart, (int)(zRawSql-zStart));
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( zRawSql[0] ){
+      n = findNextHostParameter(zRawSql, &nToken);
+      assert( n>0 );
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zRawSql, n);
+      zRawSql += n;
+      assert( zRawSql[0] || nToken==0 );
+      if( nToken==0 ) break;
+      if( zRawSql[0]=='?' ){
+        if( nToken>1 ){
+          assert( sqlite3Isdigit(zRawSql[1]) );
+          sqlite3GetInt32(&zRawSql[1], &idx);
+        }else{
+          idx = nextIndex;
+        }
       }else{
-        idx = nextIndex;
-      }
-    }else{
-      assert( zRawSql[0]==':' || zRawSql[0]=='$' || zRawSql[0]=='@' );
-      testcase( zRawSql[0]==':' );
-      testcase( zRawSql[0]=='$' );
-      testcase( zRawSql[0]=='@' );
-      idx = sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(p, zRawSql, nToken);
-      assert( idx>0 );
-    }
-    zRawSql += nToken;
-    nextIndex = idx + 1;
-    assert( idx>0 && idx<=p->nVar );
-    pVar = &p->aVar[idx-1];
-    if( pVar->flags & MEM_Null ){
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "NULL", 4);
-    }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Int ){
-      sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
-    }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Real ){
-      sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
-    }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Str ){
+        assert( zRawSql[0]==':' || zRawSql[0]=='$' || zRawSql[0]=='@' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]==':' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]=='$' );
+        testcase( zRawSql[0]=='@' );
+        idx = sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(p, zRawSql, nToken);
+        assert( idx>0 );
+      }
+      zRawSql += nToken;
+      nextIndex = idx + 1;
+      assert( idx>0 && idx<=p->nVar );
+      pVar = &p->aVar[idx-1];
+      if( pVar->flags & MEM_Null ){
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "NULL", 4);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Int ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Real ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Str ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
-      u8 enc = ENC(db);
-      if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-        Mem utf8;
-        memset(&utf8, 0, sizeof(utf8));
-        utf8.db = db;
-        sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&utf8, pVar->z, pVar->n, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&utf8, SQLITE_UTF8);
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", utf8.n, utf8.z);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
-      }else
+        u8 enc = ENC(db);
+        if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+          Mem utf8;
+          memset(&utf8, 0, sizeof(utf8));
+          utf8.db = db;
+          sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&utf8, pVar->z, pVar->n, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&utf8, SQLITE_UTF8);
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", utf8.n, utf8.z);
+          sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
+        }else
 #endif
-      {
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", pVar->n, pVar->z);
-      }
-    }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-      sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
-    }else{
-      assert( pVar->flags & MEM_Blob );
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "x'", 2);
-      for(i=0; i<pVar->n; i++){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
+        {
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", pVar->n, pVar->z);
+        }
+      }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
+      }else{
+        assert( pVar->flags & MEM_Blob );
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "x'", 2);
+        for(i=0; i<pVar->n; i++){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
+        }
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "'", 1);
       }
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "'", 1);
     }
   }
   return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&out);
@@ -59025,6 +62938,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(
 ** commenting and indentation practices when changing or adding code.
 */
 
+/*
+** Invoke this macro on memory cells just prior to changing the
+** value of the cell.  This macro verifies that shallow copies are
+** not misused.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+# define memAboutToChange(P,M) sqlite3VdbeMemPrepareToChange(P,M)
+#else
+# define memAboutToChange(P,M)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The following global variable is incremented every time a cursor
 ** moves, either by the OP_SeekXX, OP_Next, or OP_Prev opcodes.  The test
@@ -59125,6 +63049,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_found_count = 0;
 */
 #define ExpandBlob(P) (((P)->flags&MEM_Zero)?sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(P):0)
 
+/* Return true if the cursor was opened using the OP_OpenSorter opcode. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+# define isSorter(x) 0
+#else
+# define isSorter(x) ((x)->pSorter!=0)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Argument pMem points at a register that will be passed to a
 ** user-defined function or returned to the user as the result of a query.
@@ -59217,31 +63148,17 @@ static VdbeCursor *allocateCursor(
 */
 static void applyNumericAffinity(Mem *pRec){
   if( (pRec->flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0 ){
-    int realnum;
+    double rValue;
+    i64 iValue;
     u8 enc = pRec->enc;
-    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(pRec);
-    if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str) && sqlite3IsNumber(pRec->z, &realnum, enc) ){
-      i64 value;
-      char *zUtf8 = pRec->z;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
-      if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-        assert( pRec->db );
-        zUtf8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(pRec->db, pRec->z, pRec->n, enc);
-        if( !zUtf8 ) return;
-      }
-#endif
-      if( !realnum && sqlite3Atoi64(zUtf8, &value) ){
-        pRec->u.i = value;
-        MemSetTypeFlag(pRec, MEM_Int);
-      }else{
-        sqlite3AtoF(zUtf8, &pRec->r);
-        MemSetTypeFlag(pRec, MEM_Real);
-      }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
-      if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-        sqlite3DbFree(pRec->db, zUtf8);
-      }
-#endif
+    if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
+    if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
+    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
+      pRec->u.i = iValue;
+      pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
+    }else{
+      pRec->r = rValue;
+      pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -59293,13 +63210,13 @@ static void applyAffinity(
 ** into a numeric representation.  Use either INTEGER or REAL whichever
 ** is appropriate.  But only do the conversion if it is possible without
 ** loss of information and return the revised type of the argument.
-**
-** This is an EXPERIMENTAL api and is subject to change or removal.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value *pVal){
   Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
-  applyNumericAffinity(pMem);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pMem);
+  if( pMem->type==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+    applyNumericAffinity(pMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pMem);
+  }
   return pMem->type;
 }
 
@@ -59622,7 +63539,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
   Op *pOp;                   /* Current operation */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;        /* Value to return */
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
-  u8 resetSchemaOnFault = 0; /* Reset schema after an error if true */
+  u8 resetSchemaOnFault = 0; /* Reset schema after an error if positive */
   u8 encoding = ENC(db);     /* The database encoding */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
   int checkProgress;         /* True if progress callbacks are enabled */
@@ -59635,6 +63552,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
   Mem *pOut = 0;             /* Output operand */
   int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
   int *aPermute = 0;         /* Permutation of columns for OP_Compare */
+  i64 lastRowid = db->lastRowid;  /* Saved value of the last insert ROWID */
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
   u64 start;                 /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
   int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
@@ -59682,8 +63600,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       int n;
     } ag;
     struct OP_ShiftRight_stack_vars {
-      i64 a;
-      i64 b;
+      i64 iA;
+      u64 uA;
+      i64 iB;
+      u8 op;
     } ah;
     struct OP_Ge_stack_vars {
       int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
@@ -59730,6 +63650,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
       int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
       int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+      u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
       Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
     } am;
     struct OP_Affinity_stack_vars {
@@ -59785,6 +63706,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
     } au;
     struct OP_VerifyCookie_stack_vars {
       int iMeta;
+      int iGen;
       Btree *pBt;
     } av;
     struct OP_OpenWrite_stack_vars {
@@ -59800,9 +63722,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
     struct OP_OpenEphemeral_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pCx;
     } ax;
-    struct OP_OpenPseudo_stack_vars {
+    struct OP_SorterOpen_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pCx;
     } ay;
+    struct OP_OpenPseudo_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pCx;
+    } az;
     struct OP_SeekGt_stack_vars {
       int res;
       int oc;
@@ -59810,18 +63735,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       UnpackedRecord r;
       int nField;
       i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-    } az;
+    } ba;
     struct OP_Seek_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } ba;
+    } bb;
     struct OP_Found_stack_vars {
       int alreadyExists;
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       int res;
+      char *pFree;
       UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
       UnpackedRecord r;
       char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-    } bb;
+    } bc;
     struct OP_IsUnique_stack_vars {
       u16 ii;
       VdbeCursor *pCx;
@@ -59830,13 +63756,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       Mem *aMx;
       UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
       i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-    } bc;
+    } bd;
     struct OP_NotExists_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int res;
       u64 iKey;
-    } bd;
+    } be;
     struct OP_NewRowid_stack_vars {
       i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
       VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
@@ -59844,7 +63770,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
       Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
       VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-    } be;
+    } bf;
     struct OP_InsertInt_stack_vars {
       Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
       Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
@@ -59855,83 +63781,89 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
       const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
       int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-    } bf;
+    } bg;
     struct OP_Delete_stack_vars {
       i64 iKey;
       VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bg;
+    } bh;
+    struct OP_SorterCompare_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+      int res;
+    } bi;
+    struct OP_SorterData_stack_vars {
+      VdbeCursor *pC;
+    } bj;
     struct OP_RowData_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       u32 n;
       i64 n64;
-    } bh;
+    } bk;
     struct OP_Rowid_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       i64 v;
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } bi;
+    } bl;
     struct OP_NullRow_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bj;
+    } bm;
     struct OP_Last_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int res;
-    } bk;
+    } bn;
     struct OP_Rewind_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int res;
-    } bl;
+    } bo;
     struct OP_Next_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int res;
-    } bm;
+    } bp;
     struct OP_IdxInsert_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int nKey;
       const char *zKey;
-    } bn;
+    } bq;
     struct OP_IdxDelete_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       int res;
       UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bo;
+    } br;
     struct OP_IdxRowid_stack_vars {
       BtCursor *pCrsr;
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       i64 rowid;
-    } bp;
+    } bs;
     struct OP_IdxGE_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pC;
       int res;
       UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bq;
+    } bt;
     struct OP_Destroy_stack_vars {
       int iMoved;
       int iCnt;
       Vdbe *pVdbe;
       int iDb;
-    } br;
+    } bu;
     struct OP_Clear_stack_vars {
       int nChange;
-    } bs;
+    } bv;
     struct OP_CreateTable_stack_vars {
       int pgno;
       int flags;
       Db *pDb;
-    } bt;
+    } bw;
     struct OP_ParseSchema_stack_vars {
       int iDb;
       const char *zMaster;
       char *zSql;
       InitData initData;
-    } bu;
+    } bx;
     struct OP_IntegrityCk_stack_vars {
       int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
       int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
@@ -59939,14 +63871,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
       char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
       Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-    } bv;
+    } by;
     struct OP_RowSetRead_stack_vars {
       i64 val;
-    } bw;
+    } bz;
     struct OP_RowSetTest_stack_vars {
       int iSet;
       int exists;
-    } bx;
+    } ca;
     struct OP_Program_stack_vars {
       int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
       int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
@@ -59956,15 +63888,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
       SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
       void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-    } by;
+    } cb;
     struct OP_Param_stack_vars {
       VdbeFrame *pFrame;
       Mem *pIn;
-    } bz;
+    } cc;
     struct OP_MemMax_stack_vars {
       Mem *pIn1;
       VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-    } ca;
+    } cd;
     struct OP_AggStep_stack_vars {
       int n;
       int i;
@@ -59972,29 +63904,34 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       Mem *pRec;
       sqlite3_context ctx;
       sqlite3_value **apVal;
-    } cb;
+    } ce;
     struct OP_AggFinal_stack_vars {
       Mem *pMem;
-    } cc;
+    } cf;
+    struct OP_Checkpoint_stack_vars {
+      int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+      int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
+      Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
+    } cg;
     struct OP_JournalMode_stack_vars {
       Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
       Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
       int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
       int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
       const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-    } cd;
+    } ch;
     struct OP_IncrVacuum_stack_vars {
       Btree *pBt;
-    } ce;
+    } ci;
     struct OP_VBegin_stack_vars {
       VTable *pVTab;
-    } cf;
+    } cj;
     struct OP_VOpen_stack_vars {
       VdbeCursor *pCur;
       sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } cg;
+    } ck;
     struct OP_VFilter_stack_vars {
       int nArg;
       int iQuery;
@@ -60007,23 +63944,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       int res;
       int i;
       Mem **apArg;
-    } ch;
+    } cl;
     struct OP_VColumn_stack_vars {
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       const sqlite3_module *pModule;
       Mem *pDest;
       sqlite3_context sContext;
-    } ci;
+    } cm;
     struct OP_VNext_stack_vars {
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       const sqlite3_module *pModule;
       int res;
       VdbeCursor *pCur;
-    } cj;
+    } cn;
     struct OP_VRename_stack_vars {
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       Mem *pName;
-    } ck;
+    } co;
     struct OP_VUpdate_stack_vars {
       sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
       sqlite3_module *pModule;
@@ -60032,16 +63969,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       sqlite_int64 rowid;
       Mem **apArg;
       Mem *pX;
-    } cl;
+    } cp;
     struct OP_Trace_stack_vars {
       char *zTrace;
-    } cm;
+      char *z;
+    } cq;
   } u;
   /* End automatically generated code
   ********************************************************************/
 
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );  /* sqlite3_step() verifies this */
-  sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(p);
+  sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
   if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
     ** sqlite3_column_text16() failed.  */
@@ -60134,7 +64072,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
       assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
       pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-      sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(pOut);
+      memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+      MemReleaseExt(pOut);
       pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
     }
 
@@ -60143,25 +64082,30 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN1)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p1>0 );
       assert( pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, &aMem[pOp->p1]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
       assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
       assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
       assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
       assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
 #endif
   
@@ -60223,6 +64167,7 @@ case OP_Goto: {             /* jump */
 case OP_Gosub: {            /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
   pIn1->u.i = pc;
   REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
@@ -60261,7 +64206,7 @@ case OP_Yield: {            /* in1 */
 
 /* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 *
 **
-** Check the value in register P3.  If is is NULL then Halt using
+** Check the value in register P3.  If it is NULL then Halt using
 ** parameter P1, P2, and P4 as if this were a Halt instruction.  If the
 ** value in register P3 is not NULL, then this routine is a no-op.
 */
@@ -60298,6 +64243,7 @@ case OP_Halt: {
     p->nFrame--;
     sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, p->nChange);
     pc = sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(pFrame);
+    lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
     if( pOp->p2==OE_Ignore ){
       /* Instruction pc is the OP_Program that invoked the sub-program 
       ** currently being halted. If the p2 instruction of this OP_Halt
@@ -60430,11 +64376,7 @@ case OP_Null: {           /* out2-prerelease */
 /* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4
 **
 ** P4 points to a blob of data P1 bytes long.  Store this
-** blob in register P2. This instruction is not coded directly
-** by the compiler. Instead, the compiler layer specifies
-** an OP_HexBlob opcode, with the hex string representation of
-** the blob as P4. This opcode is transformed to an OP_Blob
-** the first time it is executed.
+** blob in register P2.
 */
 case OP_Blob: {                /* out2-prerelease */
   assert( pOp->p1 <= SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH );
@@ -60457,6 +64399,7 @@ case OP_Variable: {            /* out2-prerelease */
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.ab */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nVar );
+  assert( pOp->p4.z==0 || pOp->p4.z==p->azVar[pOp->p1-1] );
   u.ab.pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
   if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.ab.pVar) ){
     goto too_big;
@@ -60492,9 +64435,16 @@ case OP_Move: {
   while( u.ac.n-- ){
     assert( pOut<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
     assert( pIn1<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
+    memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     u.ac.zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
     pOut->zMalloc = 0;
     sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, pIn1);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    if( pOut->pScopyFrom>=&aMem[u.ac.p1] && pOut->pScopyFrom<&aMem[u.ac.p1+pOp->p3] ){
+      pOut->pScopyFrom += u.ac.p1 - pOp->p2;
+    }
+#endif
     pIn1->zMalloc = u.ac.zMalloc;
     REGISTER_TRACE(u.ac.p2++, pOut);
     pIn1++;
@@ -60537,6 +64487,9 @@ case OP_SCopy: {            /* in1, out2 */
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
   sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pOut->pScopyFrom==0 ) pOut->pScopyFrom = pIn1;
+#endif
   REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
   break;
 }
@@ -60597,6 +64550,10 @@ case OP_ResultRow: {
   */
   u.ad.pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   for(u.ad.i=0; u.ad.i<pOp->p2; u.ad.i++){
+    assert( memIsValid(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]) );
+    Deephemeralize(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
+    assert( (u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
+            || (u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
     sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(&u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
     REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+u.ad.i, &u.ad.pMem[u.ad.i]);
@@ -60716,19 +64673,12 @@ case OP_Remainder: {           /* same as TK_REM, in1, in2, out3 */
     u.af.iA = pIn1->u.i;
     u.af.iB = pIn2->u.i;
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
-      case OP_Add:         u.af.iB += u.af.iA;       break;
-      case OP_Subtract:    u.af.iB -= u.af.iA;       break;
-      case OP_Multiply:    u.af.iB *= u.af.iA;       break;
+      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&u.af.iB,u.af.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
       case OP_Divide: {
         if( u.af.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        /* Dividing the largest possible negative 64-bit integer (1<<63) by
-        ** -1 returns an integer too large to store in a 64-bit data-type. On
-        ** some architectures, the value overflows to (1<<63). On others,
-        ** a SIGFPE is issued. The following statement normalizes this
-        ** behavior so that all architectures behave as if integer
-        ** overflow occurred.
-        */
-        if( u.af.iA==-1 && u.af.iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) u.af.iA = 1;
+        if( u.af.iA==-1 && u.af.iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
         u.af.iB /= u.af.iA;
         break;
       }
@@ -60742,6 +64692,7 @@ case OP_Remainder: {           /* same as TK_REM, in1, in2, out3 */
     pOut->u.i = u.af.iB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   }else{
+fp_math:
     u.af.rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
     u.af.rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
@@ -60828,12 +64779,17 @@ case OP_Function: {
   u.ag.n = pOp->p5;
   u.ag.apVal = p->apArg;
   assert( u.ag.apVal || u.ag.n==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
   assert( u.ag.n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ag.n<=p->nMem+1) );
   assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+u.ag.n );
   u.ag.pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   for(u.ag.i=0; u.ag.i<u.ag.n; u.ag.i++, u.ag.pArg++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.ag.pArg) );
     u.ag.apVal[u.ag.i] = u.ag.pArg;
+    Deephemeralize(u.ag.pArg);
     sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ag.pArg);
     REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+u.ag.i, u.ag.pArg);
   }
@@ -60847,8 +64803,6 @@ case OP_Function: {
     u.ag.ctx.pFunc = u.ag.ctx.pVdbeFunc->pFunc;
   }
 
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   u.ag.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
   u.ag.ctx.s.db = db;
   u.ag.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
@@ -60868,16 +64822,9 @@ case OP_Function: {
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
     u.ag.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
-  (*u.ag.ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&u.ag.ctx, u.ag.n, u.ag.apVal);
-  if( db->mallocFailed ){
-    /* Even though a malloc() has failed, the implementation of the
-    ** user function may have called an sqlite3_result_XXX() function
-    ** to return a value. The following call releases any resources
-    ** associated with such a value.
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ag.ctx.s);
-    goto no_mem;
-  }
+  db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  (*u.ag.ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&u.ag.ctx, u.ag.n, u.ag.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
 
   /* If any auxiliary data functions have been called by this user function,
   ** immediately call the destructor for any non-static values.
@@ -60888,6 +64835,16 @@ case OP_Function: {
     pOp->p4type = P4_VDBEFUNC;
   }
 
+  if( db->mallocFailed ){
+    /* Even though a malloc() has failed, the implementation of the
+    ** user function may have called an sqlite3_result_XXX() function
+    ** to return a value. The following call releases any resources
+    ** associated with such a value.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ag.ctx.s);
+    goto no_mem;
+  }
+
   /* If the function returned an error, throw an exception */
   if( u.ag.ctx.isError ){
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.ag.ctx.s));
@@ -60900,6 +64857,15 @@ case OP_Function: {
   if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pOut) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
+
+#if 0
+  /* The app-defined function has done something that as caused this
+  ** statement to expire.  (Perhaps the function called sqlite3_exec()
+  ** with a CREATE TABLE statement.)
+  */
+  if( p->expired ) rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+#endif
+
   REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
   break;
@@ -60920,7 +64886,7 @@ case OP_Function: {
 /* Opcode: ShiftLeft P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the left by the
-** number of bits specified by the integer in regiser P1.
+** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
 ** Store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
@@ -60936,8 +64902,10 @@ case OP_BitOr:                  /* same as TK_BITOR, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftLeft:              /* same as TK_LSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
 #if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ah */
-  i64 a;
-  i64 b;
+  i64 iA;
+  u64 uA;
+  i64 iB;
+  u8 op;
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.ah */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
@@ -60947,16 +64915,38 @@ case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
     break;
   }
-  u.ah.a = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-  u.ah.b = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
-  switch( pOp->opcode ){
-    case OP_BitAnd:      u.ah.a &= u.ah.b;     break;
-    case OP_BitOr:       u.ah.a |= u.ah.b;     break;
-    case OP_ShiftLeft:   u.ah.a <<= u.ah.b;    break;
-    default:  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_ShiftRight );
-                         u.ah.a >>= u.ah.b;    break;
+  u.ah.iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  u.ah.iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
+  u.ah.op = pOp->opcode;
+  if( u.ah.op==OP_BitAnd ){
+    u.ah.iA &= u.ah.iB;
+  }else if( u.ah.op==OP_BitOr ){
+    u.ah.iA |= u.ah.iB;
+  }else if( u.ah.iB!=0 ){
+    assert( u.ah.op==OP_ShiftRight || u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft );
+
+    /* If shifting by a negative amount, shift in the other direction */
+    if( u.ah.iB<0 ){
+      assert( OP_ShiftRight==OP_ShiftLeft+1 );
+      u.ah.op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - u.ah.op;
+      u.ah.iB = u.ah.iB>(-64) ? -u.ah.iB : 64;
+    }
+
+    if( u.ah.iB>=64 ){
+      u.ah.iA = (u.ah.iA>=0 || u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
+    }else{
+      memcpy(&u.ah.uA, &u.ah.iA, sizeof(u.ah.uA));
+      if( u.ah.op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
+        u.ah.uA <<= u.ah.iB;
+      }else{
+        u.ah.uA >>= u.ah.iB;
+        /* Sign-extend on a right shift of a negative number */
+        if( u.ah.iA<0 ) u.ah.uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-u.ah.iB);
+      }
+      memcpy(&u.ah.iA, &u.ah.uA, sizeof(u.ah.iA));
+    }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.ah.a;
+  pOut->u.i = u.ah.iA;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   break;
 }
@@ -60970,6 +64960,7 @@ case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
 */
 case OP_AddImm: {            /* in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn1);
   pIn1->u.i += pOp->p2;
   break;
@@ -61029,6 +65020,7 @@ case OP_RealAffinity: {                  /* in1 */
 */
 case OP_ToText: {                  /* same as TK_TO_TEXT, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ) break;
   assert( MEM_Str==(MEM_Blob>>3) );
   pIn1->flags |= (pIn1->flags&MEM_Blob)>>3;
@@ -61075,16 +65067,14 @@ case OP_ToBlob: {                  /* same as TK_TO_BLOB, in1 */
 */
 case OP_ToNumeric: {                  /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  if( (pIn1->flags & (MEM_Null|MEM_Int|MEM_Real))==0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pIn1);
-  }
+  sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pIn1);
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CAST */
 
 /* Opcode: ToInt P1 * * * *
 **
-** Force the value in register P1 be an integer.  If
+** Force the value in register P1 to be an integer.  If
 ** The value is currently a real number, drop its fractional part.
 ** If the value is text or blob, try to convert it to an integer using the
 ** equivalent of atoi() and store 0 if no such conversion is possible.
@@ -61111,6 +65101,7 @@ case OP_ToInt: {                  /* same as TK_TO_INT, in1 */
 */
 case OP_ToReal: {                  /* same as TK_TO_REAL, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(pIn1);
   }
@@ -61125,7 +65116,7 @@ case OP_ToReal: {                  /* same as TK_TO_REAL, in1 */
 **
 ** If the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL bit of P5 is set and either reg(P1) or
 ** reg(P3) is NULL then take the jump.  If the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL 
-** bit is clear then fall thru if either operand is NULL.
+** bit is clear then fall through if either operand is NULL.
 **
 ** The SQLITE_AFF_MASK portion of P5 must be an affinity character -
 ** SQLITE_AFF_TEXT, SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER, and so forth. An attempt is made 
@@ -61157,7 +65148,7 @@ case OP_ToReal: {                  /* same as TK_TO_REAL, in1 */
 ** If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set in P5 then the result of comparison is always either
 ** true or false and is never NULL.  If both operands are NULL then the result
 ** of comparison is false.  If either operand is NULL then the result is true.
-** If neither operand is NULL the the result is the same as it would be if
+** If neither operand is NULL the result is the same as it would be if
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Eq P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
@@ -61169,7 +65160,7 @@ case OP_ToReal: {                  /* same as TK_TO_REAL, in1 */
 ** If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set in P5 then the result of comparison is always either
 ** true or false and is never NULL.  If both operands are NULL then the result
 ** of comparison is true.  If either operand is NULL then the result is false.
-** If neither operand is NULL the the result is the same as it would be if
+** If neither operand is NULL the result is the same as it would be if
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Le P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
@@ -61207,7 +65198,7 @@ case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   u.ai.flags1 = pIn1->flags;
   u.ai.flags3 = pIn3->flags;
-  if( (pIn1->flags | pIn3->flags)&MEM_Null ){
+  if( (u.ai.flags1 | u.ai.flags3)&MEM_Null ){
     /* One or both operands are NULL */
     if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ ){
       /* If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set (which will only happen if the operator is
@@ -61215,7 +65206,7 @@ case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
       ** or not both operands are null.
       */
       assert( pOp->opcode==OP_Eq || pOp->opcode==OP_Ne );
-      u.ai.res = (pIn1->flags & pIn3->flags & MEM_Null)==0;
+      u.ai.res = (u.ai.flags1 & u.ai.flags3 & MEM_Null)==0;
     }else{
       /* SQLITE_NULLEQ is clear and at least one operand is NULL,
       ** then the result is always NULL.
@@ -61255,6 +65246,7 @@ case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
 
   if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
     pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+    memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
     pOut->u.i = u.ai.res;
     REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
@@ -61286,8 +65278,8 @@ case OP_Permutation: {
 
 /* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 *
 **
-** Compare to vectors of registers in reg(P1)..reg(P1+P3-1) (all this
-** one "A") and in reg(P2)..reg(P2+P3-1) ("B").  Save the result of
+** Compare two vectors of registers in reg(P1)..reg(P1+P3-1) (call this
+** vector "A") and in reg(P2)..reg(P2+P3-1) ("B").  Save the result of
 ** the comparison for use by the next OP_Jump instruct.
 **
 ** P4 is a KeyInfo structure that defines collating sequences and sort
@@ -61329,6 +65321,8 @@ case OP_Compare: {
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
   for(u.aj.i=0; u.aj.i<u.aj.n; u.aj.i++){
     u.aj.idx = aPermute ? aPermute[u.aj.i] : u.aj.i;
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx]) );
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx]) );
     REGISTER_TRACE(u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx, &aMem[u.aj.p1+u.aj.idx]);
     REGISTER_TRACE(u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx, &aMem[u.aj.p2+u.aj.idx]);
     assert( u.aj.i<u.aj.pKeyInfo->nField );
@@ -61449,18 +65443,29 @@ case OP_BitNot: {             /* same as TK_BITNOT, in1, out2 */
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: Once P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is a not null or zero.  If
+** the value is NULL or zero, fall through and change the P1 register
+** to an integer 1.
+**
+** When P1 is not used otherwise in a program, this opcode falls through
+** once and jumps on all subsequent invocations.  It is the equivalent
+** of "OP_If P1 P2", followed by "OP_Integer 1 P1".
+*/
 /* Opcode: If P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
-** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is true.  The value is
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is true.  The value
 ** is considered true if it is numeric and non-zero.  If the value
 ** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is true.
 */
 /* Opcode: IfNot P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
-** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is False.  The value is
+** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is False.  The value
 ** is considered true if it has a numeric value of zero.  If the value
 ** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is true.
 */
+case OP_Once:               /* jump, in1 */
 case OP_If:                 /* jump, in1 */
 case OP_IfNot: {            /* jump, in1 */
 #if 0  /* local variables moved into u.al */
@@ -61479,6 +65484,12 @@ case OP_IfNot: {            /* jump, in1 */
   }
   if( u.al.c ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Once ){
+    assert( (pIn1->flags & (MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame))==0 );
+    memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
+    pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
+    pIn1->u.i = 1;
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -61549,6 +65560,7 @@ case OP_Column: {
   u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
   int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
   int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+  u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
   Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.am */
 
@@ -61560,7 +65572,7 @@ case OP_Column: {
   assert( u.am.p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
   u.am.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  MemSetTypeFlag(u.am.pDest, MEM_Null);
+  memAboutToChange(p, u.am.pDest);
   u.am.zRec = 0;
 
   /* This block sets the variable u.am.payloadSize to be the total number of
@@ -61592,7 +65604,7 @@ case OP_Column: {
       u.am.zRec = (char*)u.am.pC->aRow;
     }else if( u.am.pC->isIndex ){
       assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.am.pCrsr) );
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize64);
+      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize64);
       assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
       /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
       ** payload size, so it is impossible for u.am.payloadSize64 to be
@@ -61601,12 +65613,13 @@ case OP_Column: {
       u.am.payloadSize = (u32)u.am.payloadSize64;
     }else{
       assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.am.pCrsr) );
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize);
+      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.am.pCrsr, &u.am.payloadSize);
       assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
     }
-  }else if( u.am.pC->pseudoTableReg>0 ){
+  }else if( ALWAYS(u.am.pC->pseudoTableReg>0) ){
     u.am.pReg = &aMem[u.am.pC->pseudoTableReg];
     assert( u.am.pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
+    assert( memIsValid(u.am.pReg) );
     u.am.payloadSize = u.am.pReg->n;
     u.am.zRec = u.am.pReg->z;
     u.am.pC->cacheStatus = (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE) ? CACHE_STALE : p->cacheCtr;
@@ -61616,9 +65629,10 @@ case OP_Column: {
     u.am.payloadSize = 0;
   }
 
-  /* If u.am.payloadSize is 0, then just store a NULL */
+  /* If u.am.payloadSize is 0, then just store a NULL.  This can happen because of
+  ** nullRow or because of a corrupt database. */
   if( u.am.payloadSize==0 ){
-    assert( u.am.pDest->flags&MEM_Null );
+    MemSetTypeFlag(u.am.pDest, MEM_Null);
     goto op_column_out;
   }
   assert( db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]>=0 );
@@ -61725,8 +65739,14 @@ case OP_Column: {
     for(u.am.i=0; u.am.i<u.am.nField; u.am.i++){
       if( u.am.zIdx<u.am.zEndHdr ){
         u.am.aOffset[u.am.i] = u.am.offset;
-        u.am.zIdx += getVarint32(u.am.zIdx, u.am.aType[u.am.i]);
-        u.am.szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.am.aType[u.am.i]);
+        if( u.am.zIdx[0]<0x80 ){
+          u.am.t = u.am.zIdx[0];
+          u.am.zIdx++;
+        }else{
+          u.am.zIdx += sqlite3GetVarint32(u.am.zIdx, &u.am.t);
+        }
+        u.am.aType[u.am.i] = u.am.t;
+        u.am.szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.am.t);
         u.am.offset += u.am.szField;
         if( u.am.offset<u.am.szField ){  /* True if u.am.offset overflows */
           u.am.zIdx = &u.am.zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
@@ -61767,7 +65787,7 @@ case OP_Column: {
   if( u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2] ){
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
     if( u.am.zRec ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(u.am.pDest);
+      MemReleaseExt(u.am.pDest);
       sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8 *)&u.am.zRec[u.am.aOffset[u.am.p2]], u.am.aType[u.am.p2], u.am.pDest);
     }else{
       u.am.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.am.aType[u.am.p2]);
@@ -61784,7 +65804,7 @@ case OP_Column: {
     if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
       sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(u.am.pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
     }else{
-      assert( u.am.pDest->flags&MEM_Null );
+      MemSetTypeFlag(u.am.pDest, MEM_Null);
     }
   }
 
@@ -61831,6 +65851,7 @@ case OP_Affinity: {
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   while( (u.an.cAff = *(u.an.zAffinity++))!=0 ){
     assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[p->nMem] );
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
     ExpandBlob(pIn1);
     applyAffinity(pIn1, u.an.cAff, encoding);
     pIn1++;
@@ -61840,12 +65861,9 @@ case OP_Affinity: {
 
 /* Opcode: MakeRecord P1 P2 P3 P4 *
 **
-** Convert P2 registers beginning with P1 into a single entry
-** suitable for use as a data record in a database table or as a key
-** in an index.  The details of the format are irrelevant as long as
-** the OP_Column opcode can decode the record later.
-** Refer to source code comments for the details of the record
-** format.
+** Convert P2 registers beginning with P1 into the [record format]
+** use as a data record in a database table or as a key
+** in an index.  The OP_Column opcode can decode the record later.
 **
 ** P4 may be a string that is P2 characters long.  The nth character of the
 ** string indicates the column affinity that should be used for the nth
@@ -61892,7 +65910,6 @@ case OP_MakeRecord: {
   */
   u.ao.nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
   u.ao.nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
-  u.ao.nByte = 0;         /* Data space required for this record */
   u.ao.nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
   u.ao.nField = pOp->p1;
   u.ao.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
@@ -61902,10 +65919,16 @@ case OP_MakeRecord: {
   u.ao.pLast = &u.ao.pData0[u.ao.nField-1];
   u.ao.file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
 
+  /* Identify the output register */
+  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p1 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p1+pOp->p2 );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
+
   /* Loop through the elements that will make up the record to figure
   ** out how much space is required for the new record.
   */
   for(u.ao.pRec=u.ao.pData0; u.ao.pRec<=u.ao.pLast; u.ao.pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.ao.pRec) );
     if( u.ao.zAffinity ){
       applyAffinity(u.ao.pRec, u.ao.zAffinity[u.ao.pRec-u.ao.pData0], encoding);
     }
@@ -61940,8 +65963,6 @@ case OP_MakeRecord: {
   ** be one of the input registers (because the following call to
   ** sqlite3VdbeMemGrow() could clobber the value before it is used).
   */
-  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p1 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p1+pOp->p2 );
-  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.ao.nByte, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
@@ -61985,7 +66006,7 @@ case OP_Count: {         /* out2-prerelease */
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.ap */
 
   u.ap.pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
-  if( u.ap.pCrsr ){
+  if( ALWAYS(u.ap.pCrsr) ){
     rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(u.ap.pCrsr, &u.ap.nEntry);
   }else{
     u.ap.nEntry = 0;
@@ -62035,6 +66056,17 @@ case OP_Savepoint: {
     }else{
       u.aq.nName = sqlite3Strlen30(u.aq.zName);
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      /* This call is Ok even if this savepoint is actually a transaction
+      ** savepoint (and therefore should not prompt xSavepoint()) callbacks.
+      ** If this is a transaction savepoint being opened, it is guaranteed
+      ** that the db->aVTrans[] array is empty.  */
+      assert( db->autoCommit==0 || db->nVTrans==0 );
+      rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN,
+                                db->nStatement+db->nSavepoint);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+#endif
+
       /* Create a new savepoint structure. */
       u.aq.pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+u.aq.nName+1);
       if( u.aq.pNew ){
@@ -62113,7 +66145,8 @@ case OP_Savepoint: {
         }
         if( u.aq.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
           sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+          db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
         }
       }
 
@@ -62140,6 +66173,11 @@ case OP_Savepoint: {
       }else{
         db->nDeferredCons = u.aq.pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
       }
+
+      if( !isTransaction ){
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, u.aq.p1, u.aq.iSavepoint);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -62256,7 +66294,7 @@ case OP_Transaction: {
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.as */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
   u.as.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
 
   if( u.as.pBt ){
@@ -62279,7 +66317,11 @@ case OP_Transaction: {
         db->nStatement++;
         p->iStatement = db->nSavepoint + db->nStatement;
       }
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(u.as.pBt, p->iStatement);
+
+      rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, p->iStatement-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(u.as.pBt, p->iStatement);
+      }
 
       /* Store the current value of the database handles deferred constraint
       ** counter. If the statement transaction needs to be rolled back,
@@ -62314,7 +66356,7 @@ case OP_ReadCookie: {               /* out2-prerelease */
   assert( pOp->p3<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
   assert( u.at.iDb>=0 && u.at.iDb<db->nDb );
   assert( db->aDb[u.at.iDb].pBt!=0 );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<u.at.iDb))!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.at.iDb))!=0 );
 
   sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[u.at.iDb].pBt, u.at.iCookie, (u32 *)&u.at.iMeta);
   pOut->u.i = u.at.iMeta;
@@ -62337,9 +66379,10 @@ case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.au */
   assert( pOp->p2<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
   u.au.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
   assert( u.au.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
   /* See note about index shifting on OP_ReadCookie */
@@ -62361,10 +66404,12 @@ case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: VerifyCookie P1 P2 *
+/* Opcode: VerifyCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Check the value of global database parameter number 0 (the
-** schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2.  
+** schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2 and that the
+** generation counter on the local schema parse equals P3.
+**
 ** P1 is the database number which is 0 for the main database file
 ** and 1 for the file holding temporary tables and some higher number
 ** for auxiliary databases.
@@ -62380,17 +66425,21 @@ case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
 case OP_VerifyCookie: {
 #if 0  /* local variables moved into u.av */
   int iMeta;
+  int iGen;
   Btree *pBt;
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.av */
+
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
   u.av.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
   if( u.av.pBt ){
     sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(u.av.pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&u.av.iMeta);
+    u.av.iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
   }else{
-    u.av.iMeta = 0;
+    u.av.iGen = u.av.iMeta = 0;
   }
-  if( u.av.iMeta!=pOp->p2 ){
+  if( u.av.iMeta!=pOp->p2 || u.av.iGen!=pOp->p3 ){
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
     p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
     /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie
@@ -62410,7 +66459,7 @@ case OP_VerifyCookie: {
       sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, pOp->p1);
     }
 
-    sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    p->expired = 1;
     rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
   }
   break;
@@ -62488,12 +66537,13 @@ case OP_OpenWrite: {
   u.aw.p2 = pOp->p2;
   u.aw.iDb = pOp->p3;
   assert( u.aw.iDb>=0 && u.aw.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<u.aw.iDb))!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.aw.iDb))!=0 );
   u.aw.pDb = &db->aDb[u.aw.iDb];
   u.aw.pX = u.aw.pDb->pBt;
   assert( u.aw.pX!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite ){
     u.aw.wrFlag = 1;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, u.aw.iDb, 0) );
     if( u.aw.pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
       p->minWriteFileFormat = u.aw.pDb->pSchema->file_format;
     }
@@ -62504,6 +66554,8 @@ case OP_OpenWrite: {
     assert( u.aw.p2>0 );
     assert( u.aw.p2<=p->nMem );
     pIn2 = &aMem[u.aw.p2];
+    assert( memIsValid(pIn2) );
+    assert( (pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
     u.aw.p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
     /* The u.aw.p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
@@ -62526,18 +66578,13 @@ case OP_OpenWrite: {
   u.aw.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, u.aw.nField, u.aw.iDb, 1);
   if( u.aw.pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
   u.aw.pCur->nullRow = 1;
+  u.aw.pCur->isOrdered = 1;
   rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.aw.pX, u.aw.p2, u.aw.wrFlag, u.aw.pKeyInfo, u.aw.pCur->pCursor);
   u.aw.pCur->pKeyInfo = u.aw.pKeyInfo;
 
-  /* Since it performs no memory allocation or IO, the only values that
-  ** sqlite3BtreeCursor() may return are SQLITE_EMPTY and SQLITE_OK.
-  ** SQLITE_EMPTY is only returned when attempting to open the table
-  ** rooted at page 1 of a zero-byte database.  */
-  assert( rc==SQLITE_EMPTY || rc==SQLITE_OK );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_EMPTY ){
-    u.aw.pCur->pCursor = 0;
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }
+  /* Since it performs no memory allocation or IO, the only value that
+  ** sqlite3BtreeCursor() may return is SQLITE_OK. */
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
 
   /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable and isIndex variables. Previous versions of
   ** SQLite used to check if the root-page flags were sane at this point
@@ -62548,7 +66595,7 @@ case OP_OpenWrite: {
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: OpenEphemeral P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode: OpenEphemeral P1 P2 * P4 P5
 **
 ** Open a new cursor P1 to a transient table.
 ** The cursor is always opened read/write even if 
@@ -62565,6 +66612,11 @@ case OP_OpenWrite: {
 ** to a TEMP table at the SQL level, or to a table opened by
 ** this opcode.  Then this opcode was call OpenVirtual.  But
 ** that created confusion with the whole virtual-table idea.
+**
+** The P5 parameter can be a mask of the BTREE_* flags defined
+** in btree.h.  These flags control aspects of the operation of
+** the btree.  The BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL and BTREE_SINGLE flags are
+** added automatically.
 */
 /* Opcode: OpenAutoindex P1 P2 * P4 *
 **
@@ -62578,7 +66630,7 @@ case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
 #if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ax */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
 #endif /* local variables moved into u.ax */
-  static const int openFlags =
+  static const int vfsFlags =
       SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
@@ -62589,21 +66641,21 @@ case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
   u.ax.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
   if( u.ax.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
   u.ax.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeFactory(db, 0, 1, SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE, openFlags,
-                           &u.ax.pCx->pBt);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &u.ax.pCx->pBt,
+                        BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL | BTREE_SINGLE | pOp->p5, vfsFlags);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.ax.pCx->pBt, 1);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     /* If a transient index is required, create it by calling
-    ** sqlite3BtreeCreateTable() with the BTREE_ZERODATA flag before
+    ** sqlite3BtreeCreateTable() with the BTREE_BLOBKEY flag before
     ** opening it. If a transient table is required, just use the
-    ** automatically created table with root-page 1 (an INTKEY table).
+    ** automatically created table with root-page 1 (an BLOB_INTKEY table).
     */
     if( pOp->p4.pKeyInfo ){
       int pgno;
       assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.ax.pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_ZERODATA);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.ax.pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY | pOp->p5);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         assert( pgno==MASTER_ROOT+1 );
         rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ax.pCx->pBt, pgno, 1,
@@ -62617,10 +66669,35 @@ case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
       u.ax.pCx->isTable = 1;
     }
   }
+  u.ax.pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
   u.ax.pCx->isIndex = !u.ax.pCx->isTable;
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: OpenSorter P1 P2 * P4 *
+**
+** This opcode works like OP_OpenEphemeral except that it opens
+** a transient index that is specifically designed to sort large
+** tables using an external merge-sort algorithm.
+*/
+case OP_SorterOpen: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+  VdbeCursor *pCx;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  u.ay.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( u.ay.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
+  u.ay.pCx->isSorter = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(db, u.ay.pCx);
+#else
+  pOp->opcode = OP_OpenEphemeral;
+  pc--;
+#endif
+  break;
+}
+
 /* Opcode: OpenPseudo P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Open a new cursor that points to a fake table that contains a single
@@ -62637,17 +66714,17 @@ case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
 ** the pseudo-table.
 */
 case OP_OpenPseudo: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.az */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ay */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.az */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ay.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
-  if( u.ay.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ay.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  u.ay.pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
-  u.ay.pCx->isTable = 1;
-  u.ay.pCx->isIndex = 0;
+  u.az.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
+  if( u.az.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.az.pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  u.az.pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
+  u.az.pCx->isTable = 1;
+  u.az.pCx->isIndex = 0;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -62719,34 +66796,35 @@ case OP_SeekLt:         /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_SeekLe:         /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_SeekGe:         /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.az */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ba */
   int res;
   int oc;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   UnpackedRecord r;
   int nField;
   i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.az */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ba */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p2!=0 );
-  u.az.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.az.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.az.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  u.ba.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.ba.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.ba.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
   assert( OP_SeekLe == OP_SeekLt+1 );
   assert( OP_SeekGe == OP_SeekLt+2 );
   assert( OP_SeekGt == OP_SeekLt+3 );
-  if( u.az.pC->pCursor!=0 ){
-    u.az.oc = pOp->opcode;
-    u.az.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    if( u.az.pC->isTable ){
+  assert( u.ba.pC->isOrdered );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.ba.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+    u.ba.oc = pOp->opcode;
+    u.ba.pC->nullRow = 0;
+    if( u.ba.pC->isTable ){
       /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
       ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
       ** the seek, so covert it. */
       pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
       applyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
-      u.az.iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
-      u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+      u.ba.iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
+      u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
 
       /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
       ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
@@ -62761,98 +66839,101 @@ case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
         ** point number. */
         assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)!=0 );
 
-        if( u.az.iKey==SMALLEST_INT64 && (pIn3->r<(double)u.az.iKey || pIn3->r>0) ){
+        if( u.ba.iKey==SMALLEST_INT64 && (pIn3->r<(double)u.ba.iKey || pIn3->r>0) ){
           /* The P3 value is too large in magnitude to be expressed as an
           ** integer. */
-          u.az.res = 1;
+          u.ba.res = 1;
           if( pIn3->r<0 ){
-            if( u.az.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+            if( u.ba.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+              rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.ba.pC->pCursor, &u.ba.res);
               if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
             }
           }else{
-            if( u.az.oc<=OP_SeekLe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+            if( u.ba.oc<=OP_SeekLe ){  assert( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLe );
+              rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.ba.pC->pCursor, &u.ba.res);
               if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
             }
           }
-          if( u.az.res ){
+          if( u.ba.res ){
             pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
           }
           break;
-        }else if( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe ){
+        }else if( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGe ){
           /* Use the ceiling() function to convert real->int */
-          if( pIn3->r > (double)u.az.iKey ) u.az.iKey++;
+          if( pIn3->r > (double)u.ba.iKey ) u.ba.iKey++;
         }else{
           /* Use the floor() function to convert real->int */
-          assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-          if( pIn3->r < (double)u.az.iKey ) u.az.iKey--;
+          assert( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLe || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+          if( pIn3->r < (double)u.ba.iKey ) u.ba.iKey--;
         }
       }
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.az.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.az.iKey, 0, &u.az.res);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.ba.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.ba.iKey, 0, &u.ba.res);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
-      if( u.az.res==0 ){
-        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
-        u.az.pC->lastRowid = u.az.iKey;
+      if( u.ba.res==0 ){
+        u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
+        u.ba.pC->lastRowid = u.ba.iKey;
       }
     }else{
-      u.az.nField = pOp->p4.i;
+      u.ba.nField = pOp->p4.i;
       assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-      assert( u.az.nField>0 );
-      u.az.r.pKeyInfo = u.az.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.az.r.nField = (u16)u.az.nField;
+      assert( u.ba.nField>0 );
+      u.ba.r.pKeyInfo = u.ba.pC->pKeyInfo;
+      u.ba.r.nField = (u16)u.ba.nField;
 
       /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
-      **   if( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe ){
-      **     u.az.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY;
+      **   if( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGt || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLe ){
+      **     u.ba.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY;
       **   }else{
-      **     u.az.r.flags = 0;
+      **     u.ba.r.flags = 0;
       **   }
       */
-      u.az.r.flags = (u16)(UNPACKED_INCRKEY * (1 & (u.az.oc - OP_SeekLt)));
-      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekGt || u.az.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekLe || u.az.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekGe || u.az.r.flags==0 );
-      assert( u.az.oc!=OP_SeekLt || u.az.r.flags==0 );
-
-      u.az.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-      ExpandBlob(u.az.r.aMem);
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.r, 0, 0, &u.az.res);
+      u.ba.r.flags = (u16)(UNPACKED_INCRKEY * (1 & (u.ba.oc - OP_SeekLt)));
+      assert( u.ba.oc!=OP_SeekGt || u.ba.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
+      assert( u.ba.oc!=OP_SeekLe || u.ba.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
+      assert( u.ba.oc!=OP_SeekGe || u.ba.r.flags==0 );
+      assert( u.ba.oc!=OP_SeekLt || u.ba.r.flags==0 );
+
+      u.ba.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.ba.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.ba.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+      ExpandBlob(u.ba.r.aMem);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.ba.pC->pCursor, &u.ba.r, 0, 0, &u.ba.res);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
-      u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+      u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
     }
-    u.az.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.az.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.ba.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.ba.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
     sqlite3_search_count++;
 #endif
-    if( u.az.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-      if( u.az.res<0 || (u.az.res==0 && u.az.oc==OP_SeekGt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+    if( u.ba.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGt );
+      if( u.ba.res<0 || (u.ba.res==0 && u.ba.oc==OP_SeekGt) ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(u.ba.pC->pCursor, &u.ba.res);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+        u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
       }else{
-        u.az.res = 0;
+        u.ba.res = 0;
       }
     }else{
-      assert( u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.az.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-      if( u.az.res>0 || (u.az.res==0 && u.az.oc==OP_SeekLt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.az.pC->pCursor, &u.az.res);
+      assert( u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLe );
+      if( u.ba.res>0 || (u.ba.res==0 && u.ba.oc==OP_SeekLt) ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.ba.pC->pCursor, &u.ba.res);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.az.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+        u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
       }else{
-        /* u.az.res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
+        /* u.ba.res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
         ** see if this is the case.
         */
-        u.az.res = sqlite3BtreeEof(u.az.pC->pCursor);
+        u.ba.res = sqlite3BtreeEof(u.ba.pC->pCursor);
       }
     }
     assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-    if( u.az.res ){
+    if( u.ba.res ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     }
   }else{
@@ -62875,20 +66956,20 @@ case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
 ** occur, no unnecessary I/O happens.
 */
 case OP_Seek: {    /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ba */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bb */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ba */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bb */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.ba.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.ba.pC!=0 );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.ba.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.ba.pC->isTable );
-    u.ba.pC->nullRow = 0;
+  u.bb.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bb.pC!=0 );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bb.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+    assert( u.bb.pC->isTable );
+    u.bb.pC->nullRow = 0;
     pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-    u.ba.pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-    u.ba.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.ba.pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
+    u.bb.pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+    u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    u.bb.pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -62920,59 +67001,63 @@ case OP_Seek: {    /* in2 */
 */
 case OP_NotFound:       /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bc */
   int alreadyExists;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
+  char *pFree;
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
   UnpackedRecord r;
   char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bc */
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   sqlite3_found_count++;
 #endif
 
-  u.bb.alreadyExists = 0;
+  u.bc.alreadyExists = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  u.bb.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bb.pC!=0 );
+  u.bc.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bc.pC!=0 );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bb.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bc.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
 
-    assert( u.bb.pC->isTable==0 );
+    assert( u.bc.pC->isTable==0 );
     if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
-      u.bb.r.pKeyInfo = u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.bb.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
-      u.bb.r.aMem = pIn3;
-      u.bb.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-      u.bb.pIdxKey = &u.bb.r;
+      u.bc.r.pKeyInfo = u.bc.pC->pKeyInfo;
+      u.bc.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+      u.bc.r.aMem = pIn3;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bc.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bc.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+      u.bc.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+      u.bc.pIdxKey = &u.bc.r;
     }else{
+      u.bc.pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
+          u.bc.pC->pKeyInfo, u.bc.aTempRec, sizeof(u.bc.aTempRec), &u.bc.pFree
+      );
+      if( u.bc.pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
       assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
-      ExpandBlob(pIn3);
-      u.bb.pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z,
-                                        u.bb.aTempRec, sizeof(u.bb.aTempRec));
-      if( u.bb.pIdxKey==0 ){
-        goto no_mem;
-      }
-      u.bb.pIdxKey->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+      assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
+      sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(u.bc.pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z, u.bc.pIdxKey);
+      u.bc.pIdxKey->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
     }
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, u.bb.pIdxKey, 0, 0, &u.bb.res);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bc.pC->pCursor, u.bc.pIdxKey, 0, 0, &u.bc.res);
     if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeDeleteUnpackedRecord(u.bb.pIdxKey);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bc.pFree);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       break;
     }
-    u.bb.alreadyExists = (u.bb.res==0);
-    u.bb.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bb.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.bc.alreadyExists = (u.bc.res==0);
+    u.bc.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.bc.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   }
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
-    if( u.bb.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    if( u.bc.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }else{
-    if( !u.bb.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    if( !u.bc.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -63004,7 +67089,7 @@ case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
 ** See also: NotFound, NotExists, Found
 */
 case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bc */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bd */
   u16 ii;
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
@@ -63012,52 +67097,55 @@ case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
   Mem *aMx;
   UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
   i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bc */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bd */
 
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.bc.aMx = &aMem[pOp->p4.i];
+  u.bd.aMx = &aMem[pOp->p4.i];
   /* Assert that the values of parameters P1 and P4 are in range. */
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
   assert( pOp->p4.i>0 && pOp->p4.i<=p->nMem );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
 
   /* Find the index cursor. */
-  u.bc.pCx = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bc.pCx->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  u.bc.pCx->seekResult = 0;
-  u.bc.pCx->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  u.bc.pCrsr = u.bc.pCx->pCursor;
+  u.bd.pCx = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bd.pCx->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  u.bd.pCx->seekResult = 0;
+  u.bd.pCx->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  u.bd.pCrsr = u.bd.pCx->pCursor;
 
   /* If any of the values are NULL, take the jump. */
-  u.bc.nField = u.bc.pCx->pKeyInfo->nField;
-  for(u.bc.ii=0; u.bc.ii<u.bc.nField; u.bc.ii++){
-    if( u.bc.aMx[u.bc.ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
+  u.bd.nField = u.bd.pCx->pKeyInfo->nField;
+  for(u.bd.ii=0; u.bd.ii<u.bd.nField; u.bd.ii++){
+    if( u.bd.aMx[u.bd.ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      u.bc.pCrsr = 0;
+      u.bd.pCrsr = 0;
       break;
     }
   }
-  assert( (u.bc.aMx[u.bc.nField].flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
+  assert( (u.bd.aMx[u.bd.nField].flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
 
-  if( u.bc.pCrsr!=0 ){
+  if( u.bd.pCrsr!=0 ){
     /* Populate the index search key. */
-    u.bc.r.pKeyInfo = u.bc.pCx->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bc.r.nField = u.bc.nField + 1;
-    u.bc.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
-    u.bc.r.aMem = u.bc.aMx;
+    u.bd.r.pKeyInfo = u.bd.pCx->pKeyInfo;
+    u.bd.r.nField = u.bd.nField + 1;
+    u.bd.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
+    u.bd.r.aMem = u.bd.aMx;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bd.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bd.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
 
-    /* Extract the value of u.bc.R from register P3. */
+    /* Extract the value of u.bd.R from register P3. */
     sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
-    u.bc.R = pIn3->u.i;
+    u.bd.R = pIn3->u.i;
 
     /* Search the B-Tree index. If no conflicting record is found, jump
     ** to P2. Otherwise, copy the rowid of the conflicting record to
     ** register P3 and fall through to the next instruction.  */
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bc.pCrsr, &u.bc.r, 0, 0, &u.bc.pCx->seekResult);
-    if( (u.bc.r.flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) || u.bc.r.rowid==u.bc.R ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bd.pCrsr, &u.bd.r, 0, 0, &u.bd.pCx->seekResult);
+    if( (u.bd.r.flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) || u.bd.r.rowid==u.bd.R ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     }else{
-      pIn3->u.i = u.bc.r.rowid;
+      pIn3->u.i = u.bd.r.rowid;
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -63065,9 +67153,9 @@ case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
 
 /* Opcode: NotExists P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
-** Use the content of register P3 as a integer key.  If a record 
+** Use the content of register P3 as an integer key.  If a record 
 ** with that key does not exist in table of P1, then jump to P2. 
-** If the record does exist, then fall thru.  The cursor is left 
+** If the record does exist, then fall through.  The cursor is left 
 ** pointing to the record if it exists.
 **
 ** The difference between this operation and NotFound is that this
@@ -63078,42 +67166,42 @@ case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
 ** See also: Found, NotFound, IsUnique
 */
 case OP_NotExists: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.be */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   u64 iKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.be */
 
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bd.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bd.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bd.pC->isTable );
-  assert( u.bd.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  u.bd.pCrsr = u.bd.pC->pCursor;
-  if( u.bd.pCrsr!=0 ){
-    u.bd.res = 0;
-    u.bd.iKey = pIn3->u.i;
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bd.pCrsr, 0, u.bd.iKey, 0, &u.bd.res);
-    u.bd.pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
-    u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid = u.bd.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bd.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    u.bd.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bd.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    if( u.bd.res!=0 ){
+  u.be.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.be.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.be.pC->isTable );
+  assert( u.be.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  u.be.pCrsr = u.be.pC->pCursor;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.be.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    u.be.res = 0;
+    u.be.iKey = pIn3->u.i;
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.be.pCrsr, 0, u.be.iKey, 0, &u.be.res);
+    u.be.pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
+    u.be.pC->rowidIsValid = u.be.res==0 ?1:0;
+    u.be.pC->nullRow = 0;
+    u.be.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.be.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    if( u.be.res!=0 ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      assert( u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
+      assert( u.be.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
     }
-    u.bd.pC->seekResult = u.bd.res;
+    u.be.pC->seekResult = u.be.res;
   }else{
     /* This happens when an attempt to open a read cursor on the
     ** sqlite_master table returns SQLITE_EMPTY.
     */
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    assert( u.bd.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
-    u.bd.pC->seekResult = 0;
+    assert( u.be.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
+    u.be.pC->seekResult = 0;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -63143,26 +67231,26 @@ case OP_Sequence: {           /* out2-prerelease */
 ** If P3>0 then P3 is a register in the root frame of this VDBE that holds 
 ** the largest previously generated record number. No new record numbers are
 ** allowed to be less than this value. When this value reaches its maximum, 
-** a SQLITE_FULL error is generated. The P3 register is updated with the '
+** an SQLITE_FULL error is generated. The P3 register is updated with the '
 ** generated record number. This P3 mechanism is used to help implement the
 ** AUTOINCREMENT feature.
 */
 case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.be */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bf */
   i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
   VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
   int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
   int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
   Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.be */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bf */
 
-  u.be.v = 0;
-  u.be.res = 0;
+  u.bf.v = 0;
+  u.bf.res = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.be.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.be.pC!=0 );
-  if( NEVER(u.be.pC->pCursor==0) ){
+  u.bf.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bf.pC!=0 );
+  if( NEVER(u.bf.pC->pCursor==0) ){
     /* The zero initialization above is all that is needed */
   }else{
     /* The next rowid or record number (different terms for the same
@@ -63178,8 +67266,7 @@ case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
     ** succeeded.  If the random rowid does exist, we select a new one
     ** and try again, up to 100 times.
     */
-    assert( u.be.pC->isTable );
-    u.be.cnt = 0;
+    assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_32BIT_ROWID
 #   define MAX_ROWID 0x7fffffff
@@ -63191,23 +67278,23 @@ case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
 #   define MAX_ROWID  (i64)( (((u64)0x7fffffff)<<32) | (u64)0xffffffff )
 #endif
 
-    if( !u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-      u.be.v = sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(u.be.pC->pCursor);
-      if( u.be.v==0 ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.be.pC->pCursor, &u.be.res);
+    if( !u.bf.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      u.bf.v = sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(u.bf.pC->pCursor);
+      if( u.bf.v==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bf.pC->pCursor, &u.bf.res);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           goto abort_due_to_error;
         }
-        if( u.be.res ){
-          u.be.v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+        if( u.bf.res ){
+          u.bf.v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
         }else{
-          assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.be.pC->pCursor) );
-          rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.be.pC->pCursor, &u.be.v);
+          assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bf.pC->pCursor) );
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bf.pC->pCursor, &u.bf.v);
           assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
-          if( u.be.v==MAX_ROWID ){
-            u.be.pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
+          if( u.bf.v==MAX_ROWID ){
+            u.bf.pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
           }else{
-            u.be.v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
+            u.bf.v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
           }
         }
       }
@@ -63217,62 +67304,71 @@ case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
         /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
         assert( pOp->p3>0 );
         if( p->pFrame ){
-          for(u.be.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.be.pFrame->pParent; u.be.pFrame=u.be.pFrame->pParent);
+          for(u.bf.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.bf.pFrame->pParent; u.bf.pFrame=u.bf.pFrame->pParent);
           /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-          assert( pOp->p3<=u.be.pFrame->nMem );
-          u.be.pMem = &u.be.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
+          assert( pOp->p3<=u.bf.pFrame->nMem );
+          u.bf.pMem = &u.bf.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
         }else{
           /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
           assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-          u.be.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+          u.bf.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+          memAboutToChange(p, u.bf.pMem);
         }
+        assert( memIsValid(u.bf.pMem) );
 
-        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.be.pMem);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.be.pMem);
-        assert( (u.be.pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
-        if( u.be.pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bf.pMem);
+        sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.bf.pMem);
+        assert( (u.bf.pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
+        if( u.bf.pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || u.bf.pC->useRandomRowid ){
           rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
           goto abort_due_to_error;
         }
-        if( u.be.v<u.be.pMem->u.i+1 ){
-          u.be.v = u.be.pMem->u.i + 1;
+        if( u.bf.v<u.bf.pMem->u.i+1 ){
+          u.bf.v = u.bf.pMem->u.i + 1;
         }
-        u.be.pMem->u.i = u.be.v;
+        u.bf.pMem->u.i = u.bf.v;
       }
 #endif
 
-      sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.be.pC->pCursor, u.be.v<MAX_ROWID ? u.be.v+1 : 0);
+      sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bf.pC->pCursor, u.bf.v<MAX_ROWID ? u.bf.v+1 : 0);
     }
-    if( u.be.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-      /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-48598-02938 If the largest ROWID is equal to the
+    if( u.bf.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-07677-41881 If the largest ROWID is equal to the
       ** largest possible integer (9223372036854775807) then the database
-      ** engine starts picking candidate ROWIDs at random until it finds one
-      ** that is not previously used.
-      */
+      ** engine starts picking positive candidate ROWIDs at random until
+      ** it finds one that is not previously used. */
       assert( pOp->p3==0 );  /* We cannot be in random rowid mode if this is
                              ** an AUTOINCREMENT table. */
-      u.be.v = db->lastRowid;
-      u.be.cnt = 0;
-      do{
-        if( u.be.cnt==0 && (u.be.v&0xffffff)==u.be.v ){
-          u.be.v++;
+      /* on the first attempt, simply do one more than previous */
+      u.bf.v = lastRowid;
+      u.bf.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+      u.bf.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      u.bf.cnt = 0;
+      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bf.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.bf.v,
+                                                 0, &u.bf.res))==SQLITE_OK)
+            && (u.bf.res==0)
+            && (++u.bf.cnt<100)){
+        /* collision - try another random rowid */
+        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(u.bf.v), &u.bf.v);
+        if( u.bf.cnt<5 ){
+          /* try "small" random rowids for the initial attempts */
+          u.bf.v &= 0xffffff;
         }else{
-          sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(u.be.v), &u.be.v);
-          if( u.be.cnt<5 ) u.be.v &= 0xffffff;
+          u.bf.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
         }
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.be.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.be.v, 0, &u.be.res);
-        u.be.cnt++;
-      }while( u.be.cnt<100 && rc==SQLITE_OK && u.be.res==0 );
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.be.res==0 ){
+        u.bf.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bf.res==0 ){
         rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-38219-53002 */
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
+      assert( u.bf.v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
     }
-    u.be.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.be.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.be.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    u.bf.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.bf.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.be.v;
+  pOut->u.i = u.bf.v;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -63322,7 +67418,7 @@ case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
 */
 case OP_Insert: 
 case OP_InsertInt: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bf */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bg */
   Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
   Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
   i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
@@ -63332,58 +67428,60 @@ case OP_InsertInt: {
   const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
   const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
   int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bf */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bg */
 
-  u.bf.pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  u.bg.pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bf.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bf.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, u.bf.pData);
+  assert( memIsValid(u.bg.pData) );
+  u.bg.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bg.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bg.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( u.bg.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, u.bg.pData);
 
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_Insert ){
-    u.bf.pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    assert( u.bf.pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bf.pKey);
-    u.bf.iKey = u.bf.pKey->u.i;
+    u.bg.pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    assert( u.bg.pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
+    assert( memIsValid(u.bg.pKey) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bg.pKey);
+    u.bg.iKey = u.bg.pKey->u.i;
   }else{
     assert( pOp->opcode==OP_InsertInt );
-    u.bf.iKey = pOp->p3;
+    u.bg.iKey = pOp->p3;
   }
 
   if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
-  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = u.bf.iKey;
-  if( u.bf.pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.bf.pData->z = 0;
-    u.bf.pData->n = 0;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.bg.iKey;
+  if( u.bg.pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    u.bg.pData->z = 0;
+    u.bg.pData->n = 0;
   }else{
-    assert( u.bf.pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+    assert( u.bg.pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
   }
-  u.bf.seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bf.pC->seekResult : 0);
-  if( u.bf.pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-    u.bf.nZero = u.bf.pData->u.nZero;
+  u.bg.seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bg.pC->seekResult : 0);
+  if( u.bg.pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    u.bg.nZero = u.bg.pData->u.nZero;
   }else{
-    u.bf.nZero = 0;
+    u.bg.nZero = 0;
   }
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bf.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bf.pC->pCursor, 0, u.bf.iKey,
-                          u.bf.pData->z, u.bf.pData->n, u.bf.nZero,
-                          pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND, u.bf.seekResult
+  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0, u.bg.iKey,
+                          u.bg.pData->z, u.bg.pData->n, u.bg.nZero,
+                          pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND, u.bg.seekResult
   );
-  u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bf.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bf.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  u.bg.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  u.bg.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  u.bg.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    u.bf.zDb = db->aDb[u.bf.pC->iDb].zName;
-    u.bf.zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    u.bf.op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
-    assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, u.bf.op, u.bf.zDb, u.bf.zTbl, u.bf.iKey);
-    assert( u.bf.pC->iDb>=0 );
+    u.bg.zDb = db->aDb[u.bg.pC->iDb].zName;
+    u.bg.zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
+    u.bg.op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
+    assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, u.bg.op, u.bg.zDb, u.bg.zTbl, u.bg.iKey);
+    assert( u.bg.pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -63409,47 +67507,47 @@ case OP_InsertInt: {
 ** using OP_NotFound prior to invoking this opcode.
 */
 case OP_Delete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bg */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bh */
   i64 iKey;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bg */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bh */
 
-  u.bg.iKey = 0;
+  u.bh.iKey = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bg.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bg.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bg.pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
+  u.bh.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bh.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bh.pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
 
-  /* If the update-hook will be invoked, set u.bg.iKey to the rowid of the
+  /* If the update-hook will be invoked, set u.bh.iKey to the rowid of the
   ** row being deleted.
   */
   if( db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
-    assert( u.bg.pC->rowidIsValid );  /* lastRowid set by previous OP_NotFound */
-    u.bg.iKey = u.bg.pC->lastRowid;
+    assert( u.bh.pC->isTable );
+    assert( u.bh.pC->rowidIsValid );  /* lastRowid set by previous OP_NotFound */
+    u.bh.iKey = u.bh.pC->lastRowid;
   }
 
   /* The OP_Delete opcode always follows an OP_NotExists or OP_Last or
   ** OP_Column on the same table without any intervening operations that
-  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor u.bg.pC is always pointing
+  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor u.bh.pC is always pointing
   ** to the row to be deleted and the sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() operation
   ** below is always a no-op and cannot fail.  We will run it anyhow, though,
   ** to guard against future changes to the code generator.
   **/
-  assert( u.bg.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bg.pC);
+  assert( u.bh.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bh.pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bg.pC->pCursor);
-  u.bg.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bh.pC->pCursor, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bh.pC->pCursor);
+  u.bh.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    const char *zDb = db->aDb[u.bg.pC->iDb].zName;
+    const char *zDb = db->aDb[u.bh.pC->iDb].zName;
     const char *zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE, zDb, zTbl, u.bg.iKey);
-    assert( u.bg.pC->iDb>=0 );
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE, zDb, zTbl, u.bh.iKey);
+    assert( u.bh.pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   if( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
   break;
@@ -63467,6 +67565,49 @@ case OP_ResetCount: {
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: SorterCompare P1 P2 P3
+**
+** P1 is a sorter cursor. This instruction compares the record blob in 
+** register P3 with the entry that the sorter cursor currently points to.
+** If, excluding the rowid fields at the end, the two records are a match,
+** fall through to the next instruction. Otherwise, jump to instruction P2.
+*/
+case OP_SorterCompare: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+  int res;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+
+  u.bi.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(u.bi.pC) );
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(u.bi.pC, pIn3, &u.bi.res);
+  if( u.bi.res ){
+    pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }
+  break;
+};
+
+/* Opcode: SorterData P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Write into register P2 the current sorter data for sorter cursor P1.
+*/
+case OP_SorterData: {
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  u.bj.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bj.pC->isSorter );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(u.bj.pC, pOut);
+#else
+  pOp->opcode = OP_RowKey;
+  pc--;
+#endif
+  break;
+}
+
 /* Opcode: RowData P1 P2 * * *
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the complete row data for cursor P1.
@@ -63489,60 +67630,63 @@ case OP_ResetCount: {
 */
 case OP_RowKey:
 case OP_RowData: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bh */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bk */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   u32 n;
   i64 n64;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bh */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bk */
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
   /* Note that RowKey and RowData are really exactly the same instruction */
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bh.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bh.pC->isTable || pOp->opcode==OP_RowKey );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->isIndex || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
-  assert( u.bh.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->nullRow==0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  u.bh.pCrsr = u.bh.pC->pCursor;
-  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bh.pCrsr) );
+  u.bk.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bk.pC->isSorter==0 );
+  assert( u.bk.pC->isTable || pOp->opcode!=OP_RowData );
+  assert( u.bk.pC->isIndex || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
+  assert( u.bk.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bk.pC->nullRow==0 );
+  assert( u.bk.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( !u.bk.pC->isSorter );
+  assert( u.bk.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  u.bk.pCrsr = u.bk.pC->pCursor;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bk.pCrsr) );
 
   /* The OP_RowKey and OP_RowData opcodes always follow OP_NotExists or
   ** OP_Rewind/Op_Next with no intervening instructions that might invalidate
   ** the cursor.  Hence the following sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() call is always
   ** a no-op and can never fail.  But we leave it in place as a safety.
   */
-  assert( u.bh.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bh.pC);
+  assert( u.bk.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bk.pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  if( u.bh.pC->isIndex ){
-    assert( !u.bh.pC->isTable );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bh.pCrsr, &u.bh.n64);
+  if( u.bk.pC->isIndex ){
+    assert( !u.bk.pC->isTable );
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bk.pCrsr, &u.bk.n64);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
-    if( u.bh.n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( u.bk.n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
-    u.bh.n = (u32)u.bh.n64;
+    u.bk.n = (u32)u.bk.n64;
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.bh.pCrsr, &u.bh.n);
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.bk.pCrsr, &u.bk.n);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* DataSize() cannot fail */
-    if( u.bh.n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( u.bk.n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
   }
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, u.bh.n, 0) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, u.bk.n, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  pOut->n = u.bh.n;
+  pOut->n = u.bk.n;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Blob);
-  if( u.bh.pC->isIndex ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(u.bh.pCrsr, 0, u.bh.n, pOut->z);
+  if( u.bk.pC->isIndex ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(u.bk.pCrsr, 0, u.bk.n, pOut->z);
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(u.bh.pCrsr, 0, u.bh.n, pOut->z);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(u.bk.pCrsr, 0, u.bk.n, pOut->z);
   }
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever cast to text */
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
@@ -63559,42 +67703,42 @@ case OP_RowData: {
 ** one opcode now works for both table types.
 */
 case OP_Rowid: {                 /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bl */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 v;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bi */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bl */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bi.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bi.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bi.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  if( u.bi.pC->nullRow ){
+  u.bl.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bl.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bl.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  if( u.bl.pC->nullRow ){
     pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
     break;
-  }else if( u.bi.pC->deferredMoveto ){
-    u.bi.v = u.bi.pC->movetoTarget;
+  }else if( u.bl.pC->deferredMoveto ){
+    u.bl.v = u.bl.pC->movetoTarget;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  }else if( u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor ){
-    u.bi.pVtab = u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-    u.bi.pModule = u.bi.pVtab->pModule;
-    assert( u.bi.pModule->xRowid );
-    rc = u.bi.pModule->xRowid(u.bi.pC->pVtabCursor, &u.bi.v);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.bi.pVtab);
+  }else if( u.bl.pC->pVtabCursor ){
+    u.bl.pVtab = u.bl.pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+    u.bl.pModule = u.bl.pVtab->pModule;
+    assert( u.bl.pModule->xRowid );
+    rc = u.bl.pModule->xRowid(u.bl.pC->pVtabCursor, &u.bl.v);
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.bl.pVtab);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
   }else{
-    assert( u.bi.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bi.pC);
+    assert( u.bl.pC->pCursor!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bl.pC);
     if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    if( u.bi.pC->rowidIsValid ){
-      u.bi.v = u.bi.pC->lastRowid;
+    if( u.bl.pC->rowidIsValid ){
+      u.bl.v = u.bl.pC->lastRowid;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bi.pC->pCursor, &u.bi.v);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bl.pC->pCursor, &u.bl.v);
       assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );  /* Always so because of CursorMoveto() above */
     }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.bi.v;
+  pOut->u.i = u.bl.v;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -63605,17 +67749,18 @@ case OP_Rowid: {                 /* out2-prerelease */
 ** write a NULL.
 */
 case OP_NullRow: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bm */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bm */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bj.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bj.pC!=0 );
-  u.bj.pC->nullRow = 1;
-  u.bj.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  if( u.bj.pC->pCursor ){
-    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(u.bj.pC->pCursor);
+  u.bm.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bm.pC!=0 );
+  u.bm.pC->nullRow = 1;
+  u.bm.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  assert( u.bm.pC->pCursor || u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor );
+  if( u.bm.pC->pCursor ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(u.bm.pC->pCursor);
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -63629,26 +67774,25 @@ case OP_NullRow: {
 ** to the following instruction.
 */
 case OP_Last: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bk */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bn */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bk */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bn */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bk.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bk.pC!=0 );
-  u.bk.pCrsr = u.bk.pC->pCursor;
-  if( u.bk.pCrsr==0 ){
-    u.bk.res = 1;
-  }else{
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bk.pCrsr, &u.bk.res);
+  u.bn.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bn.pC!=0 );
+  u.bn.pCrsr = u.bn.pC->pCursor;
+  u.bn.res = 0;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bn.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bn.pCrsr, &u.bn.res);
   }
-  u.bk.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bk.res;
-  u.bk.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bk.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bk.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( pOp->p2>0 && u.bk.res ){
+  u.bn.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bn.res;
+  u.bn.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  u.bn.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  u.bn.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pOp->p2>0 && u.bn.res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
@@ -63667,6 +67811,10 @@ case OP_Last: {        /* jump */
 ** regression tests can determine whether or not the optimizer is
 ** correctly optimizing out sorts.
 */
+case OP_SorterSort:    /* jump */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  pOp->opcode = OP_Sort;
+#endif
 case OP_Sort: {        /* jump */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   sqlite3_sort_count++;
@@ -63684,32 +67832,37 @@ case OP_Sort: {        /* jump */
 ** to the following instruction.
 */
 case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bl */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bo */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bl */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bo */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bl.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bl.pC!=0 );
-  u.bl.res = 1;
-  if( (u.bl.pCrsr = u.bl.pC->pCursor)!=0 ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.res);
-    u.bl.pC->atFirst = u.bl.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bl.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bl.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bl.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  }
-  u.bl.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bl.res;
+  u.bo.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bo.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bo.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterSort) );
+  u.bo.res = 1;
+  if( isSorter(u.bo.pC) ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(db, u.bo.pC, &u.bo.res);
+  }else{
+    u.bo.pCrsr = u.bo.pC->pCursor;
+    assert( u.bo.pCrsr );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bo.pCrsr, &u.bo.res);
+    u.bo.pC->atFirst = u.bo.res==0 ?1:0;
+    u.bo.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    u.bo.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    u.bo.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  }
+  u.bo.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bo.res;
   assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
-  if( u.bl.res ){
+  if( u.bo.res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 * * P5
+/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 * P4 P5
 **
 ** Advance cursor P1 so that it points to the next key/data pair in its
 ** table or index.  If there are no more key/value pairs then fall through
@@ -63718,6 +67871,9 @@ case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
 **
 ** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
 **
+** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
+** sqlite3BtreeNext().
+**
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 **
@@ -63732,49 +67888,58 @@ case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
 **
 ** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
 **
+** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
+** sqlite3BtreePrevious().
+**
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 */
+case OP_SorterNext:    /* jump */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  pOp->opcode = OP_Next;
+#endif
 case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
 case OP_Next: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bm */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bp */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-  BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bm */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bp */
 
   CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p5<=ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
-  u.bm.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  if( u.bm.pC==0 ){
+  u.bp.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  if( u.bp.pC==0 ){
     break;  /* See ticket #2273 */
   }
-  u.bm.pCrsr = u.bm.pC->pCursor;
-  if( u.bm.pCrsr==0 ){
-    u.bm.pC->nullRow = 1;
-    break;
-  }
-  u.bm.res = 1;
-  assert( u.bm.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = pOp->opcode==OP_Next ? sqlite3BtreeNext(u.bm.pCrsr, &u.bm.res) :
-                              sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.bm.pCrsr, &u.bm.res);
-  u.bm.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bm.res;
-  u.bm.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( u.bm.res==0 ){
+  assert( u.bp.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext) );
+  if( isSorter(u.bp.pC) ){
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext );
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, u.bp.pC, &u.bp.res);
+  }else{
+    u.bp.res = 1;
+    assert( u.bp.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    assert( u.bp.pC->pCursor );
+    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
+    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious );
+    rc = pOp->p4.xAdvance(u.bp.pC->pCursor, &u.bp.res);
+  }
+  u.bp.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bp.res;
+  u.bp.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( u.bp.res==0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     if( pOp->p5 ) p->aCounter[pOp->p5-1]++;
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
     sqlite3_search_count++;
 #endif
   }
-  u.bm.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  u.bp.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxInsert P1 P2 P3 * P5
 **
-** Register P2 holds a SQL index key made using the
+** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
 ** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
 ** into the index P1.  Data for the entry is nil.
 **
@@ -63784,31 +67949,40 @@ case OP_Next: {        /* jump */
 ** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
 ** for tables is OP_Insert.
 */
+case OP_SorterInsert:       /* in2 */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  pOp->opcode = OP_IdxInsert;
+#endif
 case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bn */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bq */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int nKey;
   const char *zKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bn */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bq */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bn.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bn.pC!=0 );
+  u.bq.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bq.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bq.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
-  u.bn.pCrsr = u.bn.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bn.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bn.pC->isTable==0 );
+  u.bq.pCrsr = u.bq.pC->pCursor;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bq.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    assert( u.bq.pC->isTable==0 );
     rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      u.bn.nKey = pIn2->n;
-      u.bn.zKey = pIn2->z;
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bn.pCrsr, u.bn.zKey, u.bn.nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3,
-          ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bn.pC->seekResult : 0)
-      );
-      assert( u.bn.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-      u.bn.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+      if( isSorter(u.bq.pC) ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, u.bq.pC, pIn2);
+      }else{
+        u.bq.nKey = pIn2->n;
+        u.bq.zKey = pIn2->z;
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bq.pCrsr, u.bq.zKey, u.bq.nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3,
+            ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bq.pC->seekResult : 0)
+            );
+        assert( u.bq.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+        u.bq.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+      }
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -63821,30 +67995,33 @@ case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
 ** index opened by cursor P1.
 */
 case OP_IdxDelete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bo */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.br */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bo */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.br */
 
   assert( pOp->p3>0 );
   assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=p->nMem+1 );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bo.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bo.pC!=0 );
-  u.bo.pCrsr = u.bo.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bo.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    u.bo.r.pKeyInfo = u.bo.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bo.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
-    u.bo.r.flags = 0;
-    u.bo.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bo.pCrsr, &u.bo.r, 0, 0, &u.bo.res);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bo.res==0 ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bo.pCrsr);
-    }
-    assert( u.bo.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    u.bo.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  u.br.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.br.pC!=0 );
+  u.br.pCrsr = u.br.pC->pCursor;
+  if( ALWAYS(u.br.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    u.br.r.pKeyInfo = u.br.pC->pKeyInfo;
+    u.br.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
+    u.br.r.flags = 0;
+    u.br.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.br.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.br.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.br.pCrsr, &u.br.r, 0, 0, &u.br.res);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.br.res==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.br.pCrsr);
+    }
+    assert( u.br.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    u.br.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -63858,28 +68035,28 @@ case OP_IdxDelete: {
 ** See also: Rowid, MakeRecord.
 */
 case OP_IdxRowid: {              /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bp */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bs */
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 rowid;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bp */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bs */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bp.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bp.pC!=0 );
-  u.bp.pCrsr = u.bp.pC->pCursor;
+  u.bs.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bs.pC!=0 );
+  u.bs.pCrsr = u.bs.pC->pCursor;
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bp.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bp.pC);
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bs.pCrsr!=0) ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bs.pC);
     if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    assert( u.bp.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( u.bp.pC->isTable==0 );
-    if( !u.bp.pC->nullRow ){
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, u.bp.pCrsr, &u.bp.rowid);
+    assert( u.bs.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+    assert( u.bs.pC->isTable==0 );
+    if( !u.bs.pC->nullRow ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, u.bs.pCrsr, &u.bs.rowid);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
-      pOut->u.i = u.bp.rowid;
+      pOut->u.i = u.bs.rowid;
       pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
     }
   }
@@ -63914,35 +68091,39 @@ case OP_IdxRowid: {              /* out2-prerelease */
 */
 case OP_IdxLT:          /* jump */
 case OP_IdxGE: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bt */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bt */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bq.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bq.pC!=0 );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bq.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bq.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  u.bt.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bt.pC!=0 );
+  assert( u.bt.pC->isOrdered );
+  if( ALWAYS(u.bt.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
+    assert( u.bt.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
     assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
     assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-    u.bq.r.pKeyInfo = u.bq.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bq.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+    u.bt.r.pKeyInfo = u.bt.pC->pKeyInfo;
+    u.bt.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
     if( pOp->p5 ){
-      u.bq.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY | UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
+      u.bt.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY | UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
     }else{
-      u.bq.r.flags = UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
+      u.bt.r.flags = UNPACKED_IGNORE_ROWID;
     }
-    u.bq.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(u.bq.pC, &u.bq.r, &u.bq.res);
+    u.bt.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bt.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bt.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(u.bt.pC, &u.bt.r, &u.bt.res);
     if( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT ){
-      u.bq.res = -u.bq.res;
+      u.bt.res = -u.bt.res;
     }else{
       assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE );
-      u.bq.res++;
+      u.bt.res++;
     }
-    if( u.bq.res>0 ){
+    if( u.bt.res>0 ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
     }
   }
@@ -63970,37 +68151,39 @@ case OP_IdxGE: {        /* jump */
 ** See also: Clear
 */
 case OP_Destroy: {     /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.br */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bu */
   int iMoved;
   int iCnt;
   Vdbe *pVdbe;
   int iDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.br */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bu */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  u.br.iCnt = 0;
-  for(u.br.pVdbe=db->pVdbe; u.br.pVdbe; u.br.pVdbe = u.br.pVdbe->pNext){
-    if( u.br.pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && u.br.pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && u.br.pVdbe->pc>=0 ){
-      u.br.iCnt++;
+  u.bu.iCnt = 0;
+  for(u.bu.pVdbe=db->pVdbe; u.bu.pVdbe; u.bu.pVdbe = u.bu.pVdbe->pNext){
+    if( u.bu.pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && u.bu.pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && u.bu.pVdbe->pc>=0 ){
+      u.bu.iCnt++;
     }
   }
 #else
-  u.br.iCnt = db->activeVdbeCnt;
+  u.bu.iCnt = db->activeVdbeCnt;
 #endif
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( u.br.iCnt>1 ){
+  if( u.bu.iCnt>1 ){
     rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
     p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
   }else{
-    u.br.iDb = pOp->p3;
-    assert( u.br.iCnt==1 );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<u.br.iDb))!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[u.br.iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &u.br.iMoved);
+    u.bu.iDb = pOp->p3;
+    assert( u.bu.iCnt==1 );
+    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.bu.iDb))!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[u.bu.iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &u.bu.iMoved);
     pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
-    pOut->u.i = u.br.iMoved;
+    pOut->u.i = u.bu.iMoved;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.br.iMoved!=0 ){
-      sqlite3RootPageMoved(&db->aDb[u.br.iDb], u.br.iMoved, pOp->p1);
-      resetSchemaOnFault = 1;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bu.iMoved!=0 ){
+      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, u.bu.iDb, u.bu.iMoved, pOp->p1);
+      /* All OP_Destroy operations occur on the same btree */
+      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==u.bu.iDb+1 );
+      resetSchemaOnFault = u.bu.iDb+1;
     }
 #endif
   }
@@ -64026,19 +68209,21 @@ case OP_Destroy: {     /* out2-prerelease */
 ** See also: Destroy
 */
 case OP_Clear: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bs */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bv */
   int nChange;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bs */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bv */
 
-  u.bs.nChange = 0;
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p2))!=0 );
+  u.bv.nChange = 0;
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p2))!=0 );
   rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTable(
-      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &u.bs.nChange : 0)
+      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &u.bv.nChange : 0)
   );
   if( pOp->p3 ){
-    p->nChange += u.bs.nChange;
+    p->nChange += u.bv.nChange;
     if( pOp->p3>0 ){
-      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += u.bs.nChange;
+      assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += u.bv.nChange;
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -64068,96 +68253,78 @@ case OP_Clear: {
 */
 case OP_CreateIndex:            /* out2-prerelease */
 case OP_CreateTable: {          /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bt */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bw */
   int pgno;
   int flags;
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bt */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bw */
 
-  u.bt.pgno = 0;
+  u.bw.pgno = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.bt.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bt.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.bw.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.bw.pDb->pBt!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_CreateTable ){
-    /* u.bt.flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
-    u.bt.flags = BTREE_LEAFDATA|BTREE_INTKEY;
+    /* u.bw.flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
+    u.bw.flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
   }else{
-    u.bt.flags = BTREE_ZERODATA;
+    u.bw.flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
   }
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.bt.pDb->pBt, &u.bt.pgno, u.bt.flags);
-  pOut->u.i = u.bt.pgno;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.bw.pDb->pBt, &u.bw.pgno, u.bw.flags);
+  pOut->u.i = u.bw.pgno;
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: ParseSchema P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode: ParseSchema P1 * * P4 *
 **
 ** Read and parse all entries from the SQLITE_MASTER table of database P1
-** that match the WHERE clause P4.  P2 is the "force" flag.   Always do
-** the parsing if P2 is true.  If P2 is false, then this routine is a
-** no-op if the schema is not currently loaded.  In other words, if P2
-** is false, the SQLITE_MASTER table is only parsed if the rest of the
-** schema is already loaded into the symbol table.
+** that match the WHERE clause P4. 
 **
 ** This opcode invokes the parser to create a new virtual machine,
 ** then runs the new virtual machine.  It is thus a re-entrant opcode.
 */
 case OP_ParseSchema: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bx */
   int iDb;
   const char *zMaster;
   char *zSql;
   InitData initData;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bx */
 
-  u.bu.iDb = pOp->p1;
-  assert( u.bu.iDb>=0 && u.bu.iDb<db->nDb );
+  /* Any prepared statement that invokes this opcode will hold mutexes
+  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking
+  ** sqlite3InitCallback().
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  for(u.bx.iDb=0; u.bx.iDb<db->nDb; u.bx.iDb++){
+    assert( u.bx.iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[u.bx.iDb].pBt) );
+  }
+#endif
 
-  /* If pOp->p2 is 0, then this opcode is being executed to read a
-  ** single row, for example the row corresponding to a new index
-  ** created by this VDBE, from the sqlite_master table. It only
-  ** does this if the corresponding in-memory schema is currently
-  ** loaded. Otherwise, the new index definition can be loaded along
-  ** with the rest of the schema when it is required.
-  **
-  ** Although the mutex on the BtShared object that corresponds to
-  ** database u.bu.iDb (the database containing the sqlite_master table
-  ** read by this instruction) is currently held, it is necessary to
-  ** obtain the mutexes on all attached databases before checking if
-  ** the schema of u.bu.iDb is loaded. This is because, at the start of
-  ** the sqlite3_exec() call below, SQLite will invoke
-  ** sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(). If all mutexes are not already held, the
-  ** u.bu.iDb mutex may be temporarily released to avoid deadlock. If
-  ** this happens, then some other thread may delete the in-memory
-  ** schema of database u.bu.iDb before the SQL statement runs. The schema
-  ** will not be reloaded becuase the db->init.busy flag is set. This
-  ** can result in a "no such table: sqlite_master" or "malformed
-  ** database schema" error being returned to the user.
-  */
-  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[u.bu.iDb].pBt) );
-  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
-  if( pOp->p2 || DbHasProperty(db, u.bu.iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) ){
-    u.bu.zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(u.bu.iDb);
-    u.bu.initData.db = db;
-    u.bu.initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
-    u.bu.initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
-    u.bu.zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
+  u.bx.iDb = pOp->p1;
+  assert( u.bx.iDb>=0 && u.bx.iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbHasProperty(db, u.bx.iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
+  /* Used to be a conditional */ {
+    u.bx.zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(u.bx.iDb);
+    u.bx.initData.db = db;
+    u.bx.initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
+    u.bx.initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
+    u.bx.zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
        "SELECT name, rootpage, sql FROM '%q'.%s WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid",
-       db->aDb[u.bu.iDb].zName, u.bu.zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
-    if( u.bu.zSql==0 ){
+       db->aDb[u.bx.iDb].zName, u.bx.zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
+    if( u.bx.zSql==0 ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }else{
       assert( db->init.busy==0 );
       db->init.busy = 1;
-      u.bu.initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      u.bx.initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
       assert( !db->mallocFailed );
-      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, u.bu.zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &u.bu.initData, 0);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = u.bu.initData.rc;
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bu.zSql);
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, u.bx.zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &u.bx.initData, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = u.bx.initData.rc;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bx.zSql);
       db->init.busy = 0;
     }
   }
-  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
@@ -64237,41 +68404,41 @@ case OP_DropTrigger: {
 ** This opcode is used to implement the integrity_check pragma.
 */
 case OP_IntegrityCk: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.by */
   int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
   int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
   int j;          /* Loop counter */
   int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
   char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
   Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.by */
 
-  u.bv.nRoot = pOp->p2;
-  assert( u.bv.nRoot>0 );
-  u.bv.aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(u.bv.nRoot+1) );
-  if( u.bv.aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  u.by.nRoot = pOp->p2;
+  assert( u.by.nRoot>0 );
+  u.by.aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(u.by.nRoot+1) );
+  if( u.by.aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
   assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.bv.pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( (u.bv.pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
-  assert( (u.bv.pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+  u.by.pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( (u.by.pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+  assert( (u.by.pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  for(u.bv.j=0; u.bv.j<u.bv.nRoot; u.bv.j++){
-    u.bv.aRoot[u.bv.j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[u.bv.j]);
+  for(u.by.j=0; u.by.j<u.by.nRoot; u.by.j++){
+    u.by.aRoot[u.by.j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[u.by.j]);
   }
-  u.bv.aRoot[u.bv.j] = 0;
+  u.by.aRoot[u.by.j] = 0;
   assert( pOp->p5<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p5))!=0 );
-  u.bv.z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, u.bv.aRoot, u.bv.nRoot,
-                                 (int)u.bv.pnErr->u.i, &u.bv.nErr);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bv.aRoot);
-  u.bv.pnErr->u.i -= u.bv.nErr;
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p5))!=0 );
+  u.by.z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, u.by.aRoot, u.by.nRoot,
+                                 (int)u.by.pnErr->u.i, &u.by.nErr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, u.by.aRoot);
+  u.by.pnErr->u.i -= u.by.nErr;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
-  if( u.bv.nErr==0 ){
-    assert( u.bv.z==0 );
-  }else if( u.bv.z==0 ){
+  if( u.by.nErr==0 ){
+    assert( u.by.z==0 );
+  }else if( u.by.z==0 ){
     goto no_mem;
   }else{
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, u.bv.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, u.by.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
   }
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pIn1, encoding);
@@ -64305,20 +68472,20 @@ case OP_RowSetAdd: {       /* in1, in2 */
 ** unchanged and jump to instruction P2.
 */
 case OP_RowSetRead: {       /* jump, in1, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bw */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bz */
   i64 val;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bw */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.bz */
   CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0
-   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &u.bw.val)==0
+   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &u.bz.val)==0
   ){
     /* The boolean index is empty */
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }else{
     /* A value was pulled from the index */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], u.bw.val);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], u.bz.val);
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -64347,14 +68514,14 @@ case OP_RowSetRead: {       /* jump, in1, out3 */
 ** inserted as part of some other set).
 */
 case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bx */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ca */
   int iSet;
   int exists;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bx */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ca */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.bx.iSet = pOp->p4.i;
+  u.ca.iSet = pOp->p4.i;
   assert( pIn3->flags&MEM_Int );
 
   /* If there is anything other than a rowset object in memory cell P1,
@@ -64366,17 +68533,17 @@ case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
   }
 
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  assert( u.bx.iSet==-1 || u.bx.iSet>=0 );
-  if( u.bx.iSet ){
-    u.bx.exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet,
-                               (u8)(u.bx.iSet>=0 ? u.bx.iSet & 0xf : 0xff),
+  assert( u.ca.iSet==-1 || u.ca.iSet>=0 );
+  if( u.ca.iSet ){
+    u.ca.exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet,
+                               (u8)(u.ca.iSet>=0 ? u.ca.iSet & 0xf : 0xff),
                                pIn3->u.i);
-    if( u.bx.exists ){
+    if( u.ca.exists ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
       break;
     }
   }
-  if( u.bx.iSet>=0 ){
+  if( u.ca.iSet>=0 ){
     sqlite3RowSetInsert(pIn1->u.pRowSet, pIn3->u.i);
   }
   break;
@@ -64399,7 +68566,7 @@ case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
 ** P4 is a pointer to the VM containing the trigger program.
 */
 case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.by */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cb */
   int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
   int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
   Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
@@ -64408,11 +68575,12 @@ case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
   void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.by */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cb */
 
-  u.by.pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
-  u.by.pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( u.by.pProgram->nOp>0 );
+  u.cb.pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
+  u.cb.pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( memIsValid(u.cb.pRt) );
+  assert( u.cb.pProgram->nOp>0 );
 
   /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is
   ** disabled for backwards compatibility (p5 is set if this sub-program
@@ -64426,9 +68594,9 @@ case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
   ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token
   ** variable.  */
   if( pOp->p5 ){
-    u.by.t = u.by.pProgram->token;
-    for(u.by.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.by.pFrame && u.by.pFrame->token!=u.by.t; u.by.pFrame=u.by.pFrame->pParent);
-    if( u.by.pFrame ) break;
+    u.cb.t = u.cb.pProgram->token;
+    for(u.cb.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.cb.pFrame && u.cb.pFrame->token!=u.cb.t; u.cb.pFrame=u.cb.pFrame->pParent);
+    if( u.cb.pFrame ) break;
   }
 
   if( p->nFrame>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH] ){
@@ -64437,64 +68605,64 @@ case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
     break;
   }
 
-  /* Register u.by.pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
+  /* Register u.cb.pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
   ** of the current program, and the memory required at runtime to execute
-  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then u.by.pRt
+  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then u.cb.pRt
   ** is already allocated. Otherwise, it must be initialized.  */
-  if( (u.by.pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
+  if( (u.cb.pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
     /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the
     ** program stored in SubProgram.aOp. As well as these, one memory
     ** cell is required for each cursor used by the program. Set local
-    ** variable u.by.nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
+    ** variable u.cb.nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
     */
-    u.by.nMem = u.by.pProgram->nMem + u.by.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.by.nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
-              + u.by.nMem * sizeof(Mem)
-              + u.by.pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *);
-    u.by.pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, u.by.nByte);
-    if( !u.by.pFrame ){
+    u.cb.nMem = u.cb.pProgram->nMem + u.cb.pProgram->nCsr;
+    u.cb.nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
+              + u.cb.nMem * sizeof(Mem)
+              + u.cb.pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *);
+    u.cb.pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, u.cb.nByte);
+    if( !u.cb.pFrame ){
       goto no_mem;
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(u.by.pRt);
-    u.by.pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
-    u.by.pRt->u.pFrame = u.by.pFrame;
-
-    u.by.pFrame->v = p;
-    u.by.pFrame->nChildMem = u.by.nMem;
-    u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr = u.by.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.by.pFrame->pc = pc;
-    u.by.pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
-    u.by.pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
-    u.by.pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
-    u.by.pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
-    u.by.pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
-    u.by.pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
-    u.by.pFrame->token = u.by.pProgram->token;
-
-    u.by.pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame)[u.by.pFrame->nChildMem];
-    for(u.by.pMem=VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame); u.by.pMem!=u.by.pEnd; u.by.pMem++){
-      u.by.pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
-      u.by.pMem->db = db;
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(u.cb.pRt);
+    u.cb.pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
+    u.cb.pRt->u.pFrame = u.cb.pFrame;
+
+    u.cb.pFrame->v = p;
+    u.cb.pFrame->nChildMem = u.cb.nMem;
+    u.cb.pFrame->nChildCsr = u.cb.pProgram->nCsr;
+    u.cb.pFrame->pc = pc;
+    u.cb.pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
+    u.cb.pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
+    u.cb.pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
+    u.cb.pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
+    u.cb.pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
+    u.cb.pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
+    u.cb.pFrame->token = u.cb.pProgram->token;
+
+    u.cb.pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cb.pFrame)[u.cb.pFrame->nChildMem];
+    for(u.cb.pMem=VdbeFrameMem(u.cb.pFrame); u.cb.pMem!=u.cb.pEnd; u.cb.pMem++){
+      u.cb.pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
+      u.cb.pMem->db = db;
     }
   }else{
-    u.by.pFrame = u.by.pRt->u.pFrame;
-    assert( u.by.pProgram->nMem+u.by.pProgram->nCsr==u.by.pFrame->nChildMem );
-    assert( u.by.pProgram->nCsr==u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr );
-    assert( pc==u.by.pFrame->pc );
+    u.cb.pFrame = u.cb.pRt->u.pFrame;
+    assert( u.cb.pProgram->nMem+u.cb.pProgram->nCsr==u.cb.pFrame->nChildMem );
+    assert( u.cb.pProgram->nCsr==u.cb.pFrame->nChildCsr );
+    assert( pc==u.cb.pFrame->pc );
   }
 
   p->nFrame++;
-  u.by.pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
-  u.by.pFrame->lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
-  u.by.pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
+  u.cb.pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
+  u.cb.pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  u.cb.pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
   p->nChange = 0;
-  p->pFrame = u.by.pFrame;
-  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(u.by.pFrame)[-1];
-  p->nMem = u.by.pFrame->nChildMem;
-  p->nCursor = (u16)u.by.pFrame->nChildCsr;
+  p->pFrame = u.cb.pFrame;
+  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cb.pFrame)[-1];
+  p->nMem = u.cb.pFrame->nChildMem;
+  p->nCursor = (u16)u.cb.pFrame->nChildCsr;
   p->apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nMem+1];
-  p->aOp = aOp = u.by.pProgram->aOp;
-  p->nOp = u.by.pProgram->nOp;
+  p->aOp = aOp = u.cb.pProgram->aOp;
+  p->nOp = u.cb.pProgram->nOp;
   pc = -1;
 
   break;
@@ -64513,13 +68681,13 @@ case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
 ** calling OP_Program instruction.
 */
 case OP_Param: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bz */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cc */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
   Mem *pIn;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bz */
-  u.bz.pFrame = p->pFrame;
-  u.bz.pIn = &u.bz.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + u.bz.pFrame->aOp[u.bz.pFrame->pc].p1];
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.bz.pIn, MEM_Ephem);
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cc */
+  u.cc.pFrame = p->pFrame;
+  u.cc.pIn = &u.cc.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + u.cc.pFrame->aOp[u.cc.pFrame->pc].p1];
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.cc.pIn, MEM_Ephem);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -64575,21 +68743,22 @@ case OP_FkIfZero: {         /* jump */
 ** an integer.
 */
 case OP_MemMax: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ca */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cd */
   Mem *pIn1;
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ca */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cd */
   if( p->pFrame ){
-    for(u.ca.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.ca.pFrame->pParent; u.ca.pFrame=u.ca.pFrame->pParent);
-    u.ca.pIn1 = &u.ca.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
+    for(u.cd.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.cd.pFrame->pParent; u.cd.pFrame=u.cd.pFrame->pParent);
+    u.cd.pIn1 = &u.cd.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
   }else{
-    u.ca.pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+    u.cd.pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.ca.pIn1);
+  assert( memIsValid(u.cd.pIn1) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.cd.pIn1);
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
-  if( u.ca.pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
-    u.ca.pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
+  if( u.cd.pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
+    u.cd.pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -64656,47 +68825,51 @@ case OP_IfZero: {        /* jump, in1 */
 ** successors.
 */
 case OP_AggStep: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cb */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ce */
   int n;
   int i;
   Mem *pMem;
   Mem *pRec;
   sqlite3_context ctx;
   sqlite3_value **apVal;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cb */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ce */
 
-  u.cb.n = pOp->p5;
-  assert( u.cb.n>=0 );
-  u.cb.pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  u.cb.apVal = p->apArg;
-  assert( u.cb.apVal || u.cb.n==0 );
-  for(u.cb.i=0; u.cb.i<u.cb.n; u.cb.i++, u.cb.pRec++){
-    u.cb.apVal[u.cb.i] = u.cb.pRec;
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cb.pRec);
-  }
-  u.cb.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  u.ce.n = pOp->p5;
+  assert( u.ce.n>=0 );
+  u.ce.pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  u.ce.apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( u.ce.apVal || u.ce.n==0 );
+  for(u.ce.i=0; u.ce.i<u.ce.n; u.ce.i++, u.ce.pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(u.ce.pRec) );
+    u.ce.apVal[u.ce.i] = u.ce.pRec;
+    memAboutToChange(p, u.ce.pRec);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ce.pRec);
+  }
+  u.ce.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
   assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.cb.ctx.pMem = u.cb.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cb.pMem->n++;
-  u.cb.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
-  u.cb.ctx.s.z = 0;
-  u.cb.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
-  u.cb.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
-  u.cb.ctx.s.db = db;
-  u.cb.ctx.isError = 0;
-  u.cb.ctx.pColl = 0;
-  if( u.cb.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+  u.ce.ctx.pMem = u.ce.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.ce.pMem->n++;
+  u.ce.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+  u.ce.ctx.s.z = 0;
+  u.ce.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  u.ce.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
+  u.ce.ctx.s.db = db;
+  u.ce.ctx.isError = 0;
+  u.ce.ctx.pColl = 0;
+  if( u.ce.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
     assert( pOp>p->aOp );
     assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.cb.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+    u.ce.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
-  (u.cb.ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&u.cb.ctx, u.cb.n, u.cb.apVal);
-  if( u.cb.ctx.isError ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.cb.ctx.s));
-    rc = u.cb.ctx.isError;
+  (u.ce.ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&u.ce.ctx, u.ce.n, u.ce.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  if( u.ce.ctx.isError ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.ce.ctx.s));
+    rc = u.ce.ctx.isError;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.cb.ctx.s);
+
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ce.ctx.s);
+
   break;
 }
 
@@ -64713,32 +68886,57 @@ case OP_AggStep: {
 ** the step function was not previously called.
 */
 case OP_AggFinal: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cc */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cf */
   Mem *pMem;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cc */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cf */
   assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
-  u.cc.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (u.cc.pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(u.cc.pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
+  u.cf.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (u.cf.pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(u.cf.pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
   if( rc ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(u.cc.pMem));
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(u.cf.pMem));
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cc.pMem, encoding);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cc.pMem);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cc.pMem) ){
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cf.pMem, encoding);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cf.pMem);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cf.pMem) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-/* Opcode: Checkpoint P1 * * * *
+/* Opcode: Checkpoint P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Checkpoint database P1. This is a no-op if P1 is not currently in
-** WAL mode.
+** WAL mode. Parameter P2 is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL
+** or RESTART.  Write 1 or 0 into mem[P3] if the checkpoint returns
+** SQLITE_BUSY or not, respectively.  Write the number of pages in the
+** WAL after the checkpoint into mem[P3+1] and the number of pages
+** in the WAL that have been checkpointed after the checkpoint
+** completes into mem[P3+2].  However on an error, mem[P3+1] and
+** mem[P3+2] are initialized to -1.
 */
 case OP_Checkpoint: {
-  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1);
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+  int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
+  Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+
+  u.cg.aRes[0] = 0;
+  u.cg.aRes[1] = u.cg.aRes[2] = -1;
+  assert( pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE
+       || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL
+       || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART
+  );
+  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &u.cg.aRes[1], &u.cg.aRes[2]);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    u.cg.aRes[0] = 1;
+  }
+  for(u.cg.i=0, u.cg.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; u.cg.i<3; u.cg.i++, u.cg.pMem++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(u.cg.pMem, (i64)u.cg.aRes[u.cg.i]);
+  }
   break;
 };  
 #endif
@@ -64756,110 +68954,91 @@ case OP_Checkpoint: {
 ** Write a string containing the final journal-mode to register P2.
 */
 case OP_JournalMode: {    /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cd */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ch */
   Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
   Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
   int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
   int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
   const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cd */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ch */
 
-  u.cd.eNew = pOp->p3;
-  assert( u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-       || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
+  u.ch.eNew = pOp->p3;
+  assert( u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+       || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
   );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
 
-  /* This opcode is used in two places: PRAGMA journal_mode and ATTACH.
-  ** In PRAGMA journal_mode, the sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree() routine is called
-  ** when the statment is prepared and so p->aMutex.nMutex>0.  All mutexes
-  ** are already acquired.  But when used in ATTACH, sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree()
-  ** is not called when the statement is prepared because it requires the
-  ** iDb index of the database as a parameter, and the database has not
-  ** yet been attached so that index is unavailable.  We have to wait
-  ** until runtime (now) to get the mutex on the newly attached database.
-  ** No other mutexes are required by the ATTACH command so this is safe
-  ** to do.
-  */
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 || p->aMutex.nMutex==0 );
-  if( p->aMutex.nMutex==0 ){
-    /* This occurs right after ATTACH.  Get a mutex on the newly ATTACHed
-    ** database. */
-    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(p, pOp->p1);
-    sqlite3VdbeMutexArrayEnter(p);
-  }
-
-  u.cd.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  u.cd.pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(u.cd.pBt);
-  u.cd.eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(u.cd.pPager);
-  if( u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) u.cd.eNew = u.cd.eOld;
-  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(u.cd.pPager) ) u.cd.eNew = u.cd.eOld;
+  u.ch.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  u.ch.pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(u.ch.pBt);
+  u.ch.eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(u.ch.pPager);
+  if( u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) u.ch.eNew = u.ch.eOld;
+  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(u.ch.pPager) ) u.ch.eNew = u.ch.eOld;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-  u.cd.zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(u.cd.pPager);
+  u.ch.zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(u.ch.pPager);
 
   /* Do not allow a transition to journal_mode=WAL for a database
   ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory
   */
-  if( u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-   && (u.cd.zFilename[0]==0                         /* Temp file */
-       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(u.cd.pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
+  if( u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+   && (sqlite3Strlen30(u.ch.zFilename)==0           /* Temp file */
+       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(u.ch.pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
   ){
-    u.cd.eNew = u.cd.eOld;
+    u.ch.eNew = u.ch.eOld;
   }
 
-  if( (u.cd.eNew!=u.cd.eOld)
-   && (u.cd.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
+  if( (u.ch.eNew!=u.ch.eOld)
+   && (u.ch.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
   ){
     if( !db->autoCommit || db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
           "cannot change %s wal mode from within a transaction",
-          (u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
+          (u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
       );
       break;
     }else{
 
-      if( u.cd.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+      if( u.ch.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
         /* If leaving WAL mode, close the log file. If successful, the call
         ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log
         ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file
         ** after a successful return.
         */
-        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(u.cd.pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(u.ch.pPager);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.cd.pPager, u.cd.eNew);
+          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ch.pPager, u.ch.eNew);
         }
-      }else if( u.cd.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+      }else if( u.ch.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
         /* Cannot transition directly from MEMORY to WAL.  Use mode OFF
         ** as an intermediate */
-        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.cd.pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
+        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ch.pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
       }
 
       /* Open a transaction on the database file. Regardless of the journal
       ** mode, this transaction always uses a rollback journal.
       */
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.cd.pBt)==0 );
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.ch.pBt)==0 );
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(u.cd.pBt, (u.cd.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(u.ch.pBt, (u.ch.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
       }
     }
   }
 #endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
   if( rc ){
-    u.cd.eNew = u.cd.eOld;
+    u.ch.eNew = u.ch.eOld;
   }
-  u.cd.eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.cd.pPager, u.cd.eNew);
+  u.ch.eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ch.pPager, u.ch.eNew);
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   pOut->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
-  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(u.cd.eNew);
+  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(u.ch.eNew);
   pOut->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pOut->z);
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding);
@@ -64888,14 +69067,14 @@ case OP_Vacuum: {
 ** P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_IncrVacuum: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ce */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ci */
   Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ce */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ci */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.ce.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(u.ce.pBt);
+  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
+  u.ci.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(u.ci.pBt);
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -64942,7 +69121,7 @@ case OP_TableLock: {
   if( isWriteLock || 0==(db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted) ){
     int p1 = pOp->p1; 
     assert( p1>=0 && p1<db->nDb );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (1<<p1))!=0 );
+    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<p1))!=0 );
     assert( isWriteLock==0 || isWriteLock==1 );
     rc = sqlite3BtreeLockTable(db->aDb[p1].pBt, pOp->p2, isWriteLock);
     if( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
@@ -64965,12 +69144,12 @@ case OP_TableLock: {
 ** code will be set to SQLITE_LOCKED.
 */
 case OP_VBegin: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cf */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cj */
   VTable *pVTab;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cf */
-  u.cf.pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
-  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, u.cf.pVTab);
-  if( u.cf.pVTab ) importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cf.pVTab->pVtab);
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cj */
+  u.cj.pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
+  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, u.cj.pVTab);
+  if( u.cj.pVTab ) importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cj.pVTab->pVtab);
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
@@ -65009,32 +69188,32 @@ case OP_VDestroy: {
 ** table and stores that cursor in P1.
 */
 case OP_VOpen: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ck */
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cg */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.ck */
 
-  u.cg.pCur = 0;
-  u.cg.pVtabCursor = 0;
-  u.cg.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cg.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cg.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert(u.cg.pVtab && u.cg.pModule);
-  rc = u.cg.pModule->xOpen(u.cg.pVtab, &u.cg.pVtabCursor);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cg.pVtab);
+  u.ck.pCur = 0;
+  u.ck.pVtabCursor = 0;
+  u.ck.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.ck.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.ck.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert(u.ck.pVtab && u.ck.pModule);
+  rc = u.ck.pModule->xOpen(u.ck.pVtab, &u.ck.pVtabCursor);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ck.pVtab);
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
     /* Initialize sqlite3_vtab_cursor base class */
-    u.cg.pVtabCursor->pVtab = u.cg.pVtab;
+    u.ck.pVtabCursor->pVtab = u.ck.pVtab;
 
     /* Initialise vdbe cursor object */
-    u.cg.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
-    if( u.cg.pCur ){
-      u.cg.pCur->pVtabCursor = u.cg.pVtabCursor;
-      u.cg.pCur->pModule = u.cg.pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
+    u.ck.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
+    if( u.ck.pCur ){
+      u.ck.pCur->pVtabCursor = u.ck.pVtabCursor;
+      u.ck.pCur->pModule = u.ck.pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
     }else{
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
-      u.cg.pModule->xClose(u.cg.pVtabCursor);
+      u.ck.pModule->xClose(u.ck.pVtabCursor);
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -65061,7 +69240,7 @@ case OP_VOpen: {
 ** A jump is made to P2 if the result set after filtering would be empty.
 */
 case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ch */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cl */
   int nArg;
   int iQuery;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
@@ -65073,44 +69252,45 @@ case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
   int res;
   int i;
   Mem **apArg;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ch */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cl */
 
-  u.ch.pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.ch.pArgc = &u.ch.pQuery[1];
-  u.ch.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.ch.pQuery);
-  assert( u.ch.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  u.ch.pVtabCursor = u.ch.pCur->pVtabCursor;
-  u.ch.pVtab = u.ch.pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.ch.pModule = u.ch.pVtab->pModule;
+  u.cl.pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.cl.pArgc = &u.cl.pQuery[1];
+  u.cl.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( memIsValid(u.cl.pQuery) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cl.pQuery);
+  assert( u.cl.pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  u.cl.pVtabCursor = u.cl.pCur->pVtabCursor;
+  u.cl.pVtab = u.cl.pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.cl.pModule = u.cl.pVtab->pModule;
 
   /* Grab the index number and argc parameters */
-  assert( (u.ch.pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && u.ch.pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
-  u.ch.nArg = (int)u.ch.pArgc->u.i;
-  u.ch.iQuery = (int)u.ch.pQuery->u.i;
+  assert( (u.cl.pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && u.cl.pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
+  u.cl.nArg = (int)u.cl.pArgc->u.i;
+  u.cl.iQuery = (int)u.cl.pQuery->u.i;
 
   /* Invoke the xFilter method */
   {
-    u.ch.res = 0;
-    u.ch.apArg = p->apArg;
-    for(u.ch.i = 0; u.ch.i<u.ch.nArg; u.ch.i++){
-      u.ch.apArg[u.ch.i] = &u.ch.pArgc[u.ch.i+1];
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ch.apArg[u.ch.i]);
+    u.cl.res = 0;
+    u.cl.apArg = p->apArg;
+    for(u.cl.i = 0; u.cl.i<u.cl.nArg; u.cl.i++){
+      u.cl.apArg[u.cl.i] = &u.cl.pArgc[u.cl.i+1];
+      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cl.apArg[u.cl.i]);
     }
 
     p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-    rc = u.ch.pModule->xFilter(u.ch.pVtabCursor, u.ch.iQuery, pOp->p4.z, u.ch.nArg, u.ch.apArg);
+    rc = u.cl.pModule->xFilter(u.cl.pVtabCursor, u.cl.iQuery, pOp->p4.z, u.cl.nArg, u.cl.apArg);
     p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ch.pVtab);
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cl.pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      u.ch.res = u.ch.pModule->xEof(u.ch.pVtabCursor);
+      u.cl.res = u.cl.pModule->xEof(u.cl.pVtabCursor);
     }
 
-    if( u.ch.res ){
+    if( u.cl.res ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     }
   }
-  u.ch.pCur->nullRow = 0;
+  u.cl.pCur->nullRow = 0;
 
   break;
 }
@@ -65124,50 +69304,51 @@ case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
 ** P1 cursor is pointing to into register P3.
 */
 case OP_VColumn: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cm */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   Mem *pDest;
   sqlite3_context sContext;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cm */
 
   VdbeCursor *pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
   assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
   assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.ci.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  u.cm.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, u.cm.pDest);
   if( pCur->nullRow ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(u.ci.pDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(u.cm.pDest);
     break;
   }
-  u.ci.pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.ci.pModule = u.ci.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.ci.pModule->xColumn );
-  memset(&u.ci.sContext, 0, sizeof(u.ci.sContext));
+  u.cm.pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.cm.pModule = u.cm.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( u.cm.pModule->xColumn );
+  memset(&u.cm.sContext, 0, sizeof(u.cm.sContext));
 
   /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
-  ** the current contents to u.ci.sContext.s so in case the user-function
+  ** the current contents to u.cm.sContext.s so in case the user-function
   ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a
   ** new one.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.ci.sContext.s, u.ci.pDest);
-  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.ci.sContext.s, MEM_Null);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.cm.sContext.s, u.cm.pDest);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.cm.sContext.s, MEM_Null);
 
-  rc = u.ci.pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &u.ci.sContext, pOp->p2);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ci.pVtab);
-  if( u.ci.sContext.isError ){
-    rc = u.ci.sContext.isError;
+  rc = u.cm.pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &u.cm.sContext, pOp->p2);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cm.pVtab);
+  if( u.cm.sContext.isError ){
+    rc = u.cm.sContext.isError;
   }
 
   /* Copy the result of the function to the P3 register. We
   ** do this regardless of whether or not an error occurred to ensure any
-  ** dynamic allocation in u.ci.sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
+  ** dynamic allocation in u.cm.sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.ci.sContext.s, encoding);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(u.ci.pDest, &u.ci.sContext.s);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.ci.pDest);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.ci.pDest);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.cm.sContext.s, encoding);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(u.cm.pDest, &u.cm.sContext.s);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cm.pDest);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cm.pDest);
 
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.ci.pDest) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cm.pDest) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
@@ -65182,22 +69363,22 @@ case OP_VColumn: {
 ** the end of its result set, then fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cj */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cn */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int res;
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cj */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cn */
 
-  u.cj.res = 0;
-  u.cj.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.cj.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  if( u.cj.pCur->nullRow ){
+  u.cn.res = 0;
+  u.cn.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.cn.pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  if( u.cn.pCur->nullRow ){
     break;
   }
-  u.cj.pVtab = u.cj.pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.cj.pModule = u.cj.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.cj.pModule->xNext );
+  u.cn.pVtab = u.cn.pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  u.cn.pModule = u.cn.pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( u.cn.pModule->xNext );
 
   /* Invoke the xNext() method of the module. There is no way for the
   ** underlying implementation to return an error if one occurs during
@@ -65206,14 +69387,14 @@ case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
   ** some other method is next invoked on the save virtual table cursor.
   */
   p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-  rc = u.cj.pModule->xNext(u.cj.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+  rc = u.cn.pModule->xNext(u.cn.pCur->pVtabCursor);
   p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cj.pVtab);
+  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cn.pVtab);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    u.cj.res = u.cj.pModule->xEof(u.cj.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+    u.cn.res = u.cn.pModule->xEof(u.cn.pCur->pVtabCursor);
   }
 
-  if( !u.cj.res ){
+  if( !u.cn.res ){
     /* If there is data, jump to P2 */
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -65229,19 +69410,26 @@ case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
 ** in register P1 is passed as the zName argument to the xRename method.
 */
 case OP_VRename: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ck */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.co */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   Mem *pName;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ck */
-
-  u.ck.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.ck.pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.ck.pVtab->pModule->xRename );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, u.ck.pName);
-  assert( u.ck.pName->flags & MEM_Str );
-  rc = u.ck.pVtab->pModule->xRename(u.ck.pVtab, u.ck.pName->z);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ck.pVtab);
-
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.co */
+
+  u.co.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.co.pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( u.co.pVtab->pModule->xRename );
+  assert( memIsValid(u.co.pName) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, u.co.pName);
+  assert( u.co.pName->flags & MEM_Str );
+  testcase( u.co.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+  testcase( u.co.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  testcase( u.co.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.co.pName, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = u.co.pVtab->pModule->xRename(u.co.pVtab, u.co.pName->z);
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.co.pVtab);
+    p->expired = 0;
+  }
   break;
 }
 #endif
@@ -65271,7 +69459,7 @@ case OP_VRename: {
 ** is set to the value of the rowid for the row just inserted.
 */
 case OP_VUpdate: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cl */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cp */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int nArg;
@@ -65279,27 +69467,43 @@ case OP_VUpdate: {
   sqlite_int64 rowid;
   Mem **apArg;
   Mem *pX;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cl */
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cp */
 
-  u.cl.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cl.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cl.pVtab->pModule;
-  u.cl.nArg = pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback
+       || pOp->p5==OE_Abort || pOp->p5==OE_Ignore || pOp->p5==OE_Replace
+  );
+  u.cp.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  u.cp.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cp.pVtab->pModule;
+  u.cp.nArg = pOp->p2;
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_VTAB );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.cl.pModule->xUpdate) ){
-    u.cl.apArg = p->apArg;
-    u.cl.pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    for(u.cl.i=0; u.cl.i<u.cl.nArg; u.cl.i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cl.pX);
-      u.cl.apArg[u.cl.i] = u.cl.pX;
-      u.cl.pX++;
-    }
-    rc = u.cl.pModule->xUpdate(u.cl.pVtab, u.cl.nArg, u.cl.apArg, &u.cl.rowid);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cl.pVtab);
+  if( ALWAYS(u.cp.pModule->xUpdate) ){
+    u8 vtabOnConflict = db->vtabOnConflict;
+    u.cp.apArg = p->apArg;
+    u.cp.pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    for(u.cp.i=0; u.cp.i<u.cp.nArg; u.cp.i++){
+      assert( memIsValid(u.cp.pX) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, u.cp.pX);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cp.pX);
+      u.cp.apArg[u.cp.i] = u.cp.pX;
+      u.cp.pX++;
+    }
+    db->vtabOnConflict = pOp->p5;
+    rc = u.cp.pModule->xUpdate(u.cp.pVtab, u.cp.nArg, u.cp.apArg, &u.cp.rowid);
+    db->vtabOnConflict = vtabOnConflict;
+    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cp.pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pOp->p1 ){
-      assert( u.cl.nArg>1 && u.cl.apArg[0] && (u.cl.apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
-      db->lastRowid = u.cl.rowid;
+      assert( u.cp.nArg>1 && u.cp.apArg[0] && (u.cp.apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
+      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.cp.rowid;
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
+      if( pOp->p5==OE_Ignore ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }else{
+        p->errorAction = ((pOp->p5==OE_Replace) ? OE_Abort : pOp->p5);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p->nChange++;
     }
-    p->nChange++;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -65316,6 +69520,32 @@ case OP_Pagecount: {            /* out2-prerelease */
 }
 #endif
 
+
+#ifndef  SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+/* Opcode: MaxPgcnt P1 P2 P3 * *
+**
+** Try to set the maximum page count for database P1 to the value in P3.
+** Do not let the maximum page count fall below the current page count and
+** do not change the maximum page count value if P3==0.
+**
+** Store the maximum page count after the change in register P2.
+*/
+case OP_MaxPgcnt: {            /* out2-prerelease */
+  unsigned int newMax;
+  Btree *pBt;
+
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  newMax = 0;
+  if( pOp->p3 ){
+    newMax = sqlite3BtreeLastPage(pBt);
+    if( newMax < (unsigned)pOp->p3 ) newMax = (unsigned)pOp->p3;
+  }
+  pOut->u.i = sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(pBt, newMax);
+  break;
+}
+#endif
+
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
 /* Opcode: Trace * * * P4 *
 **
@@ -65323,23 +69553,23 @@ case OP_Pagecount: {            /* out2-prerelease */
 ** the UTF-8 string contained in P4 is emitted on the trace callback.
 */
 case OP_Trace: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cm */
+#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cq */
   char *zTrace;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cm */
+  char *z;
+#endif /* local variables moved into u.cq */
 
-  u.cm.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql);
-  if( u.cm.zTrace ){
-    if( db->xTrace ){
-      char *z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, u.cm.zTrace);
-      db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, z);
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
-    }
+  if( db->xTrace && (u.cq.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0 ){
+    u.cq.z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, u.cq.zTrace);
+    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, u.cq.z);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, u.cq.z);
+  }
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( (db->flags & SQLITE_SqlTrace)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", u.cm.zTrace);
-    }
-#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+  if( (db->flags & SQLITE_SqlTrace)!=0
+   && (u.cq.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+  ){
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", u.cq.zTrace);
   }
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
   break;
 }
 #endif
@@ -65415,13 +69645,16 @@ default: {          /* This is really OP_Noop and OP_Explain */
   sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
   if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
   rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-  if( resetSchemaOnFault ) sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+  if( resetSchemaOnFault>0 ){
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
+  }
 
   /* This is the only way out of this procedure.  We have to
   ** release the mutexes on btrees that were acquired at the
   ** top. */
 vdbe_return:
-  sqlite3BtreeMutexArrayLeave(&p->aMutex);
+  db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
   return rc;
 
   /* Jump to here if a string or blob larger than SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
@@ -65490,11 +69723,82 @@ struct Incrblob {
   int flags;              /* Copy of "flags" passed to sqlite3_blob_open() */
   int nByte;              /* Size of open blob, in bytes */
   int iOffset;            /* Byte offset of blob in cursor data */
+  int iCol;               /* Table column this handle is open on */
   BtCursor *pCsr;         /* Cursor pointing at blob row */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;    /* Statement holding cursor open */
   sqlite3 *db;            /* The associated database */
 };
 
+
+/*
+** This function is used by both blob_open() and blob_reopen(). It seeks
+** the b-tree cursor associated with blob handle p to point to row iRow.
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and subsequent calls to
+** sqlite3_blob_read() or sqlite3_blob_write() access the specified row.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or if the specified row does not exist or does not
+** contain a value of type TEXT or BLOB in the column nominated when the
+** blob handle was opened, then an error code is returned and *pzErr may
+** be set to point to a buffer containing an error message. It is the
+** responsibility of the caller to free the error message buffer using
+** sqlite3DbFree().
+**
+** If an error does occur, then the b-tree cursor is closed. All subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_blob_read(), blob_write() or blob_reopen() will 
+** immediately return SQLITE_ABORT.
+*/
+static int blobSeekToRow(Incrblob *p, sqlite3_int64 iRow, char **pzErr){
+  int rc;                         /* Error code */
+  char *zErr = 0;                 /* Error message */
+  Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)p->pStmt;
+
+  /* Set the value of the SQL statements only variable to integer iRow. 
+  ** This is done directly instead of using sqlite3_bind_int64() to avoid 
+  ** triggering asserts related to mutexes.
+  */
+  assert( v->aVar[0].flags&MEM_Int );
+  v->aVar[0].u.i = iRow;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_step(p->pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    u32 type = v->apCsr[0]->aType[p->iCol];
+    if( type<12 ){
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "cannot open value of type %s",
+          type==0?"null": type==7?"real": "integer"
+      );
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
+      p->pStmt = 0;
+    }else{
+      p->iOffset = v->apCsr[0]->aOffset[p->iCol];
+      p->nByte = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(type);
+      p->pCsr =  v->apCsr[0]->pCursor;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(p->pCsr);
+      sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(p->pCsr);
+      sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(p->pCsr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( p->pStmt ){
+    rc = sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
+    p->pStmt = 0;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "no such rowid: %lld", iRow);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else{
+      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "%s", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || zErr==0 );
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+
+  *pzErr = zErr;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Open a blob handle.
 */
@@ -65535,29 +69839,35 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
     {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 4: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
 
     {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 5: Push the rowid to the stack */
-    {OP_NotExists, 0, 9, 1},       /* 6: Seek the cursor */
+    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 6: Seek the cursor */
     {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 7  */
     {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 8  */
-    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 9  */
-    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 10 */
+    {OP_Goto, 0, 5, 0},            /* 9  */
+    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 10 */
+    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 11 */
   };
 
-  Vdbe *v = 0;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   char *zErr = 0;
   Table *pTab;
-  Parse *pParse;
+  Parse *pParse = 0;
+  Incrblob *pBlob = 0;
 
+  flags = !!flags;                /* flags = (flags ? 1 : 0); */
   *ppBlob = 0;
+
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  pBlob = (Incrblob *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Incrblob));
+  if( !pBlob ) goto blob_open_out;
   pParse = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db, sizeof(*pParse));
-  if( pParse==0 ){
-    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    goto blob_open_out;
-  }
+  if( !pParse ) goto blob_open_out;
+
   do {
     memset(pParse, 0, sizeof(Parse));
     pParse->db = db;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+    zErr = 0;
 
     sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
     pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, zTable, zDb);
@@ -65583,7 +69893,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
     }
 
     /* Now search pTab for the exact column. */
-    for(iCol=0; iCol < pTab->nCol; iCol++) {
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++) {
       if( sqlite3StrICmp(pTab->aCol[iCol].zName, zColumn)==0 ){
         break;
       }
@@ -65637,11 +69947,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
       }
     }
 
-    v = sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
-    if( v ){
+    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
+    assert( pBlob->pStmt || db->mallocFailed );
+    if( pBlob->pStmt ){
+      Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt;
       int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+
       sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, sizeof(openBlob)/sizeof(VdbeOpList), openBlob);
-      flags = !!flags;                 /* flags = (flags ? 1 : 0); */
+
 
       /* Configure the OP_Transaction */
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 0, iDb);
@@ -65650,13 +69963,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
       /* Configure the OP_VerifyCookie */
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
 
       /* Make sure a mutex is held on the table to be accessed */
       sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb); 
 
       /* Configure the OP_TableLock instruction */
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 2, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 2);
 #else
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 2, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2, pTab->tnum);
@@ -65666,7 +69980,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
 
       /* Remove either the OP_OpenWrite or OpenRead. Set the P2 
       ** parameter of the other to pTab->tnum.  */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 4 - flags, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 4 - flags);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 3 + flags, pTab->tnum);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 3 + flags, iDb);
 
@@ -65680,69 +69994,32 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 3+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 7, pTab->nCol);
       if( !db->mallocFailed ){
-        sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+        pParse->nVar = 1;
+        pParse->nMem = 1;
+        pParse->nTab = 1;
+        sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, pParse);
       }
     }
    
+    pBlob->flags = flags;
+    pBlob->iCol = iCol;
+    pBlob->db = db;
     sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
     if( db->mallocFailed ){
       goto blob_open_out;
     }
-
-    sqlite3_bind_int64((sqlite3_stmt *)v, 1, iRow);
-    rc = sqlite3_step((sqlite3_stmt *)v);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
-      nAttempt++;
-      rc = sqlite3_finalize((sqlite3_stmt *)v);
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
-      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
-      v = 0;
-    }
-  } while( nAttempt<5 && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
-
-  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    /* The row-record has been opened successfully. Check that the
-    ** column in question contains text or a blob. If it contains
-    ** text, it is up to the caller to get the encoding right.
-    */
-    Incrblob *pBlob;
-    u32 type = v->apCsr[0]->aType[iCol];
-
-    if( type<12 ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
-      zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "cannot open value of type %s",
-          type==0?"null": type==7?"real": "integer"
-      );
-      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-      goto blob_open_out;
-    }
-    pBlob = (Incrblob *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Incrblob));
-    if( db->mallocFailed ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, pBlob);
-      goto blob_open_out;
-    }
-    pBlob->flags = flags;
-    pBlob->pCsr =  v->apCsr[0]->pCursor;
-    sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(pBlob->pCsr);
-    sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(pBlob->pCsr);
-    sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(pBlob->pCsr);
-    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)v;
-    pBlob->iOffset = v->apCsr[0]->aOffset[iCol];
-    pBlob->nByte = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(type);
-    pBlob->db = db;
-    *ppBlob = (sqlite3_blob *)pBlob;
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
-    zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "no such rowid: %lld", iRow);
-    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pBlob->pStmt, 1, iRow);
+    rc = blobSeekToRow(pBlob, iRow, &zErr);
+  } while( (++nAttempt)<5 && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
 
 blob_open_out:
-  if( v && (rc!=SQLITE_OK || db->mallocFailed) ){
-    sqlite3VdbeFinalize(v);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->mallocFailed==0 ){
+    *ppBlob = (sqlite3_blob *)pBlob;
+  }else{
+    if( pBlob && pBlob->pStmt ) sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pBlob);
   }
-  sqlite3Error(db, rc, zErr);
+  sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
@@ -65795,7 +70072,7 @@ static int blobReadWrite(
     /* Request is out of range. Return a transient error. */
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, 0);
-  } else if( v==0 ){
+  }else if( v==0 ){
     /* If there is no statement handle, then the blob-handle has
     ** already been invalidated. Return SQLITE_ABORT in this case.
     */
@@ -65843,12 +70120,935 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *pBlob, const void *z, int n, int
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *pBlob){
   Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
-  return p ? p->nByte : 0;
+  return (p && p->pStmt) ? p->nByte : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move an existing blob handle to point to a different row of the same
+** database table.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or if the specified row does not exist or does not
+** contain a blob or text value, then an error code is returned and the
+** database handle error code and message set. If this happens, then all 
+** subsequent calls to sqlite3_blob_xxx() functions (except blob_close()) 
+** immediately return SQLITE_ABORT.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *pBlob, sqlite3_int64 iRow){
+  int rc;
+  Incrblob *p = (Incrblob *)pBlob;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  db = p->db;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  if( p->pStmt==0 ){
+    /* If there is no statement handle, then the blob-handle has
+    ** already been invalidated. Return SQLITE_ABORT in this case.
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
+  }else{
+    char *zErr;
+    rc = blobSeekToRow(p, iRow, &zErr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+    }
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_SCHEMA );
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || p->pStmt==0 );
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
 }
 
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
 
 /************** End of vdbeblob.c ********************************************/
+/************** Begin file vdbesort.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2011 July 9
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** This file contains code for the VdbeSorter object, used in concert with
+** a VdbeCursor to sort large numbers of keys (as may be required, for
+** example, by CREATE INDEX statements on tables too large to fit in main
+** memory).
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+
+typedef struct VdbeSorterIter VdbeSorterIter;
+typedef struct SorterRecord SorterRecord;
+
+/*
+** NOTES ON DATA STRUCTURE USED FOR N-WAY MERGES:
+**
+** As keys are added to the sorter, they are written to disk in a series
+** of sorted packed-memory-arrays (PMAs). The size of each PMA is roughly
+** the same as the cache-size allowed for temporary databases. In order
+** to allow the caller to extract keys from the sorter in sorted order,
+** all PMAs currently stored on disk must be merged together. This comment
+** describes the data structure used to do so. The structure supports 
+** merging any number of arrays in a single pass with no redundant comparison 
+** operations.
+**
+** The aIter[] array contains an iterator for each of the PMAs being merged.
+** An aIter[] iterator either points to a valid key or else is at EOF. For 
+** the purposes of the paragraphs below, we assume that the array is actually 
+** N elements in size, where N is the smallest power of 2 greater to or equal 
+** to the number of iterators being merged. The extra aIter[] elements are 
+** treated as if they are empty (always at EOF).
+**
+** The aTree[] array is also N elements in size. The value of N is stored in
+** the VdbeSorter.nTree variable.
+**
+** The final (N/2) elements of aTree[] contain the results of comparing
+** pairs of iterator keys together. Element i contains the result of 
+** comparing aIter[2*i-N] and aIter[2*i-N+1]. Whichever key is smaller, the
+** aTree element is set to the index of it. 
+**
+** For the purposes of this comparison, EOF is considered greater than any
+** other key value. If the keys are equal (only possible with two EOF
+** values), it doesn't matter which index is stored.
+**
+** The (N/4) elements of aTree[] that preceed the final (N/2) described 
+** above contains the index of the smallest of each block of 4 iterators.
+** And so on. So that aTree[1] contains the index of the iterator that 
+** currently points to the smallest key value. aTree[0] is unused.
+**
+** Example:
+**
+**     aIter[0] -> Banana
+**     aIter[1] -> Feijoa
+**     aIter[2] -> Elderberry
+**     aIter[3] -> Currant
+**     aIter[4] -> Grapefruit
+**     aIter[5] -> Apple
+**     aIter[6] -> Durian
+**     aIter[7] -> EOF
+**
+**     aTree[] = { X, 5   0, 5    0, 3, 5, 6 }
+**
+** The current element is "Apple" (the value of the key indicated by 
+** iterator 5). When the Next() operation is invoked, iterator 5 will
+** be advanced to the next key in its segment. Say the next key is
+** "Eggplant":
+**
+**     aIter[5] -> Eggplant
+**
+** The contents of aTree[] are updated first by comparing the new iterator
+** 5 key to the current key of iterator 4 (still "Grapefruit"). The iterator
+** 5 value is still smaller, so aTree[6] is set to 5. And so on up the tree.
+** The value of iterator 6 - "Durian" - is now smaller than that of iterator
+** 5, so aTree[3] is set to 6. Key 0 is smaller than key 6 (Banana<Durian),
+** so the value written into element 1 of the array is 0. As follows:
+**
+**     aTree[] = { X, 0   0, 6    0, 3, 5, 6 }
+**
+** In other words, each time we advance to the next sorter element, log2(N)
+** key comparison operations are required, where N is the number of segments
+** being merged (rounded up to the next power of 2).
+*/
+struct VdbeSorter {
+  int nInMemory;                  /* Current size of pRecord list as PMA */
+  int nTree;                      /* Used size of aTree/aIter (power of 2) */
+  VdbeSorterIter *aIter;          /* Array of iterators to merge */
+  int *aTree;                     /* Current state of incremental merge */
+  i64 iWriteOff;                  /* Current write offset within file pTemp1 */
+  i64 iReadOff;                   /* Current read offset within file pTemp1 */
+  sqlite3_file *pTemp1;           /* PMA file 1 */
+  int nPMA;                       /* Number of PMAs stored in pTemp1 */
+  SorterRecord *pRecord;          /* Head of in-memory record list */
+  int mnPmaSize;                  /* Minimum PMA size, in bytes */
+  int mxPmaSize;                  /* Maximum PMA size, in bytes.  0==no limit */
+  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked;      /* Used to unpack keys */
+};
+
+/*
+** The following type is an iterator for a PMA. It caches the current key in 
+** variables nKey/aKey. If the iterator is at EOF, pFile==0.
+*/
+struct VdbeSorterIter {
+  i64 iReadOff;                   /* Current read offset */
+  i64 iEof;                       /* 1 byte past EOF for this iterator */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File iterator is reading from */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* Bytes of space at aAlloc */
+  u8 *aAlloc;                     /* Allocated space */
+  int nKey;                       /* Number of bytes in key */
+  u8 *aKey;                       /* Pointer to current key */
+};
+
+/*
+** A structure to store a single record. All in-memory records are connected
+** together into a linked list headed at VdbeSorter.pRecord using the 
+** SorterRecord.pNext pointer.
+*/
+struct SorterRecord {
+  void *pVal;
+  int nVal;
+  SorterRecord *pNext;
+};
+
+/* Minimum allowable value for the VdbeSorter.nWorking variable */
+#define SORTER_MIN_WORKING 10
+
+/* Maximum number of segments to merge in a single pass. */
+#define SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT 16
+
+/*
+** Free all memory belonging to the VdbeSorterIter object passed as the second
+** argument. All structure fields are set to zero before returning.
+*/
+static void vdbeSorterIterZero(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *pIter){
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aAlloc);
+  memset(pIter, 0, sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance iterator pIter to the next key in its PMA. Return SQLITE_OK if
+** no error occurs, or an SQLite error code if one does.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterNext(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle (for sqlite3DbMalloc() ) */
+  VdbeSorterIter *pIter           /* Iterator to advance */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int nRead;                      /* Number of bytes read */
+  int nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */
+  int iOff = 0;                   /* Size of serialized size varint in bytes */
+
+  assert( pIter->iEof>=pIter->iReadOff );
+  if( pIter->iEof-pIter->iReadOff>5 ){
+    nRead = 5;
+  }else{
+    nRead = (int)(pIter->iEof - pIter->iReadOff);
+  }
+  if( nRead<=0 ){
+    /* This is an EOF condition */
+    vdbeSorterIterZero(db, pIter);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pIter->pFile, pIter->aAlloc, nRead, pIter->iReadOff);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    iOff = getVarint32(pIter->aAlloc, nRec);
+    if( (iOff+nRec)>nRead ){
+      int nRead2;                   /* Number of extra bytes to read */
+      if( (iOff+nRec)>pIter->nAlloc ){
+        int nNew = pIter->nAlloc*2;
+        while( (iOff+nRec)>nNew ) nNew = nNew*2;
+        pIter->aAlloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, pIter->aAlloc, nNew);
+        if( !pIter->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        pIter->nAlloc = nNew;
+      }
+  
+      nRead2 = iOff + nRec - nRead;
+      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
+          pIter->pFile, &pIter->aAlloc[nRead], nRead2, pIter->iReadOff+nRead
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nRec>0 );
+  pIter->iReadOff += iOff+nRec;
+  pIter->nKey = nRec;
+  pIter->aKey = &pIter->aAlloc[iOff];
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write a single varint, value iVal, to file-descriptor pFile. Return
+** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
+**
+** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the byte
+** offset in file pFile to write to. Before returning, *piOffset is 
+** incremented by the number of bytes written.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterWriteVarint(
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to write to */
+  i64 iVal,                       /* Value to write as a varint */
+  i64 *piOffset                   /* IN/OUT: Write offset in file pFile */
+){
+  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
+  int nVarint;                    /* Number of used bytes in varint */
+  int rc;                         /* Result of write() call */
+
+  nVarint = sqlite3PutVarint(aVarint, iVal);
+  rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pFile, aVarint, nVarint, *piOffset);
+  *piOffset += nVarint;
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a single varint from file-descriptor pFile. Return SQLITE_OK if
+** successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
+**
+** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the
+** byte offset in file pFile from whence to read the varint. If successful
+** (i.e. if no IO error occurs), then *piOffset is set to the offset of
+** the first byte past the end of the varint before returning. *piVal is
+** set to the integer value read. If an error occurs, the final values of
+** both *piOffset and *piVal are undefined.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterReadVarint(
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to read from */
+  i64 *piOffset,                  /* IN/OUT: Read offset in pFile */
+  i64 *piVal                      /* OUT: Value read from file */
+){
+  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
+  i64 iOff = *piOffset;           /* Offset in file to read from */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pFile, aVarint, 9, iOff);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *piOffset += getVarint(aVarint, (u64 *)piVal);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize iterator pIter to scan through the PMA stored in file pFile
+** starting at offset iStart and ending at offset iEof-1. This function 
+** leaves the iterator pointing to the first key in the PMA (or EOF if the 
+** PMA is empty).
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterInit(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  i64 iStart,                     /* Start offset in pFile */
+  VdbeSorterIter *pIter,          /* Iterator to populate */
+  i64 *pnByte                     /* IN/OUT: Increment this value by PMA size */
+){
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( pSorter->iWriteOff>iStart );
+  assert( pIter->aAlloc==0 );
+  pIter->pFile = pSorter->pTemp1;
+  pIter->iReadOff = iStart;
+  pIter->nAlloc = 128;
+  pIter->aAlloc = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, pIter->nAlloc);
+  if( !pIter->aAlloc ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    i64 nByte;                         /* Total size of PMA in bytes */
+    rc = vdbeSorterReadVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, &pIter->iReadOff, &nByte);
+    *pnByte += nByte;
+    pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, pIter);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Compare key1 (buffer pKey1, size nKey1 bytes) with key2 (buffer pKey2, 
+** size nKey2 bytes).  Argument pKeyInfo supplies the collation functions
+** used by the comparison. If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code.
+** Otherwise, return SQLITE_OK and set *pRes to a negative, zero or positive
+** value, depending on whether key1 is smaller, equal to or larger than key2.
+**
+** If the bOmitRowid argument is non-zero, assume both keys end in a rowid
+** field. For the purposes of the comparison, ignore it. Also, if bOmitRowid
+** is true and key1 contains even a single NULL value, it is considered to
+** be less than key2. Even if key2 also contains NULL values.
+**
+** If pKey2 is passed a NULL pointer, then it is assumed that the pCsr->aSpace
+** has been allocated and contains an unpacked record that is used as key2.
+*/
+static void vdbeSorterCompare(
+  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object (for pKeyInfo) */
+  int bOmitRowid,                 /* Ignore rowid field at end of keys */
+  void *pKey1, int nKey1,         /* Left side of comparison */
+  void *pKey2, int nKey2,         /* Right side of comparison */
+  int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
+){
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pCsr->pKeyInfo;
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  UnpackedRecord *r2 = pSorter->pUnpacked;
+  int i;
+
+  if( pKey2 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pKeyInfo, nKey2, pKey2, r2);
+  }
+
+  if( bOmitRowid ){
+    r2->nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
+    assert( r2->nField>0 );
+    for(i=0; i<r2->nField; i++){
+      if( r2->aMem[i].flags & MEM_Null ){
+        *pRes = -1;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    r2->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+  }
+
+  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to compare two iterator keys when merging 
+** multiple b-tree segments. Parameter iOut is the index of the aTree[] 
+** value to recalculate.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterDoCompare(VdbeCursor *pCsr, int iOut){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  int i1;
+  int i2;
+  int iRes;
+  VdbeSorterIter *p1;
+  VdbeSorterIter *p2;
+
+  assert( iOut<pSorter->nTree && iOut>0 );
+
+  if( iOut>=(pSorter->nTree/2) ){
+    i1 = (iOut - pSorter->nTree/2) * 2;
+    i2 = i1 + 1;
+  }else{
+    i1 = pSorter->aTree[iOut*2];
+    i2 = pSorter->aTree[iOut*2+1];
+  }
+
+  p1 = &pSorter->aIter[i1];
+  p2 = &pSorter->aIter[i2];
+
+  if( p1->pFile==0 ){
+    iRes = i2;
+  }else if( p2->pFile==0 ){
+    iRes = i1;
+  }else{
+    int res;
+    assert( pCsr->pSorter->pUnpacked!=0 );  /* allocated in vdbeSorterMerge() */
+    vdbeSorterCompare(
+        pCsr, 0, p1->aKey, p1->nKey, p2->aKey, p2->nKey, &res
+    );
+    if( res<=0 ){
+      iRes = i1;
+    }else{
+      iRes = i2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pSorter->aTree[iOut] = iRes;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize the temporary index cursor just opened as a sorter cursor.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+  int pgsz;                       /* Page size of main database */
+  int mxCache;                    /* Cache size */
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter;            /* The new sorter */
+  char *d;                        /* Dummy */
+
+  assert( pCsr->pKeyInfo && pCsr->pBt==0 );
+  pCsr->pSorter = pSorter = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(VdbeSorter));
+  if( pSorter==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  
+  pSorter->pUnpacked = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(pCsr->pKeyInfo, 0, 0, &d);
+  if( pSorter->pUnpacked==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  assert( pSorter->pUnpacked==(UnpackedRecord *)d );
+
+  if( !sqlite3TempInMemory(db) ){
+    pgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);
+    pSorter->mnPmaSize = SORTER_MIN_WORKING * pgsz;
+    mxCache = db->aDb[0].pSchema->cache_size;
+    if( mxCache<SORTER_MIN_WORKING ) mxCache = SORTER_MIN_WORKING;
+    pSorter->mxPmaSize = mxCache * pgsz;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Free the list of sorted records starting at pRecord.
+*/
+static void vdbeSorterRecordFree(sqlite3 *db, SorterRecord *pRecord){
+  SorterRecord *p;
+  SorterRecord *pNext;
+  for(p=pRecord; p; p=pNext){
+    pNext = p->pNext;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free any cursor components allocated by sqlite3VdbeSorterXXX routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  if( pSorter ){
+    if( pSorter->aIter ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTree; i++){
+        vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
+    }
+    if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
+      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
+    }
+    vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pSorter->pRecord);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->pUnpacked);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter);
+    pCsr->pSorter = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate space for a file-handle and open a temporary file. If successful,
+** set *ppFile to point to the malloc'd file-handle and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, set *ppFile to 0 and return an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(sqlite3 *db, sqlite3_file **ppFile){
+  int dummy;
+  return sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(db->pVfs, 0, ppFile,
+      SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE    | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
+      SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE    | SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE, &dummy
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** Merge the two sorted lists p1 and p2 into a single list.
+** Set *ppOut to the head of the new list.
+*/
+static void vdbeSorterMerge(
+  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* For pKeyInfo */
+  SorterRecord *p1,               /* First list to merge */
+  SorterRecord *p2,               /* Second list to merge */
+  SorterRecord **ppOut            /* OUT: Head of merged list */
+){
+  SorterRecord *pFinal = 0;
+  SorterRecord **pp = &pFinal;
+  void *pVal2 = p2 ? p2->pVal : 0;
+
+  while( p1 && p2 ){
+    int res;
+    vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 0, p1->pVal, p1->nVal, pVal2, p2->nVal, &res);
+    if( res<=0 ){
+      *pp = p1;
+      pp = &p1->pNext;
+      p1 = p1->pNext;
+      pVal2 = 0;
+    }else{
+      *pp = p2;
+       pp = &p2->pNext;
+      p2 = p2->pNext;
+      if( p2==0 ) break;
+      pVal2 = p2->pVal;
+    }
+  }
+  *pp = p1 ? p1 : p2;
+  *ppOut = pFinal;
+}
+
+/*
+** Sort the linked list of records headed at pCsr->pRecord. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code (i.e. SQLITE_NOMEM) if an error
+** occurs.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterSort(VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+  int i;
+  SorterRecord **aSlot;
+  SorterRecord *p;
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+
+  aSlot = (SorterRecord **)sqlite3MallocZero(64 * sizeof(SorterRecord *));
+  if( !aSlot ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  p = pSorter->pRecord;
+  while( p ){
+    SorterRecord *pNext = p->pNext;
+    p->pNext = 0;
+    for(i=0; aSlot[i]; i++){
+      vdbeSorterMerge(pCsr, p, aSlot[i], &p);
+      aSlot[i] = 0;
+    }
+    aSlot[i] = p;
+    p = pNext;
+  }
+
+  p = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<64; i++){
+    vdbeSorterMerge(pCsr, p, aSlot[i], &p);
+  }
+  pSorter->pRecord = p;
+
+  sqlite3_free(aSlot);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Write the current contents of the in-memory linked-list to a PMA. Return
+** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+**
+** The format of a PMA is:
+**
+**     * A varint. This varint contains the total number of bytes of content
+**       in the PMA (not including the varint itself).
+**
+**     * One or more records packed end-to-end in order of ascending keys. 
+**       Each record consists of a varint followed by a blob of data (the 
+**       key). The varint is the number of bytes in the blob of data.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+
+  if( pSorter->nInMemory==0 ){
+    assert( pSorter->pRecord==0 );
+    return rc;
+  }
+
+  rc = vdbeSorterSort(pCsr);
+
+  /* If the first temporary PMA file has not been opened, open it now. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pSorter->pTemp1==0 ){
+    rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db, &pSorter->pTemp1);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->pTemp1 );
+    assert( pSorter->iWriteOff==0 );
+    assert( pSorter->nPMA==0 );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    i64 iOff = pSorter->iWriteOff;
+    SorterRecord *p;
+    SorterRecord *pNext = 0;
+    static const char eightZeros[8] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+
+    pSorter->nPMA++;
+    rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, pSorter->nInMemory, &iOff);
+    for(p=pSorter->pRecord; rc==SQLITE_OK && p; p=pNext){
+      pNext = p->pNext;
+      rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, p->nVal, &iOff);
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, p->pVal, p->nVal, iOff);
+        iOff += p->nVal;
+      }
+
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+    }
+
+    /* This assert verifies that unless an error has occurred, the size of 
+    ** the PMA on disk is the same as the expected size stored in
+    ** pSorter->nInMemory. */ 
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->nInMemory==(
+          iOff-pSorter->iWriteOff-sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nInMemory)
+    ));
+
+    pSorter->iWriteOff = iOff;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      /* Terminate each file with 8 extra bytes so that from any offset
+      ** in the file we can always read 9 bytes without a SHORT_READ error */
+      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, eightZeros, 8, iOff);
+    }
+    pSorter->pRecord = p;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add a record to the sorter.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  Mem *pVal                       /* Memory cell containing record */
+){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  SorterRecord *pNew;             /* New list element */
+
+  assert( pSorter );
+  pSorter->nInMemory += sqlite3VarintLen(pVal->n) + pVal->n;
+
+  pNew = (SorterRecord *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, pVal->n + sizeof(SorterRecord));
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    pNew->pVal = (void *)&pNew[1];
+    memcpy(pNew->pVal, pVal->z, pVal->n);
+    pNew->nVal = pVal->n;
+    pNew->pNext = pSorter->pRecord;
+    pSorter->pRecord = pNew;
+  }
+
+  /* See if the contents of the sorter should now be written out. They
+  ** are written out when either of the following are true:
+  **
+  **   * The total memory allocated for the in-memory list is greater 
+  **     than (page-size * cache-size), or
+  **
+  **   * The total memory allocated for the in-memory list is greater 
+  **     than (page-size * 10) and sqlite3HeapNearlyFull() returns true.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pSorter->mxPmaSize>0 && (
+        (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mxPmaSize)
+     || (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mnPmaSize && sqlite3HeapNearlyFull())
+  )){
+    rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
+    pSorter->nInMemory = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper function for sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(). 
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterInitMerge(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor handle for this sorter */
+  i64 *pnByte                     /* Sum of bytes in all opened PMAs */
+){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterator through aIter[] */
+  i64 nByte = 0;                  /* Total bytes in all opened PMAs */
+
+  /* Initialize the iterators. */
+  for(i=0; i<SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT; i++){
+    VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[i];
+    rc = vdbeSorterIterInit(db, pSorter, pSorter->iReadOff, pIter, &nByte);
+    pSorter->iReadOff = pIter->iEof;
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->iReadOff<=pSorter->iWriteOff );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->iReadOff>=pSorter->iWriteOff ) break;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize the aTree[] array. */
+  for(i=pSorter->nTree-1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i--){
+    rc = vdbeSorterDoCompare(pCsr, i);
+  }
+
+  *pnByte = nByte;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Once the sorter has been populated, this function is called to prepare
+** for iterating through its contents in sorted order.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_file *pTemp2 = 0;       /* Second temp file to use */
+  i64 iWrite2 = 0;                /* Write offset for pTemp2 */
+  int nIter;                      /* Number of iterators used */
+  int nByte;                      /* Bytes of space required for aIter/aTree */
+  int N = 2;                      /* Power of 2 >= nIter */
+
+  assert( pSorter );
+
+  /* If no data has been written to disk, then do not do so now. Instead,
+  ** sort the VdbeSorter.pRecord list. The vdbe layer will read data directly
+  ** from the in-memory list.  */
+  if( pSorter->nPMA==0 ){
+    *pbEof = !pSorter->pRecord;
+    assert( pSorter->aTree==0 );
+    return vdbeSorterSort(pCsr);
+  }
+
+  /* Write the current b-tree to a PMA. Close the b-tree cursor. */
+  rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Allocate space for aIter[] and aTree[]. */
+  nIter = pSorter->nPMA;
+  if( nIter>SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ) nIter = SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT;
+  assert( nIter>0 );
+  while( N<nIter ) N += N;
+  nByte = N * (sizeof(int) + sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
+  pSorter->aIter = (VdbeSorterIter *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+  if( !pSorter->aIter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pSorter->aTree = (int *)&pSorter->aIter[N];
+  pSorter->nTree = N;
+
+  do {
+    int iNew;                     /* Index of new, merged, PMA */
+
+    for(iNew=0; 
+        rc==SQLITE_OK && iNew*SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT<pSorter->nPMA; 
+        iNew++
+    ){
+      i64 nWrite;                 /* Number of bytes in new PMA */
+
+      /* If there are SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT or less PMAs in file pTemp1,
+      ** initialize an iterator for each of them and break out of the loop.
+      ** These iterators will be incrementally merged as the VDBE layer calls
+      ** sqlite3VdbeSorterNext().
+      **
+      ** Otherwise, if pTemp1 contains more than SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT PMAs,
+      ** initialize interators for SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT of them. These PMAs
+      ** are merged into a single PMA that is written to file pTemp2.
+      */
+      rc = vdbeSorterInitMerge(db, pCsr, &nWrite);
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ].pFile );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->nPMA<=SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ){
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* Open the second temp file, if it is not already open. */
+      if( pTemp2==0 ){
+        assert( iWrite2==0 );
+        rc = vdbeSorterOpenTempFile(db, &pTemp2);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pTemp2, nWrite, &iWrite2);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        int bEof = 0;
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 ){
+          int nToWrite;
+          VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ];
+          assert( pIter->pFile );
+          nToWrite = pIter->nKey + sqlite3VarintLen(pIter->nKey);
+          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pTemp2, pIter->aAlloc, nToWrite, iWrite2);
+          iWrite2 += nToWrite;
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( pSorter->nPMA<=SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT ){
+      break;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_file *pTmp = pSorter->pTemp1;
+      pSorter->nPMA = iNew;
+      pSorter->pTemp1 = pTemp2;
+      pTemp2 = pTmp;
+      pSorter->iWriteOff = iWrite2;
+      pSorter->iReadOff = 0;
+      iWrite2 = 0;
+    }
+  }while( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+  if( pTemp2 ){
+    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pTemp2);
+  }
+  *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance to the next element in the sorter.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  if( pSorter->aTree ){
+    int iPrev = pSorter->aTree[1];/* Index of iterator to advance */
+    int i;                        /* Index of aTree[] to recalculate */
+
+    rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, &pSorter->aIter[iPrev]);
+    for(i=(pSorter->nTree+iPrev)/2; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i=i/2){
+      rc = vdbeSorterDoCompare(pCsr, i);
+    }
+
+    *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+  }else{
+    SorterRecord *pFree = pSorter->pRecord;
+    pSorter->pRecord = pFree->pNext;
+    pFree->pNext = 0;
+    vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pFree);
+    *pbEof = !pSorter->pRecord;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to a buffer owned by the sorter that contains the 
+** current key.
+*/
+static void *vdbeSorterRowkey(
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  int *pnKey                      /* OUT: Size of current key in bytes */
+){
+  void *pKey;
+  if( pSorter->aTree ){
+    VdbeSorterIter *pIter;
+    pIter = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ];
+    *pnKey = pIter->nKey;
+    pKey = pIter->aKey;
+  }else{
+    *pnKey = pSorter->pRecord->nVal;
+    pKey = pSorter->pRecord->pVal;
+  }
+  return pKey;
+}
+
+/*
+** Copy the current sorter key into the memory cell pOut.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *pCsr, Mem *pOut){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to copy into pOut */
+
+  pKey = vdbeSorterRowkey(pSorter, &nKey);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, nKey, 0) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pOut->n = nKey;
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Blob);
+  memcpy(pOut->z, pKey, nKey);
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the key in memory cell pVal with the key that the sorter cursor
+** passed as the first argument currently points to. For the purposes of
+** the comparison, ignore the rowid field at the end of each record.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code (i.e. SQLITE_NOMEM).
+** Otherwise, set *pRes to a negative, zero or positive value if the
+** key in pVal is smaller than, equal to or larger than the current sorter
+** key.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(
+  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  Mem *pVal,                      /* Value to compare to current sorter key */
+  int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
+){
+  VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to compare pVal with */
+
+  pKey = vdbeSorterRowkey(pSorter, &nKey);
+  vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 1, pVal->z, pVal->n, pKey, nKey, pRes);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT */
+
+/************** End of vdbesort.c ********************************************/
 /************** Begin file journal.c *****************************************/
 /*
 ** 2007 August 22
@@ -66343,8 +71543,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsMemJournal(sqlite3_file *pJfd){
 }
 
 /* 
-** Return the number of bytes required to store a MemJournal that uses vfs
-** pVfs to create the underlying on-disk files.
+** Return the number of bytes required to store a MemJournal file descriptor.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemJournalSize(void){
   return sizeof(MemJournal);
@@ -66366,6 +71565,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemJournalSize(void){
 ** This file contains routines used for walking the parser tree for
 ** an SQL statement.
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 
 /*
@@ -66504,6 +71705,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
 ** resolve all identifiers by associating them with a particular
 ** table and column.
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Turn the pExpr expression into an alias for the iCol-th column of the
@@ -66585,6 +71788,24 @@ static void resolveAlias(
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup);
 }
 
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the name zCol occurs anywhere in the USING clause.
+**
+** Return FALSE if the USING clause is NULL or if it does not contain
+** zCol.
+*/
+static int nameInUsingClause(IdList *pUsing, const char *zCol){
+  if( pUsing ){
+    int k;
+    for(k=0; k<pUsing->nId; k++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(pUsing->a[k].zName, zCol)==0 ) return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
 ** that name in the set of source tables in pSrcList and make the pExpr 
@@ -66676,7 +71897,14 @@ static int lookupName(
         }
         for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
           if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
-            IdList *pUsing;
+            /* If there has been exactly one prior match and this match
+            ** is for the right-hand table of a NATURAL JOIN or is in a 
+            ** USING clause, then skip this match.
+            */
+            if( cnt==1 ){
+              if( pItem->jointype & JT_NATURAL ) continue;
+              if( nameInUsingClause(pItem->pUsing, zCol) ) continue;
+            }
             cnt++;
             pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
             pExpr->pTab = pTab;
@@ -66684,26 +71912,6 @@ static int lookupName(
             pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
             /* Substitute the rowid (column -1) for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
             pExpr->iColumn = j==pTab->iPKey ? -1 : (i16)j;
-            if( i<pSrcList->nSrc-1 ){
-              if( pItem[1].jointype & JT_NATURAL ){
-                /* If this match occurred in the left table of a natural join,
-                ** then skip the right table to avoid a duplicate match */
-                pItem++;
-                i++;
-              }else if( (pUsing = pItem[1].pUsing)!=0 ){
-                /* If this match occurs on a column that is in the USING clause
-                ** of a join, skip the search of the right table of the join
-                ** to avoid a duplicate match there. */
-                int k;
-                for(k=0; k<pUsing->nId; k++){
-                  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pUsing->a[k].zName, zCol)==0 ){
-                    pItem++;
-                    i++;
-                    break;
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            }
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -67483,11 +72691,25 @@ static int resolveSelectStep(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
     for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
       struct SrcList_item *pItem = &p->pSrc->a[i];
       if( pItem->pSelect ){
+        NameContext *pNC;         /* Used to iterate name contexts */
+        int nRef = 0;             /* Refcount for pOuterNC and outer contexts */
         const char *zSavedContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
+
+        /* Count the total number of references to pOuterNC and all of its
+        ** parent contexts. After resolving references to expressions in
+        ** pItem->pSelect, check if this value has changed. If so, then
+        ** SELECT statement pItem->pSelect must be correlated. Set the
+        ** pItem->isCorrelated flag if this is the case. */
+        for(pNC=pOuterNC; pNC; pNC=pNC->pNext) nRef += pNC->nRef;
+
         if( pItem->zName ) pParse->zAuthContext = pItem->zName;
         sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(pParse, pItem->pSelect, pOuterNC);
         pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedContext;
         if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return WRC_Abort;
+
+        for(pNC=pOuterNC; pNC; pNC=pNC->pNext) nRef -= pNC->nRef;
+        assert( pItem->isCorrelated==0 && nRef<=0 );
+        pItem->isCorrelated = (nRef!=0);
       }
     }
   
@@ -67785,7 +73007,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, Token
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
   CollSeq *pColl = 0;
   Expr *p = pExpr;
-  while( ALWAYS(p) ){
+  while( p ){
     int op;
     pColl = p->pColl;
     if( pColl ) break;
@@ -68082,6 +73304,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAlloc(
     if( op!=TK_INTEGER || pToken->z==0
           || sqlite3GetInt32(pToken->z, &iValue)==0 ){
       nExtra = pToken->n+1;
+      assert( iValue>=0 );
     }
   }
   pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Expr)+nExtra);
@@ -68095,7 +73318,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAlloc(
       }else{
         int c;
         pNew->u.zToken = (char*)&pNew[1];
-        memcpy(pNew->u.zToken, pToken->z, pToken->n);
+        assert( pToken->z!=0 || pToken->n==0 );
+        if( pToken->n ) memcpy(pNew->u.zToken, pToken->z, pToken->n);
         pNew->u.zToken[pToken->n] = 0;
         if( dequote && nExtra>=3 
              && ((c = pToken->z[0])=='\'' || c=='"' || c=='[' || c=='`') ){
@@ -68177,6 +73401,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3PExpr(
 ){
   Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
   sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  if( p ) {
+    sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, p->nHeight);
+  }
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -68244,53 +73471,53 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
     /* Wildcard of the form "?".  Assign the next variable number */
     assert( z[0]=='?' );
     pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)(++pParse->nVar);
-  }else if( z[0]=='?' ){
-    /* Wildcard of the form "?nnn".  Convert "nnn" to an integer and
-    ** use it as the variable number */
-    i64 i;
-    int bOk = sqlite3Atoi64(&z[1], &i);
-    pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)i;
-    testcase( i==0 );
-    testcase( i==1 );
-    testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]-1 );
-    testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] );
-    if( bOk==0 || i<1 || i>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "variable number must be between ?1 and ?%d",
-          db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]);
-    }
-    if( i>pParse->nVar ){
-      pParse->nVar = (int)i;
-    }
   }else{
-    /* Wildcards like ":aaa", "$aaa" or "@aaa".  Reuse the same variable
-    ** number as the prior appearance of the same name, or if the name
-    ** has never appeared before, reuse the same variable number
-    */
-    int i;
-    u32 n;
-    n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
-    for(i=0; i<pParse->nVarExpr; i++){
-      Expr *pE = pParse->apVarExpr[i];
-      assert( pE!=0 );
-      if( memcmp(pE->u.zToken, z, n)==0 && pE->u.zToken[n]==0 ){
-        pExpr->iColumn = pE->iColumn;
-        break;
+    ynVar x = 0;
+    u32 n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+    if( z[0]=='?' ){
+      /* Wildcard of the form "?nnn".  Convert "nnn" to an integer and
+      ** use it as the variable number */
+      i64 i;
+      int bOk = 0==sqlite3Atoi64(&z[1], &i, n-1, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i;
+      testcase( i==0 );
+      testcase( i==1 );
+      testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]-1 );
+      testcase( i==db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] );
+      if( bOk==0 || i<1 || i>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "variable number must be between ?1 and ?%d",
+            db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]);
+        x = 0;
+      }
+      if( i>pParse->nVar ){
+        pParse->nVar = (int)i;
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* Wildcards like ":aaa", "$aaa" or "@aaa".  Reuse the same variable
+      ** number as the prior appearance of the same name, or if the name
+      ** has never appeared before, reuse the same variable number
+      */
+      ynVar i;
+      for(i=0; i<pParse->nzVar; i++){
+        if( pParse->azVar[i] && memcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z,n+1)==0 ){
+          pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i+1;
+          break;
+        }
       }
+      if( x==0 ) x = pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)(++pParse->nVar);
     }
-    if( i>=pParse->nVarExpr ){
-      pExpr->iColumn = (ynVar)(++pParse->nVar);
-      if( pParse->nVarExpr>=pParse->nVarExprAlloc-1 ){
-        pParse->nVarExprAlloc += pParse->nVarExprAlloc + 10;
-        pParse->apVarExpr =
-            sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(
-              db,
-              pParse->apVarExpr,
-              pParse->nVarExprAlloc*sizeof(pParse->apVarExpr[0])
-            );
+    if( x>0 ){
+      if( x>pParse->nzVar ){
+        char **a;
+        a = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pParse->azVar, x*sizeof(a[0]));
+        if( a==0 ) return;  /* Error reported through db->mallocFailed */
+        pParse->azVar = a;
+        memset(&a[pParse->nzVar], 0, (x-pParse->nzVar)*sizeof(a[0]));
+        pParse->nzVar = x;
       }
-      if( !db->mallocFailed ){
-        assert( pParse->apVarExpr!=0 );
-        pParse->apVarExpr[pParse->nVarExpr++] = pExpr;
+      if( z[0]!='?' || pParse->azVar[x-1]==0 ){
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[x-1]);
+        pParse->azVar[x-1] = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, z, n);
       }
     }
   } 
@@ -68304,6 +73531,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3 *db, Expr *p){
   if( p==0 ) return;
+  /* Sanity check: Assert that the IntValue is non-negative if it exists */
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) || p->u.iValue>=0 );
   if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLeft);
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pRight);
@@ -68588,7 +73817,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListDup(sqlite3 *db, SrcList *p, int flags){
     pNewItem->zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zAlias);
     pNewItem->jointype = pOldItem->jointype;
     pNewItem->iCursor = pOldItem->iCursor;
-    pNewItem->isPopulated = pOldItem->isPopulated;
+    pNewItem->addrFillSub = pOldItem->addrFillSub;
+    pNewItem->regReturn = pOldItem->regReturn;
+    pNewItem->isCorrelated = pOldItem->isCorrelated;
     pNewItem->zIndex = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zIndex);
     pNewItem->notIndexed = pOldItem->notIndexed;
     pNewItem->pIndex = pOldItem->pIndex;
@@ -68888,16 +74119,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(Expr *p){
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr *p, int *pValue){
   int rc = 0;
+
+  /* If an expression is an integer literal that fits in a signed 32-bit
+  ** integer, then the EP_IntValue flag will have already been set */
+  assert( p->op!=TK_INTEGER || (p->flags & EP_IntValue)!=0
+           || sqlite3GetInt32(p->u.zToken, &rc)==0 );
+
   if( p->flags & EP_IntValue ){
     *pValue = p->u.iValue;
     return 1;
   }
   switch( p->op ){
-    case TK_INTEGER: {
-      rc = sqlite3GetInt32(p->u.zToken, pValue);
-      assert( rc==0 );
-      break;
-    }
     case TK_UPLUS: {
       rc = sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLeft, pValue);
       break;
@@ -68912,13 +74144,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr *p, int *pValue){
     }
     default: break;
   }
-  if( rc ){
-    assert( ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly)
-               || (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)==0 );
-    p->op = TK_INTEGER;
-    p->flags |= EP_IntValue;
-    p->u.iValue = *pValue;
-  }
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -69133,11 +74358,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
   p = (ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ? pX->x.pSelect : 0);
   if( ALWAYS(pParse->nErr==0) && isCandidateForInOpt(p) ){
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;              /* Database connection */
-    Expr *pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;   /* Expression <column> */
-    int iCol = pExpr->iColumn;             /* Index of column <column> */
     Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);      /* Virtual machine being coded */
-    Table *pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;      /* Table <table>. */
+    Table *pTab;                           /* Table <table>. */
+    Expr *pExpr;                           /* Expression <column> */
+    int iCol;                              /* Index of column <column> */
     int iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
+
+    assert( p );                        /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
+    assert( p->pEList!=0 );             /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
+    assert( p->pEList->a[0].pExpr!=0 ); /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
+    assert( p->pSrc!=0 );               /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
+    pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;
+    pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
+    iCol = pExpr->iColumn;
    
     /* Code an OP_VerifyCookie and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
@@ -69153,8 +74386,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
       int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
       int iAddr;
 
-      iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, iMem);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iMem);
+      iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Once, iMem);
 
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
       eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
@@ -69185,8 +74417,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
           char *pKey;
   
           pKey = (char *)sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, iMem);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, iMem);
+          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Once, iMem);
   
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
                                pKey,P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
@@ -69228,8 +74459,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Generate code for scalar subqueries used as an expression
-** and IN operators.  Examples:
+** Generate code for scalar subqueries used as a subquery expression, EXISTS,
+** or IN operators.  Examples:
 **
 **     (SELECT a FROM b)          -- subquery
 **     EXISTS (SELECT a FROM b)   -- EXISTS subquery
@@ -69267,7 +74498,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
   int rMayHaveNull,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
   int isRowid             /* If true, LHS of IN operator is a rowid */
 ){
-  int testAddr = 0;                       /* One-time test address */
+  int testAddr = -1;                      /* One-time test address */
   int rReg = 0;                           /* Register storing resulting */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( NEVER(v==0) ) return 0;
@@ -69285,17 +74516,25 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
   */
   if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
     int mem = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, mem);
-    testAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, mem);
-    assert( testAddr>0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    testAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Once, mem);
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
+        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", testAddr>=0?"":"CORRELATED ",
+        pExpr->op==TK_IN?"LIST":"SCALAR", pParse->iNextSelectId
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
   }
+#endif
 
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     case TK_IN: {
-      char affinity;
-      KeyInfo keyInfo;
-      int addr;        /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
-      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+      char affinity;              /* Affinity of the LHS of the IN */
+      KeyInfo keyInfo;            /* Keyinfo for the generated table */
+      int addr;                   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft; /* the LHS of the IN operator */
 
       if( rMayHaveNull ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, rMayHaveNull);
@@ -69318,6 +74557,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
       */
       pExpr->iTable = pParse->nTab++;
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pExpr->iTable, !isRowid);
+      if( rMayHaveNull==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
       memset(&keyInfo, 0, sizeof(keyInfo));
       keyInfo.nField = 1;
 
@@ -69334,6 +74574,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
         sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Set, pExpr->iTable);
         dest.affinity = (u8)affinity;
         assert( (pExpr->iTable&0x0000FFFF)==pExpr->iTable );
+        pExpr->x.pSelect->iLimit = 0;
         if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pExpr->x.pSelect, &dest) ){
           return 0;
         }
@@ -69373,9 +74614,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
           ** this code only executes once.  Because for a non-constant
           ** expression we need to rerun this code each time.
           */
-          if( testAddr && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
-            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, testAddr-1, 2);
-            testAddr = 0;
+          if( testAddr>=0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, testAddr);
+            testAddr = -1;
           }
 
           /* Evaluate the expression and insert it into the temp table */
@@ -69434,6 +74675,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
       sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pSel->pLimit);
       pSel->pLimit = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0,
                                   &sqlite3IntTokens[1]);
+      pSel->iLimit = 0;
       if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest) ){
         return 0;
       }
@@ -69443,8 +74685,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
     }
   }
 
-  if( testAddr ){
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, testAddr-1);
+  if( testAddr>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, testAddr);
   }
   sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
 
@@ -69610,7 +74852,7 @@ static void codeReal(Vdbe *v, const char *z, int negateFlag, int iMem){
   if( ALWAYS(z!=0) ){
     double value;
     char *zV;
-    sqlite3AtoF(z, &value);
+    sqlite3AtoF(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
     assert( !sqlite3IsNaN(value) ); /* The new AtoF never returns NaN */
     if( negateFlag ) value = -value;
     zV = dup8bytes(v, (char*)&value);
@@ -69624,24 +74866,24 @@ static void codeReal(Vdbe *v, const char *z, int negateFlag, int iMem){
 ** Generate an instruction that will put the integer describe by
 ** text z[0..n-1] into register iMem.
 **
-** The z[] string will probably not be zero-terminated.  But the 
-** z[n] character is guaranteed to be something that does not look
-** like the continuation of the number.
+** Expr.u.zToken is always UTF8 and zero-terminated.
 */
 static void codeInteger(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int negFlag, int iMem){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   if( pExpr->flags & EP_IntValue ){
     int i = pExpr->u.iValue;
+    assert( i>=0 );
     if( negFlag ) i = -i;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, iMem);
   }else{
+    int c;
+    i64 value;
     const char *z = pExpr->u.zToken;
     assert( z!=0 );
-    if( sqlite3FitsIn64Bits(z, negFlag) ){
-      i64 value;
+    c = sqlite3Atoi64(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    if( c==0 || (c==2 && negFlag) ){
       char *zV;
-      sqlite3Atoi64(z, &value);
-      if( negFlag ) value = -value;
+      if( negFlag ){ value = c==2 ? SMALLEST_INT64 : -value; }
       zV = dup8bytes(v, (char*)&value);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Int64, 0, iMem, 0, zV, P4_INT64);
     }else{
@@ -69926,73 +75168,6 @@ static int usedAsColumnCache(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo){
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG || SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST */
 
-/*
-** If the last instruction coded is an ephemeral copy of any of
-** the registers in the nReg registers beginning with iReg, then
-** convert the last instruction from OP_SCopy to OP_Copy.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprHardCopy(Parse *pParse, int iReg, int nReg){
-  VdbeOp *pOp;
-  Vdbe *v;
-
-  assert( pParse->db->mallocFailed==0 );
-  v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  assert( v!=0 );
-  pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1);
-  assert( pOp!=0 );
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_SCopy && pOp->p1>=iReg && pOp->p1<iReg+nReg ){
-    pOp->opcode = OP_Copy;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** Generate code to store the value of the iAlias-th alias in register
-** target.  The first time this is called, pExpr is evaluated to compute
-** the value of the alias.  The value is stored in an auxiliary register
-** and the number of that register is returned.  On subsequent calls,
-** the register number is returned without generating any code.
-**
-** Note that in order for this to work, code must be generated in the
-** same order that it is executed.
-**
-** Aliases are numbered starting with 1.  So iAlias is in the range
-** of 1 to pParse->nAlias inclusive.  
-**
-** pParse->aAlias[iAlias-1] records the register number where the value
-** of the iAlias-th alias is stored.  If zero, that means that the
-** alias has not yet been computed.
-*/
-static int codeAlias(Parse *pParse, int iAlias, Expr *pExpr, int target){
-#if 0
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  int iReg;
-  if( pParse->nAliasAlloc<pParse->nAlias ){
-    pParse->aAlias = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, pParse->aAlias,
-                                 sizeof(pParse->aAlias[0])*pParse->nAlias );
-    testcase( db->mallocFailed && pParse->nAliasAlloc>0 );
-    if( db->mallocFailed ) return 0;
-    memset(&pParse->aAlias[pParse->nAliasAlloc], 0,
-           (pParse->nAlias-pParse->nAliasAlloc)*sizeof(pParse->aAlias[0]));
-    pParse->nAliasAlloc = pParse->nAlias;
-  }
-  assert( iAlias>0 && iAlias<=pParse->nAlias );
-  iReg = pParse->aAlias[iAlias-1];
-  if( iReg==0 ){
-    if( pParse->iCacheLevel>0 ){
-      iReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
-    }else{
-      iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
-      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, iReg);
-      pParse->aAlias[iAlias-1] = iReg;
-    }
-  }
-  return iReg;
-#else
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iAlias);
-  return sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
-#endif
-}
-
 /*
 ** Generate code into the current Vdbe to evaluate the given
 ** expression.  Attempt to store the results in register "target".
@@ -70033,7 +75208,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target)
         inReg = pCol->iMem;
         break;
       }else if( pAggInfo->useSortingIdx ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pAggInfo->sortingIdx,
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pAggInfo->sortingIdxPTab,
                               pCol->iSorterColumn, target);
         break;
       }
@@ -70092,7 +75267,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target)
       assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]!=0 );
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Variable, pExpr->iColumn, target);
       if( pExpr->u.zToken[1]!=0 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
+        assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='?' 
+             || strcmp(pExpr->u.zToken, pParse->azVar[pExpr->iColumn-1])==0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pParse->azVar[pExpr->iColumn-1], P4_STATIC);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -70101,7 +75278,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target)
       break;
     }
     case TK_AS: {
-      inReg = codeAlias(pParse, pExpr->iTable, pExpr->pLeft, target);
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
       break;
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
@@ -70533,6 +75710,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target)
         opCompare.op = TK_EQ;
         opCompare.pLeft = &cacheX;
         pTest = &opCompare;
+        /* Ticket b351d95f9cd5ef17e9d9dbae18f5ca8611190001:
+        ** The value in regFree1 might get SCopy-ed into the file result.
+        ** So make sure that the regFree1 register is not reused for other
+        ** purposes and possibly overwritten.  */
+        regFree1 = 0;
       }
       for(i=0; i<nExpr; i=i+2){
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
@@ -70626,10 +75808,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
   int inReg;
 
   assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
-  inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
-  assert( pParse->pVdbe || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
-  if( inReg!=target && pParse->pVdbe ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
+  if( pExpr && pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Copy, pExpr->iTable, target);
+  }else{
+    inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
+    assert( pParse->pVdbe || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    if( inReg!=target && pParse->pVdbe ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
+    }
   }
   return target;
 }
@@ -70776,9 +75962,22 @@ static int evalConstExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
 ** Preevaluate constant subexpressions within pExpr and store the
 ** results in registers.  Modify pExpr so that the constant subexpresions
 ** are TK_REGISTER opcodes that refer to the precomputed values.
+**
+** This routine is a no-op if the jump to the cookie-check code has
+** already occur.  Since the cookie-check jump is generated prior to
+** any other serious processing, this check ensures that there is no
+** way to accidently bypass the constant initializations.
+**
+** This routine is also a no-op if the SQLITE_FactorOutConst optimization
+** is disabled via the sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS)
+** interface.  This allows test logic to verify that the same answer is
+** obtained for queries regardless of whether or not constants are
+** precomputed into registers or if they are inserted in-line.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
   Walker w;
+  if( pParse->cookieGoto ) return;
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_FactorOutConst)!=0 ) return;
   w.xExprCallback = evalConstExpr;
   w.xSelectCallback = 0;
   w.pParse = pParse;
@@ -70802,19 +76001,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(
   int i, n;
   assert( pList!=0 );
   assert( target>0 );
+  assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 );  /* Never gets this far otherwise */
   n = pList->nExpr;
   for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<n; i++, pItem++){
-    if( pItem->iAlias ){
-      int iReg = codeAlias(pParse, pItem->iAlias, pItem->pExpr, target+i);
-      Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-      if( iReg!=target+i ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iReg, target+i);
-      }
-    }else{
-      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pItem->pExpr, target+i);
-    }
-    if( doHardCopy && !pParse->db->mallocFailed ){
-      sqlite3ExprHardCopy(pParse, target, n);
+    Expr *pExpr = pItem->pExpr;
+    int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
+    if( inReg!=target+i ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, doHardCopy ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy,
+                        inReg, target+i);
     }
   }
   return n;
@@ -70979,6 +76173,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int
       exprCodeBetween(pParse, pExpr, dest, 1, jumpIfNull);
       break;
     }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
     case TK_IN: {
       int destIfFalse = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       int destIfNull = jumpIfNull ? dest : destIfFalse;
@@ -70987,6 +76182,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, destIfFalse);
       break;
     }
+#endif
     default: {
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
@@ -71120,6 +76316,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int
       exprCodeBetween(pParse, pExpr, dest, 0, jumpIfNull);
       break;
     }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
     case TK_IN: {
       if( jumpIfNull ){
         sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, dest, dest);
@@ -71130,6 +76327,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int dest, int
       }
       break;
     }
+#endif
     default: {
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
@@ -71179,7 +76377,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB){
     }
   }else if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && pA->u.zToken ){
     if( ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || NEVER(pB->u.zToken==0) ) return 2;
-    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
+    if( strcmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
       return 2;
     }
   }
@@ -71796,6 +76994,11 @@ static char *whereTempTriggers(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
       }
     }
   }
+  if( zWhere ){
+    char *zNew = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "type='trigger' AND (%s)", zWhere);
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zWhere);
+    zWhere = zNew;
+  }
   return zWhere;
 }
 
@@ -71836,18 +77039,34 @@ static void reloadTableSchema(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, const char *zName){
   /* Reload the table, index and permanent trigger schemas. */
   zWhere = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "tbl_name=%Q", zName);
   if( !zWhere ) return;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0, zWhere, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb, zWhere);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
   /* Now, if the table is not stored in the temp database, reload any temp 
   ** triggers. Don't use IN(...) in case SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY is defined. 
   */
   if( (zWhere=whereTempTriggers(pParse, pTab))!=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, 1, 0, 0, zWhere, P4_DYNAMIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, 1, zWhere);
   }
 #endif
 }
 
+/*
+** Parameter zName is the name of a table that is about to be altered
+** (either with ALTER TABLE ... RENAME TO or ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN).
+** If the table is a system table, this function leaves an error message
+** in pParse->zErr (system tables may not be altered) and returns non-zero.
+**
+** Or, if zName is not a system table, zero is returned.
+*/
+static int isSystemTable(Parse *pParse, const char *zName){
+  if( sqlite3Strlen30(zName)>6 && 0==sqlite3StrNICmp(zName, "sqlite_", 7) ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be altered", zName);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Generate code to implement the "ALTER TABLE xxx RENAME TO yyy" 
 ** command. 
@@ -71898,14 +77117,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterRenameTable(
   /* Make sure it is not a system table being altered, or a reserved name
   ** that the table is being renamed to.
   */
-  if( sqlite3Strlen30(pTab->zName)>6 
-   && 0==sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)
-  ){
-    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be altered", pTab->zName);
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=isSystemTable(pParse, pTab->zName) ){
     goto exit_rename_table;
   }
-  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
-    goto exit_rename_table;
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){ goto
+    exit_rename_table;
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
@@ -72237,6 +77453,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pSrc){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a column to a view");
     goto exit_begin_add_column;
   }
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=isSystemTable(pParse, pTab->zName) ){
+    goto exit_begin_add_column;
+  }
 
   assert( pTab->addColOffset>0 );
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
@@ -72301,22 +77520,124 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pSrc){
 **
 *************************************************************************
 ** This file contains code associated with the ANALYZE command.
+**
+** The ANALYZE command gather statistics about the content of tables
+** and indices.  These statistics are made available to the query planner
+** to help it make better decisions about how to perform queries.
+**
+** The following system tables are or have been supported:
+**
+**    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat1(tbl, idx, stat);
+**    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat2(tbl, idx, sampleno, sample);
+**    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat3(tbl, idx, nEq, nLt, nDLt, sample);
+**
+** Additional tables might be added in future releases of SQLite.
+** The sqlite_stat2 table is not created or used unless the SQLite version
+** is between 3.6.18 and 3.7.8, inclusive, and unless SQLite is compiled
+** with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2.  The sqlite_stat2 table is deprecated.
+** The sqlite_stat2 table is superceded by sqlite_stat3, which is only
+** created and used by SQLite versions 3.7.9 and later and with
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined.  The fucntionality of sqlite_stat3
+** is a superset of sqlite_stat2.  
+**
+** Format of sqlite_stat1:
+**
+** There is normally one row per index, with the index identified by the
+** name in the idx column.  The tbl column is the name of the table to
+** which the index belongs.  In each such row, the stat column will be
+** a string consisting of a list of integers.  The first integer in this
+** list is the number of rows in the index and in the table.  The second
+** integer is the average number of rows in the index that have the same
+** value in the first column of the index.  The third integer is the average
+** number of rows in the index that have the same value for the first two
+** columns.  The N-th integer (for N>1) is the average number of rows in 
+** the index which have the same value for the first N-1 columns.  For
+** a K-column index, there will be K+1 integers in the stat column.  If
+** the index is unique, then the last integer will be 1.
+**
+** The list of integers in the stat column can optionally be followed
+** by the keyword "unordered".  The "unordered" keyword, if it is present,
+** must be separated from the last integer by a single space.  If the
+** "unordered" keyword is present, then the query planner assumes that
+** the index is unordered and will not use the index for a range query.
+** 
+** If the sqlite_stat1.idx column is NULL, then the sqlite_stat1.stat
+** column contains a single integer which is the (estimated) number of
+** rows in the table identified by sqlite_stat1.tbl.
+**
+** Format of sqlite_stat2:
+**
+** The sqlite_stat2 is only created and is only used if SQLite is compiled
+** with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 and if the SQLite version number is between
+** 3.6.18 and 3.7.8.  The "stat2" table contains additional information
+** about the distribution of keys within an index.  The index is identified by
+** the "idx" column and the "tbl" column is the name of the table to which
+** the index belongs.  There are usually 10 rows in the sqlite_stat2
+** table for each index.
+**
+** The sqlite_stat2 entries for an index that have sampleno between 0 and 9
+** inclusive are samples of the left-most key value in the index taken at
+** evenly spaced points along the index.  Let the number of samples be S
+** (10 in the standard build) and let C be the number of rows in the index.
+** Then the sampled rows are given by:
+**
+**     rownumber = (i*C*2 + C)/(S*2)
+**
+** For i between 0 and S-1.  Conceptually, the index space is divided into
+** S uniform buckets and the samples are the middle row from each bucket.
+**
+** The format for sqlite_stat2 is recorded here for legacy reference.  This
+** version of SQLite does not support sqlite_stat2.  It neither reads nor
+** writes the sqlite_stat2 table.  This version of SQLite only supports
+** sqlite_stat3.
+**
+** Format for sqlite_stat3:
+**
+** The sqlite_stat3 is an enhancement to sqlite_stat2.  A new name is
+** used to avoid compatibility problems.  
+**
+** The format of the sqlite_stat3 table is similar to the format of
+** the sqlite_stat2 table.  There are multiple entries for each index.
+** The idx column names the index and the tbl column is the table of the
+** index.  If the idx and tbl columns are the same, then the sample is
+** of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  The sample column is a value taken from
+** the left-most column of the index.  The nEq column is the approximate
+** number of entires in the index whose left-most column exactly matches
+** the sample.  nLt is the approximate number of entires whose left-most
+** column is less than the sample.  The nDLt column is the approximate
+** number of distinct left-most entries in the index that are less than
+** the sample.
+**
+** Future versions of SQLite might change to store a string containing
+** multiple integers values in the nDLt column of sqlite_stat3.  The first
+** integer will be the number of prior index entires that are distinct in
+** the left-most column.  The second integer will be the number of prior index
+** entries that are distinct in the first two columns.  The third integer
+** will be the number of prior index entries that are distinct in the first
+** three columns.  And so forth.  With that extension, the nDLt field is
+** similar in function to the sqlite_stat1.stat field.
+**
+** There can be an arbitrary number of sqlite_stat3 entries per index.
+** The ANALYZE command will typically generate sqlite_stat3 tables
+** that contain between 10 and 40 samples which are distributed across
+** the key space, though not uniformly, and which include samples with
+** largest possible nEq values.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_stat1 table for
 ** writing with cursor iStatCur. If the library was built with the
-** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 macro defined, then the sqlite_stat2 table is
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 macro defined, then the sqlite_stat3 table is
 ** opened for writing using cursor (iStatCur+1)
 **
 ** If the sqlite_stat1 tables does not previously exist, it is created.
-** Similarly, if the sqlite_stat2 table does not exist and the library
-** is compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 defined, it is created. 
+** Similarly, if the sqlite_stat3 table does not exist and the library
+** is compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined, it is created. 
 **
 ** Argument zWhere may be a pointer to a buffer containing a table name,
 ** or it may be a NULL pointer. If it is not NULL, then all entries in
-** the sqlite_stat1 and (if applicable) sqlite_stat2 tables associated
+** the sqlite_stat1 and (if applicable) sqlite_stat3 tables associated
 ** with the named table are deleted. If zWhere==0, then code is generated
 ** to delete all stat table entries.
 */
@@ -72324,15 +77645,16 @@ static void openStatTable(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
   int iDb,                /* The database we are looking in */
   int iStatCur,           /* Open the sqlite_stat1 table on this cursor */
-  const char *zWhere      /* Delete entries associated with this table */
+  const char *zWhere,     /* Delete entries for this table or index */
+  const char *zWhereType  /* Either "tbl" or "idx" */
 ){
   static const struct {
     const char *zName;
     const char *zCols;
   } aTable[] = {
     { "sqlite_stat1", "tbl,idx,stat" },
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-    { "sqlite_stat2", "tbl,idx,sampleno,sample" },
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+    { "sqlite_stat3", "tbl,idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample" },
 #endif
   };
 
@@ -72348,6 +77670,9 @@ static void openStatTable(
   assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
   pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
 
+  /* Create new statistic tables if they do not exist, or clear them
+  ** if they do already exist.
+  */
   for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
     const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
     Table *pStat;
@@ -72369,7 +77694,7 @@ static void openStatTable(
       sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
       if( zWhere ){
         sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE tbl=%Q", pDb->zName, zTab, zWhere
+           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q", pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
         );
       }else{
         /* The sqlite_stat[12] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
@@ -72378,7 +77703,7 @@ static void openStatTable(
     }
   }
 
-  /* Open the sqlite_stat[12] tables for writing. */
+  /* Open the sqlite_stat[13] tables for writing. */
   for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)3, P4_INT32);
@@ -72386,6 +77711,226 @@ static void openStatTable(
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat3
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES
+# define SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES 24
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Three SQL functions - stat3_init(), stat3_push(), and stat3_pop() -
+** share an instance of the following structure to hold their state
+** information.
+*/
+typedef struct Stat3Accum Stat3Accum;
+struct Stat3Accum {
+  tRowcnt nRow;             /* Number of rows in the entire table */
+  tRowcnt nPSample;         /* How often to do a periodic sample */
+  int iMin;                 /* Index of entry with minimum nEq and hash */
+  int mxSample;             /* Maximum number of samples to accumulate */
+  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
+  u32 iPrn;                 /* Pseudo-random number used for sampling */
+  struct Stat3Sample {
+    i64 iRowid;                /* Rowid in main table of the key */
+    tRowcnt nEq;               /* sqlite_stat3.nEq */
+    tRowcnt nLt;               /* sqlite_stat3.nLt */
+    tRowcnt nDLt;              /* sqlite_stat3.nDLt */
+    u8 isPSample;              /* True if a periodic sample */
+    u32 iHash;                 /* Tiebreaker hash */
+  } *a;                     /* An array of samples */
+};
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat3_init(C,S) SQL function.  The two parameters
+** are the number of rows in the table or index (C) and the number of samples
+** to accumulate (S).
+**
+** This routine allocates the Stat3Accum object.
+**
+** The return value is the Stat3Accum object (P).
+*/
+static void stat3Init(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Stat3Accum *p;
+  tRowcnt nRow;
+  int mxSample;
+  int n;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  nRow = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+  mxSample = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  n = sizeof(*p) + sizeof(p->a[0])*mxSample;
+  p = sqlite3_malloc( n );
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    return;
+  }
+  memset(p, 0, n);
+  p->a = (struct Stat3Sample*)&p[1];
+  p->nRow = nRow;
+  p->mxSample = mxSample;
+  p->nPSample = p->nRow/(mxSample/3+1) + 1;
+  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(p->iPrn), &p->iPrn);
+  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(p), sqlite3_free);
+}
+static const FuncDef stat3InitFuncdef = {
+  2,                /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
+  0,                /* flags */
+  0,                /* pUserData */
+  0,                /* pNext */
+  stat3Init,        /* xFunc */
+  0,                /* xStep */
+  0,                /* xFinalize */
+  "stat3_init",     /* zName */
+  0,                /* pHash */
+  0                 /* pDestructor */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat3_push(nEq,nLt,nDLt,rowid,P) SQL function.  The
+** arguments describe a single key instance.  This routine makes the 
+** decision about whether or not to retain this key for the sqlite_stat3
+** table.
+**
+** The return value is NULL.
+*/
+static void stat3Push(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[4]);
+  tRowcnt nEq = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
+  tRowcnt nLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[1]);
+  tRowcnt nDLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]);
+  i64 rowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[3]);
+  u8 isPSample = 0;
+  u8 doInsert = 0;
+  int iMin = p->iMin;
+  struct Stat3Sample *pSample;
+  int i;
+  u32 h;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(context);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  if( nEq==0 ) return;
+  h = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
+  if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=((nEq+nLt)/p->nPSample) ){
+    doInsert = isPSample = 1;
+  }else if( p->nSample<p->mxSample ){
+    doInsert = 1;
+  }else{
+    if( nEq>p->a[iMin].nEq || (nEq==p->a[iMin].nEq && h>p->a[iMin].iHash) ){
+      doInsert = 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if( !doInsert ) return;
+  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
+    assert( p->nSample - iMin - 1 >= 0 );
+    memmove(&p->a[iMin], &p->a[iMin+1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-iMin-1));
+    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
+  }else{
+    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample++];
+  }
+  pSample->iRowid = rowid;
+  pSample->nEq = nEq;
+  pSample->nLt = nLt;
+  pSample->nDLt = nDLt;
+  pSample->iHash = h;
+  pSample->isPSample = isPSample;
+
+  /* Find the new minimum */
+  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
+    pSample = p->a;
+    i = 0;
+    while( pSample->isPSample ){
+      i++;
+      pSample++;
+      assert( i<p->nSample );
+    }
+    nEq = pSample->nEq;
+    h = pSample->iHash;
+    iMin = i;
+    for(i++, pSample++; i<p->nSample; i++, pSample++){
+      if( pSample->isPSample ) continue;
+      if( pSample->nEq<nEq
+       || (pSample->nEq==nEq && pSample->iHash<h)
+      ){
+        iMin = i;
+        nEq = pSample->nEq;
+        h = pSample->iHash;
+      }
+    }
+    p->iMin = iMin;
+  }
+}
+static const FuncDef stat3PushFuncdef = {
+  5,                /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
+  0,                /* flags */
+  0,                /* pUserData */
+  0,                /* pNext */
+  stat3Push,        /* xFunc */
+  0,                /* xStep */
+  0,                /* xFinalize */
+  "stat3_push",     /* zName */
+  0,                /* pHash */
+  0                 /* pDestructor */
+};
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat3_get(P,N,...) SQL function.  This routine is
+** used to query the results.  Content is returned for the Nth sqlite_stat3
+** row where N is between 0 and S-1 and S is the number of samples.  The
+** value returned depends on the number of arguments.
+**
+**   argc==2    result:  rowid
+**   argc==3    result:  nEq
+**   argc==4    result:  nLt
+**   argc==5    result:  nDLt
+*/
+static void stat3Get(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  int n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->nSample<=n ) return;
+  switch( argc ){
+    case 2:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].iRowid); break;
+    case 3:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nEq);    break;
+    case 4:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nLt);    break;
+    default: sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nDLt);   break;
+  }
+}
+static const FuncDef stat3GetFuncdef = {
+  -1,               /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
+  0,                /* flags */
+  0,                /* pUserData */
+  0,                /* pNext */
+  stat3Get,         /* xFunc */
+  0,                /* xStep */
+  0,                /* xFinalize */
+  "stat3_get",     /* zName */
+  0,                /* pHash */
+  0                 /* pDestructor */
+};
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
+
+
+
+
 /*
 ** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
 ** a single table.
@@ -72393,6 +77938,7 @@ static void openStatTable(
 static void analyzeOneTable(
   Parse *pParse,   /* Parser context */
   Table *pTab,     /* Table whose indices are to be analyzed */
+  Index *pOnlyIdx, /* If not NULL, only analyze this one index */
   int iStatCur,    /* Index of VdbeCursor that writes the sqlite_stat1 table */
   int iMem         /* Available memory locations begin here */
 ){
@@ -72403,32 +77949,48 @@ static void analyzeOneTable(
   int i;                       /* Loop counter */
   int topOfLoop;               /* The top of the loop */
   int endOfLoop;               /* The end of the loop */
-  int addr;                    /* The address of an instruction */
+  int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
   int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
   int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
   int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
-  int regSampleno = iMem++;    /* Register containing next sample number */
-  int regCol = iMem++;         /* Content of a column analyzed table */
+  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* The stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  int regNumEq = regStat1;     /* Number of instances.  Same as regStat1 */
+  int regNumLt = iMem++;       /* Number of keys less than regSample */
+  int regNumDLt = iMem++;      /* Number of distinct keys less than regSample */
+  int regSample = iMem++;      /* The next sample value */
+  int regRowid = regSample;    /* Rowid of a sample */
+  int regAccum = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat3Accum object */
+  int regLoop = iMem++;        /* Loop counter */
+  int regCount = iMem++;       /* Number of rows in the table or index */
+  int regTemp1 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
+  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
+  int once = 1;                /* One-time initialization */
+  int shortJump = 0;           /* Instruction address */
+  int iTabCur = pParse->nTab++; /* Table cursor */
+#endif
+  int regCol = iMem++;         /* Content of a column in analyzed table */
   int regRec = iMem++;         /* Register holding completed record */
   int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
-  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Temporary use register */
-  int regSamplerecno = iMem++; /* Index of next sample to record */
-  int regRecno = iMem++;       /* Current sample index */
-  int regLast = iMem++;        /* Index of last sample to record */
-  int regFirst = iMem++;       /* Index of first sample to record */
-#endif
 
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-  if( v==0 || NEVER(pTab==0) || pTab->pIndex==0 ){
-    /* Do no analysis for tables that have no indices */
+  if( v==0 || NEVER(pTab==0) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pTab->tnum==0 ){
+    /* Do not gather statistics on views or virtual tables */
+    return;
+  }
+  if( memcmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+    /* Do not gather statistics on system tables */
     return;
   }
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
   assert( iDb>=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_ANALYZE, pTab->zName, 0,
       db->aDb[iDb].zName ) ){
@@ -72440,10 +78002,19 @@ static void analyzeOneTable(
   sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
 
   iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTabname, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
   for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-    KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-
+    int nCol;
+    KeyInfo *pKey;
+    int addrIfNot = 0;           /* address of OP_IfNot */
+    int *aChngAddr;              /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
+
+    if( pOnlyIdx && pOnlyIdx!=pIdx ) continue;
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin analysis of %s", pIdx->zName));
+    nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+    aChngAddr = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nCol);
+    if( aChngAddr==0 ) continue;
+    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
     if( iMem+1+(nCol*2)>pParse->nMem ){
       pParse->nMem = iMem+1+(nCol*2);
     }
@@ -72454,37 +78025,23 @@ static void analyzeOneTable(
         (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
 
-    /* Populate the registers containing the table and index names. */
-    if( pTab->pIndex==pIdx ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTabname, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
-    }
+    /* Populate the register containing the index name. */
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-
-    /* If this iteration of the loop is generating code to analyze the
-    ** first index in the pTab->pIndex list, then register regLast has
-    ** not been populated. In this case populate it now.  */
-    if( pTab->pIndex==pIdx ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES, regSamplerecno);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2-1, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2, regTemp2);
-
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regLast);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regFirst);
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Lt, regSamplerecno, 0, regLast);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, regTemp2, regLast, regFirst);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Multiply, regLast, regTemp, regLast);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regLast, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES*2-2);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide,  regTemp2, regLast, regLast);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-    }
-
-    /* Zero the regSampleno and regRecno registers. */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regSampleno);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRecno);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regFirst, regSamplerecno);
-#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+    if( once ){
+      once = 0;
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTabCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regCount);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES, regTemp1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumEq);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumLt);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regNumDLt);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regCount, regAccum,
+                      (char*)&stat3InitFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
     /* The block of memory cells initialized here is used as follows.
     **
@@ -72514,65 +78071,83 @@ static void analyzeOneTable(
     endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur, endOfLoop);
     topOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem, 1);  /* Increment row counter */
 
     for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      CollSeq *pColl;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regCol);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
       if( i==0 ){
-        /* Check if the record that cursor iIdxCur points to contains a
-        ** value that should be stored in the sqlite_stat2 table. If so,
-        ** store it.  */
-        int ne = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, regRecno, 0, regSamplerecno);
-        assert( regTabname+1==regIdxname 
-             && regTabname+2==regSampleno
-             && regTabname+3==regCol
-        );
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 4, regRec, "aaab", 0);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regRowid);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regRec, regRowid);
-
-        /* Calculate new values for regSamplerecno and regSampleno.
-        **
-        **   sampleno = sampleno + 1
-        **   samplerecno = samplerecno+(remaining records)/(remaining samples)
-        */
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regSampleno, 1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, regRecno, regLast, regTemp);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES, regTemp2);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, regSampleno, regTemp2, regTemp2);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, regTemp2, regTemp, regTemp);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, regSamplerecno, regTemp, regSamplerecno);
-
-        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ne);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regRecno, 1);
+        /* Always record the very first row */
+        addrIfNot = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem+1);
+      }
+      assert( pIdx->azColl!=0 );
+      assert( pIdx->azColl[i]!=0 );
+      pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
+      aChngAddr[i] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regCol, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1,
+                                      (char*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeComment((v, "jump if column %d changed", i));
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+      if( i==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumEq, 1);
+        VdbeComment((v, "incr repeat count"));
       }
 #endif
-
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, regCol, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1);
-      /**** TODO:  add collating sequence *****/
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-    }
-    if( db->mallocFailed ){
-      /* If a malloc failure has occurred, then the result of the expression 
-      ** passed as the second argument to the call to sqlite3VdbeJumpHere() 
-      ** below may be negative. Which causes an assert() to fail (or an
-      ** out-of-bounds write if SQLITE_DEBUG is not defined).  */
-      return;
     }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endOfLoop);
     for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-(nCol*2));
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aChngAddr[i]);  /* Set jump dest for the OP_Ne */
+      if( i==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIfNot);   /* Jump dest for OP_IfNot */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
+                          (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, pIdx->nColumn, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, regNumEq, regNumLt, regNumLt);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumDLt, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regNumEq);
+#endif        
+      }
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem+i+1, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, iMem+nCol+i+1);
     }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aChngAddr);
 
-    /* End of the analysis loop. */
+    /* Always jump here after updating the iMem+1...iMem+1+nCol counters */
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
+
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, topOfLoop);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
+                      (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regLoop);
+    shortJump = 
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regLoop, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regTemp1,
+                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regTemp1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iTabCur, shortJump, regTemp1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTabCur, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
+    sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumEq,
+                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 3);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumLt,
+                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 4);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumDLt,
+                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regRec, "bbbbbb", 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regRec, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, shortJump);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, shortJump+2);
+#endif        
 
     /* Store the results in sqlite_stat1.
     **
@@ -72592,28 +78167,51 @@ static void analyzeOneTable(
     ** If K>0 then it is always the case the D>0 so division by zero
     ** is never possible.
     */
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iMem, regSampleno);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iMem, regStat1);
+    if( jZeroRows<0 ){
+      jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem);
+    }
     for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTemp, 0, " ", 0);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regSampleno, regSampleno);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iMem, iMem+i+1, regTemp);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, iMem+i+1, regTemp, regTemp);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ToInt, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regSampleno, regSampleno);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
     }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
   }
+
+  /* If the table has no indices, create a single sqlite_stat1 entry
+  ** containing NULL as the index name and the row count as the content.
+  */
+  if( pTab->pIndex==0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regStat1);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+  if( pParse->nMem<regRec ) pParse->nMem = regRec;
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** Generate code that will cause the most recent index analysis to
-** be laoded into internal hash tables where is can be used.
+** be loaded into internal hash tables where is can be used.
 */
 static void loadAnalysis(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
@@ -72634,21 +78232,23 @@ static void analyzeDatabase(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
 
   sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
   iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
-  pParse->nTab += 2;
-  openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, 0);
+  pParse->nTab += 3;
+  openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, 0, 0);
   iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
     Table *pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
-    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, iStatCur, iMem);
+    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem);
   }
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Generate code that will do an analysis of a single table in
-** a database.
+** a database.  If pOnlyIdx is not NULL then it is a single index
+** in pTab that should be analyzed.
 */
-static void analyzeTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+static void analyzeTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, Index *pOnlyIdx){
   int iDb;
   int iStatCur;
 
@@ -72657,9 +78257,13 @@ static void analyzeTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
   sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
   iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
-  pParse->nTab += 2;
-  openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pTab->zName);
-  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, iStatCur, pParse->nMem+1);
+  pParse->nTab += 3;
+  if( pOnlyIdx ){
+    openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pOnlyIdx->zName, "idx");
+  }else{
+    openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pTab->zName, "tbl");
+  }
+  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur, pParse->nMem+1);
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
 
@@ -72681,6 +78285,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse *pParse, Token *pName1, Token *pName2){
   int i;
   char *z, *zDb;
   Table *pTab;
+  Index *pIdx;
   Token *pTableName;
 
   /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
@@ -72705,11 +78310,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse *pParse, Token *pName1, Token *pName2){
     }else{
       z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName1);
       if( z ){
-        pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, 0);
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
-        if( pTab ){
-          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab);
+        if( (pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, z, 0))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pIdx->pTable, pIdx);
+        }else if( (pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, 0))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab, 0);
         }
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
       }
     }
   }else{
@@ -72719,11 +78325,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse *pParse, Token *pName1, Token *pName2){
       zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
       z = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pTableName);
       if( z ){
-        pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, zDb);
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
-        if( pTab ){
-          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab);
+        if( (pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, z, zDb))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pIdx->pTable, pIdx);
+        }else if( (pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, z, zDb))!=0 ){
+          analyzeTable(pParse, pTab, 0);
         }
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
       }
     }   
   }
@@ -72743,35 +78350,52 @@ struct analysisInfo {
 ** This callback is invoked once for each index when reading the
 ** sqlite_stat1 table.  
 **
-**     argv[0] = name of the index
-**     argv[1] = results of analysis - on integer for each column
+**     argv[0] = name of the table
+**     argv[1] = name of the index (might be NULL)
+**     argv[2] = results of analysis - on integer for each column
+**
+** Entries for which argv[1]==NULL simply record the number of rows in
+** the table.
 */
 static int analysisLoader(void *pData, int argc, char **argv, char **NotUsed){
   analysisInfo *pInfo = (analysisInfo*)pData;
   Index *pIndex;
-  int i, c;
-  unsigned int v;
+  Table *pTable;
+  int i, c, n;
+  tRowcnt v;
   const char *z;
 
-  assert( argc==2 );
+  assert( argc==3 );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, argc);
 
-  if( argv==0 || argv[0]==0 || argv[1]==0 ){
+  if( argv==0 || argv[0]==0 || argv[2]==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[0], pInfo->zDatabase);
-  if( pIndex==0 ){
+  pTable = sqlite3FindTable(pInfo->db, argv[0], pInfo->zDatabase);
+  if( pTable==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  z = argv[1];
-  for(i=0; *z && i<=pIndex->nColumn; i++){
+  if( argv[1] ){
+    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
+  }else{
+    pIndex = 0;
+  }
+  n = pIndex ? pIndex->nColumn : 0;
+  z = argv[2];
+  for(i=0; *z && i<=n; i++){
     v = 0;
     while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
       v = v*10 + c - '0';
       z++;
     }
+    if( i==0 ) pTable->nRowEst = v;
+    if( pIndex==0 ) break;
     pIndex->aiRowEst[i] = v;
     if( *z==' ' ) z++;
+    if( memcmp(z, "unordered", 10)==0 ){
+      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
+      break;
+    }
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -72781,10 +78405,10 @@ static int analysisLoader(void *pData, int argc, char **argv, char **NotUsed){
 ** and its contents.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx){
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
   if( pIdx->aSample ){
     int j;
-    for(j=0; j<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; j++){
+    for(j=0; j<pIdx->nSample; j++){
       IndexSample *p = &pIdx->aSample[j];
       if( p->eType==SQLITE_TEXT || p->eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
         sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.z);
@@ -72792,25 +78416,157 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx){
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->aSample);
   }
+  if( db && db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
+    pIdx->nSample = 0;
+    pIdx->aSample = 0;
+  }
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pIdx);
 #endif
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+/*
+** Load content from the sqlite_stat3 table into the Index.aSample[]
+** arrays of all indices.
+*/
+static int loadStat3(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+  int rc;                       /* Result codes from subroutines */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;      /* An SQL statement being run */
+  char *zSql;                   /* Text of the SQL statement */
+  Index *pPrevIdx = 0;          /* Previous index in the loop */
+  int idx = 0;                  /* slot in pIdx->aSample[] for next sample */
+  int eType;                    /* Datatype of a sample */
+  IndexSample *pSample;         /* A slot in pIdx->aSample[] */
+
+  if( !sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat3", zDb) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3"
+      " GROUP BY idx", zDb);
+  if( !zSql ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
+    Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
+    int nSample;    /* Number of samples */
+
+    zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
+    if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
+    nSample = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
+    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
+    assert( pIdx->nSample==0 );
+    pIdx->nSample = nSample;
+    pIdx->aSample = sqlite3MallocZero( nSample*sizeof(IndexSample) );
+    pIdx->avgEq = pIdx->aiRowEst[1];
+    if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
+      db->mallocFailed = 1;
+      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
+      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3", zDb);
+  if( !zSql ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
+    Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
+    int i;          /* Loop counter */
+    tRowcnt sumEq;  /* Sum of the nEq values */
+
+    zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
+    if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
+    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
+    if( pIdx==pPrevIdx ){
+      idx++;
+    }else{
+      pPrevIdx = pIdx;
+      idx = 0;
+    }
+    assert( idx<pIdx->nSample );
+    pSample = &pIdx->aSample[idx];
+    pSample->nEq = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1);
+    pSample->nLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
+    pSample->nDLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3);
+    if( idx==pIdx->nSample-1 ){
+      if( pSample->nDLt>0 ){
+        for(i=0, sumEq=0; i<=idx-1; i++) sumEq += pIdx->aSample[i].nEq;
+        pIdx->avgEq = (pSample->nLt - sumEq)/pSample->nDLt;
+      }
+      if( pIdx->avgEq<=0 ) pIdx->avgEq = 1;
+    }
+    eType = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 4);
+    pSample->eType = (u8)eType;
+    switch( eType ){
+      case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
+        pSample->u.i = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 4);
+        break;
+      }
+      case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+        pSample->u.r = sqlite3_column_double(pStmt, 4);
+        break;
+      }
+      case SQLITE_NULL: {
+        break;
+      }
+      default: assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB ); {
+        const char *z = (const char *)(
+              (eType==SQLITE_BLOB) ?
+              sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4):
+              sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 4)
+           );
+        int n = z ? sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4) : 0;
+        pSample->nByte = n;
+        if( n < 1){
+          pSample->u.z = 0;
+        }else{
+          pSample->u.z = sqlite3Malloc(n);
+          if( pSample->u.z==0 ){
+            db->mallocFailed = 1;
+            sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          }
+          memcpy(pSample->u.z, z, n);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
+
 /*
-** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat2 tables. The
+** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables. The
 ** contents of sqlite_stat1 are used to populate the Index.aiRowEst[]
-** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat2 are used to populate the
+** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat3 are used to populate the
 ** Index.aSample[] arrays.
 **
 ** If the sqlite_stat1 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR
-** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 was defined 
-** during compilation and the sqlite_stat2 table is present, no data is 
+** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined 
+** during compilation and the sqlite_stat3 table is present, no data is 
 ** read from it.
 **
-** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 was defined during compilation and the 
-** sqlite_stat2 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined during compilation and the 
+** sqlite_stat3 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
 ** returned. However, in this case, data is read from the sqlite_stat1
 ** table (if it is present) before returning.
 **
@@ -72826,14 +78582,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
 
   assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
   assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 );
-  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );
 
   /* Clear any prior statistics */
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash);i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
     Index *pIdx = sqliteHashData(i);
     sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIdx);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
     sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, pIdx);
     pIdx->aSample = 0;
+#endif
   }
 
   /* Check to make sure the sqlite_stat1 table exists */
@@ -72845,7 +78603,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
 
   /* Load new statistics out of the sqlite_stat1 table */
   zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-      "SELECT idx, stat FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1", sInfo.zDatabase);
+      "SELECT tbl,idx,stat FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1", sInfo.zDatabase);
   if( zSql==0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }else{
@@ -72854,75 +78612,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
   }
 
 
-  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat2 table. */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat2", sInfo.zDatabase) ){
-    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }
+  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat3 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
-
-    zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-        "SELECT idx,sampleno,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat2", sInfo.zDatabase);
-    if( !zSql ){
-      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    }else{
-      rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
-    }
-
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-        char *zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
-        Index *pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, sInfo.zDatabase);
-        if( pIdx ){
-          int iSample = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
-          if( iSample<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES && iSample>=0 ){
-            int eType = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 2);
-
-            if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
-              static const int sz = sizeof(IndexSample)*SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
-              pIdx->aSample = (IndexSample *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, sz);
-              if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
-                db->mallocFailed = 1;
-                break;
-              }
-	      memset(pIdx->aSample, 0, sz);
-            }
-
-            assert( pIdx->aSample );
-            {
-              IndexSample *pSample = &pIdx->aSample[iSample];
-              pSample->eType = (u8)eType;
-              if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER || eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-                pSample->u.r = sqlite3_column_double(pStmt, 2);
-              }else if( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-                const char *z = (const char *)(
-                    (eType==SQLITE_BLOB) ?
-                    sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 2):
-                    sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 2)
-                );
-                int n = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 2);
-                if( n>24 ){
-                  n = 24;
-                }
-                pSample->nByte = (u8)n;
-                if( n < 1){
-                  pSample->u.z = 0;
-                }else{
-                  pSample->u.z = sqlite3DbStrNDup(0, z, n);
-                  if( pSample->u.z==0 ){
-                    db->mallocFailed = 1;
-                    break;
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-    }
+    rc = loadStat3(db, sInfo.zDatabase);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -73008,8 +78701,12 @@ static void attachFunc(
   sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
   const char *zName;
   const char *zFile;
+  char *zPath = 0;
+  char *zErr = 0;
+  unsigned int flags;
   Db *aNew;
   char *zErrDyn = 0;
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
 
@@ -73062,9 +78759,18 @@ static void attachFunc(
   ** it to obtain the database schema. At this point the schema may
   ** or may not be initialised.
   */
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeFactory(db, zFile, 0, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE,
-                           db->openFlags | SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB,
-                           &aNew->pBt);
+  flags = db->openFlags;
+  rc = sqlite3ParseUri(db->pVfs->zName, zFile, &flags, &pVfs, &zPath, &zErr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, zErr, -1);
+    sqlite3_free(zErr);
+    return;
+  }
+  assert( pVfs );
+  flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(pVfs, zPath, db, &aNew->pBt, 0, flags);
+  sqlite3_free( zPath );
   db->nDb++;
   if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -73115,7 +78821,9 @@ static void attachFunc(
       case SQLITE_NULL:
         /* No key specified.  Use the key from the main database */
         sqlite3CodecGetKey(db, 0, (void**)&zKey, &nKey);
-        rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
+        if( nKey>0 || sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(db->aDb[0].pBt)>0 ){
+          rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
+        }
         break;
     }
   }
@@ -73139,7 +78847,7 @@ static void attachFunc(
       db->aDb[iDb].pBt = 0;
       db->aDb[iDb].pSchema = 0;
     }
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
     db->nDb = iDb;
     if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -73211,7 +78919,7 @@ static void detachFunc(
   sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
   pDb->pBt = 0;
   pDb->pSchema = 0;
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
   return;
 
 detach_error:
@@ -73251,9 +78959,11 @@ static void codeAttach(
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
   if( pAuthArg ){
-    char *zAuthArg = pAuthArg->u.zToken;
-    if( NEVER(zAuthArg==0) ){
-      goto attach_end;
+    char *zAuthArg;
+    if( pAuthArg->op==TK_STRING ){
+      zAuthArg = pAuthArg->u.zToken;
+    }else{
+      zAuthArg = 0;
     }
     rc = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, type, zAuthArg, 0, 0);
     if(rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -73305,7 +79015,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse *pParse, Expr *pDbname){
     0,                /* xStep */
     0,                /* xFinalize */
     "sqlite_detach",  /* zName */
-    0                 /* pHash */
+    0,                /* pHash */
+    0                 /* pDestructor */
   };
   codeAttach(pParse, SQLITE_DETACH, &detach_func, pDbname, 0, 0, pDbname);
 }
@@ -73326,7 +79037,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse *pParse, Expr *p, Expr *pDbname, Expr *p
     0,                /* xStep */
     0,                /* xFinalize */
     "sqlite_attach",  /* zName */
-    0                 /* pHash */
+    0,                /* pHash */
+    0                 /* pDestructor */
   };
   codeAttach(pParse, SQLITE_ATTACH, &attach_func, p, p, pDbname, pKey);
 }
@@ -73877,7 +79589,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishCoding(Parse *pParse){
     ** on each used database.
     */
     if( pParse->cookieGoto>0 ){
-      u32 mask;
+      yDbMask mask;
       int iDb;
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->cookieGoto-1);
       for(iDb=0, mask=1; iDb<db->nDb; mask<<=1, iDb++){
@@ -73885,7 +79597,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishCoding(Parse *pParse){
         sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v,OP_Transaction, iDb, (mask & pParse->writeMask)!=0);
         if( db->init.busy==0 ){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v,OP_VerifyCookie, iDb, pParse->cookieValue[iDb]);
+          assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_VerifyCookie,
+                            iDb, pParse->cookieValue[iDb],
+                            db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration);
         }
       }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
@@ -73926,9 +79641,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishCoding(Parse *pParse){
     /* A minimum of one cursor is required if autoincrement is used
     *  See ticket [a696379c1f08866] */
     if( pParse->pAinc!=0 && pParse->nTab==0 ) pParse->nTab = 1;
-    sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, pParse->nVar, pParse->nMem,
-                         pParse->nTab, pParse->nMaxArg, pParse->explain,
-                         pParse->isMultiWrite && pParse->mayAbort);
+    sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(v, pParse);
     pParse->rc = SQLITE_DONE;
     pParse->colNamesSet = 0;
   }else{
@@ -73998,9 +79711,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3FindTable(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, const cha
   int nName;
   assert( zName!=0 );
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
+  assert( zDatabase!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
     int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;   /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
     if( zDatabase!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zDatabase, db->aDb[j].zName) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
     p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[j].pSchema->tblHash, zName, nName);
     if( p ) break;
   }
@@ -74060,11 +79776,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3FindIndex(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName, const cha
   Index *p = 0;
   int i;
   int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
+  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
     int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
     Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[j].pSchema;
     assert( pSchema );
     if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(zDb, db->aDb[j].zName) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
     p = sqlite3HashFind(&pSchema->idxHash, zName, nName);
     if( p ) break;
   }
@@ -74091,11 +79810,13 @@ static void freeIndex(sqlite3 *db, Index *p){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zIdxName){
   Index *pIndex;
   int len;
-  Hash *pHash = &db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash;
+  Hash *pHash;
 
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pHash = &db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash;
   len = sqlite3Strlen30(zIdxName);
   pIndex = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zIdxName, len, 0);
-  if( pIndex ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pIndex) ){
     if( pIndex->pTable->pIndex==pIndex ){
       pIndex->pTable->pIndex = pIndex->pNext;
     }else{
@@ -74120,26 +79841,42 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char
 ** if there were schema changes during the transaction or if a
 ** schema-cookie mismatch occurs.
 **
-** If iDb==0 then reset the internal schema tables for all database
-** files.  If iDb>=1 then reset the internal schema for only the
+** If iDb<0 then reset the internal schema tables for all database
+** files.  If iDb>=0 then reset the internal schema for only the
 ** single file indicated.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
   int i, j;
-  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
 
-  if( iDb==0 ){
-    sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  if( iDb>=0 ){
+    /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+
+    /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
+    ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
+    ** other database.
+    */
+    if( iDb!=1 ){
+      pDb = &db->aDb[1];
+      assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+    }
+    return;
   }
-  for(i=iDb; i<db->nDb; i++){
+  /* Case 2 (from here to the end): Reset all schemas for all attached
+  ** databases. */
+  assert( iDb<0 );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
     Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
     if( pDb->pSchema ){
-      assert(i==1 || (pDb->pBt && sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(pDb->pBt)));
-      sqlite3SchemaFree(pDb->pSchema);
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
     }
-    if( iDb>0 ) return;
   }
-  assert( iDb==0 );
   db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
   sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
   sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
@@ -74225,6 +79962,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
       TESTONLY ( Index *pOld = ) sqlite3HashInsert(
 	  &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
       );
+      assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
       assert( pOld==pIndex || pOld==0 );
     }
     freeIndex(db, pIndex);
@@ -74259,6 +79997,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char
   assert( db!=0 );
   assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
   assert( zTabName );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   testcase( zTabName[0]==0 );  /* Zero-length table names are allowed */
   pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
   p = sqlite3HashInsert(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash, zTabName,
@@ -74455,8 +80194,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(
   */
   iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
   if( iDb<0 ) return;
-  if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp && iDb>1 ){
-    /* If creating a temp table, the name may not be qualified */
+  if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && isTemp && pName2->n>0 && iDb!=1 ){
+    /* If creating a temp table, the name may not be qualified. Unless 
+    ** the database name is "temp" anyway.  */
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "temporary table name must be unqualified");
     return;
   }
@@ -74504,17 +80244,21 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(
   ** collisions.
   */
   if( !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
+    char *zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
     if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
       goto begin_table_error;
     }
-    pTable = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+    pTable = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb);
     if( pTable ){
       if( !noErr ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %T already exists", pName);
+      }else{
+        assert( !db->init.busy );
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       }
       goto begin_table_error;
     }
-    if( sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, 0)!=0 && (iDb==0 || !db->init.busy) ){
+    if( sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb)!=0 ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "there is already an index named %s", zName);
       goto begin_table_error;
     }
@@ -74531,6 +80275,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(
   pTable->iPKey = -1;
   pTable->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
   pTable->nRef = 1;
+  pTable->nRowEst = 1000000;
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   pParse->pNewTable = pTable;
 
@@ -74540,6 +80285,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
   if( !pParse->nested && strcmp(zName, "sqlite_sequence")==0 ){
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     pTable->pSchema->pSeqTab = pTable;
   }
 #endif
@@ -75000,6 +80746,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ChangeCookie(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie+1, r1);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, r1);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -75107,7 +80854,7 @@ static char *createTableStmt(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
     zSep = zSep2;
     identPut(zStmt, &k, pCol->zName);
     assert( pCol->affinity-SQLITE_AFF_TEXT >= 0 );
-    assert( pCol->affinity-SQLITE_AFF_TEXT < sizeof(azType)/sizeof(azType[0]) );
+    assert( pCol->affinity-SQLITE_AFF_TEXT < ArraySize(azType) );
     testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT );
     testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE );
     testcase( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
@@ -75302,6 +81049,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
     */
     if( p->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
       Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
       if( pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab==0 ){
         sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
           "CREATE TABLE %Q.sqlite_sequence(name,seq)",
@@ -75312,8 +81060,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
 #endif
 
     /* Reparse everything to update our internal data structures */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0,
-        sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q'",p->zName), P4_DYNAMIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+               sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q'", p->zName));
   }
 
 
@@ -75322,6 +81070,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
   if( db->init.busy ){
     Table *pOld;
     Schema *pSchema = p->pSchema;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     pOld = sqlite3HashInsert(&pSchema->tblHash, p->zName,
                              sqlite3Strlen30(p->zName),p);
     if( pOld ){
@@ -75366,7 +81115,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(
   const char *z;
   Token sEnd;
   DbFixer sFix;
-  Token *pName;
+  Token *pName = 0;
   int iDb;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
@@ -75377,12 +81126,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(
   }
   sqlite3StartTable(pParse, pName1, pName2, isTemp, 1, 0, noErr);
   p = pParse->pNewTable;
-  if( p==0 ){
+  if( p==0 || pParse->nErr ){
     sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
     return;
   }
-  assert( pParse->nErr==0 ); /* If sqlite3StartTable return non-NULL then
-                             ** there could not have been an error */
   sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
   if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName)
@@ -75508,6 +81255,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(Parse *pParse, Table *pTable){
       pSelTab->nCol = 0;
       pSelTab->aCol = 0;
       sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pSelTab);
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTable->pSchema) );
       pTable->pSchema->flags |= DB_UnresetViews;
     }else{
       pTable->nCol = 0;
@@ -75528,6 +81276,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(Parse *pParse, Table *pTable){
 */
 static void sqliteViewResetAll(sqlite3 *db, int idx){
   HashElem *i;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, idx, 0) );
   if( !DbHasProperty(db, idx, DB_UnresetViews) ) return;
   for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[idx].pSchema->tblHash); i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
     Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(i);
@@ -75561,10 +81310,13 @@ static void sqliteViewResetAll(sqlite3 *db, int idx){
 ** in order to be certain that we got the right one.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(Db *pDb, int iFrom, int iTo){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RootPageMoved(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, int iFrom, int iTo){
   HashElem *pElem;
   Hash *pHash;
+  Db *pDb;
 
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
   pHash = &pDb->pSchema->tblHash;
   for(pElem=sqliteHashFirst(pHash); pElem; pElem=sqliteHashNext(pElem)){
     Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(pElem);
@@ -75669,6 +81421,100 @@ static void destroyTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
 #endif
 }
 
+/*
+** Remove entries from the sqlite_statN tables (for N in (1,2,3))
+** after a DROP INDEX or DROP TABLE command.
+*/
+static void sqlite3ClearStatTables(
+  Parse *pParse,         /* The parsing context */
+  int iDb,               /* The database number */
+  const char *zType,     /* "idx" or "tbl" */
+  const char *zName      /* Name of index or table */
+){
+  int i;
+  const char *zDbName = pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  for(i=1; i<=3; i++){
+    char zTab[24];
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zTab),zTab,"sqlite_stat%d",i);
+    if( sqlite3FindTable(pParse->db, zTab, zDbName) ){
+      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+        "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q",
+        zDbName, zTab, zType, zName
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code to drop a table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeDropTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab, int iDb, int isView){
+  Vdbe *v;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Trigger *pTrigger;
+  Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_VBegin);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Drop all triggers associated with the table being dropped. Code
+  ** is generated to remove entries from sqlite_master and/or
+  ** sqlite_temp_master if required.
+  */
+  pTrigger = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
+  while( pTrigger ){
+    assert( pTrigger->pSchema==pTab->pSchema || 
+        pTrigger->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema );
+    sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(pParse, pTrigger);
+    pTrigger = pTrigger->pNext;
+  }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
+  /* Remove any entries of the sqlite_sequence table associated with
+  ** the table being dropped. This is done before the table is dropped
+  ** at the btree level, in case the sqlite_sequence table needs to
+  ** move as a result of the drop (can happen in auto-vacuum mode).
+  */
+  if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
+    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+      "DELETE FROM %Q.sqlite_sequence WHERE name=%Q",
+      pDb->zName, pTab->zName
+    );
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Drop all SQLITE_MASTER table and index entries that refer to the
+  ** table. The program name loops through the master table and deletes
+  ** every row that refers to a table of the same name as the one being
+  ** dropped. Triggers are handled seperately because a trigger can be
+  ** created in the temp database that refers to a table in another
+  ** database.
+  */
+  sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
+      "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE tbl_name=%Q and type!='trigger'",
+      pDb->zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), pTab->zName);
+  if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    destroyTable(pParse, pTab);
+  }
+
+  /* Remove the table entry from SQLite's internal schema and modify
+  ** the schema cookie.
+  */
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VDestroy, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTable, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+  sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+  sqliteViewResetAll(db, iDb);
+}
+
 /*
 ** This routine is called to do the work of a DROP TABLE statement.
 ** pName is the name of the table to be dropped.
@@ -75690,6 +81536,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int isView,
   if( noErr ) db->suppressErr--;
 
   if( pTab==0 ){
+    if( noErr ) sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
     goto exit_drop_table;
   }
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
@@ -75736,7 +81583,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int isView,
     }
   }
 #endif
-  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+  if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 
+    && sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_stat", 11)!=0 ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be dropped", pTab->zName);
     goto exit_drop_table;
   }
@@ -75760,75 +81608,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int isView,
   */
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v ){
-    Trigger *pTrigger;
-    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_VBegin);
-    }
-#endif
+    sqlite3ClearStatTables(pParse, iDb, "tbl", pTab->zName);
     sqlite3FkDropTable(pParse, pName, pTab);
-
-    /* Drop all triggers associated with the table being dropped. Code
-    ** is generated to remove entries from sqlite_master and/or
-    ** sqlite_temp_master if required.
-    */
-    pTrigger = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
-    while( pTrigger ){
-      assert( pTrigger->pSchema==pTab->pSchema || 
-          pTrigger->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema );
-      sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(pParse, pTrigger);
-      pTrigger = pTrigger->pNext;
-    }
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
-    /* Remove any entries of the sqlite_sequence table associated with
-    ** the table being dropped. This is done before the table is dropped
-    ** at the btree level, in case the sqlite_sequence table needs to
-    ** move as a result of the drop (can happen in auto-vacuum mode).
-    */
-    if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement ){
-      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-        "DELETE FROM %s.sqlite_sequence WHERE name=%Q",
-        pDb->zName, pTab->zName
-      );
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /* Drop all SQLITE_MASTER table and index entries that refer to the
-    ** table. The program name loops through the master table and deletes
-    ** every row that refers to a table of the same name as the one being
-    ** dropped. Triggers are handled seperately because a trigger can be
-    ** created in the temp database that refers to a table in another
-    ** database.
-    */
-    sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, 
-        "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE tbl_name=%Q and type!='trigger'",
-        pDb->zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), pTab->zName);
-
-    /* Drop any statistics from the sqlite_stat1 table, if it exists */
-    if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat1", db->aDb[iDb].zName) ){
-      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-        "DELETE FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE tbl=%Q", pDb->zName, pTab->zName
-      );
-    }
-
-    if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-      destroyTable(pParse, pTab);
-    }
-
-    /* Remove the table entry from SQLite's internal schema and modify
-    ** the schema cookie.
-    */
-    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VDestroy, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropTable, iDb, 0, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
-    sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3CodeDropTable(pParse, pTab, iDb, isView);
   }
-  sqliteViewResetAll(db, iDb);
 
 exit_drop_table:
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pName);
@@ -75938,6 +81722,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateForeignKey(
   pFKey->aAction[0] = (u8)(flags & 0xff);            /* ON DELETE action */
   pFKey->aAction[1] = (u8)((flags >> 8 ) & 0xff);    /* ON UPDATE action */
 
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, p->pSchema) );
   pNextTo = (FKey *)sqlite3HashInsert(&p->pSchema->fkeyHash, 
       pFKey->zTo, sqlite3Strlen30(pFKey->zTo), (void *)pFKey
   );
@@ -75995,11 +81780,15 @@ static void sqlite3RefillIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIndex, int memRootPage){
   Table *pTab = pIndex->pTable;  /* The table that is indexed */
   int iTab = pParse->nTab++;     /* Btree cursor used for pTab */
   int iIdx = pParse->nTab++;     /* Btree cursor used for pIndex */
+  int iSorter;                   /* Cursor opened by OpenSorter (if in use) */
   int addr1;                     /* Address of top of loop */
+  int addr2;                     /* Address to jump to for next iteration */
   int tnum;                      /* Root page of index */
   Vdbe *v;                       /* Generate code into this virtual machine */
   KeyInfo *pKey;                 /* KeyInfo for index */
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
   int regIdxKey;                 /* Registers containing the index key */
+#endif
   int regRecord;                 /* Register holding assemblied index record */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;      /* The database connection */
   int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIndex->pSchema);
@@ -76028,10 +81817,44 @@ static void sqlite3RefillIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIndex, int memRootPage){
   if( memRootPage>=0 ){
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
   }
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  /* Open the sorter cursor if we are to use one. */
+  iSorter = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, iSorter, 0, 0, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO);
+#else
+  iSorter = iTab;
+#endif
+
+  /* Open the table. Loop through all rows of the table, inserting index
+  ** records into the sorter. */
   sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
   addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
   regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterInsert, iSorter, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iSorter, 0);
+  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
+    int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 3;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, j2);
+    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SorterCompare, iSorter, j2, regRecord);
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC
+    );
+  }else{
+    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iSorter, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+#else
   regIdxKey = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
+  addr2 = addr1 + 1;
   if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
     const int regRowid = regIdxKey + pIndex->nColumn;
     const int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2;
@@ -76050,13 +81873,16 @@ static void sqlite3RefillIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIndex, int memRootPage){
     sqlite3HaltConstraint(
         pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+#endif
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iSorter, addr2);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iTab);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdx);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iSorter);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -76126,6 +81952,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
     assert( pName1 && pName2 );
     iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
     if( iDb<0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    assert( pName && pName->z );
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
     /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the the table
@@ -76153,6 +81980,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
     assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
   }else{
     assert( pName==0 );
+    assert( pStart==0 );
     pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
     if( !pTab ) goto exit_create_index;
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
@@ -76195,6 +82023,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   if( pName ){
     zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
     if( zName==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    assert( pName->z!=0 );
     if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
       goto exit_create_index;
     }
@@ -76207,6 +82036,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
     if( sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, pDb->zName)!=0 ){
       if( !ifNotExist ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "index %s already exists", zName);
+      }else{
+        assert( !db->init.busy );
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       }
       goto exit_create_index;
     }
@@ -76271,8 +82103,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   nCol = pList->nExpr;
   pIndex = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
       sizeof(Index) +              /* Index structure  */
+      sizeof(tRowcnt)*(nCol+1) +   /* Index.aiRowEst   */
       sizeof(int)*nCol +           /* Index.aiColumn   */
-      sizeof(int)*(nCol+1) +       /* Index.aiRowEst   */
       sizeof(char *)*nCol +        /* Index.azColl     */
       sizeof(u8)*nCol +            /* Index.aSortOrder */
       nName + 1 +                  /* Index.zName      */
@@ -76281,10 +82113,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     goto exit_create_index;
   }
-  pIndex->azColl = (char**)(&pIndex[1]);
+  pIndex->aiRowEst = (tRowcnt*)(&pIndex[1]);
+  pIndex->azColl = (char**)(&pIndex->aiRowEst[nCol+1]);
   pIndex->aiColumn = (int *)(&pIndex->azColl[nCol]);
-  pIndex->aiRowEst = (unsigned *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
-  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiRowEst[nCol+1]);
+  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
   pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
   zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
   memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
@@ -76293,6 +82125,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;
   pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
   pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
 
   /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
   */
@@ -76422,6 +82255,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   */
   if( db->init.busy ){
     Index *p;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
     p = sqlite3HashInsert(&pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, 
                           pIndex->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pIndex->zName),
                           pIndex);
@@ -76473,7 +82307,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
       /* A named index with an explicit CREATE INDEX statement */
       zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "CREATE%s INDEX %.*s",
         onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE",
-        pEnd->z - pName->z + 1,
+        (int)(pEnd->z - pName->z) + 1,
         pName->z);
     }else{
       /* An automatic index created by a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint */
@@ -76499,8 +82333,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
     if( pTblName ){
       sqlite3RefillIndex(pParse, pIndex, iMem);
       sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0,
-         sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q'", pIndex->zName), P4_DYNAMIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+         sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q' AND type='index'", pIndex->zName));
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Expire, 0);
     }
   }
@@ -76559,16 +82393,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
 ** are based on typical values found in actual indices.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index *pIdx){
-  unsigned *a = pIdx->aiRowEst;
+  tRowcnt *a = pIdx->aiRowEst;
   int i;
+  tRowcnt n;
   assert( a!=0 );
-  a[0] = 1000000;
-  for(i=pIdx->nColumn; i>=5; i--){
-    a[i] = 5;
-  }
-  while( i>=1 ){
-    a[i] = 11 - i;
-    i--;
+  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowEst;
+  if( a[0]<10 ) a[0] = 10;
+  n = 10;
+  for(i=1; i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    a[i] = n;
+    if( n>5 ) n--;
   }
   if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
     a[pIdx->nColumn] = 1;
@@ -76597,6 +82431,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int ifExists
   if( pIndex==0 ){
     if( !ifExists ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such index: %S", pName, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
     }
     pParse->checkSchema = 1;
     goto exit_drop_index;
@@ -76628,16 +82464,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int ifExists
   if( v ){
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 1, iDb);
     sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-       "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE name=%Q",
-       db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb),
-       pIndex->zName
+       "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE name=%Q AND type='index'",
+       db->aDb[iDb].zName, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb), pIndex->zName
     );
-    if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat1", db->aDb[iDb].zName) ){
-      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-        "DELETE FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE idx=%Q",
-        db->aDb[iDb].zName, pIndex->zName
-      );
-    }
+    sqlite3ClearStatTables(pParse, iDb, "idx", pIndex->zName);
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
     destroyRootPage(pParse, pIndex->tnum, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_DropIndex, iDb, 0, 0, pIndex->zName, 0);
@@ -77009,8 +82839,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(Parse *pParse, SrcList *p, Token *pI
 ** operator with A.  This routine shifts that operator over to B.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(SrcList *p){
-  if( p && p->a ){
+  if( p ){
     int i;
+    assert( p->a || p->nSrc==0 );
     for(i=p->nSrc-1; i>0; i--){
       p->a[i].jointype = p->a[i-1].jointype;
     }
@@ -77048,13 +82879,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTransaction(Parse *pParse, int type){
 ** Commit a transaction
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitTransaction(Parse *pParse){
-  sqlite3 *db;
   Vdbe *v;
 
   assert( pParse!=0 );
-  db = pParse->db;
-  assert( db!=0 );
-/*  if( db->aDb[0].pBt==0 ) return; */
+  assert( pParse->db!=0 );
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "COMMIT", 0, 0) ){
     return;
   }
@@ -77068,13 +82896,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitTransaction(Parse *pParse){
 ** Rollback a transaction
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse *pParse){
-  sqlite3 *db;
   Vdbe *v;
 
   assert( pParse!=0 );
-  db = pParse->db;
-  assert( db!=0 );
-/*  if( db->aDb[0].pBt==0 ) return; */
+  assert( pParse->db!=0 );
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_TRANSACTION, "ROLLBACK", 0, 0) ){
     return;
   }
@@ -77120,7 +82945,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(Parse *pParse){
           SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
           SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB;
 
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeFactory(db, 0, 0, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, flags, &pBt);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &pBt, 0, flags);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unable to open a temporary database "
         "file for storing temporary tables");
@@ -77169,12 +82994,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   }
   if( iDb>=0 ){
     sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
-    int mask;
+    yDbMask mask;
 
     assert( iDb<db->nDb );
     assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
     assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
-    mask = 1<<iDb;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    mask = ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
     if( (pToplevel->cookieMask & mask)==0 ){
       pToplevel->cookieMask |= mask;
       pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
@@ -77185,6 +83011,21 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** If argument zDb is NULL, then call sqlite3CodeVerifySchema() for each 
+** attached database. Otherwise, invoke it for the database named zDb only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse *pParse, const char *zDb){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pBt && (!zDb || 0==sqlite3StrICmp(zDb, pDb->zName)) ){
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /*
 ** Generate VDBE code that prepares for doing an operation that
 ** might change the database.
@@ -77201,7 +83042,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse *pParse, int setStatement, int iDb){
   Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
   sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
-  pToplevel->writeMask |= 1<<iDb;
+  pToplevel->writeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
   pToplevel->isMultiWrite |= setStatement;
 }
 
@@ -77301,6 +83142,7 @@ static void reindexDatabases(Parse *pParse, char const *zColl){
   HashElem *k;                /* For looping over tables in pDb */
   Table *pTab;                /* A table in the database */
 
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );  /* Needed for schema access */
   for(iDb=0, pDb=db->aDb; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++, pDb++){
     assert( pDb!=0 );
     for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash);  k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
@@ -77777,7 +83619,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(
   ** priority to built-in functions.
   **
   ** Except, if createFlag is true, that means that we are trying to
-  ** install a new function.  Whatever FuncDef structure is returned will
+  ** install a new function.  Whatever FuncDef structure is returned it will
   ** have fields overwritten with new information appropriate for the
   ** new function.  But the FuncDefs for built-in functions are read-only.
   ** So we must not search for built-ins when creating a new function.
@@ -77819,12 +83661,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(
 /*
 ** Free all resources held by the schema structure. The void* argument points
 ** at a Schema struct. This function does not call sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on the 
-** pointer itself, it just cleans up subsiduary resources (i.e. the contents
+** pointer itself, it just cleans up subsidiary resources (i.e. the contents
 ** of the schema hash tables).
 **
 ** The Schema.cache_size variable is not cleared.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaFree(void *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *p){
   Hash temp1;
   Hash temp2;
   HashElem *pElem;
@@ -77846,7 +83688,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaFree(void *p){
   sqlite3HashClear(&temp1);
   sqlite3HashClear(&pSchema->fkeyHash);
   pSchema->pSeqTab = 0;
-  pSchema->flags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
+  if( pSchema->flags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
+    pSchema->iGeneration++;
+    pSchema->flags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -77856,7 +83701,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaFree(void *p){
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *db, Btree *pBt){
   Schema * p;
   if( pBt ){
-    p = (Schema *)sqlite3BtreeSchema(pBt, sizeof(Schema), sqlite3SchemaFree);
+    p = (Schema *)sqlite3BtreeSchema(pBt, sizeof(Schema), sqlite3SchemaClear);
   }else{
     p = (Schema *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(0, sizeof(Schema));
   }
@@ -77890,9 +83735,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *db, Btree *pBt){
 */
 
 /*
-** Look up every table that is named in pSrc.  If any table is not found,
-** add an error message to pParse->zErrMsg and return NULL.  If all tables
-** are found, return a pointer to the last table.
+** While a SrcList can in general represent multiple tables and subqueries
+** (as in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement) in this case it contains
+** the name of a single table, as one might find in an INSERT, DELETE,
+** or UPDATE statement.  Look up that table in the symbol table and
+** return a pointer.  Set an error message and return NULL if the table 
+** name is not found or if any other error occurs.
+**
+** The following fields are initialized appropriate in pSrc:
+**
+**    pSrc->a[0].pTab       Pointer to the Table object
+**    pSrc->a[0].pIndex     Pointer to the INDEXED BY index, if there is one
+**
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3SrcListLookup(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pSrc){
   struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
@@ -78237,7 +84091,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(
     /* Collect rowids of every row to be deleted.
     */
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere,0,WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
+        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK
+    );
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto delete_from_cleanup;
     regRowid = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, iRowid);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, regRowid);
@@ -78267,6 +84123,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iRowid, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OE_Abort);
       sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
     }else
 #endif
@@ -78411,7 +84268,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
     sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
     if( count ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     }
   }
 
@@ -78501,8 +84358,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
     }
   }
   if( doMakeRec ){
+    const char *zAff;
+    if( pTab->pSelect || (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt)!=0 ){
+      zAff = 0;
+    }else{
+      zAff = sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx);
+    }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol+1, regOut);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
   }
   sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol+1);
   return regBase;
@@ -78528,6 +84391,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
 ** sqliteRegisterBuildinFunctions() found at the bottom of the file.
 ** All other code has file scope.
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Return the collating function associated with a function.
@@ -78793,7 +84658,7 @@ static void roundFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
       sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
       return;
     }
-    sqlite3AtoF(zBuf, &r);
+    sqlite3AtoF(zBuf, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf), SQLITE_UTF8);
     sqlite3_free(zBuf);
   }
   sqlite3_result_double(context, r);
@@ -78840,16 +84705,15 @@ static void upperFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
   if( z2 ){
     z1 = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)n)+1);
     if( z1 ){
-      memcpy(z1, z2, n+1);
-      for(i=0; z1[i]; i++){
-        z1[i] = (char)sqlite3Toupper(z1[i]);
+      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+        z1[i] = (char)sqlite3Toupper(z2[i]);
       }
-      sqlite3_result_text(context, z1, -1, sqlite3_free);
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, z1, n, sqlite3_free);
     }
   }
 }
 static void lowerFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
-  u8 *z1;
+  char *z1;
   const char *z2;
   int i, n;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
@@ -78860,11 +84724,10 @@ static void lowerFunc(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
   if( z2 ){
     z1 = contextMalloc(context, ((i64)n)+1);
     if( z1 ){
-      memcpy(z1, z2, n+1);
-      for(i=0; z1[i]; i++){
-        z1[i] = sqlite3Tolower(z1[i]);
+      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+        z1[i] = sqlite3Tolower(z2[i]);
       }
-      sqlite3_result_text(context, (char *)z1, -1, sqlite3_free);
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, z1, n, sqlite3_free);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -79014,10 +84877,10 @@ struct compareInfo {
 ** whereas only characters less than 0x80 do in ASCII.
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_EBCDIC)
-# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A,C)    (*(A++))
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)     A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
+# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A,C)  (*(A++))
+# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
 #else
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)     if( A<0x80 ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
+# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
 #endif
 
 static const struct compareInfo globInfo = { '*', '?', '[', 0 };
@@ -79060,9 +84923,9 @@ static int patternCompare(
   const u8 *zPattern,              /* The glob pattern */
   const u8 *zString,               /* The string to compare against the glob */
   const struct compareInfo *pInfo, /* Information about how to do the compare */
-  const int esc                    /* The escape character */
+  u32 esc                          /* The escape character */
 ){
-  int c, c2;
+  u32 c, c2;
   int invert;
   int seen;
   u8 matchOne = pInfo->matchOne;
@@ -79116,7 +84979,7 @@ static int patternCompare(
         return 0;
       }
     }else if( c==matchSet ){
-      int prior_c = 0;
+      u32 prior_c = 0;
       assert( esc==0 );    /* This only occurs for GLOB, not LIKE */
       seen = 0;
       invert = 0;
@@ -79192,7 +85055,7 @@ static void likeFunc(
   sqlite3_value **argv
 ){
   const unsigned char *zA, *zB;
-  int escape = 0;
+  u32 escape = 0;
   int nPat;
   sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
 
@@ -79282,6 +85145,21 @@ static void sourceidFunc(
   sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3_sourceid(), -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
 }
 
+/*
+** Implementation of the sqlite_log() function.  This is a wrapper around
+** sqlite3_log().  The return value is NULL.  The function exists purely for
+** its side-effects.
+*/
+static void errlogFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(context);
+  sqlite3_log(sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]), "%s", sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]));
+}
+
 /*
 ** Implementation of the sqlite_compileoption_used() function.
 ** The result is an integer that identifies if the compiler option
@@ -79747,13 +85625,8 @@ static void sumStep(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){
     if( type==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
       i64 v = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
       p->rSum += v;
-      if( (p->approx|p->overflow)==0 ){
-        i64 iNewSum = p->iSum + v;
-        int s1 = (int)(p->iSum >> (sizeof(i64)*8-1));
-        int s2 = (int)(v       >> (sizeof(i64)*8-1));
-        int s3 = (int)(iNewSum >> (sizeof(i64)*8-1));
-        p->overflow = ((s1&s2&~s3) | (~s1&~s2&s3))?1:0;
-        p->iSum = iNewSum;
+      if( (p->approx|p->overflow)==0 && sqlite3AddInt64(&p->iSum, v) ){
+        p->overflow = 1;
       }
     }else{
       p->rSum += sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
@@ -79958,10 +85831,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3 *db, int caseSensitive)
   }else{
     pInfo = (struct compareInfo*)&likeInfoNorm;
   }
-  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 2, SQLITE_ANY, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0);
-  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 3, SQLITE_ANY, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0);
-  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "glob", 2, SQLITE_ANY, 
-      (struct compareInfo*)&globInfo, likeFunc, 0,0);
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "like", 3, SQLITE_UTF8, pInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
+  sqlite3CreateFunc(db, "glob", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 
+      (struct compareInfo*)&globInfo, likeFunc, 0, 0, 0);
   setLikeOptFlag(db, "glob", SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE | SQLITE_FUNC_CASE);
   setLikeOptFlag(db, "like", 
       caseSensitive ? (SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE | SQLITE_FUNC_CASE) : SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE);
@@ -80045,15 +85918,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void){
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
 /*  FUNCTION(coalesce,          -1, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {-1,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"coalesce",0},
+    {-1,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"coalesce",0,0},
     FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
 /*  FUNCTION(ifnull,             2, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {2,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"ifnull",0},
+    {2,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"ifnull",0,0},
     FUNCTION(random,             0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(randomblob,         1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
     FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_version,     0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,   0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_log,         2, 0, 0, errlogFunc       ),
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
     FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_used,1, 0, 0, compileoptionusedFunc  ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_get, 1, 0, 0, compileoptiongetFunc  ),
@@ -80075,7 +85949,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void){
     AGGREGATE(total,             1, 0, 0, sumStep,         totalFinalize    ),
     AGGREGATE(avg,               1, 0, 0, sumStep,         avgFinalize    ),
  /* AGGREGATE(count,             0, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ), */
-    {0,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0},
+    {0,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
     AGGREGATE(count,             1, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      1, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      2, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
@@ -80486,25 +86360,37 @@ static void fkLookupParent(
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
       for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, aiCol[i]+1+regData, regTemp+i);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, aiCol[i]+1+regData, regTemp+i);
       }
   
       /* If the parent table is the same as the child table, and we are about
       ** to increment the constraint-counter (i.e. this is an INSERT operation),
       ** then check if the row being inserted matches itself. If so, do not
-      ** increment the constraint-counter.  */
+      ** increment the constraint-counter. 
+      **
+      ** If any of the parent-key values are NULL, then the row cannot match 
+      ** itself. So set JUMPIFNULL to make sure we do the OP_Found if any
+      ** of the parent-key values are NULL (at this point it is known that
+      ** none of the child key values are).
+      */
       if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr==1 ){
         int iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + nCol + 1;
         for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
           int iChild = aiCol[i]+1+regData;
           int iParent = pIdx->aiColumn[i]+1+regData;
+          assert( aiCol[i]!=pTab->iPKey );
+          if( pIdx->aiColumn[i]==pTab->iPKey ){
+            /* The parent key is a composite key that includes the IPK column */
+            iParent = regData;
+          }
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
       }
   
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0);
   
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
@@ -80654,7 +86540,7 @@ static void fkScanChildren(
   ** clause. If the constraint is not deferred, throw an exception for
   ** each row found. Otherwise, for deferred constraints, increment the
   ** deferred constraint counter by nIncr for each row selected.  */
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0);
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0);
   if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
     sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
   }
@@ -80793,7 +86679,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkCheck(
   int regNew                      /* New row data is stored here */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
-  Vdbe *v;                        /* VM to write code to */
   FKey *pFKey;                    /* Used to iterate through FKs */
   int iDb;                        /* Index of database containing pTab */
   const char *zDb;                /* Name of database containing pTab */
@@ -80805,7 +86690,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkCheck(
   /* If foreign-keys are disabled, this function is a no-op. */
   if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys)==0 ) return;
 
-  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
   zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
 
@@ -80830,7 +86714,24 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkCheck(
       pTo = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pFKey->zTo, zDb);
     }
     if( !pTo || locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
+      assert( isIgnoreErrors==0 || (regOld!=0 && regNew==0) );
       if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
+      if( pTo==0 ){
+        /* If isIgnoreErrors is true, then a table is being dropped. In this
+        ** case SQLite runs a "DELETE FROM xxx" on the table being dropped
+        ** before actually dropping it in order to check FK constraints.
+        ** If the parent table of an FK constraint on the current table is
+        ** missing, behave as if it is empty. i.e. decrement the relevant
+        ** FK counter for each row of the current table with non-NULL keys.
+        */
+        Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+        int iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + pFKey->nCol + 1;
+        for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
+          int iReg = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom + regOld + 1;
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iJump);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkCounter, pFKey->isDeferred, -1);
+      }
       continue;
     }
     assert( pFKey->nCol==1 || (aiFree && pIdx) );
@@ -81203,6 +87104,7 @@ static Trigger *fkActionTrigger(
       fkTriggerDelete(db, pTrigger);
       return 0;
     }
+    assert( pStep!=0 );
 
     switch( action ){
       case OE_Restrict:
@@ -81262,6 +87164,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FkDelete(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTab){
   FKey *pFKey;                    /* Iterator variable */
   FKey *pNext;                    /* Copy of pFKey->pNextFrom */
 
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTab->pSchema) );
   for(pFKey=pTab->pFKey; pFKey; pFKey=pNext){
 
     /* Remove the FK from the fkeyHash hash table. */
@@ -81421,7 +87324,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab){
     pTab->zColAff = zColAff;
   }
 
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zColAff, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zColAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -81535,6 +87438,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(Parse *pParse){
   for(p = pParse->pAinc; p; p = p->pNext){
     pDb = &db->aDb[p->iDb];
     memId = p->regCtr;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
     sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenRead);
     addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, memId-1, 0, p->pTab->zName, 0);
@@ -81585,6 +87489,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(Parse *pParse){
     int memId = p->regCtr;
 
     iRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
     sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenWrite);
     j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1);
     j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Rewind);
@@ -81763,7 +87668,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
   int regIns;           /* Block of regs holding rowid+data being inserted */
   int regRowid;         /* registers holding insert rowid */
   int regData;          /* register holding first column to insert */
-  int regRecord;        /* Holds the assemblied row record */
   int regEof = 0;       /* Register recording end of SELECT data */
   int *aRegIdx = 0;     /* One register allocated to each index */
 
@@ -82092,7 +87996,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
   /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
   ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
   */
-  regRecord = ++pParse->nMem;
   regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
   pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
   if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
@@ -82267,6 +88170,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 1, pTab->nCol+2, regIns, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
       sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
     }else
 #endif
@@ -82486,7 +88390,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Fail: {
         char *zMsg;
-        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_HaltIfNull,
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_HaltIfNull,
                                   SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, regData+i);
         zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s may not be NULL",
                               pTab->zName, pTab->aCol[i].zName);
@@ -82626,7 +88530,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(
     }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1, aRegIdx[iCur]);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
 
     /* Find out what action to take in case there is an indexing conflict */
@@ -82766,7 +88670,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
   }
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, baseCur, regRec, regRowid);
   if( !pParse->nested ){
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
   }
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pik_flags);
 }
@@ -83032,6 +88936,21 @@ static int xferOptimization(
     return 0;   /* Tables have different CHECK constraints.  Ticket #2252 */
   }
 #endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  /* Disallow the transfer optimization if the destination table constains
+  ** any foreign key constraints.  This is more restrictive than necessary.
+  ** But the main beneficiary of the transfer optimization is the VACUUM 
+  ** command, and the VACUUM command disables foreign key constraints.  So
+  ** the extra complication to make this rule less restrictive is probably
+  ** not worth the effort.  Ticket [6284df89debdfa61db8073e062908af0c9b6118e]
+  */
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ForeignKeys)!=0 && pDest->pFKey!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+#endif
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows)!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
 
   /* If we get this far, it means either:
   **
@@ -83346,8 +89265,10 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
   int  (*busy_timeout)(sqlite3*,int ms);
   int  (*changes)(sqlite3*);
   int  (*close)(sqlite3*);
-  int  (*collation_needed)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*));
-  int  (*collation_needed16)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*));
+  int  (*collation_needed)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,
+                           int eTextRep,const char*));
+  int  (*collation_needed16)(sqlite3*,void*,void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,
+                             int eTextRep,const void*));
   const void * (*column_blob)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
   int  (*column_bytes)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
   int  (*column_bytes16)(sqlite3_stmt*,int iCol);
@@ -83372,10 +89293,18 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
   void * (*commit_hook)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*),void*);
   int  (*complete)(const char*sql);
   int  (*complete16)(const void*sql);
-  int  (*create_collation)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
-  int  (*create_collation16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
-  int  (*create_function)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,void*,void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
-  int  (*create_function16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,int,void*,void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
+  int  (*create_collation)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,
+                           int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
+  int  (*create_collation16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,void*,
+                             int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*));
+  int  (*create_function)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,void*,
+                          void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                          void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                          void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
+  int  (*create_function16)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,int,void*,
+                            void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                            void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                            void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*));
   int (*create_module)(sqlite3*,const char*,const sqlite3_module*,void*);
   int  (*data_count)(sqlite3_stmt*pStmt);
   sqlite3 * (*db_handle)(sqlite3_stmt*);
@@ -83420,16 +89349,19 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
   void  (*result_text16le)(sqlite3_context*,const void*,int,void(*)(void*));
   void  (*result_value)(sqlite3_context*,sqlite3_value*);
   void * (*rollback_hook)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*),void*);
-  int  (*set_authorizer)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),void*);
+  int  (*set_authorizer)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,
+                         const char*,const char*),void*);
   void  (*set_auxdata)(sqlite3_context*,int,void*,void (*)(void*));
   char * (*snprintf)(int,char*,const char*,...);
   int  (*step)(sqlite3_stmt*);
-  int  (*table_column_metadata)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,char const**,char const**,int*,int*,int*);
+  int  (*table_column_metadata)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,
+                                char const**,char const**,int*,int*,int*);
   void  (*thread_cleanup)(void);
   int  (*total_changes)(sqlite3*);
   void * (*trace)(sqlite3*,void(*xTrace)(void*,const char*),void*);
   int  (*transfer_bindings)(sqlite3_stmt*,sqlite3_stmt*);
-  void * (*update_hook)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*,int ,char const*,char const*,sqlite_int64),void*);
+  void * (*update_hook)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void*,int ,char const*,char const*,
+                                         sqlite_int64),void*);
   void * (*user_data)(sqlite3_context*);
   const void * (*value_blob)(sqlite3_value*);
   int  (*value_bytes)(sqlite3_value*);
@@ -83451,15 +89383,19 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
   int (*prepare16_v2)(sqlite3*,const void*,int,sqlite3_stmt**,const void**);
   int (*clear_bindings)(sqlite3_stmt*);
   /* Added by 3.4.1 */
-  int (*create_module_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,const sqlite3_module*,void*,void (*xDestroy)(void *));
+  int (*create_module_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,const sqlite3_module*,void*,
+                          void (*xDestroy)(void *));
   /* Added by 3.5.0 */
   int (*bind_zeroblob)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,int);
   int (*blob_bytes)(sqlite3_blob*);
   int (*blob_close)(sqlite3_blob*);
-  int (*blob_open)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64,int,sqlite3_blob**);
+  int (*blob_open)(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64,
+                   int,sqlite3_blob**);
   int (*blob_read)(sqlite3_blob*,void*,int,int);
   int (*blob_write)(sqlite3_blob*,const void*,int,int);
-  int (*create_collation_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),void(*)(void*));
+  int (*create_collation_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*,
+                             int(*)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+                             void(*)(void*));
   int (*file_control)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,void*);
   sqlite3_int64 (*memory_highwater)(int);
   sqlite3_int64 (*memory_used)(void);
@@ -83488,6 +89424,34 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
   sqlite3_stmt *(*next_stmt)(sqlite3*,sqlite3_stmt*);
   const char *(*sql)(sqlite3_stmt*);
   int (*status)(int,int*,int*,int);
+  int (*backup_finish)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  sqlite3_backup *(*backup_init)(sqlite3*,const char*,sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*backup_pagecount)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  int (*backup_remaining)(sqlite3_backup*);
+  int (*backup_step)(sqlite3_backup*,int);
+  const char *(*compileoption_get)(int);
+  int (*compileoption_used)(const char*);
+  int (*create_function_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,void*,
+                            void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                            void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                            void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+                            void(*xDestroy)(void*));
+  int (*db_config)(sqlite3*,int,...);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*db_mutex)(sqlite3*);
+  int (*db_status)(sqlite3*,int,int*,int*,int);
+  int (*extended_errcode)(sqlite3*);
+  void (*log)(int,const char*,...);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*soft_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*sourceid)(void);
+  int (*stmt_status)(sqlite3_stmt*,int,int);
+  int (*strnicmp)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  int (*unlock_notify)(sqlite3*,void(*)(void**,int),void*);
+  int (*wal_autocheckpoint)(sqlite3*,int);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  void *(*wal_hook)(sqlite3*,int(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int),void*);
+  int (*blob_reopen)(sqlite3_blob*,sqlite3_int64);
+  int (*vtab_config)(sqlite3*,int op,...);
+  int (*vtab_on_conflict)(sqlite3*);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -83667,6 +89631,30 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
 #define sqlite3_next_stmt              sqlite3_api->next_stmt
 #define sqlite3_sql                    sqlite3_api->sql
 #define sqlite3_status                 sqlite3_api->status
+#define sqlite3_backup_finish          sqlite3_api->backup_finish
+#define sqlite3_backup_init            sqlite3_api->backup_init
+#define sqlite3_backup_pagecount       sqlite3_api->backup_pagecount
+#define sqlite3_backup_remaining       sqlite3_api->backup_remaining
+#define sqlite3_backup_step            sqlite3_api->backup_step
+#define sqlite3_compileoption_get      sqlite3_api->compileoption_get
+#define sqlite3_compileoption_used     sqlite3_api->compileoption_used
+#define sqlite3_create_function_v2     sqlite3_api->create_function_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_config              sqlite3_api->db_config
+#define sqlite3_db_mutex               sqlite3_api->db_mutex
+#define sqlite3_db_status              sqlite3_api->db_status
+#define sqlite3_extended_errcode       sqlite3_api->extended_errcode
+#define sqlite3_log                    sqlite3_api->log
+#define sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->soft_heap_limit64
+#define sqlite3_sourceid               sqlite3_api->sourceid
+#define sqlite3_stmt_status            sqlite3_api->stmt_status
+#define sqlite3_strnicmp               sqlite3_api->strnicmp
+#define sqlite3_unlock_notify          sqlite3_api->unlock_notify
+#define sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint     sqlite3_api->wal_autocheckpoint
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint         sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint
+#define sqlite3_wal_hook               sqlite3_api->wal_hook
+#define sqlite3_blob_reopen            sqlite3_api->blob_reopen
+#define sqlite3_vtab_config            sqlite3_api->vtab_config
+#define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict       sqlite3_api->vtab_on_conflict
 #endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
 
 #define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
@@ -83676,6 +89664,7 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
 
 /************** End of sqlite3ext.h ******************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in loadext.c ********************/
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
 
@@ -83728,6 +89717,11 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
 # define sqlite3_complete16 0
 #endif
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE
+# define sqlite3_column_decltype16      0
+# define sqlite3_column_decltype        0
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
 # define sqlite3_progress_handler 0
 #endif
@@ -83736,6 +89730,8 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
 # define sqlite3_create_module 0
 # define sqlite3_create_module_v2 0
 # define sqlite3_declare_vtab 0
+# define sqlite3_vtab_config 0
+# define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
@@ -83759,6 +89755,7 @@ struct sqlite3_api_routines {
 #define sqlite3_blob_open      0
 #define sqlite3_blob_read      0
 #define sqlite3_blob_write     0
+#define sqlite3_blob_reopen    0
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -83984,6 +89981,49 @@ static const sqlite3_api_routines sqlite3Apis = {
   sqlite3_next_stmt,
   sqlite3_sql,
   sqlite3_status,
+
+  /*
+  ** Added for 3.7.4
+  */
+  sqlite3_backup_finish,
+  sqlite3_backup_init,
+  sqlite3_backup_pagecount,
+  sqlite3_backup_remaining,
+  sqlite3_backup_step,
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
+  sqlite3_compileoption_get,
+  sqlite3_compileoption_used,
+#else
+  0,
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_create_function_v2,
+  sqlite3_db_config,
+  sqlite3_db_mutex,
+  sqlite3_db_status,
+  sqlite3_extended_errcode,
+  sqlite3_log,
+  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64,
+  sqlite3_sourceid,
+  sqlite3_stmt_status,
+  sqlite3_strnicmp,
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
+  sqlite3_unlock_notify,
+#else
+  0,
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint,
+  sqlite3_wal_checkpoint,
+  sqlite3_wal_hook,
+#else
+  0,
+  0,
+  0,
+#endif
+  sqlite3_blob_reopen,
+  sqlite3_vtab_config,
+  sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict,
 };
 
 /*
@@ -84009,7 +90049,7 @@ static int sqlite3LoadExtension(
   int (*xInit)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*);
   char *zErrmsg = 0;
   void **aHandle;
-  const int nMsg = 300;
+  int nMsg = 300 + sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
 
   if( pzErrMsg ) *pzErrMsg = 0;
 
@@ -84046,6 +90086,7 @@ static int sqlite3LoadExtension(
                    sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zProc);
   if( xInit==0 ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
+      nMsg += sqlite3Strlen30(zProc);
       *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
       if( zErrmsg ){
         sqlite3_snprintf(nMsg, zErrmsg,
@@ -84277,10 +90318,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(sqlite3 *db){
 ** This file contains code used to implement the PRAGMA command.
 */
 
-/* Ignore this whole file if pragmas are disabled
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA)
-
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
 ** 1 for ON or NORMAL and 2 for FULL.  Return 1 for an empty or 
@@ -84299,7 +90336,7 @@ static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z){
   static const u8 iValue[] =  {1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2};
   int i, n;
   if( sqlite3Isdigit(*z) ){
-    return (u8)atoi(z);
+    return (u8)sqlite3Atoi(z);
   }
   n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
   for(i=0; i<ArraySize(iLength); i++){
@@ -84313,10 +90350,16 @@ static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z){
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a boolean value.
 */
-static u8 getBoolean(const char *z){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z){
   return getSafetyLevel(z)&1;
 }
 
+/* The sqlite3GetBoolean() function is used by other modules but the
+** remainder of this file is specific to PRAGMA processing.  So omit
+** the rest of the file if PRAGMAs are omitted from the build.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA)
+
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a locking mode value.
 */
@@ -84340,7 +90383,7 @@ static int getAutoVacuum(const char *z){
   if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "none") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_NONE;
   if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "full") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_FULL;
   if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, "incremental") ) return BTREE_AUTOVACUUM_INCR;
-  i = atoi(z);
+  i = sqlite3Atoi(z);
   return (u8)((i>=0&&i<=2)?i:0);
 }
 #endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM */
@@ -84379,7 +90422,7 @@ static int invalidateTempStorage(Parse *pParse){
     }
     sqlite3BtreeClose(db->aDb[1].pBt);
     db->aDb[1].pBt = 0;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -84436,6 +90479,7 @@ static int flagPragma(Parse *pParse, const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
     { "empty_result_callbacks",   SQLITE_NullCallback  },
     { "legacy_file_format",       SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
     { "fullfsync",                SQLITE_FullFSync     },
+    { "checkpoint_fullfsync",     SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
     { "reverse_unordered_selects", SQLITE_ReverseOrder  },
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
     { "automatic_index",          SQLITE_AutoIndex     },
@@ -84482,7 +90526,7 @@ static int flagPragma(Parse *pParse, const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
             mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
           }
 
-          if( getBoolean(zRight) ){
+          if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight) ){
             db->flags |= mask;
           }else{
             db->flags &= ~mask;
@@ -84647,11 +90691,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+6, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
     }else{
-      int size = atoi(zRight);
-      if( size<0 ) size = -size;
+      int size = sqlite3AbsInt32(sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
       sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, size, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 1);
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
@@ -84676,35 +90720,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
       /* Malloc may fail when setting the page-size, as there is an internal
       ** buffer that the pager module resizes using sqlite3_realloc().
       */
-      db->nextPagesize = atoi(zRight);
+      db->nextPagesize = sqlite3Atoi(zRight);
       if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize, -1, 0) ){
         db->mallocFailed = 1;
       }
     }
   }else
 
-  /*
-  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count
-  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count=N
-  **
-  ** The first form reports the current setting for the
-  ** maximum number of pages in the database file.  The 
-  ** second form attempts to change this setting.  Both
-  ** forms return the current setting.
-  */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"max_page_count")==0 ){
-    Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
-    int newMax = 0;
-    assert( pBt!=0 );
-    if( zRight ){
-      newMax = atoi(zRight);
-    }
-    if( ALWAYS(pBt) ){
-      newMax = sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(pBt, newMax);
-    }
-    returnSingleInt(pParse, "max_page_count", newMax);
-  }else
-
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete
   **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete=ON/OFF
@@ -84718,7 +90740,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
     int b = -1;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
     if( zRight ){
-      b = getBoolean(zRight);
+      b = sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight);
     }
     if( pId2->n==0 && b>=0 ){
       int ii;
@@ -84731,19 +90753,33 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
   }else
 
   /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count=N
+  **
+  ** The first form reports the current setting for the
+  ** maximum number of pages in the database file.  The 
+  ** second form attempts to change this setting.  Both
+  ** forms return the current setting.
+  **
   **  PRAGMA [database.]page_count
   **
   ** Return the number of pages in the specified database.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_count")==0 ){
+  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_count")==0
+   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"max_page_count")==0
+  ){
     int iReg;
     if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Pagecount, iDb, iReg);
+    if( sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='p' ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Pagecount, iDb, iReg);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MaxPgcnt, iDb, iReg, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+    }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, iReg, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
-    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "page_count", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
   }else
 
   /*
@@ -84802,8 +90838,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
     int eMode;        /* One of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX symbols */
     int ii;           /* Loop counter */
 
-    /* Force the schema to be loaded on all databases.  This cases all
-    ** database files to be opened and the journal_modes set. */
+    /* Force the schema to be loaded on all databases.  This causes all
+    ** database files to be opened and the journal_modes set.  This is
+    ** necessary because subsequent processing must know if the databases
+    ** are in WAL mode. */
     if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
       goto pragma_out;
     }
@@ -84851,7 +90889,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
     Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
     i64 iLimit = -2;
     if( zRight ){
-      sqlite3Atoi64(zRight, &iLimit);
+      sqlite3Atoi64(zRight, &iLimit, 1000000, SQLITE_UTF8);
       if( iLimit<-1 ) iLimit = -1;
     }
     iLimit = sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(pPager, iLimit);
@@ -84962,11 +91000,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
   */
   if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"cache_size")==0 ){
     if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "cache_size", pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }else{
-      int size = atoi(zRight);
-      if( size<0 ) size = -size;
+      int size = sqlite3AbsInt32(sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
@@ -85304,7 +91342,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "parser_trace")==0 ){
     if( zRight ){
-      if( getBoolean(zRight) ){
+      if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight) ){
         sqlite3ParserTrace(stderr, "parser: ");
       }else{
         sqlite3ParserTrace(0, 0);
@@ -85318,7 +91356,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
   */
   if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "case_sensitive_like")==0 ){
     if( zRight ){
-      sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(db, getBoolean(zRight));
+      sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(db, sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight));
     }
   }else
 
@@ -85347,7 +91385,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
       { OP_ResultRow,   3, 1,        0},
     };
 
-    int isQuick = (zLeft[0]=='q');
+    int isQuick = (sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='q');
 
     /* Initialize the VDBE program */
     if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
@@ -85358,7 +91396,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
     /* Set the maximum error count */
     mxErr = SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX;
     if( zRight ){
-      mxErr = atoi(zRight);
+      sqlite3GetInt32(zRight, &mxErr);
       if( mxErr<=0 ){
         mxErr = SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX;
       }
@@ -85383,6 +91421,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
       ** Begin by filling registers 2, 3, ... with the root pages numbers
       ** for all tables and indices in the database.
       */
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
       pTbls = &db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash;
       for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
         Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
@@ -85448,7 +91487,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
           addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(idxErr), idxErr);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "rowid ", P4_STATIC);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+3, " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+4, pIdx->zName, P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+4, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+9);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
         }
@@ -85478,7 +91517,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+4);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+6, 
                      "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+7, pIdx->zName, P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+7, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
         }
       } 
     }
@@ -85615,7 +91654,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
       };
       int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, atoi(zRight));
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+2, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+2, iCookie);
     }else{
@@ -85657,13 +91696,29 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   /*
-  **   PRAGMA [database.]wal_checkpoint
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]wal_checkpoint = passive|full|restart
   **
   ** Checkpoint the database.
   */
   if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_checkpoint")==0 ){
+    int iBt = (pId2->z?iDb:SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED);
+    int eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
+    if( zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, "full")==0 ){
+        eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL;
+      }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, "restart")==0 ){
+        eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART;
+      }
+    }
     if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Checkpoint, pId2->z?iDb:SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+    pParse->nMem = 3;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "busy", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "log", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "checkpointed", SQLITE_STATIC);
+
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Checkpoint, iBt, eMode, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
   }else
 
   /*
@@ -85676,8 +91731,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
   */
   if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_autocheckpoint")==0 ){
     if( zRight ){
-      int nAuto = atoi(zRight);
-      sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, nAuto);
+      sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
     }
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "wal_autocheckpoint", 
        db->xWalCallback==sqlite3WalDefaultHook ? 
@@ -85767,7 +91821,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
   if( db->autoCommit ){
     sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(pDb->pBt, pDb->safety_level,
-               (db->flags&SQLITE_FullFSync)!=0);
+               (db->flags&SQLITE_FullFSync)!=0,
+               (db->flags&SQLITE_CkptFullFSync)!=0);
   }
 #endif
 pragma_out:
@@ -85814,7 +91869,7 @@ static void corruptSchema(
                                  "%s - %s", *pData->pzErrMsg, zExtra);
     }
   }
-  pData->rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM : SQLITE_CORRUPT;
+  pData->rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM : SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -85859,7 +91914,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InitCallback(void *pInit, int argc, char **argv, char
 
     assert( db->init.busy );
     db->init.iDb = iDb;
-    db->init.newTnum = atoi(argv[1]);
+    db->init.newTnum = sqlite3Atoi(argv[1]);
     db->init.orphanTrigger = 0;
     TESTONLY(rcp = ) sqlite3_prepare(db, argv[2], -1, &pStmt, 0);
     rc = db->errCode;
@@ -85921,7 +91976,7 @@ static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
   int meta[5];
   InitData initData;
   char const *zMasterSchema;
-  char const *zMasterName = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+  char const *zMasterName;
   int openedTransaction = 0;
 
   /*
@@ -86058,9 +92113,8 @@ static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
   pDb->pSchema->enc = ENC(db);
 
   if( pDb->pSchema->cache_size==0 ){
-    size = meta[BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE-1];
+    size = sqlite3AbsInt32(meta[BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE-1]);
     if( size==0 ){ size = SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE; }
-    if( size<0 ) size = -size;
     pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
     sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
   }
@@ -86119,7 +92173,7 @@ static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
   }
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK || (db->flags&SQLITE_RecoveryMode)){
     /* Black magic: If the SQLITE_RecoveryMode flag is set, then consider
@@ -86251,7 +92305,9 @@ static void schemaIsValid(Parse *pParse){
     ** value stored as part of the in-memory schema representation,
     ** set Parse.rc to SQLITE_SCHEMA. */
     sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&cookie);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( cookie!=db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, iDb);
       pParse->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
     }
 
@@ -86393,9 +92449,6 @@ static int sqlite3Prepare(
   if( pParse->checkSchema ){
     schemaIsValid(pParse);
   }
-  if( pParse->rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA ){
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
-  }
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
@@ -86408,13 +92461,13 @@ static int sqlite3Prepare(
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pParse->pVdbe && pParse->explain ){
     static const char * const azColName[] = {
        "addr", "opcode", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "comment",
-       "order", "from", "detail"
+       "selectid", "order", "from", "detail"
     };
     int iFirst, mx;
     if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(pParse->pVdbe, 3);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(pParse->pVdbe, 4);
       iFirst = 8;
-      mx = 11;
+      mx = 12;
     }else{
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(pParse->pVdbe, 8);
       iFirst = 0;
@@ -86564,7 +92617,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
 */
 static int sqlite3Prepare16(
   sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
-  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
   int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
   int saveSqlFlag,          /* True to save SQL text into the sqlite3_stmt */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
@@ -86614,7 +92667,7 @@ static int sqlite3Prepare16(
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
   sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
-  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
   int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
   const void **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
@@ -86626,7 +92679,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
 }
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
   sqlite3 *db,              /* Database handle. */ 
-  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-8 encoded SQL statement. */
+  const void *zSql,         /* UTF-16 encoded SQL statement. */
   int nBytes,               /* Length of zSql in bytes. */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,    /* OUT: A pointer to the prepared statement */
   const void **pzTail       /* OUT: End of parsed string */
@@ -86707,6 +92760,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(
   pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
   assert( db->mallocFailed || !pOffset || pLimit ); /* OFFSET implies LIMIT */
   if( pNew==0 ){
+    assert( db->mallocFailed );
     pNew = &standin;
     memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
   }
@@ -86731,7 +92785,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(
     clearSelect(db, pNew);
     if( pNew!=&standin ) sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
     pNew = 0;
+  }else{
+    assert( pNew->pSrc!=0 || pParse->nErr>0 );
   }
+  assert( pNew!=&standin );
   return pNew;
 }
 
@@ -87061,12 +93118,18 @@ static void pushOntoSorter(
   int nExpr = pOrderBy->nExpr;
   int regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+2);
   int regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  int op;
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pOrderBy->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
   sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regData, regBase+nExpr+1, 1);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nExpr + 2, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pOrderBy->iECursor, regRecord);
+  if( pSelect->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+    op = OP_SorterInsert;
+  }else{
+    op = OP_IdxInsert;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, pOrderBy->iECursor, regRecord);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nExpr+2);
   if( pSelect->iLimit ){
@@ -87084,7 +93147,6 @@ static void pushOntoSorter(
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pOrderBy->iECursor);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pOrderBy->iECursor);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
-    pSelect->iLimit = 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -87133,11 +93195,13 @@ static void codeDistinct(
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
 /*
 ** Generate an error message when a SELECT is used within a subexpression
 ** (example:  "a IN (SELECT * FROM table)") but it has more than 1 result
-** column.  We do this in a subroutine because the error occurs in multiple
-** places.
+** column.  We do this in a subroutine because the error used to occur
+** in multiple places.  (The error only occurs in one place now, but we
+** retain the subroutine to minimize code disruption.)
 */
 static int checkForMultiColumnSelectError(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parse context. */
@@ -87153,6 +93217,7 @@ static int checkForMultiColumnSelectError(
     return 0;
   }
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates the code for the inside of the inner loop
@@ -87232,10 +93297,6 @@ static void selectInnerLoop(
     }
   }
 
-  if( checkForMultiColumnSelectError(pParse, pDest, pEList->nExpr) ){
-    return;
-  }
-
   switch( eDest ){
     /* In this mode, write each query result to the key of the temporary
     ** table iParm.
@@ -87364,11 +93425,11 @@ static void selectInnerLoop(
 #endif
   }
 
-  /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.
+  /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.  Except, if
+  ** there is a sorter, in which case the sorter has already limited
+  ** the output for us.
   */
-  if( p->iLimit ){
-    assert( pOrderBy==0 );  /* If there is an ORDER BY, the call to
-                            ** pushOntoSorter() would have cleared p->iLimit */
+  if( pOrderBy==0 && p->iLimit ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
   }
 }
@@ -87415,6 +93476,92 @@ static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList){
   return pInfo;
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
+/*
+** Name of the connection operator, used for error messages.
+*/
+static const char *selectOpName(int id){
+  char *z;
+  switch( id ){
+    case TK_ALL:       z = "UNION ALL";   break;
+    case TK_INTERSECT: z = "INTERSECT";   break;
+    case TK_EXCEPT:    z = "EXCEPT";      break;
+    default:           z = "UNION";       break;
+  }
+  return z;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+/*
+** Unless an "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN" command is being processed, this function
+** is a no-op. Otherwise, it adds a single row of output to the EQP result,
+** where the caption is of the form:
+**
+**   "USE TEMP B-TREE FOR xxx"
+**
+** where xxx is one of "DISTINCT", "ORDER BY" or "GROUP BY". Exactly which
+** is determined by the zUsage argument.
+*/
+static void explainTempTable(Parse *pParse, const char *zUsage){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "USE TEMP B-TREE FOR %s", zUsage);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Assign expression b to lvalue a. A second, no-op, version of this macro
+** is provided when SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN is defined. This allows the code
+** in sqlite3Select() to assign values to structure member variables that
+** only exist if SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN is not defined without polluting the
+** code with #ifndef directives.
+*/
+# define explainSetInteger(a, b) a = b
+
+#else
+/* No-op versions of the explainXXX() functions and macros. */
+# define explainTempTable(y,z)
+# define explainSetInteger(y,z)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT)
+/*
+** Unless an "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN" command is being processed, this function
+** is a no-op. Otherwise, it adds a single row of output to the EQP result,
+** where the caption is of one of the two forms:
+**
+**   "COMPOSITE SUBQUERIES iSub1 and iSub2 (op)"
+**   "COMPOSITE SUBQUERIES iSub1 and iSub2 USING TEMP B-TREE (op)"
+**
+** where iSub1 and iSub2 are the integers passed as the corresponding
+** function parameters, and op is the text representation of the parameter
+** of the same name. The parameter "op" must be one of TK_UNION, TK_EXCEPT,
+** TK_INTERSECT or TK_ALL. The first form is used if argument bUseTmp is 
+** false, or the second form if it is true.
+*/
+static void explainComposite(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  int op,                         /* One of TK_UNION, TK_EXCEPT etc. */
+  int iSub1,                      /* Subquery id 1 */
+  int iSub2,                      /* Subquery id 2 */
+  int bUseTmp                     /* True if a temp table was used */
+){
+  assert( op==TK_UNION || op==TK_EXCEPT || op==TK_INTERSECT || op==TK_ALL );
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
+        pParse->db, "COMPOUND SUBQUERIES %d AND %d %s(%s)", iSub1, iSub2,
+        bUseTmp?"USING TEMP B-TREE ":"", selectOpName(op)
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+#else
+/* No-op versions of the explainXXX() functions and macros. */
+# define explainComposite(v,w,x,y,z)
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** If the inner loop was generated using a non-null pOrderBy argument,
@@ -87451,9 +93598,20 @@ static void generateSortTail(
   }else{
     regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   }
-  addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak);
-  codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr + 1, regRow);
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+    int regSortOut = ++pParse->nMem;
+    int ptab2 = pParse->nTab++;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, ptab2, regSortOut, pOrderBy->nExpr+2);
+    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iTab, addrBreak);
+    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iTab, regSortOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ptab2, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
+  }else{
+    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak);
+    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+  }
   switch( eDest ){
     case SRT_Table:
     case SRT_EphemTab: {
@@ -87503,14 +93661,14 @@ static void generateSortTail(
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRow);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRowid);
 
-  /* LIMIT has been implemented by the pushOntoSorter() routine.
-  */
-  assert( p->iLimit==0 );
-
   /* The bottom of the loop
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrContinue);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iTab, addr);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
+  }
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
   if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, pseudoTab, 0);
@@ -87766,22 +93924,6 @@ static void generateColumnNames(
   generateColumnTypes(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
-/*
-** Name of the connection operator, used for error messages.
-*/
-static const char *selectOpName(int id){
-  char *z;
-  switch( id ){
-    case TK_ALL:       z = "UNION ALL";   break;
-    case TK_INTERSECT: z = "INTERSECT";   break;
-    case TK_EXCEPT:    z = "EXCEPT";      break;
-    default:           z = "UNION";       break;
-  }
-  return z;
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
-
 /*
 ** Given a an expression list (which is really the list of expressions
 ** that form the result set of a SELECT statement) compute appropriate
@@ -87825,7 +93967,10 @@ static int selectColumnsFromExprList(
     }else{
       Expr *pColExpr = p;  /* The expression that is the result column name */
       Table *pTab;         /* Table associated with this expression */
-      while( pColExpr->op==TK_DOT ) pColExpr = pColExpr->pRight;
+      while( pColExpr->op==TK_DOT ){
+        pColExpr = pColExpr->pRight;
+        assert( pColExpr!=0 );
+      }
       if( pColExpr->op==TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pColExpr->pTab!=0) ){
         /* For columns use the column name name */
         int iCol = pColExpr->iColumn;
@@ -87944,6 +94089,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
   assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
   pTab->nRef = 1;
   pTab->zName = 0;
+  pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
   selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSelect->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
   selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSelect);
   pTab->iPKey = -1;
@@ -88014,6 +94160,8 @@ static void computeLimitRegisters(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int iBreak){
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
       if( n==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iBreak);
+      }else{
+        if( p->nSelectRow > (double)n ) p->nSelectRow = (double)n;
       }
     }else{
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pLimit, iLimit);
@@ -88114,6 +94262,10 @@ static int multiSelect(
   SelectDest dest;      /* Alternative data destination */
   Select *pDelete = 0;  /* Chain of simple selects to delete */
   sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+#endif
 
   /* Make sure there is no ORDER BY or LIMIT clause on prior SELECTs.  Only
   ** the last (right-most) SELECT in the series may have an ORDER BY or LIMIT.
@@ -88145,6 +94297,7 @@ static int multiSelect(
   if( dest.eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
     assert( p->pEList );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
     dest.eDest = SRT_Table;
   }
 
@@ -88170,9 +94323,11 @@ static int multiSelect(
   switch( p->op ){
     case TK_ALL: {
       int addr = 0;
+      int nLimit;
       assert( !pPrior->pLimit );
       pPrior->pLimit = p->pLimit;
       pPrior->pOffset = p->pOffset;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &dest);
       p->pLimit = 0;
       p->pOffset = 0;
@@ -88186,10 +94341,18 @@ static int multiSelect(
         addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit);
         VdbeComment((v, "Jump ahead if LIMIT reached"));
       }
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &dest);
       testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
       pDelete = p->pPrior;
       p->pPrior = pPrior;
+      p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
+      if( pPrior->pLimit
+       && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pPrior->pLimit, &nLimit)
+       && p->nSelectRow > (double)nLimit 
+      ){
+        p->nSelectRow = (double)nLimit;
+      }
       if( addr ){
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
       }
@@ -88233,6 +94396,7 @@ static int multiSelect(
       */
       assert( !pPrior->pOrderBy );
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&uniondest, priorOp, unionTab);
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &uniondest);
       if( rc ){
         goto multi_select_end;
@@ -88252,6 +94416,7 @@ static int multiSelect(
       pOffset = p->pOffset;
       p->pOffset = 0;
       uniondest.eDest = op;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &uniondest);
       testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
       /* Query flattening in sqlite3Select() might refill p->pOrderBy.
@@ -88260,6 +94425,7 @@ static int multiSelect(
       pDelete = p->pPrior;
       p->pPrior = pPrior;
       p->pOrderBy = 0;
+      if( p->op==TK_UNION ) p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
       p->pLimit = pLimit;
       p->pOffset = pOffset;
@@ -88317,6 +94483,7 @@ static int multiSelect(
       /* Code the SELECTs to our left into temporary table "tab1".
       */
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&intersectdest, SRT_Union, tab1);
+      explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &intersectdest);
       if( rc ){
         goto multi_select_end;
@@ -88333,10 +94500,12 @@ static int multiSelect(
       pOffset = p->pOffset;
       p->pOffset = 0;
       intersectdest.iParm = tab2;
+      explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &intersectdest);
       testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
       pDelete = p->pPrior;
       p->pPrior = pPrior;
+      if( p->nSelectRow>pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
       p->pLimit = pLimit;
       p->pOffset = pOffset;
@@ -88369,6 +94538,8 @@ static int multiSelect(
     }
   }
 
+  explainComposite(pParse, p->op, iSub1, iSub2, p->op!=TK_ALL);
+
   /* Compute collating sequences used by 
   ** temporary tables needed to implement the compound select.
   ** Attach the KeyInfo structure to all temporary tables.
@@ -88712,6 +94883,10 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   ExprList *pOrderBy;   /* The ORDER BY clause */
   int nOrderBy;         /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
   int *aPermute;        /* Mapping from ORDER BY terms to result set columns */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+#endif
 
   assert( p->pOrderBy!=0 );
   assert( pKeyDup==0 ); /* "Managed" code needs this.  Ticket #3382. */
@@ -88823,7 +94998,6 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   /* Separate the left and the right query from one another
   */
   p->pPrior = 0;
-  pPrior->pRightmost = 0;
   sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, p, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
   if( pPrior->pPrior==0 ){
     sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pPrior, pPrior->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
@@ -88866,6 +95040,7 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   */
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for left SELECT"));
   pPrior->iLimit = regLimitA;
+  explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
   sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &destA);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofA);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
@@ -88880,6 +95055,7 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   savedOffset = p->iOffset;
   p->iLimit = regLimitB;
   p->iOffset = 0;  
+  explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
   sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destB);
   p->iLimit = savedLimit;
   p->iOffset = savedOffset;
@@ -88916,6 +95092,7 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofA);
+    p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }
 
   /* Generate a subroutine to run when the results from select B
@@ -88923,6 +95100,7 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   */
   if( op==TK_INTERSECT ){
     addrEofB = addrEofA;
+    if( p->nSelectRow > pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }else{  
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-B subroutine"));
     addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, labelEnd);
@@ -89010,6 +95188,7 @@ static int multiSelectOrderBy(
 
   /*** TBD:  Insert subroutine calls to close cursors on incomplete
   **** subqueries ****/
+  explainComposite(pParse, p->op, iSub1, iSub2, 0);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 #endif
@@ -89200,6 +95379,9 @@ static void substSelect(
 **        appear as unmodified result columns in the outer query.  But
 **        have other optimizations in mind to deal with that case.
 **
+**  (21)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not
+**        DISTINCT.  (See ticket [752e1646fc]).
+**
 ** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
 ** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
 ** uses aggregates and subqueryIsAgg is true if the subquery uses aggregates.
@@ -89268,6 +95450,9 @@ static int flattenSubquery(
   }
   if( isAgg && pSub->pOrderBy ) return 0;                /* Restriction (16) */
   if( pSub->pLimit && p->pWhere ) return 0;              /* Restriction (19) */
+  if( pSub->pLimit && (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 ){
+     return 0;         /* Restriction (21) */
+  }
 
   /* OBSOLETE COMMENT 1:
   ** Restriction 3:  If the subquery is a join, make sure the subquery is 
@@ -89743,6 +95928,7 @@ static int selectExpander(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
       while( pSel->pPrior ){ pSel = pSel->pPrior; }
       selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSel->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
       pTab->iPKey = -1;
+      pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
       pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
 #endif
     }else{
@@ -90107,7 +96293,7 @@ static void updateAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
     if( pList ){
       nArg = pList->nExpr;
       regAgg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nArg);
-      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, 0);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, 1);
     }else{
       nArg = 0;
       regAgg = 0;
@@ -90159,6 +96345,32 @@ static void updateAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
 }
 
+/*
+** Add a single OP_Explain instruction to the VDBE to explain a simple
+** count(*) query ("SELECT count(*) FROM pTab").
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+static void explainSimpleCount(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being queried */
+  Index *pIdx                     /* Index used to optimize scan, or NULL */
+){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s %s%s(~%d rows)",
+        pTab->zName, 
+        pIdx ? "USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
+        pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "",
+        pTab->nRowEst
+    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
+        pParse->pVdbe, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zEqp, P4_DYNAMIC
+    );
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define explainSimpleCount(a,b,c)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Generate code for the SELECT statement given in the p argument.  
 **
@@ -90232,10 +96444,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
   int distinct;          /* Table to use for the distinct set */
   int rc = 1;            /* Value to return from this function */
   int addrSortIndex;     /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+  int addrDistinctIndex; /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
   AggInfo sAggInfo;      /* Information used by aggregate queries */
   int iEnd;              /* Address of the end of the query */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database connection */
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+  int iRestoreSelectId = pParse->iSelectId;
+  pParse->iSelectId = pParse->iNextSelectId++;
+#endif
+
   db = pParse->db;
   if( p==0 || db->mallocFailed || pParse->nErr ){
     return 1;
@@ -90267,6 +96485,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v==0 ) goto select_end;
 
+  /* If writing to memory or generating a set
+  ** only a single column may be output.
+  */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+  if( checkForMultiColumnSelectError(pParse, pDest, pEList->nExpr) ){
+    goto select_end;
+  }
+#endif
+
   /* Generate code for all sub-queries in the FROM clause
   */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
@@ -90276,7 +96503,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
     Select *pSub = pItem->pSelect;
     int isAggSub;
 
-    if( pSub==0 || pItem->isPopulated ) continue;
+    if( pSub==0 ) continue;
+    if( pItem->addrFillSub ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pItem->regReturn, pItem->addrFillSub);
+      continue;
+    }
 
     /* Increment Parse.nHeight by the height of the largest expression
     ** tree refered to by this, the parent select. The child select
@@ -90287,19 +96518,44 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
     */
     pParse->nHeight += sqlite3SelectExprHeight(p);
 
-    /* Check to see if the subquery can be absorbed into the parent. */
     isAggSub = (pSub->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0;
     if( flattenSubquery(pParse, p, i, isAgg, isAggSub) ){
+      /* This subquery can be absorbed into its parent. */
       if( isAggSub ){
         isAgg = 1;
         p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
       }
       i = -1;
     }else{
+      /* Generate a subroutine that will fill an ephemeral table with
+      ** the content of this subquery.  pItem->addrFillSub will point
+      ** to the address of the generated subroutine.  pItem->regReturn
+      ** is a register allocated to hold the subroutine return address
+      */
+      int topAddr;
+      int onceAddr = 0;
+      int retAddr;
+      assert( pItem->addrFillSub==0 );
+      pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
+      topAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pItem->regReturn);
+      pItem->addrFillSub = topAddr+1;
+      VdbeNoopComment((v, "materialize %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      if( pItem->isCorrelated==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab==0 ){
+        /* If the subquery is no correlated and if we are not inside of
+        ** a trigger, then we only need to compute the value of the subquery
+        ** once. */
+        int regOnce = ++pParse->nMem;
+        onceAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Once, regOnce);
+      }
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, pItem->iCursor);
-      assert( pItem->isPopulated==0 );
+      explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
       sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
-      pItem->isPopulated = 1;
+      pItem->pTab->nRowEst = (unsigned)pSub->nSelectRow;
+      if( onceAddr ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, onceAddr);
+      retAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, pItem->regReturn);
+      VdbeComment((v, "end %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, topAddr, retAddr);
+
     }
     if( /*pParse->nErr ||*/ db->mallocFailed ){
       goto select_end;
@@ -90333,33 +96589,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
       mxSelect = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
       if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
-        return 1;
+        goto select_end;
       }
     }
-    return multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
-  }
-#endif
-
-  /* If writing to memory or generating a set
-  ** only a single column may be output.
-  */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
-  if( checkForMultiColumnSelectError(pParse, pDest, pEList->nExpr) ){
-    goto select_end;
+    rc = multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
+    explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
+    return rc;
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* If possible, rewrite the query to use GROUP BY instead of DISTINCT.
-  ** GROUP BY might use an index, DISTINCT never does.
-  */
-  assert( p->pGroupBy==0 || (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0 );
-  if( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct ){
-    p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, 0);
-    pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
-    p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
-    isDistinct = 0;
-  }
-
   /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
   ** identical, then disable the ORDER BY clause since the GROUP BY
   ** will cause elements to come out in the correct order.  This is
@@ -90372,6 +96610,30 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
     pOrderBy = 0;
   }
 
+  /* If the query is DISTINCT with an ORDER BY but is not an aggregate, and 
+  ** if the select-list is the same as the ORDER BY list, then this query
+  ** can be rewritten as a GROUP BY. In other words, this:
+  **
+  **     SELECT DISTINCT xyz FROM ... ORDER BY xyz
+  **
+  ** is transformed to:
+  **
+  **     SELECT xyz FROM ... GROUP BY xyz
+  **
+  ** The second form is preferred as a single index (or temp-table) may be 
+  ** used for both the ORDER BY and DISTINCT processing. As originally 
+  ** written the query must use a temp-table for at least one of the ORDER 
+  ** BY and DISTINCT, and an index or separate temp-table for the other.
+  */
+  if( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct 
+   && sqlite3ExprListCompare(pOrderBy, p->pEList)==0
+  ){
+    p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
+    p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, 0);
+    pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
+    pOrderBy = 0;
+  }
+
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then this sorting
   ** index might end up being unused if the data can be 
   ** extracted in pre-sorted order.  If that is the case, then the
@@ -90400,42 +96662,90 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
   /* Set the limiter.
   */
   iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  p->nSelectRow = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
   computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iEnd);
+  if( p->iLimit==0 && addrSortIndex>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrSortIndex)->opcode = OP_SorterOpen;
+    p->selFlags |= SF_UseSorter;
+  }
 
   /* Open a virtual index to use for the distinct set.
   */
-  if( isDistinct ){
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_Distinct ){
     KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    assert( isAgg || pGroupBy );
     distinct = pParse->nTab++;
     pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 0,
-                        (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    addrDistinctIndex = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 0,
+        (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
   }else{
-    distinct = -1;
+    distinct = addrDistinctIndex = -1;
   }
 
   /* Aggregate and non-aggregate queries are handled differently */
   if( !isAgg && pGroupBy==0 ){
-    /* This case is for non-aggregate queries
-    ** Begin the database scan
-    */
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy, 0);
+    ExprList *pDist = (isDistinct ? p->pEList : 0);
+
+    /* Begin the database scan. */
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy, pDist, 0);
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
+    if( pWInfo->nRowOut < p->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pWInfo->nRowOut;
 
     /* If sorting index that was created by a prior OP_OpenEphemeral 
     ** instruction ended up not being needed, then change the OP_OpenEphemeral
     ** into an OP_Noop.
     */
     if( addrSortIndex>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex);
       p->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
     }
 
-    /* Use the standard inner loop
-    */
-    assert(!isDistinct);
-    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, -1, pDest,
+    if( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
+      VdbeOp *pOp;                /* No longer required OpenEphemeral instr. */
+     
+      assert( addrDistinctIndex>=0 );
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrDistinctIndex);
+
+      assert( isDistinct );
+      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 
+           || pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 
+      );
+      distinct = -1;
+      if( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED ){
+        int iJump;
+        int iExpr;
+        int iFlag = ++pParse->nMem;
+        int iBase = pParse->nMem+1;
+        int iBase2 = iBase + pEList->nExpr;
+        pParse->nMem += (pEList->nExpr*2);
+
+        /* Change the OP_OpenEphemeral coded earlier to an OP_Integer. The
+        ** OP_Integer initializes the "first row" flag.  */
+        pOp->opcode = OP_Integer;
+        pOp->p1 = 1;
+        pOp->p2 = iFlag;
+
+        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, iBase, 1);
+        iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1 + pEList->nExpr + 1 + 1;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, iFlag, iJump-1);
+        for(iExpr=0; iExpr<pEList->nExpr; iExpr++){
+          CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pEList->a[iExpr].pExpr);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iBase+iExpr, iJump, iBase2+iExpr);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iContinue);
+
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iFlag);
+        assert( sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)==iJump );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, iBase, iBase2, pEList->nExpr);
+      }else{
+        pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Use the standard inner loop. */
+    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, distinct, pDest,
                     pWInfo->iContinue, pWInfo->iBreak);
 
     /* End the database scan loop.
@@ -90452,6 +96762,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
     int iAbortFlag;     /* Mem address which causes query abort if positive */
     int groupBySort;    /* Rows come from source in GROUP BY order */
     int addrEnd;        /* End of processing for this SELECT */
+    int sortPTab = 0;   /* Pseudotable used to decode sorting results */
+    int sortOut = 0;    /* Output register from the sorter */
 
     /* Remove any and all aliases between the result set and the
     ** GROUP BY clause.
@@ -90466,6 +96778,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
       for(k=pGroupBy->nExpr, pItem=pGroupBy->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
         pItem->iAlias = 0;
       }
+      if( p->nSelectRow>(double)100 ) p->nSelectRow = (double)100;
+    }else{
+      p->nSelectRow = (double)1;
     }
 
  
@@ -90510,12 +96825,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
 
       /* If there is a GROUP BY clause we might need a sorting index to
       ** implement it.  Allocate that sorting index now.  If it turns out
-      ** that we do not need it after all, the OpenEphemeral instruction
+      ** that we do not need it after all, the OP_SorterOpen instruction
       ** will be converted into a Noop.  
       */
       sAggInfo.sortingIdx = pParse->nTab++;
       pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
-      addrSortingIdx = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, 
+      addrSortingIdx = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, 
           sAggInfo.sortingIdx, sAggInfo.nSortingColumn, 
           0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
 
@@ -90542,7 +96857,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
       ** in the right order to begin with.
       */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
-      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy, 0);
+      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy, 0, 0);
       if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
       if( pGroupBy==0 ){
         /* The optimizer is able to deliver rows in group by order so
@@ -90562,6 +96877,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
         int nCol;
         int nGroupBy;
 
+        explainTempTable(pParse, 
+            isDistinct && !(p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)?"DISTINCT":"GROUP BY");
+
         groupBySort = 1;
         nGroupBy = pGroupBy->nExpr;
         nCol = nGroupBy + 1;
@@ -90593,11 +96911,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
         }
         regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol, regRecord);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, regRecord);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterInsert, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, regRecord);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol);
         sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
+        sAggInfo.sortingIdxPTab = sortPTab = pParse->nTab++;
+        sortOut = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, sortPTab, sortOut, nCol);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
         VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort"));
         sAggInfo.useSortingIdx = 1;
         sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
@@ -90610,9 +96931,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
       */
       addrTopOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
       sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+      if( groupBySort ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, sortOut);
+      }
       for(j=0; j<pGroupBy->nExpr; j++){
         if( groupBySort ){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, j, iBMem+j);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, sortPTab, j, iBMem+j);
+          if( j==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
         }else{
           sAggInfo.directMode = 1;
           sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pGroupBy->a[j].pExpr, iBMem+j);
@@ -90651,10 +96976,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
       /* End of the loop
       */
       if( groupBySort ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
       }else{
         sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx);
       }
 
       /* Output the final row of result
@@ -90733,11 +97058,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
         ** and pKeyInfo to the KeyInfo structure required to navigate the
         ** index.
         **
+        ** (2011-04-15) Do not do a full scan of an unordered index.
+        **
         ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
         ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
         */
         for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-          if( !pBest || pIdx->nColumn<pBest->nColumn ){
+          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0 && (!pBest || pIdx->nColumn<pBest->nColumn) ){
             pBest = pIdx;
           }
         }
@@ -90753,6 +97080,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
+        explainSimpleCount(pParse, pTab, pBest);
       }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
       {
@@ -90798,7 +97126,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
         ** of output.
         */
         resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
-        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pMinMax, flag);
+        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pMinMax, 0, flag);
         if( pWInfo==0 ){
           sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
           goto select_end;
@@ -90823,10 +97151,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
     
   } /* endif aggregate query */
 
+  if( distinct>=0 ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, "DISTINCT");
+  }
+
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then we need to sort the results
   ** and send them to the callback one by one.
   */
   if( pOrderBy ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, "ORDER BY");
     generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
   }
 
@@ -90843,6 +97176,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(
   ** successful coding of the SELECT.
   */
 select_end:
+  explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
 
   /* Identify column names if results of the SELECT are to be output.
   */
@@ -90971,6 +97305,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrintSelect(Select *p, int indent){
 ** These routines are in a separate files so that they will not be linked
 ** if they are not used.
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GET_TABLE
 
@@ -91205,6 +97541,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggerList(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
 
   if( pTmpSchema!=pTab->pSchema ){
     HashElem *p;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(pParse->db, 0, pTmpSchema) );
     for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pTmpSchema->trigHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
       Trigger *pTrig = (Trigger *)sqliteHashData(p);
       if( pTrig->pTabSchema==pTab->pSchema
@@ -91267,15 +97604,28 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTrigger(
       goto trigger_cleanup;
     }
   }
+  if( !pTableName || db->mallocFailed ){
+    goto trigger_cleanup;
+  }
+
+  /* A long-standing parser bug is that this syntax was allowed:
+  **
+  **    CREATE TRIGGER attached.demo AFTER INSERT ON attached.tab ....
+  **                                                 ^^^^^^^^
+  **
+  ** To maintain backwards compatibility, ignore the database
+  ** name on pTableName if we are reparsing our of SQLITE_MASTER.
+  */
+  if( db->init.busy && iDb!=1 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTableName->a[0].zDatabase);
+    pTableName->a[0].zDatabase = 0;
+  }
 
   /* If the trigger name was unqualified, and the table is a temp table,
   ** then set iDb to 1 to create the trigger in the temporary database.
   ** If sqlite3SrcListLookup() returns 0, indicating the table does not
   ** exist, the error is caught by the block below.
   */
-  if( !pTableName || db->mallocFailed ){
-    goto trigger_cleanup;
-  }
   pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTableName);
   if( db->init.busy==0 && pName2->n==0 && pTab
         && pTab->pSchema==db->aDb[1].pSchema ){
@@ -91316,10 +97666,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTrigger(
   if( !zName || SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3CheckObjectName(pParse, zName) ){
     goto trigger_cleanup;
   }
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   if( sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash),
                       zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName)) ){
     if( !noErr ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "trigger %T already exists", pName);
+    }else{
+      assert( !db->init.busy );
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     }
     goto trigger_cleanup;
   }
@@ -91413,7 +97767,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishTrigger(
   int iDb;                                /* Database containing the trigger */
   Token nameToken;                        /* Trigger name for error reporting */
 
-  pTrig = pParse->pNewTrigger;
   pParse->pNewTrigger = 0;
   if( NEVER(pParse->nErr) || !pTrig ) goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
   zName = pTrig->zName;
@@ -91448,14 +97801,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FinishTrigger(
        pTrig->table, z);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 0, 0, sqlite3MPrintf(
-        db, "type='trigger' AND name='%q'", zName), P4_DYNAMIC
-    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
+        sqlite3MPrintf(db, "type='trigger' AND name='%q'", zName));
   }
 
   if( db->init.busy ){
     Trigger *pLink = pTrig;
     Hash *pHash = &db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     pTrig = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), pTrig);
     if( pTrig ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -91637,15 +97990,19 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTrigger(Parse *pParse, SrcList *pName, int noErr)
   zDb = pName->a[0].zDatabase;
   zName = pName->a[0].zName;
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
     int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
     if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[j].zName, zDb) ) continue;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
     pTrigger = sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[j].pSchema->trigHash), zName, nName);
     if( pTrigger ) break;
   }
   if( !pTrigger ){
     if( !noErr ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such trigger: %S", pName, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(pParse, zDb);
     }
     pParse->checkSchema = 1;
     goto drop_trigger_cleanup;
@@ -91713,7 +98070,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(Parse *pParse, Trigger *pTrigger){
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
     sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
     base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+1, pTrigger->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+1, pTrigger->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+4, "trigger", P4_STATIC);
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, 0, 0);
@@ -91728,8 +98085,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTriggerPtr(Parse *pParse, Trigger *pTrigger){
 ** Remove a trigger from the hash tables of the sqlite* pointer.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTrigger(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zName){
-  Hash *pHash = &(db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash);
   Trigger *pTrigger;
+  Hash *pHash;
+
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  pHash = &(db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->trigHash);
   pTrigger = sqlite3HashInsert(pHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0);
   if( ALWAYS(pTrigger) ){
     if( pTrigger->pSchema==pTrigger->pTabSchema ){
@@ -91775,8 +98135,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggersExist(
   int *pMask              /* OUT: Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
 ){
   int mask = 0;
-  Trigger *pList = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
+  Trigger *pList = 0;
   Trigger *p;
+
+  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_EnableTrigger)!=0 ){
+    pList = sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pTab);
+  }
   assert( pList==0 || IsVirtual(pTab)==0 );
   for(p=pList; p; p=p->pNext){
     if( p->op==op && checkColumnOverlap(p->pColumns, pChanges) ){
@@ -92271,7 +98635,8 @@ static void updateVirtualTable(
   ExprList *pChanges,  /* The columns to change in the UPDATE statement */
   Expr *pRowidExpr,    /* Expression used to recompute the rowid */
   int *aXRef,          /* Mapping from columns of pTab to entries in pChanges */
-  Expr *pWhere         /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  int onError          /* ON CONFLICT strategy */
 );
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
@@ -92376,7 +98741,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
   int regNew;
   int regOld = 0;
   int regRowSet = 0;     /* Rowset of rows to be updated */
-  int regRec;            /* Register used for new table record to insert */
 
   memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
   db = pParse->db;
@@ -92492,7 +98856,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
   }
   for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
     int reg;
-    if( chngRowid ){
+    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
       reg = ++pParse->nMem;
     }else{
       reg = 0;
@@ -92516,7 +98880,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
   /* Virtual tables must be handled separately */
   if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
     updateVirtualTable(pParse, pTabList, pTab, pChanges, pRowidExpr, aXRef,
-                       pWhere);
+                       pWhere, onError);
     pWhere = 0;
     pTabList = 0;
     goto update_cleanup;
@@ -92534,7 +98898,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
   }
   regNew = pParse->nMem + 1;
   pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol;
-  regRec = ++pParse->nMem;
 
   /* Start the view context. */
   if( isView ){
@@ -92560,7 +98923,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
   /* Begin the database scan
   */
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOldRowid);
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere,0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED);
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
+      pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED
+  );
   if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
   okOnePass = pWInfo->okOnePass;
 
@@ -92603,6 +98968,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
       }
     }
     for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+      assert( aRegIdx );
       if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
         KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iCur+i+1, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
@@ -92644,7 +99010,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
         pTrigger, pChanges, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, onError
     );
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
-      if( aXRef[i]<0 || oldmask==0xffffffff || (oldmask & (1<<i)) ){
+      if( aXRef[i]<0 || oldmask==0xffffffff || (i<32 && (oldmask & (1<<i))) ){
         sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, i, regOld+i);
       }else{
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOld+i);
@@ -92776,6 +99142,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(
 
   /* Close all tables */
   for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+    assert( aRegIdx );
     if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur+i+1, 0);
     }
@@ -92847,7 +99214,8 @@ static void updateVirtualTable(
   ExprList *pChanges,  /* The columns to change in the UPDATE statement */
   Expr *pRowid,        /* Expression used to recompute the rowid */
   int *aXRef,          /* Mapping from columns of pTab to entries in pChanges */
-  Expr *pWhere         /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  Expr *pWhere,        /* WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement */
+  int onError          /* ON CONFLICT strategy */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;  /* Virtual machine under construction */
   ExprList *pEList = 0;     /* The result set of the SELECT statement */
@@ -92886,6 +99254,7 @@ static void updateVirtualTable(
   assert( v );
   ephemTab = pParse->nTab++;
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, ephemTab, pTab->nCol+1+(pRowid!=0));
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
 
   /* fill the ephemeral table 
   */
@@ -92903,6 +99272,7 @@ static void updateVirtualTable(
   }
   sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, pTab->nCol+2, iReg, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
   sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
@@ -92960,7 +99330,7 @@ static int execSql(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg, const char *zSql){
     return sqlite3_errcode(db);
   }
   VVA_ONLY( rc = ) sqlite3_step(pStmt);
-  assert( rc!=SQLITE_ROW );
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_ROW || (db->flags&SQLITE_CountRows) );
   return vacuumFinalize(db, pStmt, pzErrMsg);
 }
 
@@ -93025,6 +99395,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char **pzErrMsg, sqlite3 *db){
     sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "cannot VACUUM from within a transaction");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
+  if( db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db,"cannot VACUUM - SQL statements in progress");
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
 
   /* Save the current value of the database flags so that it can be 
   ** restored before returning. Then set the writable-schema flag, and
@@ -93174,13 +99548,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char **pzErrMsg, sqlite3 *db){
   );
   if( rc ) goto end_of_vacuum;
 
-  /* At this point, unless the main db was completely empty, there is now a
-  ** transaction open on the vacuum database, but not on the main database.
-  ** Open a btree level transaction on the main database. This allows a
-  ** call to sqlite3BtreeCopyFile(). The main database btree level
-  ** transaction is then committed, so the SQL level never knows it was
-  ** opened for writing. This way, the SQL transaction used to create the
-  ** temporary database never needs to be committed.
+  /* At this point, there is a write transaction open on both the 
+  ** vacuum database and the main database. Assuming no error occurs,
+  ** both transactions are closed by this block - the main database
+  ** transaction by sqlite3BtreeCopyFile() and the other by an explicit
+  ** call to sqlite3BtreeCommit().
   */
   {
     u32 meta;
@@ -93246,10 +99618,13 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char **pzErrMsg, sqlite3 *db){
     pDb->pSchema = 0;
   }
 
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+  /* This both clears the schemas and reduces the size of the db->aDb[]
+  ** array. */ 
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
 
   return rc;
 }
+
 #endif  /* SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM && SQLITE_OMIT_ATTACH */
 
 /************** End of vacuum.c **********************************************/
@@ -93269,6 +99644,18 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char **pzErrMsg, sqlite3 *db){
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 
+/*
+** Before a virtual table xCreate() or xConnect() method is invoked, the
+** sqlite3.pVtabCtx member variable is set to point to an instance of
+** this struct allocated on the stack. It is used by the implementation of 
+** the sqlite3_declare_vtab() and sqlite3_vtab_config() APIs, both of which
+** are invoked only from within xCreate and xConnect methods.
+*/
+struct VtabCtx {
+  Table *pTab;
+  VTable *pVTable;
+};
+
 /*
 ** The actual function that does the work of creating a new module.
 ** This function implements the sqlite3_create_module() and
@@ -93297,13 +99684,13 @@ static int createModule(
     pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
     pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule, zCopy, nName, (void*)pMod);
     if( pDel && pDel->xDestroy ){
+      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
       pDel->xDestroy(pDel->pAux);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
     if( pDel==pMod ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
     }
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
   }else if( xDestroy ){
     xDestroy(pAux);
   }
@@ -93400,10 +99787,9 @@ static VTable *vtabDisconnectAll(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
   ** that contains table p is held by the caller. See header comments 
   ** above function sqlite3VtabUnlockList() for an explanation of why
   ** this makes it safe to access the sqlite3.pDisconnect list of any
-  ** database connection that may have an entry in the p->pVTable list.  */
-  assert( db==0 ||
-    sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema)].pBt) 
-  );
+  ** database connection that may have an entry in the p->pVTable list.
+  */
+  assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, p->pSchema) );
 
   while( pVTable ){
     sqlite3 *db2 = pVTable->db;
@@ -93626,8 +100012,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse *pParse, Token *pEnd){
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
 
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
-    zWhere = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q'", pTab->zName);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_ParseSchema, iDb, 1, 0, zWhere, P4_DYNAMIC);
+    zWhere = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "name='%q' AND type='table'", pTab->zName);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb, zWhere);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VCreate, iDb, 0, 0, 
                          pTab->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pTab->zName) + 1);
   }
@@ -93642,6 +100028,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse *pParse, Token *pEnd){
     Schema *pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
     const char *zName = pTab->zName;
     int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pSchema) );
     pOld = sqlite3HashInsert(&pSchema->tblHash, zName, nName, pTab);
     if( pOld ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -93689,6 +100076,7 @@ static int vtabCallConstructor(
   int (*xConstruct)(sqlite3*,void*,int,const char*const*,sqlite3_vtab**,char**),
   char **pzErr
 ){
+  VtabCtx sCtx;
   VTable *pVTable;
   int rc;
   const char *const*azArg = (const char *const*)pTab->azModuleArg;
@@ -93708,12 +100096,14 @@ static int vtabCallConstructor(
   pVTable->db = db;
   pVTable->pMod = pMod;
 
-  assert( !db->pVTab );
-  assert( xConstruct );
-  db->pVTab = pTab;
-
   /* Invoke the virtual table constructor */
+  assert( &db->pVtabCtx );
+  assert( xConstruct );
+  sCtx.pTab = pTab;
+  sCtx.pVTable = pVTable;
+  db->pVtabCtx = &sCtx;
   rc = xConstruct(db, pMod->pAux, nArg, azArg, &pVTable->pVtab, &zErr);
+  db->pVtabCtx = 0;
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
 
   if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
@@ -93729,7 +100119,7 @@ static int vtabCallConstructor(
     ** the sqlite3_vtab object if successful.  */
     pVTable->pVtab->pModule = pMod->pModule;
     pVTable->nRef = 1;
-    if( db->pVTab ){
+    if( sCtx.pTab ){
       const char *zFormat = "vtable constructor did not declare schema: %s";
       *pzErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zFormat, pTab->zName);
       sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTable);
@@ -93777,7 +100167,6 @@ static int vtabCallConstructor(
   }
 
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zModuleName);
-  db->pVTab = 0;
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -93818,11 +100207,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallConnect(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
 
   return rc;
 }
-
 /*
-** Add the virtual table pVTab to the array sqlite3.aVTrans[].
+** Grow the db->aVTrans[] array so that there is room for at least one
+** more v-table. Return SQLITE_NOMEM if a malloc fails, or SQLITE_OK otherwise.
 */
-static int addToVTrans(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
+static int growVTrans(sqlite3 *db){
   const int ARRAY_INCR = 5;
 
   /* Grow the sqlite3.aVTrans array if required */
@@ -93837,10 +100226,17 @@ static int addToVTrans(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
     db->aVTrans = aVTrans;
   }
 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add the virtual table pVTab to the array sqlite3.aVTrans[]. Space should
+** have already been reserved using growVTrans().
+*/
+static void addToVTrans(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
   /* Add pVtab to the end of sqlite3.aVTrans */
   db->aVTrans[db->nVTrans++] = pVTab;
   sqlite3VtabLock(pVTab);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -93878,7 +100274,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallCreate(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zTab,
   /* Justification of ALWAYS():  The xConstructor method is required to
   ** create a valid sqlite3_vtab if it returns SQLITE_OK. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab)) ){
-      rc = addToVTrans(db, sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab));
+    rc = growVTrans(db);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      addToVTrans(db, sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab));
+    }
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -93897,8 +100296,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable){
   char *zErr = 0;
 
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
-  pTab = db->pVTab;
-  if( !pTab ){
+  if( !db->pVtabCtx || !(pTab = db->pVtabCtx->pTab) ){
     sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_MISUSE, 0);
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
     return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
@@ -93925,9 +100323,9 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable){
         pParse->pNewTable->nCol = 0;
         pParse->pNewTable->aCol = 0;
       }
-      db->pVTab = 0;
+      db->pVtabCtx->pTab = 0;
     }else{
-      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, zErr);
+      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
       sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
@@ -93995,6 +100393,7 @@ static void callFinaliser(sqlite3 *db, int offset){
         x = *(int (**)(sqlite3_vtab *))((char *)p->pModule + offset);
         if( x ) x(p);
       }
+      pVTab->iSavepoint = 0;
       sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTab);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, db->aVTrans);
@@ -94077,7 +100476,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
   if( pModule->xBegin ){
     int i;
 
-
     /* If pVtab is already in the aVTrans array, return early */
     for(i=0; i<db->nVTrans; i++){
       if( db->aVTrans[i]==pVTab ){
@@ -94085,10 +100483,62 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *db, VTable *pVTab){
       }
     }
 
-    /* Invoke the xBegin method */
-    rc = pModule->xBegin(pVTab->pVtab);
+    /* Invoke the xBegin method. If successful, add the vtab to the 
+    ** sqlite3.aVTrans[] array. */
+    rc = growVTrans(db);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = addToVTrans(db, pVTab);
+      rc = pModule->xBegin(pVTab->pVtab);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        addToVTrans(db, pVTab);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invoke either the xSavepoint, xRollbackTo or xRelease method of all
+** virtual tables that currently have an open transaction. Pass iSavepoint
+** as the second argument to the virtual table method invoked.
+**
+** If op is SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, the xSavepoint method is invoked. If it is
+** SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, the xRollbackTo method. Otherwise, if op is 
+** SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then the xRelease method of each virtual table with
+** an open transaction is invoked.
+**
+** If any virtual table method returns an error code other than SQLITE_OK, 
+** processing is abandoned and the error returned to the caller of this
+** function immediately. If all calls to virtual table methods are successful,
+** SQLITE_OK is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *db, int op, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  assert( op==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||op==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK||op==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN );
+  assert( iSavepoint>=0 );
+  if( db->aVTrans ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<db->nVTrans; i++){
+      VTable *pVTab = db->aVTrans[i];
+      const sqlite3_module *pMod = pVTab->pMod->pModule;
+      if( pVTab->pVtab && pMod->iVersion>=2 ){
+        int (*xMethod)(sqlite3_vtab *, int);
+        switch( op ){
+          case SAVEPOINT_BEGIN:
+            xMethod = pMod->xSavepoint;
+            pVTab->iSavepoint = iSavepoint+1;
+            break;
+          case SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK:
+            xMethod = pMod->xRollbackTo;
+            break;
+          default:
+            xMethod = pMod->xRelease;
+            break;
+        }
+        if( xMethod && pVTab->iSavepoint>iSavepoint ){
+          rc = xMethod(pVTab->pVtab, iSavepoint);
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -94192,6 +100642,57 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Return the ON CONFLICT resolution mode in effect for the virtual
+** table update operation currently in progress.
+**
+** The results of this routine are undefined unless it is called from
+** within an xUpdate method.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *db){
+  static const unsigned char aMap[] = { 
+    SQLITE_ROLLBACK, SQLITE_ABORT, SQLITE_FAIL, SQLITE_IGNORE, SQLITE_REPLACE 
+  };
+  assert( OE_Rollback==1 && OE_Abort==2 && OE_Fail==3 );
+  assert( OE_Ignore==4 && OE_Replace==5 );
+  assert( db->vtabOnConflict>=1 && db->vtabOnConflict<=5 );
+  return (int)aMap[db->vtabOnConflict-1];
+}
+
+/*
+** Call from within the xCreate() or xConnect() methods to provide 
+** the SQLite core with additional information about the behavior
+** of the virtual table being implemented.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3 *db, int op, ...){
+  va_list ap;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+
+  va_start(ap, op);
+  switch( op ){
+    case SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT: {
+      VtabCtx *p = db->pVtabCtx;
+      if( !p ){
+        rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+      }else{
+        assert( p->pTab==0 || (p->pTab->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0 );
+        p->pVTable->bConstraint = (u8)va_arg(ap, int);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+      break;
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  return rc;
+}
+
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
 /************** End of vtab.c ************************************************/
@@ -94215,6 +100716,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
 ** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
 */
 
+
 /*
 ** Trace output macros
 */
@@ -94314,16 +100816,31 @@ struct WhereTerm {
 #define TERM_ORINFO     0x10   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo object */
 #define TERM_ANDINFO    0x20   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pAndInfo obj */
 #define TERM_OR_OK      0x40   /* Used during OR-clause processing */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#  define TERM_VNULL    0x80   /* Manufactured x>NULL or x<=NULL term */
+#else
+#  define TERM_VNULL    0x00   /* Disabled if not using stat3 */
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure holds all information about a
 ** WHERE clause.  Mostly this is a container for one or more WhereTerms.
+**
+** Explanation of pOuter:  For a WHERE clause of the form
+**
+**           a AND ((b AND c) OR (d AND e)) AND f
+**
+** There are separate WhereClause objects for the whole clause and for
+** the subclauses "(b AND c)" and "(d AND e)".  The pOuter field of the
+** subclauses points to the WhereClause object for the whole clause.
 */
 struct WhereClause {
   Parse *pParse;           /* The parser context */
   WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;  /* Mapping of table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
   Bitmask vmask;           /* Bitmask identifying virtual table cursors */
+  WhereClause *pOuter;     /* Outer conjunction */
   u8 op;                   /* Split operator.  TK_AND or TK_OR */
+  u16 wctrlFlags;          /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
   int nTerm;               /* Number of terms */
   int nSlot;               /* Number of entries in a[] */
   WhereTerm *a;            /* Each a[] describes a term of the WHERE cluase */
@@ -94389,7 +100906,6 @@ struct WhereMaskSet {
 struct WhereCost {
   WherePlan plan;    /* The lookup strategy */
   double rCost;      /* Overall cost of pursuing this search strategy */
-  double nRow;       /* Estimated number of output rows */
   Bitmask used;      /* Bitmask of cursors used by this plan */
 };
 
@@ -94408,6 +100924,7 @@ struct WhereCost {
 #define WO_ISNULL 0x080
 #define WO_OR     0x100       /* Two or more OR-connected terms */
 #define WO_AND    0x200       /* Two or more AND-connected terms */
+#define WO_NOOP   0x800       /* This term does not restrict search space */
 
 #define WO_ALL    0xfff       /* Mask of all possible WO_* values */
 #define WO_SINGLE 0x0ff       /* Mask of all non-compound WO_* values */
@@ -94432,10 +100949,11 @@ struct WhereCost {
 #define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00040000  /* x IN (...) */
 #define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00080000  /* x IS NULL */
 #define WHERE_INDEXED      0x000f0000  /* Anything that uses an index */
-#define WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN 0x000f3000  /* Does not do a full table scan */
+#define WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN 0x100f3000  /* Does not do a full table scan */
 #define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x000f1000  /* Able to support an IN operator */
 #define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00100000  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
 #define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00200000  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00300000  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
 #define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00800000  /* Use index only - omit table */
 #define WHERE_ORDERBY      0x01000000  /* Output will appear in correct order */
 #define WHERE_REVERSE      0x02000000  /* Scan in reverse order */
@@ -94443,6 +100961,7 @@ struct WhereCost {
 #define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x08000000  /* Use virtual-table processing */
 #define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x10000000  /* OR using multiple indices */
 #define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x20000000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT     0x40000000  /* Correct order for DISTINCT */
 
 /*
 ** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
@@ -94450,14 +100969,17 @@ struct WhereCost {
 static void whereClauseInit(
   WhereClause *pWC,        /* The WhereClause to be initialized */
   Parse *pParse,           /* The parsing context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet   /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,  /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+  u16 wctrlFlags           /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
 ){
   pWC->pParse = pParse;
   pWC->pMaskSet = pMaskSet;
+  pWC->pOuter = 0;
   pWC->nTerm = 0;
   pWC->nSlot = ArraySize(pWC->aStatic);
   pWC->a = pWC->aStatic;
   pWC->vmask = 0;
+  pWC->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
 }
 
 /* Forward reference */
@@ -94589,7 +101111,7 @@ static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, int op){
 */
 static Bitmask getMask(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, int iCursor){
   int i;
-  assert( pMaskSet->n<=sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
+  assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
   for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
     if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
       return ((Bitmask)1)<<i;
@@ -94656,11 +101178,19 @@ static Bitmask exprListTableUsage(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, ExprList *pList){
 static Bitmask exprSelectTableUsage(WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, Select *pS){
   Bitmask mask = 0;
   while( pS ){
+    SrcList *pSrc = pS->pSrc;
     mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pEList);
     mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pGroupBy);
     mask |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pOrderBy);
     mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pWhere);
     mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pHaving);
+    if( ALWAYS(pSrc!=0) ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+        mask |= exprSelectTableUsage(pMaskSet, pSrc->a[i].pSelect);
+        mask |= exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pSrc->a[i].pOn);
+      }
+    }
     pS = pS->pPrior;
   }
   return mask;
@@ -94765,36 +101295,38 @@ static WhereTerm *findTerm(
   int k;
   assert( iCur>=0 );
   op &= WO_ALL;
-  for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; k; k--, pTerm++){
-    if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
-       && (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)==0
-       && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
-       && (pTerm->eOperator & op)!=0
-    ){
-      if( pIdx && pTerm->eOperator!=WO_ISNULL ){
-        Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
-        CollSeq *pColl;
-        char idxaff;
-        int j;
-        Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;
-
-        idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
-        if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, idxaff) ) continue;
-
-        /* Figure out the collation sequence required from an index for
-        ** it to be useful for optimising expression pX. Store this
-        ** value in variable pColl.
-        */
-        assert(pX->pLeft);
-        pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-        assert(pColl || pParse->nErr);
-
-        for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
-          if( NEVER(j>=pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
+  for(; pWC; pWC=pWC->pOuter){
+    for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; k; k--, pTerm++){
+      if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
+         && (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)==0
+         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
+         && (pTerm->eOperator & op)!=0
+      ){
+        if( pIdx && pTerm->eOperator!=WO_ISNULL ){
+          Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+          CollSeq *pColl;
+          char idxaff;
+          int j;
+          Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;
+  
+          idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
+          if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, idxaff) ) continue;
+  
+          /* Figure out the collation sequence required from an index for
+          ** it to be useful for optimising expression pX. Store this
+          ** value in variable pColl.
+          */
+          assert(pX->pLeft);
+          pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+          assert(pColl || pParse->nErr);
+  
+          for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
+            if( NEVER(j>=pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
+          }
+          if( pColl && sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[j]) ) continue;
         }
-        if( pColl && sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[j]) ) continue;
+        return pTerm;
       }
-      return pTerm;
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -94866,11 +101398,12 @@ static int isLikeOrGlob(
   }
   if( op==TK_VARIABLE ){
     Vdbe *pReprepare = pParse->pReprepare;
-    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pReprepare, pRight->iColumn, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+    int iCol = pRight->iColumn;
+    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
     if( pVal && sqlite3_value_type(pVal)==SQLITE_TEXT ){
       z = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, pRight->iColumn);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iCol);
     assert( pRight->op==TK_VARIABLE || pRight->op==TK_REGISTER );
   }else if( op==TK_STRING ){
     z = pRight->u.zToken;
@@ -95057,7 +101590,7 @@ static void exprAnalyzeOrTerm(
   if( pOrInfo==0 ) return;
   pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ORINFO;
   pOrWc = &pOrInfo->wc;
-  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet);
+  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
   whereSplit(pOrWc, pExpr, TK_OR);
   exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pOrWc);
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
@@ -95084,9 +101617,10 @@ static void exprAnalyzeOrTerm(
         pOrTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ANDINFO;
         pOrTerm->eOperator = WO_AND;
         pAndWC = &pAndInfo->wc;
-        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet);
+        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
         whereSplit(pAndWC, pOrTerm->pExpr, TK_AND);
         exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pAndWC);
+        pAndWC->pOuter = pWC;
         testcase( db->mallocFailed );
         if( !db->mallocFailed ){
           for(j=0, pAndTerm=pAndWC->a; j<pAndWC->nTerm; j++, pAndTerm++){
@@ -95256,7 +101790,7 @@ static void exprAnalyzeOrTerm(
       }else{
         sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
       }
-      pTerm->eOperator = 0;  /* case 1 trumps case 2 */
+      pTerm->eOperator = WO_NOOP;  /* case 1 trumps case 2 */
     }
   }
 }
@@ -95520,6 +102054,47 @@ static void exprAnalyze(
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  /* When sqlite_stat3 histogram data is available an operator of the
+  ** form "x IS NOT NULL" can sometimes be evaluated more efficiently
+  ** as "x>NULL" if x is not an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  So construct a
+  ** virtual term of that form.
+  **
+  ** Note that the virtual term must be tagged with TERM_VNULL.  This
+  ** TERM_VNULL tag will suppress the not-null check at the beginning
+  ** of the loop.  Without the TERM_VNULL flag, the not-null check at
+  ** the start of the loop will prevent any results from being returned.
+  */
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL
+   && pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN
+   && pExpr->pLeft->iColumn>=0
+  ){
+    Expr *pNewExpr;
+    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+    int idxNew;
+    WhereTerm *pNewTerm;
+
+    pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_GT,
+                            sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0),
+                            sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NULL, 0, 0, 0), 0);
+
+    idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr,
+                              TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC|TERM_VNULL);
+    if( idxNew ){
+      pNewTerm = &pWC->a[idxNew];
+      pNewTerm->prereqRight = 0;
+      pNewTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
+      pNewTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
+      pNewTerm->eOperator = WO_GT;
+      pNewTerm->iParent = idxTerm;
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
+      pTerm->nChild = 1;
+      pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+      pNewTerm->prereqAll = pTerm->prereqAll;
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT */
+
   /* Prevent ON clause terms of a LEFT JOIN from being used to drive
   ** an index for tables to the left of the join.
   */
@@ -95545,6 +102120,162 @@ static int referencesOtherTables(
   return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function searches the expression list passed as the second argument
+** for an expression of type TK_COLUMN that refers to the same column and
+** uses the same collation sequence as the iCol'th column of index pIdx.
+** Argument iBase is the cursor number used for the table that pIdx refers
+** to.
+**
+** If such an expression is found, its index in pList->a[] is returned. If
+** no expression is found, -1 is returned.
+*/
+static int findIndexCol(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  ExprList *pList,                /* Expression list to search */
+  int iBase,                      /* Cursor for table associated with pIdx */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index to match column of */
+  int iCol                        /* Column of index to match */
+){
+  int i;
+  const char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[iCol];
+
+  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *p = pList->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN
+     && p->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[iCol]
+     && p->iTable==iBase
+    ){
+      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
+      if( ALWAYS(pColl) && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine determines if pIdx can be used to assist in processing a
+** DISTINCT qualifier. In other words, it tests whether or not using this
+** index for the outer loop guarantees that rows with equal values for
+** all expressions in the pDistinct list are delivered grouped together.
+**
+** For example, the query 
+**
+**   SELECT DISTINCT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = ?
+**
+** can benefit from any index on columns "b" and "c".
+*/
+static int isDistinctIndex(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* The index being considered */
+  int base,                       /* Cursor number for the table pIdx is on */
+  ExprList *pDistinct,            /* The DISTINCT expressions */
+  int nEqCol                      /* Number of index columns with == */
+){
+  Bitmask mask = 0;               /* Mask of unaccounted for pDistinct exprs */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+
+  if( pIdx->zName==0 || pDistinct==0 || pDistinct->nExpr>=BMS ) return 0;
+  testcase( pDistinct->nExpr==BMS-1 );
+
+  /* Loop through all the expressions in the distinct list. If any of them
+  ** are not simple column references, return early. Otherwise, test if the
+  ** WHERE clause contains a "col=X" clause. If it does, the expression
+  ** can be ignored. If it does not, and the column does not belong to the
+  ** same table as index pIdx, return early. Finally, if there is no
+  ** matching "col=X" expression and the column is on the same table as pIdx,
+  ** set the corresponding bit in variable mask.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
+    WhereTerm *pTerm;
+    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( p->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
+    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, p->iTable, p->iColumn, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, 0);
+    if( pTerm ){
+      Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+      CollSeq *p1 = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+      CollSeq *p2 = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
+      if( p1==p2 ) continue;
+    }
+    if( p->iTable!=base ) return 0;
+    mask |= (((Bitmask)1) << i);
+  }
+
+  for(i=nEqCol; mask && i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    int iExpr = findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, base, pIdx, i);
+    if( iExpr<0 ) break;
+    mask &= ~(((Bitmask)1) << iExpr);
+  }
+
+  return (mask==0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if the DISTINCT expression-list passed as the third argument
+** is redundant. A DISTINCT list is redundant if the database contains a
+** UNIQUE index that guarantees that the result of the query will be distinct
+** anyway.
+*/
+static int isDistinctRedundant(
+  Parse *pParse,
+  SrcList *pTabList,
+  WhereClause *pWC,
+  ExprList *pDistinct
+){
+  Table *pTab;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  int i;                          
+  int iBase;
+
+  /* If there is more than one table or sub-select in the FROM clause of
+  ** this query, then it will not be possible to show that the DISTINCT 
+  ** clause is redundant. */
+  if( pTabList->nSrc!=1 ) return 0;
+  iBase = pTabList->a[0].iCursor;
+  pTab = pTabList->a[0].pTab;
+
+  /* If any of the expressions is an IPK column on table iBase, then return 
+  ** true. Note: The (p->iTable==iBase) part of this test may be false if the
+  ** current SELECT is a correlated sub-query.
+  */
+  for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
+    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
+    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iBase && p->iColumn<0 ) return 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Loop through all indices on the table, checking each to see if it makes
+  ** the DISTINCT qualifier redundant. It does so if:
+  **
+  **   1. The index is itself UNIQUE, and
+  **
+  **   2. All of the columns in the index are either part of the pDistinct
+  **      list, or else the WHERE clause contains a term of the form "col=X",
+  **      where X is a constant value. The collation sequences of the
+  **      comparison and select-list expressions must match those of the index.
+  */
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    if( pIdx->onError==OE_None ) continue;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      if( 0==findTerm(pWC, iBase, iCol, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) 
+       && 0>findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i)
+      ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
+      /* This index implies that the DISTINCT qualifier is redundant. */
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
 
 /*
 ** This routine decides if pIdx can be used to satisfy the ORDER BY
@@ -95572,6 +102303,7 @@ static int isSortingIndex(
   int base,               /* Cursor number for the table to be sorted */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* The ORDER BY clause */
   int nEqCol,             /* Number of index columns with == constraints */
+  int wsFlags,            /* Index usages flags */
   int *pbRev              /* Set to 1 if ORDER BY is DESC */
 ){
   int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
@@ -95580,7 +102312,10 @@ static int isSortingIndex(
   struct ExprList_item *pTerm;    /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
-  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );
+  if( !pOrderBy ) return 0;
+  if( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN ) return 0;
+  if( pIdx->bUnordered ) return 0;
+
   nTerm = pOrderBy->nExpr;
   assert( nTerm>0 );
 
@@ -95677,11 +102412,14 @@ static int isSortingIndex(
     return 1;
   }
   if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None && i==pIdx->nColumn
+      && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)==0
       && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
     /* All terms of this index match some prefix of the ORDER BY clause
     ** and the index is UNIQUE and no terms on the tail of the ORDER BY
     ** clause reference other tables in a join.  If this is all true then
-    ** the order by clause is superfluous. */
+    ** the order by clause is superfluous.  Not that if the matching
+    ** condition is IS NULL then the result is not necessarily unique
+    ** even on a UNIQUE index, so disallow those cases. */
     return 1;
   }
   return 0;
@@ -95752,7 +102490,8 @@ static void TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(sqlite3_index_info *p){
 ** Required because bestIndex() is called by bestOrClauseIndex() 
 */
 static void bestIndex(
-    Parse*, WhereClause*, struct SrcList_item*, Bitmask, ExprList*, WhereCost*);
+    Parse*, WhereClause*, struct SrcList_item*,
+    Bitmask, Bitmask, ExprList*, WhereCost*);
 
 /*
 ** This routine attempts to find an scanning strategy that can be used 
@@ -95765,7 +102504,8 @@ static void bestOrClauseIndex(
   Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
   WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
   WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
 ){
@@ -95775,8 +102515,12 @@ static void bestOrClauseIndex(
   WhereTerm * const pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];        /* End of pWC->a[] */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;                 /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
 
-  /* No OR-clause optimization allowed if the NOT INDEXED clause is used */
-  if( pSrc->notIndexed ){
+  /* The OR-clause optimization is disallowed if the INDEXED BY or
+  ** NOT INDEXED clauses are used or if the WHERE_AND_ONLY bit is set. */
+  if( pSrc->notIndexed || pSrc->pIndex!=0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  if( pWC->wctrlFlags & WHERE_AND_ONLY ){
     return;
   }
 
@@ -95801,20 +102545,22 @@ static void bestOrClauseIndex(
         ));
         if( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
           WhereClause *pAndWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
-          bestIndex(pParse, pAndWC, pSrc, notReady, 0, &sTermCost);
+          bestIndex(pParse, pAndWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
         }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
           WhereClause tempWC;
           tempWC.pParse = pWC->pParse;
           tempWC.pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
+          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
           tempWC.op = TK_AND;
           tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
+          tempWC.wctrlFlags = 0;
           tempWC.nTerm = 1;
-          bestIndex(pParse, &tempWC, pSrc, notReady, 0, &sTermCost);
+          bestIndex(pParse, &tempWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
         }else{
           continue;
         }
         rTotal += sTermCost.rCost;
-        nRow += sTermCost.nRow;
+        nRow += sTermCost.plan.nRow;
         used |= sTermCost.used;
         if( rTotal>=pCost->rCost ) break;
       }
@@ -95833,8 +102579,8 @@ static void bestOrClauseIndex(
       WHERETRACE(("... multi-index OR cost=%.9g nrow=%.9g\n", rTotal, nRow));
       if( rTotal<pCost->rCost ){
         pCost->rCost = rTotal;
-        pCost->nRow = nRow;
         pCost->used = used;
+        pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
         pCost->plan.wsFlags = flags;
         pCost->plan.u.pTerm = pTerm;
       }
@@ -95887,6 +102633,10 @@ static void bestAutomaticIndex(
   WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
   Table *pTable;              /* Table tht might be indexed */
 
+  if( pParse->nQueryLoop<=(double)1 ){
+    /* There is no point in building an automatic index for a single scan */
+    return;
+  }
   if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)==0 ){
     /* Automatic indices are disabled at run-time */
     return;
@@ -95899,10 +102649,14 @@ static void bestAutomaticIndex(
     /* The NOT INDEXED clause appears in the SQL. */
     return;
   }
+  if( pSrc->isCorrelated ){
+    /* The source is a correlated sub-query. No point in indexing it. */
+    return;
+  }
 
   assert( pParse->nQueryLoop >= (double)1 );
   pTable = pSrc->pTab;
-  nTableRow = pTable->pIndex ? pTable->pIndex->aiRowEst[0] : 1000000;
+  nTableRow = pTable->nRowEst;
   logN = estLog(nTableRow);
   costTempIdx = 2*logN*(nTableRow/pParse->nQueryLoop + 1);
   if( costTempIdx>=pCost->rCost ){
@@ -95915,10 +102669,10 @@ static void bestAutomaticIndex(
   pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
   for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
     if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
-      WHERETRACE(("auto-index reduces cost from %.2f to %.2f\n",
+      WHERETRACE(("auto-index reduces cost from %.1f to %.1f\n",
                     pCost->rCost, costTempIdx));
       pCost->rCost = costTempIdx;
-      pCost->nRow = logN + 1;
+      pCost->plan.nRow = logN + 1;
       pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;
       pCost->used = pTerm->prereqRight;
       break;
@@ -95967,8 +102721,7 @@ static void constructAutomaticIndex(
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   assert( v!=0 );
   regIsInit = ++pParse->nMem;
-  addrInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regIsInit);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regIsInit);
+  addrInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Once, regIsInit);
 
   /* Count the number of columns that will be added to the index
   ** and used to match WHERE clause constraints */
@@ -96036,7 +102789,7 @@ static void constructAutomaticIndex(
         idxCols |= cMask;
         pIdx->aiColumn[n] = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
         pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-        pIdx->azColl[n] = pColl->zName;
+        pIdx->azColl[n] = ALWAYS(pColl) ? pColl->zName : "BINARY";
         n++;
       }
     }
@@ -96115,6 +102868,7 @@ static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
     if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     nTerm++;
   }
 
@@ -96165,6 +102919,7 @@ static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
     if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     pIdxCons[j].iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
     pIdxCons[j].iTermOffset = i;
     pIdxCons[j].op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator;
@@ -96256,7 +103011,8 @@ static void bestVirtualIndex(
   Parse *pParse,                  /* The parsing context */
   WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,               /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  Bitmask notReady,               /* Mask of cursors not available for index */
+  Bitmask notValid,               /* Cursors not valid for any purpose */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,             /* The order by clause */
   WhereCost *pCost,               /* Lowest cost query plan */
   sqlite3_index_info **ppIdxInfo  /* Index information passed to xBestIndex */
@@ -96386,52 +103142,89 @@ static void bestVirtualIndex(
   /* Try to find a more efficient access pattern by using multiple indexes
   ** to optimize an OR expression within the WHERE clause. 
   */
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pOrderBy, pCost);
+  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
 /*
-** Argument pIdx is a pointer to an index structure that has an array of
-** SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES evenly spaced samples of the first indexed column
-** stored in Index.aSample. The domain of values stored in said column
-** may be thought of as divided into (SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1) regions.
-** Region 0 contains all values smaller than the first sample value. Region
-** 1 contains values larger than or equal to the value of the first sample,
-** but smaller than the value of the second. And so on.
+** Estimate the location of a particular key among all keys in an
+** index.  Store the results in aStat as follows:
 **
-** If successful, this function determines which of the regions value 
-** pVal lies in, sets *piRegion to the region index (a value between 0
-** and SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES+1, inclusive) and returns SQLITE_OK.
-** Or, if an OOM occurs while converting text values between encodings,
-** SQLITE_NOMEM is returned and *piRegion is undefined.
+**    aStat[0]      Est. number of rows less than pVal
+**    aStat[1]      Est. number of rows equal to pVal
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success.
 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
-static int whereRangeRegion(
+static int whereKeyStats(
   Parse *pParse,              /* Database connection */
   Index *pIdx,                /* Index to consider domain of */
   sqlite3_value *pVal,        /* Value to consider */
-  int *piRegion               /* OUT: Region of domain in which value lies */
+  int roundUp,                /* Round up if true.  Round down if false */
+  tRowcnt *aStat              /* OUT: stats written here */
 ){
-  if( ALWAYS(pVal) ){
-    IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
-    int i = 0;
-    int eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
-
-    if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER || eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-      double r = sqlite3_value_double(pVal);
-      for(i=0; i<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; i++){
-        if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
-        if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT || aSample[i].u.r>r ) break;
+  tRowcnt n;
+  IndexSample *aSample;
+  int i, eType;
+  int isEq = 0;
+  i64 v;
+  double r, rS;
+
+  assert( roundUp==0 || roundUp==1 );
+  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
+  if( pVal==0 ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  n = pIdx->aiRowEst[0];
+  aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+  eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
+
+  if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+    v = sqlite3_value_int64(pVal);
+    r = (i64)v;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
+      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
+      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
+      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+        if( aSample[i].u.i>=v ){
+          isEq = aSample[i].u.i==v;
+          break;
+        }
+      }else{
+        assert( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT );
+        if( aSample[i].u.r>=r ){
+          isEq = aSample[i].u.r==r;
+          break;
+        }
       }
-    }else{ 
+    }
+  }else if( eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
+    r = sqlite3_value_double(pVal);
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
+      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
+      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
+      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
+        rS = aSample[i].u.r;
+      }else{
+        rS = aSample[i].u.i;
+      }
+      if( rS>=r ){
+        isEq = rS==r;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }else if( eType==SQLITE_NULL ){
+    i = 0;
+    if( aSample[0].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) isEq = 1;
+  }else{
+    assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB );
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
+      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_TEXT || aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( i<pIdx->nSample ){      
       sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
       CollSeq *pColl;
       const u8 *z;
-      int n;
-
-      /* pVal comes from sqlite3ValueFromExpr() so the type cannot be NULL */
-      assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB );
-
       if( eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
         z = (const u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(pVal);
         pColl = db->pDfltColl;
@@ -96450,12 +103243,12 @@ static int whereRangeRegion(
         assert( z && pColl && pColl->xCmp );
       }
       n = sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, pColl->enc);
-
-      for(i=0; i<SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES; i++){
-        int r;
+  
+      for(; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
+        int c;
         int eSampletype = aSample[i].eType;
-        if( eSampletype==SQLITE_NULL || eSampletype<eType ) continue;
-        if( (eSampletype!=eType) ) break;
+        if( eSampletype<eType ) continue;
+        if( eSampletype!=eType ) break;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
         if( pColl->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
           int nSample;
@@ -96466,23 +103259,54 @@ static int whereRangeRegion(
             assert( db->mallocFailed );
             return SQLITE_NOMEM;
           }
-          r = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, nSample, zSample, n, z);
+          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, nSample, zSample, n, z);
           sqlite3DbFree(db, zSample);
         }else
 #endif
         {
-          r = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, aSample[i].nByte, aSample[i].u.z, n, z);
+          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, aSample[i].nByte, aSample[i].u.z, n, z);
+        }
+        if( c>=0 ){
+          if( c==0 ) isEq = 1;
+          break;
         }
-        if( r>0 ) break;
       }
     }
+  }
 
-    assert( i>=0 && i<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
-    *piRegion = i;
+  /* At this point, aSample[i] is the first sample that is greater than
+  ** or equal to pVal.  Or if i==pIdx->nSample, then all samples are less
+  ** than pVal.  If aSample[i]==pVal, then isEq==1.
+  */
+  if( isEq ){
+    assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
+    aStat[0] = aSample[i].nLt;
+    aStat[1] = aSample[i].nEq;
+  }else{
+    tRowcnt iLower, iUpper, iGap;
+    if( i==0 ){
+      iLower = 0;
+      iUpper = aSample[0].nLt;
+    }else{
+      iUpper = i>=pIdx->nSample ? n : aSample[i].nLt;
+      iLower = aSample[i-1].nEq + aSample[i-1].nLt;
+    }
+    aStat[1] = pIdx->avgEq;
+    if( iLower>=iUpper ){
+      iGap = 0;
+    }else{
+      iGap = iUpper - iLower;
+    }
+    if( roundUp ){
+      iGap = (iGap*2)/3;
+    }else{
+      iGap = iGap/3;
+    }
+    aStat[0] = iLower + iGap;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
-#endif   /* #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
 /*
 ** If expression pExpr represents a literal value, set *pp to point to
@@ -96500,17 +103324,16 @@ static int whereRangeRegion(
 **
 ** If an error occurs, return an error code. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
 static int valueFromExpr(
   Parse *pParse, 
   Expr *pExpr, 
   u8 aff, 
   sqlite3_value **pp
 ){
-  /* The evalConstExpr() function will have already converted any TK_VARIABLE
-  ** expression involved in an comparison into a TK_REGISTER. */
-  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_VARIABLE );
-  if( pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE ){
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
+   || (pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
+  ){
     int iVar = pExpr->iColumn;
     sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iVar);
     *pp = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pParse->pReprepare, iVar, aff);
@@ -96549,17 +103372,15 @@ static int valueFromExpr(
 **
 ** then nEq should be passed 0.
 **
-** The returned value is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive. A return
-** value of 1 indicates that the proposed range scan is expected to visit
-** approximately 1/100th (1%) of the rows selected by the nEq equality
-** constraints (if any). A return value of 100 indicates that it is expected
-** that the range scan will visit every row (100%) selected by the equality
-** constraints.
+** The returned value is an integer divisor to reduce the estimated
+** search space.  A return value of 1 means that range constraints are
+** no help at all.  A return value of 2 means range constraints are
+** expected to reduce the search space by half.  And so forth...
 **
-** In the absence of sqlite_stat2 ANALYZE data, each range inequality
-** reduces the search space by 2/3rds.  Hence a single constraint (x>?)
-** results in a return of 33 and a range constraint (x>? AND x<?) results
-** in a return of 11.
+** In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE data, each range inequality
+** reduces the search space by a factor of 4.  Hence a single constraint (x>?)
+** results in a return of 4 and a range constraint (x>? AND x<?) results
+** in a return of 16.
 */
 static int whereRangeScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
@@ -96567,81 +103388,167 @@ static int whereRangeScanEst(
   int nEq,             /* index into p->aCol[] of the range-compared column */
   WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
   WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
-  int *piEst           /* OUT: Return value */
+  double *pRangeDiv   /* OUT: Reduce search space by this divisor */
 ){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
 
-  if( nEq==0 && p->aSample ){
-    sqlite3_value *pLowerVal = 0;
-    sqlite3_value *pUpperVal = 0;
-    int iEst;
-    int iLower = 0;
-    int iUpper = SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
+  if( nEq==0 && p->nSample ){
+    sqlite3_value *pRangeVal;
+    tRowcnt iLower = 0;
+    tRowcnt iUpper = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    tRowcnt a[2];
     u8 aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
 
     if( pLower ){
       Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pLowerVal);
+      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
+      assert( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT || pLower->eOperator==WO_GE );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
+       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 0, a)==SQLITE_OK
+      ){
+        iLower = a[0];
+        if( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT ) iLower += a[1];
+      }
+      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pUpper ){
       Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pUpperVal);
-    }
-
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (pLowerVal==0 && pUpperVal==0) ){
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pLowerVal);
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pUpperVal);
-      goto range_est_fallback;
-    }else if( pLowerVal==0 ){
-      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pUpperVal, &iUpper);
-      if( pLower ) iLower = iUpper/2;
-    }else if( pUpperVal==0 ){
-      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pLowerVal, &iLower);
-      if( pUpper ) iUpper = (iLower + SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES + 1)/2;
-    }else{
-      rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pUpperVal, &iUpper);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = whereRangeRegion(pParse, p, pLowerVal, &iLower);
+      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
+      assert( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LT || pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE );
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
+       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 1, a)==SQLITE_OK
+      ){
+        iUpper = a[0];
+        if( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE ) iUpper += a[1];
       }
+      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
     }
-
-    iEst = iUpper - iLower;
-    testcase( iEst==SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
-    assert( iEst<=SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES );
-    if( iEst<1 ){
-      iEst = 1;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iUpper<=iLower ){
+        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0];
+      }else{
+        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0]/(double)(iUpper - iLower);
+      }
+      WHERETRACE(("range scan regions: %u..%u  div=%g\n",
+                  (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, *pRangeDiv));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-
-    sqlite3ValueFree(pLowerVal);
-    sqlite3ValueFree(pUpperVal);
-    *piEst = (iEst * 100)/SQLITE_INDEX_SAMPLES;
-    return rc;
   }
-range_est_fallback:
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nEq);
 #endif
   assert( pLower || pUpper );
-  if( pLower && pUpper ){
-    *piEst = 11;
+  *pRangeDiv = (double)1;
+  if( pLower && (pLower->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
+  if( pUpper ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+/*
+** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
+** an equality constraint x=VALUE and where that VALUE occurs in
+** the histogram data.  This only works when x is the left-most
+** column of an index and sqlite_stat3 histogram data is available
+** for that index.  When pExpr==NULL that means the constraint is
+** "x IS NULL" instead of "x=VALUE".
+**
+** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK. 
+** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
+** non-zero.
+**
+** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
+** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
+** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
+** in the pParse structure.
+*/
+static int whereEqualScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  Expr *pExpr,         /* Expression for VALUE in the x=VALUE constraint */
+  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+){
+  sqlite3_value *pRhs = 0;  /* VALUE on right-hand side of pTerm */
+  u8 aff;                   /* Column affinity */
+  int rc;                   /* Subfunction return code */
+  tRowcnt a[2];             /* Statistics */
+
+  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
+  assert( p->nSample>0 );
+  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+  if( pExpr ){
+    rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRhs);
+    if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
   }else{
-    *piEst = 33;
+    pRhs = sqlite3ValueNew(pParse->db);
+  }
+  if( pRhs==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+  rc = whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRhs, 0, a);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    WHERETRACE(("equality scan regions: %d\n", (int)a[1]));
+    *pnRow = a[1];
+  }
+whereEqualScanEst_cancel:
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pRhs);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+/*
+** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
+** an IN constraint where the right-hand side of the IN operator
+** is a list of values.  Example:
+**
+**        WHERE x IN (1,2,3,4)
+**
+** Write the estimated row count into *pnRow and return SQLITE_OK. 
+** If unable to make an estimate, leave *pnRow unchanged and return
+** non-zero.
+**
+** This routine can fail if it is unable to load a collating sequence
+** required for string comparison, or if unable to allocate memory
+** for a UTF conversion required for comparison.  The error is stored
+** in the pParse structure.
+*/
+static int whereInScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* The value list on the RHS of "x IN (v1,v2,v3,...)" */
+  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Subfunction return code */
+  double nEst;                /* Number of rows for a single term */
+  double nRowEst = (double)0; /* New estimate of the number of rows */
+  int i;                      /* Loop counter */
+
+  assert( p->aSample!=0 );
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    nEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, p, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
+    nRowEst += nEst;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( nRowEst > p->aiRowEst[0] ) nRowEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    *pnRow = nRowEst;
+    WHERETRACE(("IN row estimate: est=%g\n", nRowEst));
   }
   return rc;
 }
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
 
 
 /*
-** Find the query plan for accessing a particular table.  Write the
+** Find the best query plan for accessing a particular table.  Write the
 ** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied as the
 ** last parameter.
 **
 ** The lowest cost plan wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
-** CPU and disk I/O need to process the request using the selected plan.
+** CPU and disk I/O needed to process the requested result.
 ** Factors that influence cost include:
 **
 **    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
@@ -96660,15 +103567,17 @@ static int whereRangeScanEst(
 **
 ** If a NOT INDEXED clause (pSrc->notIndexed!=0) was attached to the table 
 ** in the SELECT statement, then no indexes are considered. However, the 
-** selected plan may still take advantage of the tables built-in rowid
+** selected plan may still take advantage of the built-in rowid primary key
 ** index.
 */
 static void bestBtreeIndex(
   Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
   WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  ExprList *pDistinct,        /* The select-list if query is DISTINCT */
   WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
 ){
   int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
@@ -96677,7 +103586,7 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
   int eqTermMask;             /* Current mask of valid equality operators */
   int idxEqTermMask;          /* Index mask of valid equality operators */
   Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
-  unsigned int aiRowEstPk[2]; /* The aiRowEst[] value for the sPk index */
+  tRowcnt aiRowEstPk[2];      /* The aiRowEst[] value for the sPk index */
   int aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
   int wsFlagMask;             /* Allowed flags in pCost->plan.wsFlag */
 
@@ -96702,30 +103611,25 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
     eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
   }else{
-    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object to
-    ** represent the primary key */
-    Index *pFirst;                /* Any other index on the table */
+    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
+    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
+    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
+    ** indices to follow */
+    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
     memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
     sPk.nColumn = 1;
     sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
     sPk.aiRowEst = aiRowEstPk;
-    aiRowEstPk[1] = 1;
     sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
     sPk.pTable = pSrc->pTab;
+    aiRowEstPk[0] = pSrc->pTab->nRowEst;
+    aiRowEstPk[1] = 1;
     pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
     if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
+      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
+      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
       sPk.pNext = pFirst;
     }
-    /* The aiRowEstPk[0] is an estimate of the total number of rows in the
-    ** table.  Get this information from the ANALYZE information if it is
-    ** available.  If not available, assume the table 1 million rows in size.
-    */
-    if( pFirst ){
-      assert( pFirst->aiRowEst!=0 ); /* Allocated together with pFirst */
-      aiRowEstPk[0] = pFirst->aiRowEst[0];
-    }else{
-      aiRowEstPk[0] = 1000000;
-    }
     pProbe = &sPk;
     wsFlagMask = ~(
         WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE
@@ -96737,19 +103641,22 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
   /* Loop over all indices looking for the best one to use
   */
   for(; pProbe; pIdx=pProbe=pProbe->pNext){
-    const unsigned int * const aiRowEst = pProbe->aiRowEst;
+    const tRowcnt * const aiRowEst = pProbe->aiRowEst;
     double cost;                /* Cost of using pProbe */
     double nRow;                /* Estimated number of rows in result set */
+    double log10N = (double)1;  /* base-10 logarithm of nRow (inexact) */
     int rev;                    /* True to scan in reverse order */
     int wsFlags = 0;
     Bitmask used = 0;
 
     /* The following variables are populated based on the properties of
-    ** scan being evaluated. They are then used to determine the expected
+    ** index being evaluated. They are then used to determine the expected
     ** cost and number of rows returned.
     **
     **  nEq: 
     **    Number of equality terms that can be implemented using the index.
+    **    In other words, the number of initial fields in the index that
+    **    are used in == or IN or NOT NULL constraints of the WHERE clause.
     **
     **  nInMul:  
     **    The "in-multiplier". This is an estimate of how many seek operations 
@@ -96773,16 +103680,16 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     **
     **  bInEst:  
     **    Set to true if there was at least one "x IN (SELECT ...)" term used 
-    **    in determining the value of nInMul.
+    **    in determining the value of nInMul.  Note that the RHS of the
+    **    IN operator must be a SELECT, not a value list, for this variable
+    **    to be true.
     **
-    **  estBound:
-    **    An estimate on the amount of the table that must be searched.  A
-    **    value of 100 means the entire table is searched.  Range constraints
-    **    might reduce this to a value less than 100 to indicate that only
-    **    a fraction of the table needs searching.  In the absence of
-    **    sqlite_stat2 ANALYZE data, a single inequality reduces the search
-    **    space to 1/3rd its original size.  So an x>? constraint reduces
-    **    estBound to 33.  Two constraints (x>? AND x<?) reduce estBound to 11.
+    **  rangeDiv:
+    **    An estimate of a divisor by which to reduce the search space due
+    **    to inequality constraints.  In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE
+    **    data, a single inequality reduces the search space to 1/4rd its
+    **    original size (rangeDiv==4).  Two inequalities reduce the search
+    **    space to 1/16th of its original size (rangeDiv==16).
     **
     **  bSort:   
     **    Boolean. True if there is an ORDER BY clause that will require an 
@@ -96790,25 +103697,32 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     **    correctly order records).
     **
     **  bLookup: 
-    **    Boolean. True if for each index entry visited a lookup on the 
-    **    corresponding table b-tree is required. This is always false 
-    **    for the rowid index. For other indexes, it is true unless all the 
-    **    columns of the table used by the SELECT statement are present in 
-    **    the index (such an index is sometimes described as a covering index).
+    **    Boolean. True if a table lookup is required for each index entry
+    **    visited.  In other words, true if this is not a covering index.
+    **    This is always false for the rowid primary key index of a table.
+    **    For other indexes, it is true unless all the columns of the table
+    **    used by the SELECT statement are present in the index (such an
+    **    index is sometimes described as a covering index).
     **    For example, given the index on (a, b), the second of the following 
-    **    two queries requires table b-tree lookups, but the first does not.
+    **    two queries requires table b-tree lookups in order to find the value
+    **    of column c, but the first does not because columns a and b are
+    **    both available in the index.
     **
     **             SELECT a, b    FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
     **             SELECT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
     */
-    int nEq;
-    int bInEst = 0;
-    int nInMul = 1;
-    int estBound = 100;
-    int nBound = 0;             /* Number of range constraints seen */
-    int bSort = 0;
-    int bLookup = 0;
-    WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+    int nEq;                      /* Number of == or IN terms matching index */
+    int bInEst = 0;               /* True if "x IN (SELECT...)" seen */
+    int nInMul = 1;               /* Number of distinct equalities to lookup */
+    double rangeDiv = (double)1;  /* Estimated reduction in search space */
+    int nBound = 0;               /* Number of range constraints seen */
+    int bSort = !!pOrderBy;       /* True if external sort required */
+    int bDist = !!pDistinct;      /* True if index cannot help with DISTINCT */
+    int bLookup = 0;              /* True if not a covering index */
+    WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+    WhereTerm *pFirstTerm = 0;    /* First term matching the index */
+#endif
 
     /* Determine the values of nEq and nInMul */
     for(nEq=0; nEq<pProbe->nColumn; nEq++){
@@ -96816,37 +103730,45 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
       pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, eqTermMask, pIdx);
       if( pTerm==0 ) break;
       wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_EQ);
+      testcase( pTerm->pWC!=pWC );
       if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
         Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
         wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
         if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+          /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
           nInMul *= 25;
           bInEst = 1;
-        }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList) ){
-          nInMul *= pExpr->x.pList->nExpr + 1;
+        }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
+          /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
+          nInMul *= pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
         }
       }else if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL ){
         wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
       }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+      if( nEq==0 && pProbe->aSample ) pFirstTerm = pTerm;
+#endif
       used |= pTerm->prereqRight;
     }
 
-    /* Determine the value of estBound. */
-    if( nEq<pProbe->nColumn ){
+    /* Determine the value of rangeDiv */
+    if( nEq<pProbe->nColumn && pProbe->bUnordered==0 ){
       int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
       if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx) ){
         WhereTerm *pTop = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pIdx);
         WhereTerm *pBtm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx);
-        whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pProbe, nEq, pBtm, pTop, &estBound);
+        whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pProbe, nEq, pBtm, pTop, &rangeDiv);
         if( pTop ){
           nBound = 1;
           wsFlags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
           used |= pTop->prereqRight;
+          testcase( pTop->pWC!=pWC );
         }
         if( pBtm ){
           nBound++;
           wsFlags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
           used |= pBtm->prereqRight;
+          testcase( pBtm->pWC!=pWC );
         }
         wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
       }
@@ -96862,15 +103784,20 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     ** naturally scan rows in the required order, set the appropriate flags
     ** in wsFlags. Otherwise, if there is an ORDER BY clause but the index
     ** will scan rows in a different order, set the bSort variable.  */
-    if( pOrderBy ){
-      if( (wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL))==0
-        && isSortingIndex(pParse,pWC->pMaskSet,pProbe,iCur,pOrderBy,nEq,&rev)
-      ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ORDERBY;
-        wsFlags |= (rev ? WHERE_REVERSE : 0);
-      }else{
-        bSort = 1;
-      }
+    if( isSortingIndex(
+          pParse, pWC->pMaskSet, pProbe, iCur, pOrderBy, nEq, wsFlags, &rev)
+    ){
+      bSort = 0;
+      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ORDERBY;
+      wsFlags |= (rev ? WHERE_REVERSE : 0);
+    }
+
+    /* If there is a DISTINCT qualifier and this index will scan rows in
+    ** order of the DISTINCT expressions, clear bDist and set the appropriate
+    ** flags in wsFlags. */
+    if( isDistinctIndex(pParse, pWC, pProbe, iCur, pDistinct, nEq) ){
+      bDist = 0;
+      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_DISTINCT;
     }
 
     /* If currently calculating the cost of using an index (not the IPK
@@ -96895,8 +103822,8 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     }
 
     /*
-    ** Estimate the number of rows of output.  For an IN operator,
-    ** do not let the estimate exceed half the rows in the table.
+    ** Estimate the number of rows of output.  For an "x IN (SELECT...)"
+    ** constraint, do not let the estimate exceed half the rows in the table.
     */
     nRow = (double)(aiRowEst[nEq] * nInMul);
     if( bInEst && nRow*2>aiRowEst[0] ){
@@ -96904,31 +103831,96 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
       nInMul = (int)(nRow / aiRowEst[nEq]);
     }
 
-    /* Assume constant cost to access a row and logarithmic cost to
-    ** do a binary search.  Hence, the initial cost is the number of output
-    ** rows plus log2(table-size) times the number of binary searches.
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+    /* If the constraint is of the form x=VALUE or x IN (E1,E2,...)
+    ** and we do not think that values of x are unique and if histogram
+    ** data is available for column x, then it might be possible
+    ** to get a better estimate on the number of rows based on
+    ** VALUE and how common that value is according to the histogram.
     */
-    cost = nRow + nInMul*estLog(aiRowEst[0]);
+    if( nRow>(double)1 && nEq==1 && pFirstTerm!=0 && aiRowEst[1]>1 ){
+      assert( (pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))!=0 );
+      if( pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL) ){
+        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
+        whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->pRight, &nRow);
+      }else if( bInEst==0 ){
+        assert( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
+        whereInScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->x.pList, &nRow);
+      }
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
-    /* Adjust the number of rows and the cost downward to reflect rows
+    /* Adjust the number of output rows and downward to reflect rows
     ** that are excluded by range constraints.
     */
-    nRow = (nRow * (double)estBound) / (double)100;
-    cost = (cost * (double)estBound) / (double)100;
-
-    /* Add in the estimated cost of sorting the result
+    nRow = nRow/rangeDiv;
+    if( nRow<1 ) nRow = 1;
+
+    /* Experiments run on real SQLite databases show that the time needed
+    ** to do a binary search to locate a row in a table or index is roughly
+    ** log10(N) times the time to move from one row to the next row within
+    ** a table or index.  The actual times can vary, with the size of
+    ** records being an important factor.  Both moves and searches are
+    ** slower with larger records, presumably because fewer records fit
+    ** on one page and hence more pages have to be fetched.
+    **
+    ** The ANALYZE command and the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables do
+    ** not give us data on the relative sizes of table and index records.
+    ** So this computation assumes table records are about twice as big
+    ** as index records
     */
-    if( bSort ){
-      cost += cost*estLog(cost);
+    if( (wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
+      /* The cost of a full table scan is a number of move operations equal
+      ** to the number of rows in the table.
+      **
+      ** We add an additional 4x penalty to full table scans.  This causes
+      ** the cost function to err on the side of choosing an index over
+      ** choosing a full scan.  This 4x full-scan penalty is an arguable
+      ** decision and one which we expect to revisit in the future.  But
+      ** it seems to be working well enough at the moment.
+      */
+      cost = aiRowEst[0]*4;
+    }else{
+      log10N = estLog(aiRowEst[0]);
+      cost = nRow;
+      if( pIdx ){
+        if( bLookup ){
+          /* For an index lookup followed by a table lookup:
+          **    nInMul index searches to find the start of each index range
+          **  + nRow steps through the index
+          **  + nRow table searches to lookup the table entry using the rowid
+          */
+          cost += (nInMul + nRow)*log10N;
+        }else{
+          /* For a covering index:
+          **     nInMul index searches to find the initial entry 
+          **   + nRow steps through the index
+          */
+          cost += nInMul*log10N;
+        }
+      }else{
+        /* For a rowid primary key lookup:
+        **    nInMult table searches to find the initial entry for each range
+        **  + nRow steps through the table
+        */
+        cost += nInMul*log10N;
+      }
     }
 
-    /* If all information can be taken directly from the index, we avoid
-    ** doing table lookups.  This reduces the cost by half.  (Not really -
-    ** this needs to be fixed.)
+    /* Add in the estimated cost of sorting the result.  Actual experimental
+    ** measurements of sorting performance in SQLite show that sorting time
+    ** adds C*N*log10(N) to the cost, where N is the number of rows to be 
+    ** sorted and C is a factor between 1.95 and 4.3.  We will split the
+    ** difference and select C of 3.0.
     */
-    if( pIdx && bLookup==0 ){
-      cost /= (double)2;
+    if( bSort ){
+      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
+    }
+    if( bDist ){
+      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
     }
+
     /**** Cost of using this index has now been computed ****/
 
     /* If there are additional constraints on this table that cannot
@@ -96938,16 +103930,16 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
     ** with this step if we already know this index will not be chosen.
     ** Also, never reduce the output row count below 2 using this step.
     **
-    ** Do not reduce the output row count if pSrc is the only table that
-    ** is notReady; if notReady is a power of two.  This will be the case
-    ** when the main sqlite3WhereBegin() loop is scanning for a table with
-    ** and "optimal" index, and on such a scan the output row count
-    ** reduction is not valid because it does not update the "pCost->used"
-    ** bitmap.  The notReady bitmap will also be a power of two when we
-    ** are scanning for the last table in a 64-way join.  We are willing
-    ** to bypass this optimization in that corner case.
+    ** It is critical that the notValid mask be used here instead of
+    ** the notReady mask.  When computing an "optimal" index, the notReady
+    ** mask will only have one bit set - the bit for the current table.
+    ** The notValid mask, on the other hand, always has all bits set for
+    ** tables that are not in outer loops.  If notReady is used here instead
+    ** of notValid, then a optimal index that depends on inner joins loops
+    ** might be selected even when there exists an optimal index that has
+    ** no such dependency.
     */
-    if( nRow>2 && cost<=pCost->rCost && (notReady & (notReady-1))!=0 ){
+    if( nRow>2 && cost<=pCost->rCost ){
       int k;                       /* Loop counter */
       int nSkipEq = nEq;           /* Number of == constraints to skip */
       int nSkipRange = nBound;     /* Number of < constraints to skip */
@@ -96956,7 +103948,7 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
       thisTab = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
       for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; nRow>2 && k; k--, pTerm++){
         if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) continue;
-        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=thisTab ) continue;
+        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notValid)!=thisTab ) continue;
         if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ){
           if( nSkipEq ){
             /* Ignore the first nEq equality matches since the index
@@ -96969,15 +103961,19 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
           }
         }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
           if( nSkipRange ){
-            /* Ignore the first nBound range constraints since the index
+            /* Ignore the first nSkipRange range constraints since the index
             ** has already accounted for these */
             nSkipRange--;
           }else{
             /* Assume each additional range constraint reduces the result
-            ** set size by a factor of 3 */
+            ** set size by a factor of 3.  Indexed range constraints reduce
+            ** the search space by a larger factor: 4.  We make indexed range
+            ** more selective intentionally because of the subjective 
+            ** observation that indexed range constraints really are more
+            ** selective in practice, on average. */
             nRow /= 3;
           }
-        }else{
+        }else if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_NOOP ){
           /* Any other expression lowers the output row count by half */
           nRow /= 2;
         }
@@ -96987,22 +103983,22 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
 
 
     WHERETRACE((
-      "%s(%s): nEq=%d nInMul=%d estBound=%d bSort=%d bLookup=%d wsFlags=0x%x\n"
-      "         notReady=0x%llx nRow=%.2f cost=%.2f used=0x%llx\n",
+      "%s(%s): nEq=%d nInMul=%d rangeDiv=%d bSort=%d bLookup=%d wsFlags=0x%x\n"
+      "         notReady=0x%llx log10N=%.1f nRow=%.1f cost=%.1f used=0x%llx\n",
       pSrc->pTab->zName, (pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "ipk"), 
-      nEq, nInMul, estBound, bSort, bLookup, wsFlags,
-      notReady, nRow, cost, used
+      nEq, nInMul, (int)rangeDiv, bSort, bLookup, wsFlags,
+      notReady, log10N, nRow, cost, used
     ));
 
     /* If this index is the best we have seen so far, then record this
     ** index and its cost in the pCost structure.
     */
     if( (!pIdx || wsFlags)
-     && (cost<pCost->rCost || (cost<=pCost->rCost && nRow<pCost->nRow))
+     && (cost<pCost->rCost || (cost<=pCost->rCost && nRow<pCost->plan.nRow))
     ){
       pCost->rCost = cost;
-      pCost->nRow = nRow;
       pCost->used = used;
+      pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
       pCost->plan.wsFlags = (wsFlags&wsFlagMask);
       pCost->plan.nEq = nEq;
       pCost->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
@@ -97038,7 +104034,7 @@ static void bestBtreeIndex(
          pCost->plan.u.pIdx ? pCost->plan.u.pIdx->zName : "ipk")
   ));
   
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pOrderBy, pCost);
+  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
   bestAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pCost);
   pCost->plan.wsFlags |= eqTermMask;
 }
@@ -97053,14 +104049,15 @@ static void bestIndex(
   Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
   WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
+  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
+  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
   WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
 ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   if( IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) ){
     sqlite3_index_info *p = 0;
-    bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pOrderBy, pCost, &p);
+    bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost,&p);
     if( p->needToFreeIdxStr ){
       sqlite3_free(p->idxStr);
     }
@@ -97068,7 +104065,7 @@ static void bestIndex(
   }else
 #endif
   {
-    bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pOrderBy, pCost);
+    bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, 0, pCost);
   }
 }
 
@@ -97330,6 +104327,161 @@ static int codeAllEqualityTerms(
   return regBase;
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
+/*
+** This routine is a helper for explainIndexRange() below
+**
+** pStr holds the text of an expression that we are building up one term
+** at a time.  This routine adds a new term to the end of the expression.
+** Terms are separated by AND so add the "AND" text for second and subsequent
+** terms only.
+*/
+static void explainAppendTerm(
+  StrAccum *pStr,             /* The text expression being built */
+  int iTerm,                  /* Index of this term.  First is zero */
+  const char *zColumn,        /* Name of the column */
+  const char *zOp             /* Name of the operator */
+){
+  if( iTerm ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, " AND ", 5);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zColumn, -1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zOp, 1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, "?", 1);
+}
+
+/*
+** Argument pLevel describes a strategy for scanning table pTab. This 
+** function returns a pointer to a string buffer containing a description
+** of the subset of table rows scanned by the strategy in the form of an
+** SQL expression. Or, if all rows are scanned, NULL is returned.
+**
+** For example, if the query:
+**
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=1 AND b>2;
+**
+** is run and there is an index on (a, b), then this function returns a
+** string similar to:
+**
+**   "a=? AND b>?"
+**
+** The returned pointer points to memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc().
+** It is the responsibility of the caller to free the buffer when it is
+** no longer required.
+*/
+static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLevel *pLevel, Table *pTab){
+  WherePlan *pPlan = &pLevel->plan;
+  Index *pIndex = pPlan->u.pIdx;
+  int nEq = pPlan->nEq;
+  int i, j;
+  Column *aCol = pTab->aCol;
+  int *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
+  StrAccum txt;
+
+  if( nEq==0 && (pPlan->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&txt, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
+  txt.db = db;
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " (", 2);
+  for(i=0; i<nEq; i++){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName, "=");
+  }
+
+  j = i;
+  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i++, aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName, ">");
+  }
+  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName, "<");
+  }
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
+  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&txt);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a no-op unless currently processing an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
+** command. If the query being compiled is an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN, a single
+** record is added to the output to describe the table scan strategy in 
+** pLevel.
+*/
+static void explainOneScan(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,              /* Table list this loop refers to */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel,             /* Scan to write OP_Explain opcode for */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Value for "level" column of output */
+  int iFrom,                      /* Value for "from" column of output */
+  u16 wctrlFlags                  /* Flags passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+){
+  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
+    u32 flags = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+    struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* VM being constructed */
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;     /* Database handle */
+    char *zMsg;                   /* Text to add to EQP output */
+    sqlite3_int64 nRow;           /* Expected number of rows visited by scan */
+    int iId = pParse->iSelectId;  /* Select id (left-most output column) */
+    int isSearch;                 /* True for a SEARCH. False for SCAN. */
+
+    if( (flags&WHERE_MULTI_OR) || (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY) ) return;
+
+    isSearch = (pLevel->plan.nEq>0)
+             || (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
+             || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
+
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", isSearch?"SEARCH":"SCAN");
+    if( pItem->pSelect ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s SUBQUERY %d", zMsg,pItem->iSelectId);
+    }else{
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s TABLE %s", zMsg, pItem->zName);
+    }
+
+    if( pItem->zAlias ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
+    }
+    if( (flags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
+      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLevel, pItem->pTab);
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING %s%sINDEX%s%s%s", zMsg, 
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"AUTOMATIC ":""),
+          ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)?"COVERING ":""),
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"":" "),
+          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"": pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName),
+          zWhere
+      );
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
+    }else if( flags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);
+
+      if( flags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>? AND rowid<?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( flags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>?)", zMsg);
+      }else if( flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid<?)", zMsg);
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+    else if( (flags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+      sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s", zMsg,
+                  pVtabIdx->idxNum, pVtabIdx->idxStr);
+    }
+#endif
+    if( wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX) ){
+      testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN );
+      nRow = 1;
+    }else{
+      nRow = (sqlite3_int64)pLevel->plan.nRow;
+    }
+    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (~%lld rows)", zMsg, nRow);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, iId, iLevel, iFrom, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define explainOneScan(u,v,w,x,y,z)
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
+
+
 /*
 ** Generate code for the start of the iLevel-th loop in the WHERE clause
 ** implementation described by pWInfo.
@@ -97338,7 +104490,8 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
   WhereInfo *pWInfo,   /* Complete information about the WHERE clause */
   int iLevel,          /* Which level of pWInfo->a[] should be coded */
   u16 wctrlFlags,      /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
-  Bitmask notReady     /* Which tables are currently available */
+  Bitmask notReady,    /* Which tables are currently available */
+  Expr *pWhere         /* Complete WHERE clause */
 ){
   int j, k;            /* Loop counters */
   int iCur;            /* The VDBE cursor for the table */
@@ -97659,7 +104812,9 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     if( pRangeStart ){
       Expr *pRight = pRangeStart->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      }
       if( zStartAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zStartAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
           /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
@@ -97698,7 +104853,9 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
       Expr *pRight = pRangeEnd->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1);
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      }
       if( zEndAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zEndAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
           /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
@@ -97737,7 +104894,7 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
     testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT );
     testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT );
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT) ){
+    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, nEq, r1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, addrCont);
     }
@@ -97756,7 +104913,13 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
     ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
     */
-    pLevel->op = bRev ? OP_Prev : OP_Next;
+    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE ){
+      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
+    }else if( bRev ){
+      pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
+    }else{
+      pLevel->op = OP_Next;
+    }
     pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
   }else
 
@@ -97802,7 +104965,6 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     **
     */
     WhereClause *pOrWc;    /* The OR-clause broken out into subterms */
-    WhereTerm *pFinal;     /* Final subterm within the OR-clause. */
     SrcList *pOrTab;       /* Shortened table list or OR-clause generation */
 
     int regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;           /* Register used with OP_Gosub */
@@ -97811,14 +104973,14 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     int iLoopBody = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);  /* Start of loop body */
     int iRetInit;                             /* Address of regReturn init */
     int untestedTerms = 0;             /* Some terms not completely tested */
-    int ii;
+    int ii;                            /* Loop counter */
+    Expr *pAndExpr = 0;                /* An ".. AND (...)" expression */
    
     pTerm = pLevel->plan.u.pTerm;
     assert( pTerm!=0 );
     assert( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR );
     assert( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO)!=0 );
     pOrWc = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
-    pFinal = &pOrWc->a[pOrWc->nTerm-1];
     pLevel->op = OP_Return;
     pLevel->p1 = regReturn;
 
@@ -97862,15 +105024,33 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
     }
     iRetInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regReturn);
 
+    /* If the original WHERE clause is z of the form:  (x1 OR x2 OR ...) AND y
+    ** Then for every term xN, evaluate as the subexpression: xN AND z
+    ** That way, terms in y that are factored into the disjunction will
+    ** be picked up by the recursive calls to sqlite3WhereBegin() below.
+    */
+    if( pWC->nTerm>1 ){
+      pAndExpr = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, TK_AND, 0, 0);
+      pAndExpr->pRight = pWhere;
+    }
+
     for(ii=0; ii<pOrWc->nTerm; ii++){
       WhereTerm *pOrTerm = &pOrWc->a[ii];
       if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
         WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;          /* Info for single OR-term scan */
+        Expr *pOrExpr = pOrTerm->pExpr;
+        if( pAndExpr ){
+          pAndExpr->pLeft = pOrExpr;
+          pOrExpr = pAndExpr;
+        }
         /* Loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
-        pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pOrTab, pOrTerm->pExpr, 0,
-                        WHERE_OMIT_OPEN | WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE |
+        pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pOrTab, pOrExpr, 0, 0,
+                        WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE | WHERE_AND_ONLY |
                         WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY);
         if( pSubWInfo ){
+          explainOneScan(
+              pParse, pOrTab, &pSubWInfo->a[0], iLevel, pLevel->iFrom, 0
+          );
           if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
             int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
             int r;
@@ -97893,6 +105073,7 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
         }
       }
     }
+    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, pAndExpr);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iRetInit, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v));
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrBrk);
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLoopBody);
@@ -97924,7 +105105,6 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
   ** the use of indices become tests that are evaluated against each row of
   ** the relevant input tables.
   */
-  k = 0;
   for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
     Expr *pE;
     testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
@@ -97942,7 +105122,6 @@ static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
       continue;
     }
     sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pE, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-    k = 1;
     pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
   }
 
@@ -98107,6 +105286,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   SrcList *pTabList,    /* A list of all tables to be scanned */
   Expr *pWhere,         /* The WHERE clause */
   ExprList **ppOrderBy, /* An ORDER BY clause, or NULL */
+  ExprList *pDistinct,  /* The select-list for DISTINCT queries - or NULL */
   u16 wctrlFlags        /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
 ){
   int i;                     /* Loop counter */
@@ -98167,11 +105347,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
   pMaskSet = (WhereMaskSet*)&pWC[1];
 
+  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
+  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_DistinctOpt ) pDistinct = 0;
+
   /* Split the WHERE clause into separate subexpressions where each
   ** subexpression is separated by an AND operator.
   */
   initMaskSet(pMaskSet);
-  whereClauseInit(pWC, pParse, pMaskSet);
+  whereClauseInit(pWC, pParse, pMaskSet, wctrlFlags);
   sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(pParse, pWhere);
   whereSplit(pWC, pWhere, TK_AND);   /* IMP: R-15842-53296 */
     
@@ -98234,6 +105418,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
 
+  /* Check if the DISTINCT qualifier, if there is one, is redundant. 
+  ** If it is, then set pDistinct to NULL and WhereInfo.eDistinct to
+  ** WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE to tell the caller to ignore the DISTINCT.
+  */
+  if( pDistinct && isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, pWC, pDistinct) ){
+    pDistinct = 0;
+    pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+  }
+
   /* Chose the best index to use for each table in the FROM clause.
   **
   ** This loop fills in the following fields:
@@ -98250,8 +105443,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   ** clause.
   */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  pTabItem = pTabList->a;
-  pLevel = pWInfo->a;
   andFlags = ~0;
   WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
   for(i=iFrom=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
@@ -98266,6 +105457,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
 
     memset(&bestPlan, 0, sizeof(bestPlan));
     bestPlan.rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
+    WHERETRACE(("*** Begin search for loop %d ***\n", i));
 
     /* Loop through the remaining entries in the FROM clause to find the
     ** next nested loop. The loop tests all FROM clause entries
@@ -98284,9 +105476,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     ** other FROM clause terms that are notReady.  If no notReady terms are
     ** used then the "optimal" query plan works.
     **
+    ** Note that the WhereCost.nRow parameter for an optimal scan might
+    ** not be as small as it would be if the table really were the innermost
+    ** join.  The nRow value can be reduced by WHERE clause constraints
+    ** that do not use indices.  But this nRow reduction only happens if the
+    ** table really is the innermost join.  
+    **
     ** The second loop iteration is only performed if no optimal scan
-    ** strategies were found by the first loop. This 2nd iteration is used to
-    ** search for the lowest cost scan overall.
+    ** strategies were found by the first iteration. This second iteration
+    ** is used to search for the lowest cost scan overall.
     **
     ** Previous versions of SQLite performed only the second iteration -
     ** the next outermost loop was always that with the lowest overall
@@ -98299,19 +105497,20 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     **
     ** The best strategy is to iterate through table t1 first. However it
     ** is not possible to determine this with a simple greedy algorithm.
-    ** However, since the cost of a linear scan through table t2 is the same 
+    ** Since the cost of a linear scan through table t2 is the same 
     ** as the cost of a linear scan through table t1, a simple greedy 
     ** algorithm may choose to use t2 for the outer loop, which is a much
     ** costlier approach.
     */
     nUnconstrained = 0;
     notIndexed = 0;
-    for(isOptimal=(iFrom<nTabList-1); isOptimal>=0; isOptimal--){
+    for(isOptimal=(iFrom<nTabList-1); isOptimal>=0 && bestJ<0; isOptimal--){
       Bitmask mask;             /* Mask of tables not yet ready */
       for(j=iFrom, pTabItem=&pTabList->a[j]; j<nTabList; j++, pTabItem++){
         int doNotReorder;    /* True if this table should not be reordered */
         WhereCost sCost;     /* Cost information from best[Virtual]Index() */
         ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* ORDER BY clause for index to optimize */
+        ExprList *pDist;     /* DISTINCT clause for index to optimize */
   
         doNotReorder =  (pTabItem->jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0;
         if( j!=iFrom && doNotReorder ) break;
@@ -98322,17 +105521,22 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
         }
         mask = (isOptimal ? m : notReady);
         pOrderBy = ((i==0 && ppOrderBy )?*ppOrderBy:0);
+        pDist = (i==0 ? pDistinct : 0);
         if( pTabItem->pIndex==0 ) nUnconstrained++;
   
+        WHERETRACE(("=== trying table %d with isOptimal=%d ===\n",
+                    j, isOptimal));
         assert( pTabItem->pTab );
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
         if( IsVirtual(pTabItem->pTab) ){
           sqlite3_index_info **pp = &pWInfo->a[j].pIdxInfo;
-          bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, pOrderBy, &sCost, pp);
+          bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
+                           &sCost, pp);
         }else 
 #endif
         {
-          bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, pOrderBy, &sCost);
+          bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
+              pDist, &sCost);
         }
         assert( isOptimal || (sCost.used&notReady)==0 );
 
@@ -98351,8 +105555,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
         **   (1) The table must not depend on other tables that have not
         **       yet run.
         **
-        **   (2) A full-table-scan plan cannot supercede another plan unless
-        **       it is an "optimal" plan as defined above.
+        **   (2) A full-table-scan plan cannot supercede indexed plan unless
+        **       the full-table-scan is an "optimal" plan as defined above.
         **
         **   (3) All tables have an INDEXED BY clause or this table lacks an
         **       INDEXED BY clause or this table uses the specific
@@ -98368,14 +105572,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
         */
         if( (sCost.used&notReady)==0                       /* (1) */
             && (bestJ<0 || (notIndexed&m)!=0               /* (2) */
+                || (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
                 || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0)
             && (nUnconstrained==0 || pTabItem->pIndex==0   /* (3) */
                 || NEVER((sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0))
             && (bestJ<0 || sCost.rCost<bestPlan.rCost      /* (4) */
-                || (sCost.rCost<=bestPlan.rCost && sCost.nRow<bestPlan.nRow))
+                || (sCost.rCost<=bestPlan.rCost 
+                 && sCost.plan.nRow<bestPlan.plan.nRow))
         ){
-          WHERETRACE(("... best so far with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
-                      sCost.rCost, sCost.nRow));
+          WHERETRACE(("=== table %d is best so far"
+                      " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
+                      j, sCost.rCost, sCost.plan.nRow));
           bestPlan = sCost;
           bestJ = j;
         }
@@ -98384,11 +105591,17 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     }
     assert( bestJ>=0 );
     assert( notReady & getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor) );
-    WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer selects table %d for loop %d\n", bestJ,
-           pLevel-pWInfo->a));
-    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY)!=0 ){
+    WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer selects table %d for loop %d"
+                " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
+                bestJ, pLevel-pWInfo->a, bestPlan.rCost, bestPlan.plan.nRow));
+    /* The ALWAYS() that follows was added to hush up clang scan-build */
+    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY)!=0 && ALWAYS(ppOrderBy) ){
       *ppOrderBy = 0;
     }
+    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_DISTINCT)!=0 ){
+      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==0 );
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
+    }
     andFlags &= bestPlan.plan.wsFlags;
     pLevel->plan = bestPlan.plan;
     testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
@@ -98400,7 +105613,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     }
     notReady &= ~getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor);
     pLevel->iFrom = (u8)bestJ;
-    if( bestPlan.nRow>=(double)1 ) pParse->nQueryLoop *= bestPlan.nRow;
+    if( bestPlan.plan.nRow>=(double)1 ){
+      pParse->nQueryLoop *= bestPlan.plan.nRow;
+    }
 
     /* Check that if the table scanned by this loop iteration had an
     ** INDEXED BY clause attached to it, that the named index is being
@@ -98448,44 +105663,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   */
   sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, -1); /* Insert the cookie verifier Goto */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
+  pWInfo->nRowOut = (double)1;
   for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
     Table *pTab;     /* Table to open */
     int iDb;         /* Index of database containing table/index */
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
-    if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-      char *zMsg;
-      struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
-      zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "TABLE %s", pItem->zName);
-      if( pItem->zAlias ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
-      }
-      if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s WITH AUTOMATIC INDEX", zMsg);
-      }else if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s WITH INDEX %s",
-           zMsg, pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName);
-      }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIA MULTI-INDEX UNION", zMsg);
-      }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);
-      }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-      else if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
-        sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s", zMsg,
-                    pVtabIdx->idxNum, pVtabIdx->idxStr);
-      }
-#endif
-      if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY ){
-        zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s ORDER BY", zMsg);
-      }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, i, pLevel->iFrom, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
-    }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
     pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
     pLevel->iTabCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
+    pWInfo->nRowOut *= pLevel->plan.nRow;
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 || pTab->pSelect ){
       /* Do nothing */
@@ -98498,7 +105684,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
     }else
 #endif
     if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
-         && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN)==0 ){
+         && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0 ){
       int op = pWInfo->okOnePass ? OP_OpenWrite : OP_OpenRead;
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, pTabItem->iCursor, iDb, pTab, op);
       testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
@@ -98541,8 +105727,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
   for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
-    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, i, wctrlFlags, notReady);
-    pWInfo->iContinue = pWInfo->a[i].addrCont;
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, i, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
+    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, i, wctrlFlags, notReady, pWhere);
+    pWInfo->iContinue = pLevel->addrCont;
   }
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST  /* For testing and debugging use only */
@@ -98676,7 +105864,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
     assert( pTab!=0 );
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0
      && pTab->pSelect==0
-     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_CLOSE)==0
+     && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0
     ){
       int ws = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
       if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
@@ -98748,6 +105936,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
 */
 /* First off, code is included that follows the "include" declaration
 ** in the input grammar file. */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 
 /*
@@ -99608,6 +106797,7 @@ struct yyParser {
 typedef struct yyParser yyParser;
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 static FILE *yyTraceFILE = 0;
 static char *yyTracePrompt = 0;
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
@@ -102021,7 +109211,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(
 ){
   YYMINORTYPE yyminorunion;
   int yyact;            /* The parser action. */
+#if !defined(YYERRORSYMBOL) && !defined(YYNOERRORRECOVERY)
   int yyendofinput;     /* True if we are at the end of input */
+#endif
 #ifdef YYERRORSYMBOL
   int yyerrorhit = 0;   /* True if yymajor has invoked an error */
 #endif
@@ -102044,7 +109236,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(
     yypParser->yystack[0].major = 0;
   }
   yyminorunion.yy0 = yyminor;
+#if !defined(YYERRORSYMBOL) && !defined(YYNOERRORRECOVERY)
   yyendofinput = (yymajor==0);
+#endif
   sqlite3ParserARG_STORE;
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -102056,7 +109250,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(
   do{
     yyact = yy_find_shift_action(yypParser,(YYCODETYPE)yymajor);
     if( yyact<YYNSTATE ){
-      assert( !yyendofinput );  /* Impossible to shift the $ token */
       yy_shift(yypParser,yyact,yymajor,&yyminorunion);
       yypParser->yyerrcnt--;
       yymajor = YYNOCODE;
@@ -102183,6 +109376,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Parser(
 ** individual tokens and sends those tokens one-by-one over to the
 ** parser for analysis.
 */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
 
 /*
 ** The charMap() macro maps alphabetic characters into their
@@ -102793,13 +109987,12 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GetToken(const unsigned char *z, int *tokenType){
       testcase( z[0]=='x' ); testcase( z[0]=='X' );
       if( z[1]=='\'' ){
         *tokenType = TK_BLOB;
-        for(i=2; (c=z[i])!=0 && c!='\''; i++){
-          if( !sqlite3Isxdigit(c) ){
-            *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
-          }
+        for(i=2; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+        if( z[i]!='\'' || i%2 ){
+          *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
+          while( z[i] && z[i]!='\'' ){ i++; }
         }
-        if( i%2 || !c ) *tokenType = TK_ILLEGAL;
-        if( c ) i++;
+        if( z[i] ) i++;
         return i;
       }
       /* Otherwise fall through to the next case */
@@ -102852,9 +110045,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunParser(Parse *pParse, const char *zSql, char **pzEr
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   assert( pParse->pNewTrigger==0 );
   assert( pParse->nVar==0 );
-  assert( pParse->nVarExpr==0 );
-  assert( pParse->nVarExprAlloc==0 );
-  assert( pParse->apVarExpr==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nzVar==0 );
+  assert( pParse->azVar==0 );
   enableLookaside = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
   if( db->lookaside.pStart ) db->lookaside.bEnabled = 1;
   while( !db->mallocFailed && zSql[i]!=0 ){
@@ -102948,7 +110140,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunParser(Parse *pParse, const char *zSql, char **pzEr
   }
 
   sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pParse->pNewTrigger);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->apVarExpr);
+  for(i=pParse->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[i]);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aAlias);
   while( pParse->pAinc ){
     AutoincInfo *p = pParse->pAinc;
@@ -103368,15 +110561,33 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IcuInit(sqlite3 *db);
 /************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The version of the library
-*/
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46656-45156 The sqlite3_version[] string constant
+** contains the text of SQLITE_VERSION macro. 
+*/
 SQLITE_API const char sqlite3_version[] = SQLITE_VERSION;
 #endif
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-53536-42575 The sqlite3_libversion() function returns
+** a pointer to the to the sqlite3_version[] string constant. 
+*/
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void){ return sqlite3_version; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-63124-39300 The sqlite3_sourceid() function returns a
+** pointer to a string constant whose value is the same as the
+** SQLITE_SOURCE_ID C preprocessor macro. 
+*/
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void){ return SQLITE_SOURCE_ID; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-35210-63508 The sqlite3_libversion_number() function
+** returns an integer equal to SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER.
+*/
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void){ return SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER; }
+
+/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-54823-41343 The sqlite3_threadsafe() function returns
+** zero if and only if SQLite was compiled mutexing code omitted due to
+** the SQLITE_THREADSAFE compile-time option being set to 0.
+*/
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void){ return SQLITE_THREADSAFE; }
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_IOTRACE)
@@ -103430,7 +110641,7 @@ SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
 **       without blocking.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
-  sqlite3_mutex *pMaster;                      /* The main static mutex */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; )       /* The main static mutex */
   int rc;                                      /* Result code */
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
@@ -103464,7 +110675,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
   ** malloc subsystem - this implies that the allocation of a static
   ** mutex must not require support from the malloc subsystem.
   */
-  pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER); )
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
   sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit = 1;
   if( !sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit ){
@@ -103497,6 +110708,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
   ** sqlite3_initialize().  The recursive calls normally come through
   ** sqlite3_os_init() when it invokes sqlite3_vfs_register(), but other
   ** recursive calls might also be possible.
+  **
+  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-00140-37445 SQLite automatically serializes calls
+  ** to the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.
+  **
+  ** The following mutex is what serializes access to the appdef pcache xInit
+  ** methods.  The sqlite3_pcache_methods.xInit() all is embedded in the
+  ** call to sqlite3PcacheInitialize().
   */
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pInitMutex);
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit==0 && sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress==0 ){
@@ -103551,6 +110769,16 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
 #endif
 #endif
 
+  /* Do extra initialization steps requested by the SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+  ** compile-time option.
+  */
+#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ){
+    int SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT(void);
+    rc = SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT();
+  }
+#endif
+
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -103692,6 +110920,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int op, ...){
       sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap = va_arg(ap, int);
       sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = va_arg(ap, int);
 
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq<1 ){
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = 1;
+      }else if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq>(1<<12) ){
+        /* cap min request size at 2^12 */
+        sqlite3GlobalConfig.mnReq = (1<<12);
+      }
+
       if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pHeap==0 ){
         /* If the heap pointer is NULL, then restore the malloc implementation
         ** back to NULL pointers too.  This will cause the malloc to go
@@ -103736,6 +110971,11 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int op, ...){
       break;
     }
 
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_URI: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bOpenUri = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       break;
@@ -103777,12 +111017,12 @@ static int setupLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *pBuf, int sz, int cnt){
     sz = 0;
     pStart = 0;
   }else if( pBuf==0 ){
-    sz = ROUND8(sz);
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz); /* IMP: R-33038-09382 */
     sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-    pStart = sqlite3Malloc( sz*cnt );
+    pStart = sqlite3Malloc( sz*cnt );  /* IMP: R-61949-35727 */
     sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
   }else{
-    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz);
+    sz = ROUNDDOWN8(sz); /* IMP: R-33038-09382 */
     pStart = pBuf;
   }
   db->lookaside.pStart = pStart;
@@ -103825,14 +111065,42 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3 *db, int op, ...){
   va_start(ap, op);
   switch( op ){
     case SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE: {
-      void *pBuf = va_arg(ap, void*);
-      int sz = va_arg(ap, int);
-      int cnt = va_arg(ap, int);
+      void *pBuf = va_arg(ap, void*); /* IMP: R-26835-10964 */
+      int sz = va_arg(ap, int);       /* IMP: R-47871-25994 */
+      int cnt = va_arg(ap, int);      /* IMP: R-04460-53386 */
       rc = setupLookaside(db, pBuf, sz, cnt);
       break;
     }
     default: {
-      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      static const struct {
+        int op;      /* The opcode */
+        u32 mask;    /* Mask of the bit in sqlite3.flags to set/clear */
+      } aFlagOp[] = {
+        { SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY,    SQLITE_ForeignKeys    },
+        { SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER, SQLITE_EnableTrigger  },
+      };
+      unsigned int i;
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* IMP: R-42790-23372 */
+      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aFlagOp); i++){
+        if( aFlagOp[i].op==op ){
+          int onoff = va_arg(ap, int);
+          int *pRes = va_arg(ap, int*);
+          int oldFlags = db->flags;
+          if( onoff>0 ){
+            db->flags |= aFlagOp[i].mask;
+          }else if( onoff==0 ){
+            db->flags &= ~aFlagOp[i].mask;
+          }
+          if( oldFlags!=db->flags ){
+            sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+          }
+          if( pRes ){
+            *pRes = (db->flags & aFlagOp[i].mask)!=0;
+          }
+          rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -103937,11 +111205,28 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseSavepoints(sqlite3 *db){
   db->isTransactionSavepoint = 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Invoke the destructor function associated with FuncDef p, if any. Except,
+** if this is not the last copy of the function, do not invoke it. Multiple
+** copies of a single function are created when create_function() is called
+** with SQLITE_ANY as the encoding.
+*/
+static void functionDestroy(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *p){
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor = p->pDestructor;
+  if( pDestructor ){
+    pDestructor->nRef--;
+    if( pDestructor->nRef==0 ){
+      pDestructor->xDestroy(pDestructor->pUserData);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pDestructor);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /*
 ** Close an existing SQLite database
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
-  HashElem *i;
+  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
   int j;
 
   if( !db ){
@@ -103952,7 +111237,8 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
 
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+  /* Force xDestroy calls on all virtual tables */
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
 
   /* If a transaction is open, the ResetInternalSchema() call above
   ** will not have called the xDisconnect() method on any virtual
@@ -103995,7 +111281,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
       }
     }
   }
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
 
   /* Tell the code in notify.c that the connection no longer holds any
   ** locks and does not require any further unlock-notify callbacks.
@@ -104009,6 +111295,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
     for(p=db->aFunc.a[j]; p; p=pHash){
       pHash = p->pHash;
       while( p ){
+        functionDestroy(db, p);
         pNext = p->pNext;
         sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
         p = pNext;
@@ -104085,7 +111372,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3 *db){
 
   if( db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
     sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 0);
+    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
   }
 
   /* Any deferred constraint violations have now been resolved. */
@@ -104115,7 +111402,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int rc){
     /* SQLITE_INTERRUPT   */ "interrupted",
     /* SQLITE_IOERR       */ "disk I/O error",
     /* SQLITE_CORRUPT     */ "database disk image is malformed",
-    /* SQLITE_NOTFOUND    */ 0,
+    /* SQLITE_NOTFOUND    */ "unknown operation",
     /* SQLITE_FULL        */ "database or disk is full",
     /* SQLITE_CANTOPEN    */ "unable to open database file",
     /* SQLITE_PROTOCOL    */ "locking protocol",
@@ -104154,7 +111441,7 @@ static int sqliteDefaultBusyCallback(
      { 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 25,  25,  50,  50, 100 };
   static const u8 totals[] =
      { 0, 1, 3,  8, 18, 33, 53, 78, 103, 128, 178, 228 };
-# define NDELAY (sizeof(delays)/sizeof(delays[0]))
+# define NDELAY ArraySize(delays)
   sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
   int timeout = db->busyTimeout;
   int delay, prior;
@@ -104283,7 +111570,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(
   void *pUserData,
   void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
   void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
-  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  FuncDestructor *pDestructor
 ){
   FuncDef *p;
   int nName;
@@ -104311,10 +111599,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(
   }else if( enc==SQLITE_ANY ){
     int rc;
     rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
-         pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal);
+         pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE,
-          pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal);
+          pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
@@ -104347,6 +111635,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(
   if( !p ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
+
+  /* If an older version of the function with a configured destructor is
+  ** being replaced invoke the destructor function here. */
+  functionDestroy(db, p);
+
+  if( pDestructor ){
+    pDestructor->nRef++;
+  }
+  p->pDestructor = pDestructor;
   p->flags = 0;
   p->xFunc = xFunc;
   p->xStep = xStep;
@@ -104361,7 +111658,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
   sqlite3 *db,
-  const char *zFunctionName,
+  const char *zFunc,
   int nArg,
   int enc,
   void *p,
@@ -104369,9 +111666,41 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
   void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
   void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
 ){
-  int rc;
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zFunc, nArg, enc, p, xFunc, xStep,
+                                    xFinal, 0);
+}
+
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunc,
+  int nArg,
+  int enc,
+  void *p,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void (*xDestroy)(void *)
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  FuncDestructor *pArg = 0;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
-  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, enc, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal);
+  if( xDestroy ){
+    pArg = (FuncDestructor *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(FuncDestructor));
+    if( !pArg ){
+      xDestroy(p);
+      goto out;
+    }
+    pArg->xDestroy = xDestroy;
+    pArg->pUserData = p;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunc, nArg, enc, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pArg);
+  if( pArg && pArg->nRef==0 ){
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+    xDestroy(p);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pArg);
+  }
+
+ out:
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return rc;
@@ -104393,7 +111722,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   assert( !db->mallocFailed );
   zFunc8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zFunctionName, -1, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
-  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunc8, nArg, eTextRep, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal);
+  rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunc8, nArg, eTextRep, p, xFunc, xStep, xFinal,0);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zFunc8);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
@@ -104420,13 +111749,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(
   int nArg
 ){
   int nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
-  int rc;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   if( sqlite3FindFunction(db, zName, nName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, 0)==0 ){
-    sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
-                      0, sqlite3InvalidFunction, 0, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
+                           0, sqlite3InvalidFunction, 0, 0, 0);
   }
-  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_OK);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -104562,7 +111891,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(
 ** configured by this function.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int nFrame){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFrame);
+#else
   if( nFrame>0 ){
     sqlite3_wal_hook(db, sqlite3WalDefaultHook, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(nFrame));
   }else{
@@ -104594,19 +111926,33 @@ SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
 #endif
 }
 
-
 /*
-** Checkpoint database zDb. If zDb is NULL, or if the buffer zDb points
-** to contains a zero-length string, all attached databases are 
-** checkpointed.
+** Checkpoint database zDb.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #else
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
   int iDb = SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED;  /* sqlite3.aDb[] index of db to checkpoint */
 
+  /* Initialize the output variables to -1 in case an error occurs. */
+  if( pnLog ) *pnLog = -1;
+  if( pnCkpt ) *pnCkpt = -1;
+
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE );
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART );
+  assert( SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE+2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART );
+  if( eMode<SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE || eMode>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART ){
+    return SQLITE_MISUSE;
+  }
+
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   if( zDb && zDb[0] ){
     iDb = sqlite3FindDbName(db, zDb);
@@ -104615,7 +111961,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_ERROR, "unknown database: %s", zDb);
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, iDb);
+    rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, iDb, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
     sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
   }
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
@@ -104624,6 +111970,16 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
 #endif
 }
 
+
+/*
+** Checkpoint database zDb. If zDb is NULL, or if the buffer zDb points
+** to contains a zero-length string, all attached databases are 
+** checkpointed.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+  return sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(db, zDb, SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, 0, 0);
+}
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 /*
 ** Run a checkpoint on database iDb. This is a no-op if database iDb is
@@ -104641,20 +111997,31 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
 ** If iDb is passed SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED, then all attached databases are
 ** checkpointed. If an error is encountered it is returned immediately -
 ** no attempt is made to checkpoint any remaining databases.
+**
+** Parameter eMode is one of SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE, FULL or RESTART.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, int eMode, int *pnLog, int *pnCkpt){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
   int i;                          /* Used to iterate through attached dbs */
+  int bBusy = 0;                  /* True if SQLITE_BUSY has been encountered */
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  assert( !pnLog || *pnLog==-1 );
+  assert( !pnCkpt || *pnCkpt==-1 );
 
   for(i=0; i<db->nDb && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
     if( i==iDb || iDb==SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(db->aDb[i].pBt);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCheckpoint(db->aDb[i].pBt, eMode, pnLog, pnCkpt);
+      pnLog = 0;
+      pnCkpt = 0;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
+        bBusy = 1;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  return rc;
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bBusy) ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
@@ -104692,60 +112059,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3 *db){
 #endif
 }
 
-/*
-** This routine is called to create a connection to a database BTree
-** driver.  If zFilename is the name of a file, then that file is
-** opened and used.  If zFilename is the magic name ":memory:" then
-** the database is stored in memory (and is thus forgotten as soon as
-** the connection is closed.)  If zFilename is NULL then the database
-** is a "virtual" database for transient use only and is deleted as
-** soon as the connection is closed.
-**
-** A virtual database can be either a disk file (that is automatically
-** deleted when the file is closed) or it an be held entirely in memory.
-** The sqlite3TempInMemory() function is used to determine which.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeFactory(
-  sqlite3 *db,              /* Main database when opening aux otherwise 0 */
-  const char *zFilename,    /* Name of the file containing the BTree database */
-  int omitJournal,          /* if TRUE then do not journal this file */
-  int nCache,               /* How many pages in the page cache */
-  int vfsFlags,             /* Flags passed through to vfsOpen */
-  Btree **ppBtree           /* Pointer to new Btree object written here */
-){
-  int btFlags = 0;
-  int rc;
-  
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
-  assert( ppBtree != 0);
-  if( omitJournal ){
-    btFlags |= BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL;
-  }
-  if( db->flags & SQLITE_NoReadlock ){
-    btFlags |= BTREE_NO_READLOCK;
-  }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
-  if( zFilename==0 && sqlite3TempInMemory(db) ){
-    zFilename = ":memory:";
-  }
-#endif
-
-  if( (vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)!=0 && (zFilename==0 || *zFilename==0) ){
-    vfsFlags = (vfsFlags & ~SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB) | SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB;
-  }
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(zFilename, (sqlite3 *)db, ppBtree, btFlags, vfsFlags);
-
-  /* If the B-Tree was successfully opened, set the pager-cache size to the
-  ** default value. Except, if the call to BtreeOpen() returned a handle
-  ** open on an existing shared pager-cache, do not change the pager-cache 
-  ** size.
-  */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==sqlite3BtreeSchema(*ppBtree, 0, 0) ){
-    sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(*ppBtree, nCache);
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
 /*
 ** Return UTF-8 encoded English language explanation of the most recent
 ** error.
@@ -104910,13 +112223,12 @@ static int createCollation(
   }
 
   pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, (u8)enc2, zName, 1);
-  if( pColl ){
-    pColl->xCmp = xCompare;
-    pColl->pUser = pCtx;
-    pColl->xDel = xDel;
-    pColl->enc = (u8)(enc2 | (enc & SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED));
-    pColl->type = collType;
-  }
+  if( pColl==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pColl->xCmp = xCompare;
+  pColl->pUser = pCtx;
+  pColl->xDel = xDel;
+  pColl->enc = (u8)(enc2 | (enc & SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED));
+  pColl->type = collType;
   sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -104962,8 +112274,8 @@ static const int aHardLimit[] = {
 #if SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG<0 || SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG>1000
 # error SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG must be between 0 and 1000
 #endif
-#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
-# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 30
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>62
+# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 62
 #endif
 #if SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH<1
 # error SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH must be at least 1
@@ -104988,19 +112300,271 @@ static const int aHardLimit[] = {
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3 *db, int limitId, int newLimit){
   int oldLimit;
+
+
+  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-30189-54097 For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_NAME
+  ** there is a hard upper bound set at compile-time by a C preprocessor
+  ** macro called SQLITE_MAX_NAME. (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to
+  ** "_MAX_".)
+  */
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]==SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]==SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]==SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]==SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]==SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT);
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]==SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]==SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]==SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]==
+                                               SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH );
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]==SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER);
+  assert( aHardLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]==SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH );
+  assert( SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH==(SQLITE_N_LIMIT-1) );
+
+
   if( limitId<0 || limitId>=SQLITE_N_LIMIT ){
     return -1;
   }
   oldLimit = db->aLimit[limitId];
-  if( newLimit>=0 ){
+  if( newLimit>=0 ){                   /* IMP: R-52476-28732 */
     if( newLimit>aHardLimit[limitId] ){
-      newLimit = aHardLimit[limitId];
+      newLimit = aHardLimit[limitId];  /* IMP: R-51463-25634 */
     }
     db->aLimit[limitId] = newLimit;
   }
-  return oldLimit;
+  return oldLimit;                     /* IMP: R-53341-35419 */
 }
 
+/*
+** This function is used to parse both URIs and non-URI filenames passed by the
+** user to API functions sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2(), and for database
+** URIs specified as part of ATTACH statements.
+**
+** The first argument to this function is the name of the VFS to use (or
+** a NULL to signify the default VFS) if the URI does not contain a "vfs=xxx"
+** query parameter. The second argument contains the URI (or non-URI filename)
+** itself. When this function is called the *pFlags variable should contain
+** the default flags to open the database handle with. The value stored in
+** *pFlags may be updated before returning if the URI filename contains 
+** "cache=xxx" or "mode=xxx" query parameters.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case *ppVfs is set to point to
+** the VFS that should be used to open the database file. *pzFile is set to
+** point to a buffer containing the name of the file to open. It is the 
+** responsibility of the caller to eventually call sqlite3_free() to release
+** this buffer.
+**
+** If an error occurs, then an SQLite error code is returned and *pzErrMsg
+** may be set to point to a buffer containing an English language error 
+** message. It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually release
+** this buffer by calling sqlite3_free().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(
+  const char *zDefaultVfs,        /* VFS to use if no "vfs=xxx" query option */
+  const char *zUri,               /* Nul-terminated URI to parse */
+  unsigned int *pFlags,           /* IN/OUT: SQLITE_OPEN_XXX flags */
+  sqlite3_vfs **ppVfs,            /* OUT: VFS to use */ 
+  char **pzFile,                  /* OUT: Filename component of URI */
+  char **pzErrMsg                 /* OUT: Error message (if rc!=SQLITE_OK) */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  unsigned int flags = *pFlags;
+  const char *zVfs = zDefaultVfs;
+  char *zFile;
+  char c;
+  int nUri = sqlite3Strlen30(zUri);
+
+  assert( *pzErrMsg==0 );
+
+  if( ((flags & SQLITE_OPEN_URI) || sqlite3GlobalConfig.bOpenUri) 
+   && nUri>=5 && memcmp(zUri, "file:", 5)==0 
+  ){
+    char *zOpt;
+    int eState;                   /* Parser state when parsing URI */
+    int iIn;                      /* Input character index */
+    int iOut = 0;                 /* Output character index */
+    int nByte = nUri+2;           /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+
+    /* Make sure the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set to indicate to the VFS xOpen 
+    ** method that there may be extra parameters following the file-name.  */
+    flags |= SQLITE_OPEN_URI;
+
+    for(iIn=0; iIn<nUri; iIn++) nByte += (zUri[iIn]=='&');
+    zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+    if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+    /* Discard the scheme and authority segments of the URI. */
+    if( zUri[5]=='/' && zUri[6]=='/' ){
+      iIn = 7;
+      while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='/' ) iIn++;
+
+      if( iIn!=7 && (iIn!=16 || memcmp("localhost", &zUri[7], 9)) ){
+        *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid uri authority: %.*s", 
+            iIn-7, &zUri[7]);
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        goto parse_uri_out;
+      }
+    }else{
+      iIn = 5;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy the filename and any query parameters into the zFile buffer. 
+    ** Decode %HH escape codes along the way. 
+    **
+    ** Within this loop, variable eState may be set to 0, 1 or 2, depending
+    ** on the parsing context. As follows:
+    **
+    **   0: Parsing file-name.
+    **   1: Parsing name section of a name=value query parameter.
+    **   2: Parsing value section of a name=value query parameter.
+    */
+    eState = 0;
+    while( (c = zUri[iIn])!=0 && c!='#' ){
+      iIn++;
+      if( c=='%' 
+       && sqlite3Isxdigit(zUri[iIn]) 
+       && sqlite3Isxdigit(zUri[iIn+1]) 
+      ){
+        int octet = (sqlite3HexToInt(zUri[iIn++]) << 4);
+        octet += sqlite3HexToInt(zUri[iIn++]);
+
+        assert( octet>=0 && octet<256 );
+        if( octet==0 ){
+          /* This branch is taken when "%00" appears within the URI. In this
+          ** case we ignore all text in the remainder of the path, name or
+          ** value currently being parsed. So ignore the current character
+          ** and skip to the next "?", "=" or "&", as appropriate. */
+          while( (c = zUri[iIn])!=0 && c!='#' 
+              && (eState!=0 || c!='?')
+              && (eState!=1 || (c!='=' && c!='&'))
+              && (eState!=2 || c!='&')
+          ){
+            iIn++;
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+        c = octet;
+      }else if( eState==1 && (c=='&' || c=='=') ){
+        if( zFile[iOut-1]==0 ){
+          /* An empty option name. Ignore this option altogether. */
+          while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='#' && zUri[iIn-1]!='&' ) iIn++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if( c=='&' ){
+          zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+        }else{
+          eState = 2;
+        }
+        c = 0;
+      }else if( (eState==0 && c=='?') || (eState==2 && c=='&') ){
+        c = 0;
+        eState = 1;
+      }
+      zFile[iOut++] = c;
+    }
+    if( eState==1 ) zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+    zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+    zFile[iOut++] = '\0';
+
+    /* Check if there were any options specified that should be interpreted 
+    ** here. Options that are interpreted here include "vfs" and those that
+    ** correspond to flags that may be passed to the sqlite3_open_v2()
+    ** method. */
+    zOpt = &zFile[sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1];
+    while( zOpt[0] ){
+      int nOpt = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpt);
+      char *zVal = &zOpt[nOpt+1];
+      int nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal);
+
+      if( nOpt==3 && memcmp("vfs", zOpt, 3)==0 ){
+        zVfs = zVal;
+      }else{
+        struct OpenMode {
+          const char *z;
+          int mode;
+        } *aMode = 0;
+        char *zModeType = 0;
+        int mask = 0;
+        int limit = 0;
+
+        if( nOpt==5 && memcmp("cache", zOpt, 5)==0 ){
+          static struct OpenMode aCacheMode[] = {
+            { "shared",  SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE },
+            { "private", SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE },
+            { 0, 0 }
+          };
+
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE|SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE;
+          aMode = aCacheMode;
+          limit = mask;
+          zModeType = "cache";
+        }
+        if( nOpt==4 && memcmp("mode", zOpt, 4)==0 ){
+          static struct OpenMode aOpenMode[] = {
+            { "ro",  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY },
+            { "rw",  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE }, 
+            { "rwc", SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE },
+            { 0, 0 }
+          };
+
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE;
+          aMode = aOpenMode;
+          limit = mask & flags;
+          zModeType = "access";
+        }
+
+        if( aMode ){
+          int i;
+          int mode = 0;
+          for(i=0; aMode[i].z; i++){
+            const char *z = aMode[i].z;
+            if( nVal==sqlite3Strlen30(z) && 0==memcmp(zVal, z, nVal) ){
+              mode = aMode[i].mode;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if( mode==0 ){
+            *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such %s mode: %s", zModeType, zVal);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto parse_uri_out;
+          }
+          if( mode>limit ){
+            *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s mode not allowed: %s",
+                                        zModeType, zVal);
+            rc = SQLITE_PERM;
+            goto parse_uri_out;
+          }
+          flags = (flags & ~mask) | mode;
+        }
+      }
+
+      zOpt = &zVal[nVal+1];
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nUri+2);
+    if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memcpy(zFile, zUri, nUri);
+    zFile[nUri] = '\0';
+    zFile[nUri+1] = '\0';
+  }
+
+  *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
+  if( *ppVfs==0 ){
+    *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such vfs: %s", zVfs);
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+ parse_uri_out:
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(zFile);
+    zFile = 0;
+  }
+  *pFlags = flags;
+  *pzFile = zFile;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** This routine does the work of opening a database on behalf of
 ** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16(). The database filename "zFilename"  
@@ -105009,12 +112573,14 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3 *db, int limitId, int newLimit){
 static int openDatabase(
   const char *zFilename, /* Database filename UTF-8 encoded */
   sqlite3 **ppDb,        /* OUT: Returned database handle */
-  unsigned flags,        /* Operational flags */
+  unsigned int flags,    /* Operational flags */
   const char *zVfs       /* Name of the VFS to use */
 ){
-  sqlite3 *db;
-  int rc;
-  int isThreadsafe;
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Store allocated handle here */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int isThreadsafe;               /* True for threadsafe connections */
+  char *zOpen = 0;                /* Filename argument to pass to BtreeOpen() */
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;              /* Error message from sqlite3ParseUri() */
 
   *ppDb = 0;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
@@ -105022,6 +112588,24 @@ static int openDatabase(
   if( rc ) return rc;
 #endif
 
+  /* Only allow sensible combinations of bits in the flags argument.  
+  ** Throw an error if any non-sense combination is used.  If we
+  ** do not block illegal combinations here, it could trigger
+  ** assert() statements in deeper layers.  Sensible combinations
+  ** are:
+  **
+  **  1:  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY
+  **  2:  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
+  **  6:  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
+  */
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY  == 0x01 );
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE == 0x02 );
+  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE    == 0x04 );
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x02 ); /* READONLY */
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x04 ); /* READWRITE */
+  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x40 ); /* READWRITE | CREATE */
+  if( ((1<<(flags&7)) & 0x46)==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.bCoreMutex==0 ){
     isThreadsafe = 0;
   }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX ){
@@ -105042,7 +112626,8 @@ static int openDatabase(
   ** The SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX and SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX flags were
   ** dealt with in the previous code block.  Besides these, the only
   ** valid input flags for sqlite3_open_v2() are SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY,
-  ** SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE.  Silently mask
+  ** SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE,
+  ** SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE, and some reserved bits.  Silently mask
   ** off all other flags.
   */
   flags &=  ~( SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
@@ -105055,7 +112640,8 @@ static int openDatabase(
                SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL | 
                SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL |
                SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX |
-               SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX
+               SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX |
+               SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
              );
 
   /* Allocate the sqlite data structure */
@@ -105080,7 +112666,7 @@ static int openDatabase(
   db->autoCommit = 1;
   db->nextAutovac = -1;
   db->nextPagesize = 0;
-  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex | SQLITE_EnableTrigger
 #if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
                  | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
 #endif
@@ -105089,6 +112675,9 @@ static int openDatabase(
 #endif
 #if SQLITE_DEFAULT_RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS
                  | SQLITE_RecTriggers
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS) && SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS
+                 | SQLITE_ForeignKeys
 #endif
       ;
   sqlite3HashInit(&db->aCollSeq);
@@ -105096,13 +112685,6 @@ static int openDatabase(
   sqlite3HashInit(&db->aModule);
 #endif
 
-  db->pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
-  if( !db->pVfs ){
-    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-    sqlite3Error(db, rc, "no such vfs: %s", zVfs);
-    goto opendb_out;
-  }
-
   /* Add the default collation sequence BINARY. BINARY works for both UTF-8
   ** and UTF-16, so add a version for each to avoid any unnecessary
   ** conversions. The only error that can occur here is a malloc() failure.
@@ -105125,11 +112707,19 @@ static int openDatabase(
   createCollation(db, "NOCASE", SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_COLL_NOCASE, 0,
                   nocaseCollatingFunc, 0);
 
-  /* Open the backend database driver */
+  /* Parse the filename/URI argument. */
   db->openFlags = flags;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeFactory(db, zFilename, 0, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 
-                           flags | SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB,
-                           &db->aDb[0].pBt);
+  rc = sqlite3ParseUri(zVfs, zFilename, &flags, &db->pVfs, &zOpen, &zErrMsg);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
+    sqlite3Error(db, rc, zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, zErrMsg);
+    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+    goto opendb_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Open the backend database driver */
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, zOpen, db, &db->aDb[0].pBt, 0,
+                        flags | SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -105221,11 +112811,13 @@ static int openDatabase(
   sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT);
 
 opendb_out:
+  sqlite3_free(zOpen);
   if( db ){
     assert( db->mutex!=0 || isThreadsafe==0 || sqlite3GlobalConfig.bFullMutex==0 );
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   }
   rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);
+  assert( db!=0 || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     sqlite3_close(db);
     db = 0;
@@ -105252,7 +112844,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
   int flags,              /* Flags */
   const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
 ){
-  return openDatabase(filename, ppDb, flags, zVfs);
+  return openDatabase(filename, ppDb, (unsigned int)flags, zVfs);
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
@@ -105625,8 +113217,13 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDbName, int op, vo
       assert( pPager!=0 );
       fd = sqlite3PagerFile(pPager);
       assert( fd!=0 );
-      if( fd->pMethods ){
+      if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER ){
+        *(sqlite3_file**)pArg = fd;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }else if( fd->pMethods ){
         rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(fd, op, pArg);
+      }else{
+        rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
       }
       sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
     }
@@ -105836,12 +113433,61 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...){
       break;
     }
 
+    /* sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC, sz, &pNew, pFree);
+    **
+    ** Pass pFree into sqlite3ScratchFree(). 
+    ** If sz>0 then allocate a scratch buffer into pNew.  
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC: {
+      void *pFree, **ppNew;
+      int sz;
+      sz = va_arg(ap, int);
+      ppNew = va_arg(ap, void**);
+      pFree = va_arg(ap, void*);
+      if( sz ) *ppNew = sqlite3ScratchMalloc(sz);
+      sqlite3ScratchFree(pFree);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT, int onoff);
+    **
+    ** If parameter onoff is non-zero, configure the wrappers so that all
+    ** subsequent calls to localtime() and variants fail. If onoff is zero,
+    ** undo this setting.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
   }
   va_end(ap);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam){
+  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+  while( zFilename[0] ){
+    int x = strcmp(zFilename, zParam);
+    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+    if( x==0 ) return zFilename;
+    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 /************** End of main.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file notify.c ******************************************/
 /*
@@ -106471,12 +114117,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionClosed(sqlite3 *db){
 ** into a single segment.
 */
 
-#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
-
-#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) && !defined(SQLITE_CORE)
-# define SQLITE_CORE 1
-#endif
-
 /************** Include fts3Int.h in the middle of fts3.c ********************/
 /************** Begin file fts3Int.h *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -106492,7 +114132,6 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionClosed(sqlite3 *db){
 ******************************************************************************
 **
 */
-
 #ifndef _FTSINT_H
 #define _FTSINT_H
 
@@ -106500,6 +114139,22 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ConnectionClosed(sqlite3 *db){
 # define NDEBUG 1
 #endif
 
+/*
+** FTS4 is really an extension for FTS3.  It is enabled using the
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 macro.  But to avoid confusion we also all
+** the SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 macro to serve as an alisse for SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* If not building as part of the core, include sqlite3ext.h. */
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+SQLITE_API extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+#endif
+
 /************** Include fts3_tokenizer.h in the middle of fts3Int.h **********/
 /************** Begin file fts3_tokenizer.h **********************************/
 /*
@@ -106798,12 +114453,35 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Fts3HashElem *sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem(const Fts3Hash *, const voi
 */
 #define SizeofArray(X) ((int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0])))
 
+
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Maximum length of a varint encoded integer. The varint format is different
 ** from that used by SQLite, so the maximum length is 10, not 9.
 */
 #define FTS3_VARINT_MAX 10
 
+/*
+** FTS4 virtual tables may maintain multiple indexes - one index of all terms
+** in the document set and zero or more prefix indexes. All indexes are stored
+** as one or more b+-trees in the %_segments and %_segdir tables. 
+**
+** It is possible to determine which index a b+-tree belongs to based on the
+** value stored in the "%_segdir.level" column. Given this value L, the index
+** that the b+-tree belongs to is (L<<10). In other words, all b+-trees with
+** level values between 0 and 1023 (inclusive) belong to index 0, all levels
+** between 1024 and 2047 to index 1, and so on.
+**
+** It is considered impossible for an index to use more than 1024 levels. In 
+** theory though this may happen, but only after at least 
+** (FTS3_MERGE_COUNT^1024) separate flushes of the pending-terms tables.
+*/
+#define FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL      1024
+#define FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL_STR "1024"
+
 /*
 ** The testcase() macro is only used by the amalgamation.  If undefined,
 ** make it a no-op.
@@ -106828,8 +114506,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE Fts3HashElem *sqlite3Fts3HashFindElem(const Fts3Hash *, const voi
 ** Macros indicating that conditional expressions are always true or
 ** false.
 */
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+# define ALWAYS(x) (1)
+# define NEVER(X)  (0)
+#else
 # define ALWAYS(x) (x)
 # define NEVER(X)  (x)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Internal types used by SQLite.
 */
@@ -106837,18 +114521,50 @@ typedef unsigned char u8;         /* 1-byte (or larger) unsigned integer */
 typedef short int i16;            /* 2-byte (or larger) signed integer */
 typedef unsigned int u32;         /* 4-byte unsigned integer */
 typedef sqlite3_uint64 u64;       /* 8-byte unsigned integer */
+
 /*
 ** Macro used to suppress compiler warnings for unused parameters.
 */
 #define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)
+
+/*
+** Activate assert() only if SQLITE_TEST is enabled.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
+** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
+** within testcase() and assert() macros.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define TESTONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define TESTONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Corrupt(void);
+# define FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB sqlite3Fts3Corrupt()
+#else
+# define FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB
 #endif
 
 typedef struct Fts3Table Fts3Table;
 typedef struct Fts3Cursor Fts3Cursor;
 typedef struct Fts3Expr Fts3Expr;
 typedef struct Fts3Phrase Fts3Phrase;
-typedef struct Fts3SegReader Fts3SegReader;
+typedef struct Fts3PhraseToken Fts3PhraseToken;
+
+typedef struct Fts3Doclist Fts3Doclist;
 typedef struct Fts3SegFilter Fts3SegFilter;
+typedef struct Fts3DeferredToken Fts3DeferredToken;
+typedef struct Fts3SegReader Fts3SegReader;
+typedef struct Fts3MultiSegReader Fts3MultiSegReader;
 
 /*
 ** A connection to a fulltext index is an instance of the following
@@ -106865,38 +114581,56 @@ struct Fts3Table {
   int nColumn;                    /* number of named columns in virtual table */
   char **azColumn;                /* column names.  malloced */
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;  /* tokenizer for inserts and queries */
+  char *zContentTbl;              /* content=xxx option, or NULL */
 
   /* Precompiled statements used by the implementation. Each of these 
   ** statements is run and reset within a single virtual table API call. 
   */
-  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[25];
+  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[27];
 
-  /* Pointer to string containing the SQL:
-  **
-  ** "SELECT block FROM %_segments WHERE blockid BETWEEN ? AND ? 
-  **    ORDER BY blockid"
-  */
-  char *zSelectLeaves;
-  int nLeavesStmt;                /* Valid statements in aLeavesStmt */
-  int nLeavesTotal;               /* Total number of prepared leaves stmts */
-  int nLeavesAlloc;               /* Allocated size of aLeavesStmt */
-  sqlite3_stmt **aLeavesStmt;     /* Array of prepared zSelectLeaves stmts */
+  char *zReadExprlist;
+  char *zWriteExprlist;
 
   int nNodeSize;                  /* Soft limit for node size */
-  u8 bHasContent;                 /* True if %_content table exists */
+  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists */
   u8 bHasDocsize;                 /* True if %_docsize table exists */
+  u8 bDescIdx;                    /* True if doclists are in reverse order */
+  int nPgsz;                      /* Page size for host database */
+  char *zSegmentsTbl;             /* Name of %_segments table */
+  sqlite3_blob *pSegments;        /* Blob handle open on %_segments table */
 
-  /* The following hash table is used to buffer pending index updates during
+  /* TODO: Fix the first paragraph of this comment.
+  **
+  ** The following hash table is used to buffer pending index updates during
   ** transactions. Variable nPendingData estimates the memory size of the 
   ** pending data, including hash table overhead, but not malloc overhead. 
   ** When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, the buffer is flushed 
   ** automatically. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most recently
   ** inserted record.
+  **
+  ** A single FTS4 table may have multiple full-text indexes. For each index
+  ** there is an entry in the aIndex[] array. Index 0 is an index of all the
+  ** terms that appear in the document set. Each subsequent index in aIndex[]
+  ** is an index of prefixes of a specific length.
+  */
+  int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] */
+  struct Fts3Index {
+    int nPrefix;                  /* Prefix length (0 for main terms index) */
+    Fts3Hash hPending;            /* Pending terms table for this index */
+  } *aIndex;
+  int nMaxPendingData;            /* Max pending data before flush to disk */
+  int nPendingData;               /* Current bytes of pending data */
+  sqlite_int64 iPrevDocid;        /* Docid of most recently inserted document */
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+  /* State variables used for validating that the transaction control
+  ** methods of the virtual table are called at appropriate times.  These
+  ** values do not contribution to the FTS computation; they are used for
+  ** verifying the SQLite core.
   */
-  int nMaxPendingData;
-  int nPendingData;
-  sqlite_int64 iPrevDocid;
-  Fts3Hash pendingTerms;
+  int inTransaction;     /* True after xBegin but before xCommit/xRollback */
+  int mxSavepoint;       /* Largest valid xSavepoint integer */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
@@ -106911,14 +114645,27 @@ struct Fts3Cursor {
   u8 isRequireSeek;               /* True if must seek pStmt to %_content row */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Prepared statement in use by the cursor */
   Fts3Expr *pExpr;                /* Parsed MATCH query string */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of matchable phrases in query */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;   /* Deferred search tokens, if any */
   sqlite3_int64 iPrevId;          /* Previous id read from aDoclist */
   char *pNextId;                  /* Pointer into the body of aDoclist */
   char *aDoclist;                 /* List of docids for full-text queries */
   int nDoclist;                   /* Size of buffer at aDoclist */
+  u8 bDesc;                       /* True to sort in descending order */
+  int eEvalmode;                  /* An FTS3_EVAL_XX constant */
+  int nRowAvg;                    /* Average size of database rows, in pages */
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Documents in table */
+
   int isMatchinfoNeeded;          /* True when aMatchinfo[] needs filling in */
   u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Information about most recent match */
+  int nMatchinfo;                 /* Number of elements in aMatchinfo[] */
+  char *zMatchinfo;               /* Matchinfo specification */
 };
 
+#define FTS3_EVAL_FILTER    0
+#define FTS3_EVAL_NEXT      1
+#define FTS3_EVAL_MATCHINFO 2
+
 /*
 ** The Fts3Cursor.eSearch member is always set to one of the following.
 ** Actualy, Fts3Cursor.eSearch can be greater than or equal to
@@ -106938,35 +114685,71 @@ struct Fts3Cursor {
 #define FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH    1    /* Lookup by rowid on %_content table */
 #define FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH 2    /* Full-text index search */
 
+
+struct Fts3Doclist {
+  char *aAll;                    /* Array containing doclist (or NULL) */
+  int nAll;                      /* Size of a[] in bytes */
+  char *pNextDocid;              /* Pointer to next docid */
+
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;          /* Current docid (if pList!=0) */
+  int bFreeList;                 /* True if pList should be sqlite3_free()d */
+  char *pList;                   /* Pointer to position list following iDocid */
+  int nList;                     /* Length of position list */
+};
+
 /*
 ** A "phrase" is a sequence of one or more tokens that must match in
 ** sequence.  A single token is the base case and the most common case.
-** For a sequence of tokens contained in "...", nToken will be the number
-** of tokens in the string.
-*/
+** For a sequence of tokens contained in double-quotes (i.e. "one two three")
+** nToken will be the number of tokens in the string.
+*/
+struct Fts3PhraseToken {
+  char *z;                        /* Text of the token */
+  int n;                          /* Number of bytes in buffer z */
+  int isPrefix;                   /* True if token ends with a "*" character */
+  int bFirst;                     /* True if token must appear at position 0 */
+
+  /* Variables above this point are populated when the expression is
+  ** parsed (by code in fts3_expr.c). Below this point the variables are
+  ** used when evaluating the expression. */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;   /* Deferred token object for this token */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;    /* Segment-reader for this token */
+};
+
 struct Fts3Phrase {
+  /* Cache of doclist for this phrase. */
+  Fts3Doclist doclist;
+  int bIncr;                 /* True if doclist is loaded incrementally */
+  int iDoclistToken;
+
+  /* Variables below this point are populated by fts3_expr.c when parsing 
+  ** a MATCH expression. Everything above is part of the evaluation phase. 
+  */
   int nToken;                /* Number of tokens in the phrase */
   int iColumn;               /* Index of column this phrase must match */
-  int isNot;                 /* Phrase prefixed by unary not (-) operator */
-  struct PhraseToken {
-    char *z;                 /* Text of the token */
-    int n;                   /* Number of bytes in buffer pointed to by z */
-    int isPrefix;            /* True if token ends in with a "*" character */
-  } aToken[1];               /* One entry for each token in the phrase */
+  Fts3PhraseToken aToken[1]; /* One entry for each token in the phrase */
 };
 
 /*
 ** A tree of these objects forms the RHS of a MATCH operator.
 **
-** If Fts3Expr.eType is either FTSQUERY_NEAR or FTSQUERY_PHRASE and isLoaded
-** is true, then aDoclist points to a malloced buffer, size nDoclist bytes, 
-** containing the results of the NEAR or phrase query in FTS3 doclist
-** format. As usual, the initial "Length" field found in doclists stored
-** on disk is omitted from this buffer.
+** If Fts3Expr.eType is FTSQUERY_PHRASE and isLoaded is true, then aDoclist 
+** points to a malloced buffer, size nDoclist bytes, containing the results 
+** of this phrase query in FTS3 doclist format. As usual, the initial 
+** "Length" field found in doclists stored on disk is omitted from this 
+** buffer.
+**
+** Variable aMI is used only for FTSQUERY_NEAR nodes to store the global
+** matchinfo data. If it is not NULL, it points to an array of size nCol*3,
+** where nCol is the number of columns in the queried FTS table. The array
+** is populated as follows:
+**
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 0] = Undefined
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+**   aMI[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
 **
-** Variable pCurrent always points to the start of a docid field within
-** aDoclist. Since the doclist is usually scanned in docid order, this can
-** be used to accelerate seeking to the required docid within the doclist.
+** The aMI array is allocated using sqlite3_malloc(). It should be freed 
+** when the expression node is.
 */
 struct Fts3Expr {
   int eType;                 /* One of the FTSQUERY_XXX values defined below */
@@ -106976,12 +114759,13 @@ struct Fts3Expr {
   Fts3Expr *pRight;          /* Right operand */
   Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;       /* Valid if eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE */
 
-  int isLoaded;              /* True if aDoclist/nDoclist are initialized. */
-  char *aDoclist;            /* Buffer containing doclist */
-  int nDoclist;              /* Size of aDoclist in bytes */
+  /* The following are used by the fts3_eval.c module. */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;      /* Current docid */
+  u8 bEof;                   /* True this expression is at EOF already */
+  u8 bStart;                 /* True if iDocid is valid */
+  u8 bDeferred;              /* True if this expression is entirely deferred */
 
-  sqlite3_int64 iCurrent;
-  char *pCurrent;
+  u32 *aMI;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -107002,34 +114786,47 @@ struct Fts3Expr {
 #define FTSQUERY_PHRASE 5
 
 
-/* fts3_init.c */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeleteVtab(int, sqlite3_vtab *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitVtab(int, sqlite3*, void*, int, const char*const*, 
-                        sqlite3_vtab **, char **);
-
 /* fts3_write.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3UpdateMethod(sqlite3_vtab*,int,sqlite3_value**,sqlite3_int64*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(Fts3Table *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(Fts3Table *,int, sqlite3_int64,
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(int, sqlite3_int64,
   sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64, const char *, int, Fts3SegReader**);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(Fts3Table*,const char*,int,int,Fts3SegReader**);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3Table *, Fts3SegReader *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
-  Fts3Table *, Fts3SegReader **, int, Fts3SegFilter *,
-  int (*)(Fts3Table *, void *, char *, int, char *, int),  void *
-);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_int64, char const**, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_stmt **);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeLocal(Fts3Cursor*, u32*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeGlobal(Fts3Cursor*, u32*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
+  Fts3Table*,int,const char*,int,int,Fts3SegReader**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table*, int, int, sqlite3_stmt **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_int64, char **, int*, int*);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_stmt **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_stmt **);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3PhraseToken *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *);
+
+/* Special values interpreted by sqlite3SegReaderCursor() */
+#define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING        -1
+#define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL            -2
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, Fts3SegFilter*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(Fts3MultiSegReader *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+    Fts3Table *, int, int, const char *, int, int, int, Fts3MultiSegReader *);
 
 /* Flags allowed as part of the 4th argument to SegmentReaderIterate() */
 #define FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS   0x00000001
 #define FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY  0x00000002
 #define FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER 0x00000004
 #define FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX        0x00000008
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN          0x00000010
+#define FTS3_SEGMENT_FIRST         0x00000020
 
 /* Type passed as 4th argument to SegmentReaderIterate() */
 struct Fts3SegFilter {
@@ -107039,50 +114836,106 @@ struct Fts3SegFilter {
   int flags;
 };
 
+struct Fts3MultiSegReader {
+  /* Used internally by sqlite3Fts3SegReaderXXX() calls */
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment;      /* Array of Fts3SegReader objects */
+  int nSegment;                   /* Size of apSegment array */
+  int nAdvance;                   /* How many seg-readers to advance */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter;         /* Pointer to filter object */
+  char *aBuffer;                  /* Buffer to merge doclists in */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Allocated size of aBuffer[] in bytes */
+
+  int iColFilter;                 /* If >=0, filter for this column */
+  int bRestart;
+
+  /* Used by fts3.c only. */
+  int nCost;                      /* Cost of running iterator */
+  int bLookup;                    /* True if a lookup of a single entry. */
+
+  /* Output values. Valid only after Fts3SegReaderStep() returns SQLITE_ROW. */
+  char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to term buffer */
+  int nTerm;                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  char *aDoclist;                 /* Pointer to doclist buffer */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of aDoclist[] in bytes */
+};
+
 /* fts3.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(char *, sqlite3_int64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *, sqlite_int64 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(const char *, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(sqlite3_uint64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Dequote(char *);
-
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3FindPositions(Fts3Expr *, sqlite3_int64, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprLoadDoclist(Fts3Table *, Fts3Expr *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprNearTrim(Fts3Expr *, Fts3Expr *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(sqlite3_int64, char *, int, char *);
 
 /* fts3_tokenizer.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(sqlite3 *, Fts3Hash *, const char *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(Fts3Hash *pHash, 
-  const char *, sqlite3_tokenizer **, const char **, char **
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(Fts3Hash *pHash, const char *, 
+    sqlite3_tokenizer **, char **
 );
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(char);
 
 /* fts3_snippet.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(sqlite3_context*, Fts3Cursor*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Snippet(sqlite3_context *, Fts3Cursor *, const char *,
   const char *, const char *, int, int
 );
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *, Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *, Fts3Cursor *, const char *);
 
 /* fts3_expr.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(sqlite3_tokenizer *, 
-  char **, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **
+  char **, int, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **
 );
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(sqlite3 *db);
 #endif
 
+/* fts3_aux.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitAux(sqlite3 *db);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(Fts3Phrase *);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+    Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, int, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
+    Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, sqlite3_int64 *, char **, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol); 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr);
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+
+#endif /* !SQLITE_CORE || SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 */
 #endif /* _FTSINT_H */
 
 /************** End of fts3Int.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in fts3.c ***********************/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) && !defined(SQLITE_CORE)
+# define SQLITE_CORE 1
+#endif
 
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <stddef.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <stdarg.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE 
   SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
 #endif
 
+static int fts3EvalNext(Fts3Cursor *pCsr);
+static int fts3EvalStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr);
+static int fts3TermSegReaderCursor(
+    Fts3Cursor *, const char *, int, int, Fts3MultiSegReader **);
+
 /* 
 ** Write a 64-bit variable-length integer to memory starting at p[0].
 ** The length of data written will be between 1 and FTS3_VARINT_MAX bytes.
@@ -107190,17 +115043,31 @@ static void fts3GetDeltaVarint(char **pp, sqlite3_int64 *pVal){
 }
 
 /*
-** As long as *pp has not reached its end (pEnd), then do the same
-** as fts3GetDeltaVarint(): read a single varint and add it to *pVal.
-** But if we have reached the end of the varint, just set *pp=0 and
-** leave *pVal unchanged.
+** When this function is called, *pp points to the first byte following a
+** varint that is part of a doclist (or position-list, or any other list
+** of varints). This function moves *pp to point to the start of that varint,
+** and sets *pVal by the varint value.
+**
+** Argument pStart points to the first byte of the doclist that the
+** varint is part of.
 */
-static void fts3GetDeltaVarint2(char **pp, char *pEnd, sqlite3_int64 *pVal){
-  if( *pp>=pEnd ){
-    *pp = 0;
-  }else{
-    fts3GetDeltaVarint(pp, pVal);
-  }
+static void fts3GetReverseVarint(
+  char **pp, 
+  char *pStart, 
+  sqlite3_int64 *pVal
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal;
+  char *p;
+
+  /* Pointer p now points at the first byte past the varint we are 
+  ** interested in. So, unless the doclist is corrupt, the 0x80 bit is
+  ** clear on character p[-1]. */
+  for(p = (*pp)-2; p>=pStart && *p&0x80; p--);
+  p++;
+  *pp = p;
+
+  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iVal);
+  *pVal = iVal;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -107211,16 +115078,16 @@ static int fts3DisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
   int i;
 
   assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
 
   /* Free any prepared statements held */
   for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(p->aStmt); i++){
     sqlite3_finalize(p->aStmt[i]);
   }
-  for(i=0; i<p->nLeavesStmt; i++){
-    sqlite3_finalize(p->aLeavesStmt[i]);
-  }
-  sqlite3_free(p->zSelectLeaves);
-  sqlite3_free(p->aLeavesStmt);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zSegmentsTbl);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zReadExprlist);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zWriteExprlist);
+  sqlite3_free(p->zContentTbl);
 
   /* Invoke the tokenizer destructor to free the tokenizer. */
   p->pTokenizer->pModule->xDestroy(p->pTokenizer);
@@ -107231,7 +115098,7 @@ static int fts3DisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
 
 /*
 ** Construct one or more SQL statements from the format string given
-** and then evaluate those statements.  The success code is writting
+** and then evaluate those statements. The success code is written
 ** into *pRc.
 **
 ** If *pRc is initially non-zero then this routine is a no-op.
@@ -107260,16 +115127,19 @@ static void fts3DbExec(
 ** The xDestroy() virtual table method.
 */
 static int fts3DestroyMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;              /* Return code */
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
-  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;              /* Return code */
+  const char *zDb = p->zDb;        /* Name of database (e.g. "main", "temp") */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;             /* Database handle */
 
   /* Drop the shadow tables */
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_content'", p->zDb, p->zName);
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segments'", p->zDb,p->zName);
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segdir'", p->zDb, p->zName);
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_docsize'", p->zDb, p->zName);
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_stat'", p->zDb, p->zName);
+  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_content'", zDb, p->zName);
+  }
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segments'", zDb,p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_segdir'", zDb, p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_docsize'", zDb, p->zName);
+  fts3DbExec(&rc, db, "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %Q.'%q_stat'", zDb, p->zName);
 
   /* If everything has worked, invoke fts3DisconnectMethod() to free the
   ** memory associated with the Fts3Table structure and return SQLITE_OK.
@@ -107283,33 +115153,40 @@ static int fts3DestroyMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
 ** Invoke sqlite3_declare_vtab() to declare the schema for the FTS3 table
 ** passed as the first argument. This is done as part of the xConnect()
 ** and xCreate() methods.
+**
+** If *pRc is non-zero when this function is called, it is a no-op. 
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is stored in *pRc
+** before returning.
 */
-static int fts3DeclareVtab(Fts3Table *p){
-  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  char *zSql;                     /* SQL statement passed to declare_vtab() */
-  char *zCols;                    /* List of user defined columns */
+static void fts3DeclareVtab(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int i;                        /* Iterator variable */
+    int rc;                       /* Return code */
+    char *zSql;                   /* SQL statement passed to declare_vtab() */
+    char *zCols;                  /* List of user defined columns */
 
-  /* Create a list of user columns for the virtual table */
-  zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%Q, ", p->azColumn[0]);
-  for(i=1; zCols && i<p->nColumn; i++){
-    zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%Q, ", zCols, p->azColumn[i]);
-  }
+    sqlite3_vtab_config(p->db, SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT, 1);
 
-  /* Create the whole "CREATE TABLE" statement to pass to SQLite */
-  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
-      "CREATE TABLE x(%s %Q HIDDEN, docid HIDDEN)", zCols, p->zName
-  );
+    /* Create a list of user columns for the virtual table */
+    zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%Q, ", p->azColumn[0]);
+    for(i=1; zCols && i<p->nColumn; i++){
+      zCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%Q, ", zCols, p->azColumn[i]);
+    }
 
-  if( !zCols || !zSql ){
-    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  }else{
-    rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(p->db, zSql);
-  }
+    /* Create the whole "CREATE TABLE" statement to pass to SQLite */
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "CREATE TABLE x(%s %Q HIDDEN, docid HIDDEN)", zCols, p->zName
+    );
+    if( !zCols || !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(p->db, zSql);
+    }
 
-  sqlite3_free(zSql);
-  sqlite3_free(zCols);
-  return rc;
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    sqlite3_free(zCols);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -107324,18 +115201,19 @@ static int fts3DeclareVtab(Fts3Table *p){
 static int fts3CreateTables(Fts3Table *p){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-  char *zContentCols;             /* Columns of %_content table */
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* The database connection */
 
-  /* Create a list of user columns for the content table */
-  if( p->bHasContent ){
+  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    char *zContentCols;           /* Columns of %_content table */
+
+    /* Create a list of user columns for the content table */
     zContentCols = sqlite3_mprintf("docid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY");
     for(i=0; zContentCols && i<p->nColumn; i++){
       char *z = p->azColumn[i];
       zContentCols = sqlite3_mprintf("%z, 'c%d%q'", zContentCols, i, z);
     }
     if( zContentCols==0 ) rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-
+  
     /* Create the content table */
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
        "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_content'(%s)",
@@ -107343,6 +115221,7 @@ static int fts3CreateTables(Fts3Table *p){
     );
     sqlite3_free(zContentCols);
   }
+
   /* Create other tables */
   fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
       "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, block BLOB);",
@@ -107365,6 +115244,8 @@ static int fts3CreateTables(Fts3Table *p){
         "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_docsize'(docid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, size BLOB);",
         p->zDb, p->zName
     );
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
         "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
         p->zDb, p->zName
@@ -107374,39 +115255,379 @@ static int fts3CreateTables(Fts3Table *p){
 }
 
 /*
-** An sqlite3_exec() callback for fts3TableExists.
+** Store the current database page-size in bytes in p->nPgsz.
+**
+** If *pRc is non-zero when this function is called, it is a no-op. 
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is stored in *pRc
+** before returning.
 */
-static int fts3TableExistsCallback(void *pArg, int n, char **pp1, char **pp2){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(n);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pp1);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pp2);
-  *(int*)pArg = 1;
+static void fts3DatabasePageSize(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc;                       /* Return code */
+    char *zSql;                   /* SQL text "PRAGMA %Q.page_size" */
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;          /* Compiled "PRAGMA %Q.page_size" statement */
+  
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA %Q.page_size", p->zDb);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+        p->nPgsz = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+        rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_AUTH ){
+        p->nPgsz = 1024;
+        rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( p->nPgsz>0 || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** "Special" FTS4 arguments are column specifications of the following form:
+**
+**   <key> = <value>
+**
+** There may not be whitespace surrounding the "=" character. The <value> 
+** term may be quoted, but the <key> may not.
+*/
+static int fts3IsSpecialColumn(
+  const char *z, 
+  int *pnKey,
+  char **pzValue
+){
+  char *zValue;
+  const char *zCsr = z;
+
+  while( *zCsr!='=' ){
+    if( *zCsr=='\0' ) return 0;
+    zCsr++;
+  }
+
+  *pnKey = (int)(zCsr-z);
+  zValue = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", &zCsr[1]);
+  if( zValue ){
+    sqlite3Fts3Dequote(zValue);
+  }
+  *pzValue = zValue;
   return 1;
 }
 
 /*
-** Determine if a table currently exists in the database.
+** Append the output of a printf() style formatting to an existing string.
 */
-static void fts3TableExists(
-  int *pRc,             /* Success code */
-  sqlite3 *db,          /* The database connection to test */
-  const char *zDb,      /* ATTACHed database within the connection */
-  const char *zName,    /* Name of the FTS3 table */
-  const char *zSuffix,  /* Shadow table extension */
-  u8 *pResult           /* Write results here */
+static void fts3Appendf(
+  int *pRc,                       /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+  char **pz,                      /* IN/OUT: Pointer to string buffer */
+  const char *zFormat,            /* Printf format string to append */
+  ...                             /* Arguments for printf format string */
 ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  int res = 0;
-  char *zSql;
-  if( *pRc ) return;
-  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
-    "SELECT 1 FROM %Q.sqlite_master WHERE name='%q%s'",
-    zDb, zName, zSuffix
-  );    
-  rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, fts3TableExistsCallback, &res, 0);
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    va_list ap;
+    char *z;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    z = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
+    if( z && *pz ){
+      char *z2 = sqlite3_mprintf("%s%s", *pz, z);
+      sqlite3_free(z);
+      z = z2;
+    }
+    if( z==0 ) *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    sqlite3_free(*pz);
+    *pz = z;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a copy of input string zInput enclosed in double-quotes (") and
+** with all double quote characters escaped. For example:
+**
+**     fts3QuoteId("un \"zip\"")   ->    "un \"\"zip\"\""
+**
+** The pointer returned points to memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the callers responsibility to call sqlite3_free() to release this
+** memory.
+*/
+static char *fts3QuoteId(char const *zInput){
+  int nRet;
+  char *zRet;
+  nRet = 2 + strlen(zInput)*2 + 1;
+  zRet = sqlite3_malloc(nRet);
+  if( zRet ){
+    int i;
+    char *z = zRet;
+    *(z++) = '"';
+    for(i=0; zInput[i]; i++){
+      if( zInput[i]=='"' ) *(z++) = '"';
+      *(z++) = zInput[i];
+    }
+    *(z++) = '"';
+    *(z++) = '\0';
+  }
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of comma separated SQL expressions and a FROM clause that 
+** could be used in a SELECT statement such as the following:
+**
+**     SELECT <list of expressions> FROM %_content AS x ...
+**
+** to return the docid, followed by each column of text data in order
+** from left to write. If parameter zFunc is not NULL, then instead of
+** being returned directly each column of text data is passed to an SQL
+** function named zFunc first. For example, if zFunc is "unzip" and the
+** table has the three user-defined columns "a", "b", and "c", the following
+** string is returned:
+**
+**     "docid, unzip(x.'a'), unzip(x.'b'), unzip(x.'c') FROM %_content AS x"
+**
+** The pointer returned points to a buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free it.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op (and
+** a NULL pointer is returned). Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** by this function, NULL is returned and *pRc is set to SQLITE_NOMEM. If
+** no error occurs, *pRc is left unmodified.
+*/
+static char *fts3ReadExprList(Fts3Table *p, const char *zFunc, int *pRc){
+  char *zRet = 0;
+  char *zFree = 0;
+  char *zFunction;
+  int i;
+
+  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    if( !zFunc ){
+      zFunction = "";
+    }else{
+      zFree = zFunction = fts3QuoteId(zFunc);
+    }
+    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "docid");
+    for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+      fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ",%s(x.'c%d%q')", zFunction, i, p->azColumn[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zFree);
+  }else{
+    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "rowid");
+    for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+      fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ", x.'%q'", p->azColumn[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "FROM '%q'.'%q%s' AS x", 
+      p->zDb,
+      (p->zContentTbl ? p->zContentTbl : p->zName),
+      (p->zContentTbl ? "" : "_content")
+  );
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a list of N comma separated question marks, where N is the number
+** of columns in the %_content table (one for the docid plus one for each
+** user-defined text column).
+**
+** If argument zFunc is not NULL, then all but the first question mark
+** is preceded by zFunc and an open bracket, and followed by a closed
+** bracket. For example, if zFunc is "zip" and the FTS3 table has three 
+** user-defined text columns, the following string is returned:
+**
+**     "?, zip(?), zip(?), zip(?)"
+**
+** The pointer returned points to a buffer allocated by sqlite3_malloc(). It
+** is the responsibility of the caller to eventually free it.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op (and
+** a NULL pointer is returned). Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** by this function, NULL is returned and *pRc is set to SQLITE_NOMEM. If
+** no error occurs, *pRc is left unmodified.
+*/
+static char *fts3WriteExprList(Fts3Table *p, const char *zFunc, int *pRc){
+  char *zRet = 0;
+  char *zFree = 0;
+  char *zFunction;
+  int i;
+
+  if( !zFunc ){
+    zFunction = "";
+  }else{
+    zFree = zFunction = fts3QuoteId(zFunc);
+  }
+  fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, "?");
+  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ",%s(?)", zFunction);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zFree);
+  return zRet;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function interprets the string at (*pp) as a non-negative integer
+** value. It reads the integer and sets *pnOut to the value read, then 
+** sets *pp to point to the byte immediately following the last byte of
+** the integer value.
+**
+** Only decimal digits ('0'..'9') may be part of an integer value. 
+**
+** If *pp does not being with a decimal digit SQLITE_ERROR is returned and
+** the output value undefined. Otherwise SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** This function is used when parsing the "prefix=" FTS4 parameter.
+*/
+static int fts3GobbleInt(const char **pp, int *pnOut){
+  const char *p;                  /* Iterator pointer */
+  int nInt = 0;                   /* Output value */
+
+  for(p=*pp; p[0]>='0' && p[0]<='9'; p++){
+    nInt = nInt * 10 + (p[0] - '0');
+  }
+  if( p==*pp ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  *pnOut = nInt;
+  *pp = p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to allocate an array of Fts3Index structures
+** representing the indexes maintained by the current FTS table. FTS tables
+** always maintain the main "terms" index, but may also maintain one or
+** more "prefix" indexes, depending on the value of the "prefix=" parameter
+** (if any) specified as part of the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement.
+**
+** Argument zParam is passed the value of the "prefix=" option if one was
+** specified, or NULL otherwise.
+**
+** If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned and *apIndex set to point to
+** the allocated array. *pnIndex is set to the number of elements in the
+** array. If an error does occur, an SQLite error code is returned.
+**
+** Regardless of whether or not an error is returned, it is the responsibility
+** of the caller to call sqlite3_free() on the output array to free it.
+*/
+static int fts3PrefixParameter(
+  const char *zParam,             /* ABC in prefix=ABC parameter to parse */
+  int *pnIndex,                   /* OUT: size of *apIndex[] array */
+  struct Fts3Index **apIndex      /* OUT: Array of indexes for this table */
+){
+  struct Fts3Index *aIndex;       /* Allocated array */
+  int nIndex = 1;                 /* Number of entries in array */
+
+  if( zParam && zParam[0] ){
+    const char *p;
+    nIndex++;
+    for(p=zParam; *p; p++){
+      if( *p==',' ) nIndex++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  aIndex = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  *apIndex = aIndex;
+  *pnIndex = nIndex;
+  if( !aIndex ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  memset(aIndex, 0, sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  if( zParam ){
+    const char *p = zParam;
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<nIndex; i++){
+      int nPrefix;
+      if( fts3GobbleInt(&p, &nPrefix) ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      aIndex[i].nPrefix = nPrefix;
+      p++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when initializing an FTS4 table that uses the
+** content=xxx option. It determines the number of and names of the columns
+** of the new FTS4 table.
+**
+** The third argument passed to this function is the value passed to the
+** config=xxx option (i.e. "xxx"). This function queries the database for
+** a table of that name. If found, the output variables are populated
+** as follows:
+**
+**   *pnCol:   Set to the number of columns table xxx has,
+**
+**   *pnStr:   Set to the total amount of space required to store a copy
+**             of each columns name, including the nul-terminator.
+**
+**   *pazCol:  Set to point to an array of *pnCol strings. Each string is
+**             the name of the corresponding column in table xxx. The array
+**             and its contents are allocated using a single allocation. It
+**             is the responsibility of the caller to free this allocation
+**             by eventually passing the *pazCol value to sqlite3_free().
+**
+** If the table cannot be found, an error code is returned and the output
+** variables are undefined. Or, if an OOM is encountered, SQLITE_NOMEM is
+** returned (and the output variables are undefined).
+*/
+static int fts3ContentColumns(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of db (i.e. "main", "temp" etc.) */
+  const char *zTbl,               /* Name of content table */
+  const char ***pazCol,           /* OUT: Malloc'd array of column names */
+  int *pnCol,                     /* OUT: Size of array *pazCol */
+  int *pnStr                      /* OUT: Bytes of string content */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  char *zSql;                     /* "SELECT *" statement on zTbl */  
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Compiled version of zSql */
+
+  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM %Q.%Q", zDb, zTbl);
+  if( !zSql ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+  }
   sqlite3_free(zSql);
-  *pResult = (u8)(res & 0xff);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_ABORT ) *pRc = rc;
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char **azCol;           /* Output array */
+    int nStr = 0;                 /* Size of all column names (incl. 0x00) */
+    int nCol;                     /* Number of table columns */
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through columns */
+
+    /* Loop through the returned columns. Set nStr to the number of bytes of
+    ** space required to store a copy of each column name, including the
+    ** nul-terminator byte.  */
+    nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      const char *zCol = sqlite3_column_name(pStmt, i);
+      nStr += strlen(zCol) + 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate and populate the array to return. */
+    azCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(char *) * nCol + nStr);
+    if( azCol==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      char *p = (char *)&azCol[nCol];
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        const char *zCol = sqlite3_column_name(pStmt, i);
+        int n = strlen(zCol)+1;
+        memcpy(p, zCol, n);
+        azCol[i] = p;
+        p += n;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+
+    /* Set the output variables. */
+    *pnCol = nCol;
+    *pnStr = nStr;
+    *pazCol = azCol;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -107430,8 +115651,8 @@ static int fts3InitVtab(
   char **pzErr                    /* Write any error message here */
 ){
   Fts3Hash *pHash = (Fts3Hash *)pAux;
-  Fts3Table *p;                   /* Pointer to allocated vtab */
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  Fts3Table *p = 0;               /* Pointer to allocated vtab */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   int nByte;                      /* Size of allocation used for *p */
   int iCol;                       /* Column index */
@@ -107440,38 +115661,187 @@ static int fts3InitVtab(
   char *zCsr;                     /* Space for holding column names */
   int nDb;                        /* Bytes required to hold database name */
   int nName;                      /* Bytes required to hold table name */
-
-  const char *zTokenizer = 0;               /* Name of tokenizer to use */
+  int isFts4 = (argv[0][3]=='4'); /* True for FTS4, false for FTS3 */
+  const char **aCol;              /* Array of column names */
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = 0;        /* Tokenizer for this table */
 
+  int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] array */
+  struct Fts3Index *aIndex = 0;   /* Array of indexes for this table */
+
+  /* The results of parsing supported FTS4 key=value options: */
+  int bNoDocsize = 0;             /* True to omit %_docsize table */
+  int bDescIdx = 0;               /* True to store descending indexes */
+  char *zPrefix = 0;              /* Prefix parameter value (or NULL) */
+  char *zCompress = 0;            /* compress=? parameter (or NULL) */
+  char *zUncompress = 0;          /* uncompress=? parameter (or NULL) */
+  char *zContent = 0;             /* content=? parameter (or NULL) */
+
+  assert( strlen(argv[0])==4 );
+  assert( (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts4", 4)==0 && isFts4)
+       || (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts3", 4)==0 && !isFts4)
+  );
+
   nDb = (int)strlen(argv[1]) + 1;
   nName = (int)strlen(argv[2]) + 1;
-  for(i=3; i<argc; i++){
+
+  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2) );
+  if( !aCol ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset((void *)aCol, 0, sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2));
+
+  /* Loop through all of the arguments passed by the user to the FTS3/4
+  ** module (i.e. all the column names and special arguments). This loop
+  ** does the following:
+  **
+  **   + Figures out the number of columns the FTSX table will have, and
+  **     the number of bytes of space that must be allocated to store copies
+  **     of the column names.
+  **
+  **   + If there is a tokenizer specification included in the arguments,
+  **     initializes the tokenizer pTokenizer.
+  */
+  for(i=3; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<argc; i++){
     char const *z = argv[i];
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, z, &pTokenizer, &zTokenizer, pzErr);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
+    int nKey;
+    char *zVal;
+
+    /* Check if this is a tokenizer specification */
+    if( !pTokenizer 
+     && strlen(z)>8
+     && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "tokenize", 8) 
+     && 0==sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(z[8])
+    ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, &z[9], &pTokenizer, pzErr);
+    }
+
+    /* Check if it is an FTS4 special argument. */
+    else if( isFts4 && fts3IsSpecialColumn(z, &nKey, &zVal) ){
+      struct Fts4Option {
+        const char *zOpt;
+        int nOpt;
+      } aFts4Opt[] = {
+        { "matchinfo",   9 },     /* 0 -> MATCHINFO */
+        { "prefix",      6 },     /* 1 -> PREFIX */
+        { "compress",    8 },     /* 2 -> COMPRESS */
+        { "uncompress", 10 },     /* 3 -> UNCOMPRESS */
+        { "order",       5 },     /* 4 -> ORDER */
+        { "content",     7 }      /* 5 -> CONTENT */
+      };
+
+      int iOpt;
+      if( !zVal ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        for(iOpt=0; iOpt<SizeofArray(aFts4Opt); iOpt++){
+          struct Fts4Option *pOp = &aFts4Opt[iOpt];
+          if( nKey==pOp->nOpt && !sqlite3_strnicmp(z, pOp->zOpt, pOp->nOpt) ){
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( iOpt==SizeofArray(aFts4Opt) ){
+          *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized parameter: %s", z);
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }else{
+          switch( iOpt ){
+            case 0:               /* MATCHINFO */
+              if( strlen(zVal)!=4 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "fts3", 4) ){
+                *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized matchinfo: %s", zVal);
+                rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+              }
+              bNoDocsize = 1;
+              break;
+
+            case 1:               /* PREFIX */
+              sqlite3_free(zPrefix);
+              zPrefix = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 2:               /* COMPRESS */
+              sqlite3_free(zCompress);
+              zCompress = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 3:               /* UNCOMPRESS */
+              sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
+              zUncompress = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+
+            case 4:               /* ORDER */
+              if( (strlen(zVal)!=3 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "asc", 3)) 
+               && (strlen(zVal)!=4 || sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "desc", 4)) 
+              ){
+                *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized order: %s", zVal);
+                rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+              }
+              bDescIdx = (zVal[0]=='d' || zVal[0]=='D');
+              break;
+
+            default:              /* CONTENT */
+              assert( iOpt==5 );
+              sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
+              zContent = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zVal);
+      }
     }
-    if( z!=zTokenizer ){
+
+    /* Otherwise, the argument is a column name. */
+    else {
       nString += (int)(strlen(z) + 1);
+      aCol[nCol++] = z;
     }
   }
-  nCol = argc - 3 - (zTokenizer!=0);
-  if( zTokenizer==0 ){
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, 0, &pTokenizer, 0, pzErr);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
+
+  /* If a content=xxx option was specified, the following:
+  **
+  **   1. Ignore any compress= and uncompress= options.
+  **
+  **   2. If no column names were specified as part of the CREATE VIRTUAL
+  **      TABLE statement, use all columns from the content table.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && zContent ){
+    sqlite3_free(zCompress); 
+    sqlite3_free(zUncompress); 
+    zCompress = 0;
+    zUncompress = 0;
+    if( nCol==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free((void*)aCol); 
+      aCol = 0;
+      rc = fts3ContentColumns(db, argv[1], zContent, &aCol, &nCol, &nString);
     }
-    assert( pTokenizer );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nCol>0 );
   }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
 
   if( nCol==0 ){
+    assert( nString==0 );
+    aCol[0] = "content";
+    nString = 8;
     nCol = 1;
   }
 
+  if( pTokenizer==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(pHash, "simple", &pTokenizer, pzErr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+  }
+  assert( pTokenizer );
+
+  rc = fts3PrefixParameter(zPrefix, &nIndex, &aIndex);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
+    assert( zPrefix );
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("error parsing prefix parameter: %s", zPrefix);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+
   /* Allocate and populate the Fts3Table structure. */
-  nByte = sizeof(Fts3Table) +              /* Fts3Table */
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3Table) +                  /* Fts3Table */
           nCol * sizeof(char *) +              /* azColumn */
+          nIndex * sizeof(struct Fts3Index) +  /* aIndex */
           nName +                              /* zName */
           nDb +                                /* zDb */
           nString;                             /* Space for azColumn strings */
@@ -107481,19 +115851,29 @@ static int fts3InitVtab(
     goto fts3_init_out;
   }
   memset(p, 0, nByte);
-
   p->db = db;
   p->nColumn = nCol;
   p->nPendingData = 0;
   p->azColumn = (char **)&p[1];
   p->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
-  p->nNodeSize = 1000;
   p->nMaxPendingData = FTS3_MAX_PENDING_DATA;
-  zCsr = (char *)&p->azColumn[nCol];
+  p->bHasDocsize = (isFts4 && bNoDocsize==0);
+  p->bHasStat = isFts4;
+  p->bDescIdx = bDescIdx;
+  p->zContentTbl = zContent;
+  zContent = 0;
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = -1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1 );
 
-  fts3HashInit(&p->pendingTerms, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
+  p->aIndex = (struct Fts3Index *)&p->azColumn[nCol];
+  memcpy(p->aIndex, aIndex, sizeof(struct Fts3Index) * nIndex);
+  p->nIndex = nIndex;
+  for(i=0; i<nIndex; i++){
+    fts3HashInit(&p->aIndex[i].hPending, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
+  }
 
   /* Fill in the zName and zDb fields of the vtab structure. */
+  zCsr = (char *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
   p->zName = zCsr;
   memcpy(zCsr, argv[2], nName);
   zCsr += nName;
@@ -107502,52 +115882,58 @@ static int fts3InitVtab(
   zCsr += nDb;
 
   /* Fill in the azColumn array */
-  iCol = 0;
-  for(i=3; i<argc; i++){
-    if( argv[i]!=zTokenizer ){
-      char *z; 
-      int n;
-      z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(argv[i], &n);
-      memcpy(zCsr, z, n);
-      zCsr[n] = '\0';
-      sqlite3Fts3Dequote(zCsr);
-      p->azColumn[iCol++] = zCsr;
-      zCsr += n+1;
-      assert( zCsr <= &((char *)p)[nByte] );
-    }
-  }
-  if( iCol==0 ){
-    assert( nCol==1 );
-    p->azColumn[0] = "content";
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+    char *z; 
+    int n = 0;
+    z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(aCol[iCol], &n);
+    memcpy(zCsr, z, n);
+    zCsr[n] = '\0';
+    sqlite3Fts3Dequote(zCsr);
+    p->azColumn[iCol] = zCsr;
+    zCsr += n+1;
+    assert( zCsr <= &((char *)p)[nByte] );
+  }
+
+  if( (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
+    char const *zMiss = (zCompress==0 ? "compress" : "uncompress");
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("missing %s parameter in fts4 constructor", zMiss);
   }
+  p->zReadExprlist = fts3ReadExprList(p, zUncompress, &rc);
+  p->zWriteExprlist = fts3WriteExprList(p, zCompress, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
 
   /* If this is an xCreate call, create the underlying tables in the 
   ** database. TODO: For xConnect(), it could verify that said tables exist.
   */
   if( isCreate ){
-    p->bHasContent = 1;
-    p->bHasDocsize = argv[0][3]=='4';
     rc = fts3CreateTables(p);
-  }else{
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    fts3TableExists(&rc, db, argv[1], argv[2], "_content", &p->bHasContent);
-    fts3TableExists(&rc, db, argv[1], argv[2], "_docsize", &p->bHasDocsize);
   }
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
 
-  rc = fts3DeclareVtab(p);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto fts3_init_out;
+  /* Figure out the page-size for the database. This is required in order to
+  ** estimate the cost of loading large doclists from the database.  */
+  fts3DatabasePageSize(&rc, p);
+  p->nNodeSize = p->nPgsz-35;
 
-  *ppVTab = &p->base;
+  /* Declare the table schema to SQLite. */
+  fts3DeclareVtab(&rc, p);
 
 fts3_init_out:
-  assert( p || (pTokenizer && rc!=SQLITE_OK) );
+  sqlite3_free(zPrefix);
+  sqlite3_free(aIndex);
+  sqlite3_free(zCompress);
+  sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
+  sqlite3_free(zContent);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)aCol);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( p ){
       fts3DisconnectMethod((sqlite3_vtab *)p);
-    }else{
+    }else if( pTokenizer ){
       pTokenizer->pModule->xDestroy(pTokenizer);
     }
+  }else{
+    assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+    *ppVTab = &p->base;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -107632,6 +116018,23 @@ static int fts3BestIndexMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info *pInfo){
     pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = 1;
     pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].omit = 1;
   } 
+
+  /* Regardless of the strategy selected, FTS can deliver rows in rowid (or
+  ** docid) order. Both ascending and descending are possible. 
+  */
+  if( pInfo->nOrderBy==1 ){
+    struct sqlite3_index_orderby *pOrder = &pInfo->aOrderBy[0];
+    if( pOrder->iColumn<0 || pOrder->iColumn==p->nColumn+1 ){
+      if( pOrder->desc ){
+        pInfo->idxStr = "DESC";
+      }else{
+        pInfo->idxStr = "ASC";
+      }
+      pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -107659,92 +116062,212 @@ static int fts3OpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
 ** Close the cursor.  For additional information see the documentation
 ** on the xClose method of the virtual table interface.
 */
-static int fulltextClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+static int fts3CloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
   sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
   sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
+  sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(pCsr);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr->aDoclist);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr->aMatchinfo);
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
   sqlite3_free(pCsr);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** If pCsr->pStmt has not been prepared (i.e. if pCsr->pStmt==0), then
+** compose and prepare an SQL statement of the form:
+**
+**    "SELECT <columns> FROM %_content WHERE rowid = ?"
+**
+** (or the equivalent for a content=xxx table) and set pCsr->pStmt to
+** it. If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code.
+**
+** Otherwise, set *ppStmt to point to pCsr->pStmt and return SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3CursorSeekStmt(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pCsr->pStmt==0 ){
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    char *zSql;
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT %s WHERE rowid = ?", p->zReadExprlist);
+    if( !zSql ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+  *ppStmt = pCsr->pStmt;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Position the pCsr->pStmt statement so that it is on the row
 ** of the %_content table that contains the last match.  Return
 ** SQLITE_OK on success.  
 */
 static int fts3CursorSeek(sqlite3_context *pContext, Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pCsr->isRequireSeek ){
-    pCsr->isRequireSeek = 0;
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 1, pCsr->iPrevId);
-    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }else{
-      int rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        /* If no row was found and no error has occured, then the %_content
-        ** table is missing a row that is present in the full-text index.
-        ** The data structures are corrupt.
-        */
-        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
-      }
-      pCsr->isEof = 1;
-      if( pContext ){
-        sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+    rc = fts3CursorSeekStmt(pCsr, &pStmt);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 1, pCsr->iPrevId);
+      pCsr->isRequireSeek = 0;
+      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->zContentTbl==0 ){
+          /* If no row was found and no error has occured, then the %_content
+          ** table is missing a row that is present in the full-text index.
+          ** The data structures are corrupt.  */
+          rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+          pCsr->isEof = 1;
+        }
       }
-      return rc;
     }
-  }else{
-    return SQLITE_OK;
   }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && pContext ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Advance the cursor to the next row in the %_content table that
-** matches the search criteria.  For a MATCH search, this will be
-** the next row that matches.  For a full-table scan, this will be
-** simply the next row in the %_content table.  For a docid lookup,
-** this routine simply sets the EOF flag.
+** This function is used to process a single interior node when searching
+** a b-tree for a term or term prefix. The node data is passed to this 
+** function via the zNode/nNode parameters. The term to search for is
+** passed in zTerm/nTerm.
 **
-** Return SQLITE_OK if nothing goes wrong.  SQLITE_OK is returned
-** even if we reach end-of-file.  The fts3EofMethod() will be called
-** subsequently to determine whether or not an EOF was hit.
+** If piFirst is not NULL, then this function sets *piFirst to the blockid
+** of the child node that heads the sub-tree that may contain the term.
+**
+** If piLast is not NULL, then *piLast is set to the right-most child node
+** that heads a sub-tree that may contain a term for which zTerm/nTerm is
+** a prefix.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
 */
-static int fts3NextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+static int fts3ScanInteriorNode(
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to select leaves for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of term zTerm in bytes */
+  const char *zNode,              /* Buffer containing segment interior node */
+  int nNode,                      /* Size of buffer at zNode */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piFirst,         /* OUT: Selected child node */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLast           /* OUT: Selected child node */
+){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
-  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+  const char *zCsr = zNode;       /* Cursor to iterate through node */
+  const char *zEnd = &zCsr[nNode];/* End of interior node buffer */
+  char *zBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to load terms into */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Size of allocated buffer */
+  int isFirstTerm = 1;            /* True when processing first term on page */
+  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Block id of child node to descend to */
 
-  if( pCsr->aDoclist==0 ){
-    if( SQLITE_ROW!=sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
-      pCsr->isEof = 1;
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
-    }
-  }else if( pCsr->pNextId>=&pCsr->aDoclist[pCsr->nDoclist] ){
-    pCsr->isEof = 1;
-  }else{
-    sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
-    fts3GetDeltaVarint(&pCsr->pNextId, &pCsr->iPrevId);
-    pCsr->isRequireSeek = 1;
-    pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+  /* Skip over the 'height' varint that occurs at the start of every 
+  ** interior node. Then load the blockid of the left-child of the b-tree
+  ** node into variable iChild.  
+  **
+  ** Even if the data structure on disk is corrupted, this (reading two
+  ** varints from the buffer) does not risk an overread. If zNode is a
+  ** root node, then the buffer comes from a SELECT statement. SQLite does
+  ** not make this guarantee explicitly, but in practice there are always
+  ** either more than 20 bytes of allocated space following the nNode bytes of
+  ** contents, or two zero bytes. Or, if the node is read from the %_segments
+  ** table, then there are always 20 bytes of zeroed padding following the
+  ** nNode bytes of content (see sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock() for details).
+  */
+  zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(zCsr, &iChild);
+  zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(zCsr, &iChild);
+  if( zCsr>zEnd ){
+    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
   }
+  
+  while( zCsr<zEnd && (piFirst || piLast) ){
+    int cmp;                      /* memcmp() result */
+    int nSuffix;                  /* Size of term suffix */
+    int nPrefix = 0;              /* Size of term prefix */
+    int nBuffer;                  /* Total term size */
+  
+    /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
+    ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
+    if( !isFirstTerm ){
+      zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
+    }
+    isFirstTerm = 0;
+    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
+    
+    if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<0 || &zCsr[nSuffix]>zEnd ){
+      rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      goto finish_scan;
+    }
+    if( nPrefix+nSuffix>nAlloc ){
+      char *zNew;
+      nAlloc = (nPrefix+nSuffix) * 2;
+      zNew = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(zBuffer, nAlloc);
+      if( !zNew ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        goto finish_scan;
+      }
+      zBuffer = zNew;
+    }
+    assert( zBuffer );
+    memcpy(&zBuffer[nPrefix], zCsr, nSuffix);
+    nBuffer = nPrefix + nSuffix;
+    zCsr += nSuffix;
+
+    /* Compare the term we are searching for with the term just loaded from
+    ** the interior node. If the specified term is greater than or equal
+    ** to the term from the interior node, then all terms on the sub-tree 
+    ** headed by node iChild are smaller than zTerm. No need to search 
+    ** iChild.
+    **
+    ** If the interior node term is larger than the specified term, then
+    ** the tree headed by iChild may contain the specified term.
+    */
+    cmp = memcmp(zTerm, zBuffer, (nBuffer>nTerm ? nTerm : nBuffer));
+    if( piFirst && (cmp<0 || (cmp==0 && nBuffer>nTerm)) ){
+      *piFirst = iChild;
+      piFirst = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( piLast && cmp<0 ){
+      *piLast = iChild;
+      piLast = 0;
+    }
+
+    iChild++;
+  };
+
+  if( piFirst ) *piFirst = iChild;
+  if( piLast ) *piLast = iChild;
+
+ finish_scan:
+  sqlite3_free(zBuffer);
   return rc;
 }
 
 
 /*
-** The buffer pointed to by argument zNode (size nNode bytes) contains the
-** root node of a b-tree segment. The segment is guaranteed to be at least
-** one level high (i.e. the root node is not also a leaf). If successful,
-** this function locates the leaf node of the segment that may contain the 
-** term specified by arguments zTerm and nTerm and writes its block number 
-** to *piLeaf.
+** The buffer pointed to by argument zNode (size nNode bytes) contains an
+** interior node of a b-tree segment. The zTerm buffer (size nTerm bytes)
+** contains a term. This function searches the sub-tree headed by the zNode
+** node for the range of leaf nodes that may contain the specified term
+** or terms for which the specified term is a prefix.
+**
+** If piLeaf is not NULL, then *piLeaf is set to the blockid of the 
+** left-most leaf node in the tree that may contain the specified term.
+** If piLeaf2 is not NULL, then *piLeaf2 is set to the blockid of the
+** right-most leaf node that may contain a term for which the specified
+** term is a prefix.
 **
-** It is possible that the returned leaf node does not contain the specified
-** term. However, if the segment does contain said term, it is stored on
-** the identified leaf node. Because this function only inspects interior
-** segment nodes (and never loads leaf nodes into memory), it is not possible
-** to be sure.
+** It is possible that the range of returned leaf nodes does not contain 
+** the specified term or any terms for which it is a prefix. However, if the 
+** segment does contain any such terms, they are stored within the identified
+** range. Because this function only inspects interior segment nodes (and
+** never loads leaf nodes into memory), it is not possible to be sure.
 **
 ** If an error occurs, an error code other than SQLITE_OK is returned.
 */ 
@@ -107754,77 +116277,41 @@ static int fts3SelectLeaf(
   int nTerm,                      /* Size of term zTerm in bytes */
   const char *zNode,              /* Buffer containing segment interior node */
   int nNode,                      /* Size of buffer at zNode */
-  sqlite3_int64 *piLeaf           /* Selected leaf node */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLeaf,          /* Selected leaf node */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piLeaf2          /* Selected leaf node */
 ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
-  const char *zCsr = zNode;       /* Cursor to iterate through node */
-  const char *zEnd = &zCsr[nNode];/* End of interior node buffer */
-  char *zBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to load terms into */
-  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Size of allocated buffer */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int iHeight;                    /* Height of this node in tree */
 
-  while( 1 ){
-    int isFirstTerm = 1;          /* True when processing first term on page */
-    int iHeight;                  /* Height of this node in tree */
-    sqlite3_int64 iChild;         /* Block id of child node to descend to */
-    int nBlock;                   /* Size of child node in bytes */
+  assert( piLeaf || piLeaf2 );
 
-    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &iHeight);
-    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(zCsr, &iChild);
-  
-    while( zCsr<zEnd ){
-      int cmp;                    /* memcmp() result */
-      int nSuffix;                /* Size of term suffix */
-      int nPrefix = 0;            /* Size of term prefix */
-      int nBuffer;                /* Total term size */
-  
-      /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer */
-      if( !isFirstTerm ){
-        zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
-      }
-      isFirstTerm = 0;
-      zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
-      if( nPrefix+nSuffix>nAlloc ){
-        char *zNew;
-        nAlloc = (nPrefix+nSuffix) * 2;
-        zNew = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(zBuffer, nAlloc);
-        if( !zNew ){
-          sqlite3_free(zBuffer);
-          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-        zBuffer = zNew;
-      }
-      memcpy(&zBuffer[nPrefix], zCsr, nSuffix);
-      nBuffer = nPrefix + nSuffix;
-      zCsr += nSuffix;
-  
-      /* Compare the term we are searching for with the term just loaded from
-      ** the interior node. If the specified term is greater than or equal
-      ** to the term from the interior node, then all terms on the sub-tree 
-      ** headed by node iChild are smaller than zTerm. No need to search 
-      ** iChild.
-      **
-      ** If the interior node term is larger than the specified term, then
-      ** the tree headed by iChild may contain the specified term.
-      */
-      cmp = memcmp(zTerm, zBuffer, (nBuffer>nTerm ? nTerm : nBuffer));
-      if( cmp<0 || (cmp==0 && nBuffer>nTerm) ) break;
-      iChild++;
-    };
+  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
+  rc = fts3ScanInteriorNode(zTerm, nTerm, zNode, nNode, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
+  assert( !piLeaf2 || !piLeaf || rc!=SQLITE_OK || (*piLeaf<=*piLeaf2) );
 
-    /* If (iHeight==1), the children of this interior node are leaves. The
-    ** specified term may be present on leaf node iChild.
-    */
-    if( iHeight==1 ){
-      *piLeaf = iChild;
-      break;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iHeight>1 ){
+    char *zBlob = 0;              /* Blob read from %_segments table */
+    int nBlob;                    /* Size of zBlob in bytes */
+
+    if( piLeaf && piLeaf2 && (*piLeaf!=*piLeaf2) ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, *piLeaf, &zBlob, &nBlob, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zBlob, nBlob, piLeaf, 0);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(zBlob);
+      piLeaf = 0;
+      zBlob = 0;
     }
 
-    /* Descend to interior node iChild. */
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, iChild, &zCsr, &nBlock);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
-    zEnd = &zCsr[nBlock];
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, piLeaf?*piLeaf:*piLeaf2, &zBlob, &nBlob, 0);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zBlob, nBlob, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zBlob);
   }
-  sqlite3_free(zBuffer);
+
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -108055,22 +116542,46 @@ static void fts3PoslistMerge(
 }
 
 /*
-** nToken==1 searches for adjacent positions.
+** This function is used to merge two position lists into one. When it is
+** called, *pp1 and *pp2 must both point to position lists. A position-list is
+** the part of a doclist that follows each document id. For example, if a row
+** contains:
+**
+**     'a b c'|'x y z'|'a b b a'
+**
+** Then the position list for this row for token 'b' would consist of:
+**
+**     0x02 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x03 0x00
+**
+** When this function returns, both *pp1 and *pp2 are left pointing to the
+** byte following the 0x00 terminator of their respective position lists.
+**
+** If isSaveLeft is 0, an entry is added to the output position list for 
+** each position in *pp2 for which there exists one or more positions in
+** *pp1 so that (pos(*pp2)>pos(*pp1) && pos(*pp2)-pos(*pp1)<=nToken). i.e.
+** when the *pp1 token appears before the *pp2 token, but not more than nToken
+** slots before it.
+**
+** e.g. nToken==1 searches for adjacent positions.
 */
 static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
-  char **pp,                      /* Output buffer */
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Preallocated output buffer */
   int nToken,                     /* Maximum difference in token positions */
   int isSaveLeft,                 /* Save the left position */
-  char **pp1,                     /* Left input list */
-  char **pp2                      /* Right input list */
+  int isExact,                    /* If *pp1 is exactly nTokens before *pp2 */
+  char **pp1,                     /* IN/OUT: Left input list */
+  char **pp2                      /* IN/OUT: Right input list */
 ){
-  char *p = (pp ? *pp : 0);
+  char *p = *pp;
   char *p1 = *pp1;
   char *p2 = *pp2;
-
   int iCol1 = 0;
   int iCol2 = 0;
-  assert( *p1!=0 && *p2!=0 );
+
+  /* Never set both isSaveLeft and isExact for the same invocation. */
+  assert( isSaveLeft==0 || isExact==0 );
+
+  assert( p!=0 && *p1!=0 && *p2!=0 );
   if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ){ 
     p1++;
     p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
@@ -108087,7 +116598,7 @@ static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
       sqlite3_int64 iPos1 = 0;
       sqlite3_int64 iPos2 = 0;
 
-      if( pp && iCol1 ){
+      if( iCol1 ){
         *p++ = POS_COLUMN;
         p += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(p, iCol1);
       }
@@ -108098,18 +116609,14 @@ static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
       fts3GetDeltaVarint(&p2, &iPos2); iPos2 -= 2;
 
       while( 1 ){
-        if( iPos2>iPos1 && iPos2<=iPos1+nToken ){
+        if( iPos2==iPos1+nToken 
+         || (isExact==0 && iPos2>iPos1 && iPos2<=iPos1+nToken) 
+        ){
           sqlite3_int64 iSave;
-          if( !pp ){
-            fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
-            fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
-            *pp1 = p1;
-            *pp2 = p2;
-            return 1;
-          }
           iSave = isSaveLeft ? iPos1 : iPos2;
           fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, iSave+2); iPrev -= 2;
           pSave = 0;
+          assert( p );
         }
         if( (!isSaveLeft && iPos2<=(iPos1+nToken)) || iPos2<=iPos1 ){
           if( (*p2&0xFE)==0 ) break;
@@ -108158,7 +116665,7 @@ static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
   fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
   *pp1 = p1;
   *pp2 = p2;
-  if( !pp || *pp==p ){
+  if( *pp==p ){
     return 0;
   }
   *p++ = 0x00;
@@ -108167,7 +116674,19 @@ static int fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(
 }
 
 /*
-** Merge two position-lists as required by the NEAR operator.
+** Merge two position-lists as required by the NEAR operator. The argument
+** position lists correspond to the left and right phrases of an expression 
+** like:
+**
+**     "phrase 1" NEAR "phrase number 2"
+**
+** Position list *pp1 corresponds to the left-hand side of the NEAR 
+** expression and *pp2 to the right. As usual, the indexes in the position 
+** lists are the offsets of the last token in each phrase (tokens "1" and "2" 
+** in the example above).
+**
+** The output position list - written to *pp - is a copy of *pp2 with those
+** entries that are not sufficiently NEAR entries in *pp1 removed.
 */
 static int fts3PoslistNearMerge(
   char **pp,                      /* Output buffer */
@@ -108180,220 +116699,325 @@ static int fts3PoslistNearMerge(
   char *p1 = *pp1;
   char *p2 = *pp2;
 
-  if( !pp ){
-    if( fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(0, nRight, 0, pp1, pp2) ) return 1;
-    *pp1 = p1;
-    *pp2 = p2;
-    return fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(0, nLeft, 0, pp2, pp1);
+  char *pTmp1 = aTmp;
+  char *pTmp2;
+  char *aTmp2;
+  int res = 1;
+
+  fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp1, nRight, 0, 0, pp1, pp2);
+  aTmp2 = pTmp2 = pTmp1;
+  *pp1 = p1;
+  *pp2 = p2;
+  fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp2, nLeft, 1, 0, pp2, pp1);
+  if( pTmp1!=aTmp && pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
+    fts3PoslistMerge(pp, &aTmp, &aTmp2);
+  }else if( pTmp1!=aTmp ){
+    fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp);
+  }else if( pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
+    fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp2);
   }else{
-    char *pTmp1 = aTmp;
-    char *pTmp2;
-    char *aTmp2;
-    int res = 1;
-
-    fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp1, nRight, 0, pp1, pp2);
-    aTmp2 = pTmp2 = pTmp1;
-    *pp1 = p1;
-    *pp2 = p2;
-    fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pTmp2, nLeft, 1, pp2, pp1);
-    if( pTmp1!=aTmp && pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
-      fts3PoslistMerge(pp, &aTmp, &aTmp2);
-    }else if( pTmp1!=aTmp ){
-      fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp);
-    }else if( pTmp2!=aTmp2 ){
-      fts3PoslistCopy(pp, &aTmp2);
+    res = 0;
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/* 
+** An instance of this function is used to merge together the (potentially
+** large number of) doclists for each term that matches a prefix query.
+** See function fts3TermSelectMerge() for details.
+*/
+typedef struct TermSelect TermSelect;
+struct TermSelect {
+  char *aaOutput[16];             /* Malloc'd output buffers */
+  int anOutput[16];               /* Size each output buffer in bytes */
+};
+
+/*
+** This function is used to read a single varint from a buffer. Parameter
+** pEnd points 1 byte past the end of the buffer. When this function is
+** called, if *pp points to pEnd or greater, then the end of the buffer
+** has been reached. In this case *pp is set to 0 and the function returns.
+**
+** If *pp does not point to or past pEnd, then a single varint is read
+** from *pp. *pp is then set to point 1 byte past the end of the read varint.
+**
+** If bDescIdx is false, the value read is added to *pVal before returning.
+** If it is true, the value read is subtracted from *pVal before this 
+** function returns.
+*/
+static void fts3GetDeltaVarint3(
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Point to read varint from */
+  char *pEnd,                     /* End of buffer */
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if docids are descending */
+  sqlite3_int64 *pVal             /* IN/OUT: Integer value */
+){
+  if( *pp>=pEnd ){
+    *pp = 0;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_int64 iVal;
+    *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(*pp, &iVal);
+    if( bDescIdx ){
+      *pVal -= iVal;
     }else{
-      res = 0;
+      *pVal += iVal;
     }
+  }
+}
 
-    return res;
+/*
+** This function is used to write a single varint to a buffer. The varint
+** is written to *pp. Before returning, *pp is set to point 1 byte past the
+** end of the value written.
+**
+** If *pbFirst is zero when this function is called, the value written to
+** the buffer is that of parameter iVal. 
+**
+** If *pbFirst is non-zero when this function is called, then the value 
+** written is either (iVal-*piPrev) (if bDescIdx is zero) or (*piPrev-iVal)
+** (if bDescIdx is non-zero).
+**
+** Before returning, this function always sets *pbFirst to 1 and *piPrev
+** to the value of parameter iVal.
+*/
+static void fts3PutDeltaVarint3(
+  char **pp,                      /* IN/OUT: Output pointer */
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True for descending docids */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piPrev,          /* IN/OUT: Previous value written to list */
+  int *pbFirst,                   /* IN/OUT: True after first int written */
+  sqlite3_int64 iVal              /* Write this value to the list */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iWrite;
+  if( bDescIdx==0 || *pbFirst==0 ){
+    iWrite = iVal - *piPrev;
+  }else{
+    iWrite = *piPrev - iVal;
   }
+  assert( *pbFirst || *piPrev==0 );
+  assert( *pbFirst==0 || iWrite>0 );
+  *pp += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(*pp, iWrite);
+  *piPrev = iVal;
+  *pbFirst = 1;
 }
 
+
 /*
-** Values that may be used as the first parameter to fts3DoclistMerge().
+** This macro is used by various functions that merge doclists. The two
+** arguments are 64-bit docid values. If the value of the stack variable
+** bDescDoclist is 0 when this macro is invoked, then it returns (i1-i2). 
+** Otherwise, (i2-i1).
+**
+** Using this makes it easier to write code that can merge doclists that are
+** sorted in either ascending or descending order.
 */
-#define MERGE_NOT        2        /* D + D -> D */
-#define MERGE_AND        3        /* D + D -> D */
-#define MERGE_OR         4        /* D + D -> D */
-#define MERGE_POS_OR     5        /* P + P -> P */
-#define MERGE_PHRASE     6        /* P + P -> D */
-#define MERGE_POS_PHRASE 7        /* P + P -> P */
-#define MERGE_NEAR       8        /* P + P -> D */
-#define MERGE_POS_NEAR   9        /* P + P -> P */
+#define DOCID_CMP(i1, i2) ((bDescDoclist?-1:1) * (i1-i2))
 
 /*
-** Merge the two doclists passed in buffer a1 (size n1 bytes) and a2
-** (size n2 bytes). The output is written to pre-allocated buffer aBuffer,
-** which is guaranteed to be large enough to hold the results. The number
-** of bytes written to aBuffer is stored in *pnBuffer before returning.
+** This function does an "OR" merge of two doclists (output contains all
+** positions contained in either argument doclist). If the docids in the 
+** input doclists are sorted in ascending order, parameter bDescDoclist
+** should be false. If they are sorted in ascending order, it should be
+** passed a non-zero value.
 **
-** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, if a malloc error
-** occurs while allocating a temporary buffer as part of the merge operation,
-** SQLITE_NOMEM is returned.
+** If no error occurs, *paOut is set to point at an sqlite3_malloc'd buffer
+** containing the output doclist and SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case
+** *pnOut is set to the number of bytes in the output doclist.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned. The output values
+** are undefined in this case.
 */
-static int fts3DoclistMerge(
-  int mergetype,                  /* One of the MERGE_XXX constants */
-  int nParam1,                    /* Used by MERGE_NEAR and MERGE_POS_NEAR */
-  int nParam2,                    /* Used by MERGE_NEAR and MERGE_POS_NEAR */
-  char *aBuffer,                  /* Pre-allocated output buffer */
-  int *pnBuffer,                  /* OUT: Bytes written to aBuffer */
-  char *a1,                       /* Buffer containing first doclist */
-  int n1,                         /* Size of buffer a1 */
-  char *a2,                       /* Buffer containing second doclist */
-  int n2                          /* Size of buffer a2 */
+static int fts3DoclistOrMerge(
+  int bDescDoclist,               /* True if arguments are desc */
+  char *a1, int n1,               /* First doclist */
+  char *a2, int n2,               /* Second doclist */
+  char **paOut, int *pnOut        /* OUT: Malloc'd doclist */
 ){
   sqlite3_int64 i1 = 0;
   sqlite3_int64 i2 = 0;
   sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
-
-  char *p = aBuffer;
-  char *p1 = a1;
-  char *p2 = a2;
   char *pEnd1 = &a1[n1];
   char *pEnd2 = &a2[n2];
+  char *p1 = a1;
+  char *p2 = a2;
+  char *p;
+  char *aOut;
+  int bFirstOut = 0;
 
-  assert( mergetype==MERGE_OR     || mergetype==MERGE_POS_OR 
-       || mergetype==MERGE_AND    || mergetype==MERGE_NOT
-       || mergetype==MERGE_PHRASE || mergetype==MERGE_POS_PHRASE
-       || mergetype==MERGE_NEAR   || mergetype==MERGE_POS_NEAR
-  );
+  *paOut = 0;
+  *pnOut = 0;
 
-  if( !aBuffer ){
-    *pnBuffer = 0;
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  /* Allocate space for the output. Both the input and output doclists
+  ** are delta encoded. If they are in ascending order (bDescDoclist==0),
+  ** then the first docid in each list is simply encoded as a varint. For
+  ** each subsequent docid, the varint stored is the difference between the
+  ** current and previous docid (a positive number - since the list is in
+  ** ascending order).
+  **
+  ** The first docid written to the output is therefore encoded using the 
+  ** same number of bytes as it is in whichever of the input lists it is
+  ** read from. And each subsequent docid read from the same input list 
+  ** consumes either the same or less bytes as it did in the input (since
+  ** the difference between it and the previous value in the output must
+  ** be a positive value less than or equal to the delta value read from 
+  ** the input list). The same argument applies to all but the first docid
+  ** read from the 'other' list. And to the contents of all position lists
+  ** that will be copied and merged from the input to the output.
+  **
+  ** However, if the first docid copied to the output is a negative number,
+  ** then the encoding of the first docid from the 'other' input list may
+  ** be larger in the output than it was in the input (since the delta value
+  ** may be a larger positive integer than the actual docid).
+  **
+  ** The space required to store the output is therefore the sum of the
+  ** sizes of the two inputs, plus enough space for exactly one of the input
+  ** docids to grow. 
+  **
+  ** A symetric argument may be made if the doclists are in descending 
+  ** order.
+  */
+  aOut = sqlite3_malloc(n1+n2+FTS3_VARINT_MAX-1);
+  if( !aOut ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  p = aOut;
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, 0, &i1);
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, 0, &i2);
+  while( p1 || p2 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDiff = DOCID_CMP(i1, i2);
+
+    if( p2 && p1 && iDiff==0 ){
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescDoclist, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      fts3PoslistMerge(&p, &p1, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescDoclist, &i1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescDoclist, &i2);
+    }else if( !p2 || (p1 && iDiff<0) ){
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescDoclist, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescDoclist, &i1);
+    }else{
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescDoclist, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i2);
+      fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescDoclist, &i2);
+    }
   }
 
-  /* Read the first docid from each doclist */
-  fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-  fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-
-  switch( mergetype ){
-    case MERGE_OR:
-    case MERGE_POS_OR:
-      while( p1 || p2 ){
-        if( p2 && p1 && i1==i2 ){
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
-          if( mergetype==MERGE_POS_OR ) fts3PoslistMerge(&p, &p1, &p2);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }else if( !p2 || (p1 && i1<i2) ){
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
-          if( mergetype==MERGE_POS_OR ) fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-        }else{
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i2);
-          if( mergetype==MERGE_POS_OR ) fts3PoslistCopy(&p, &p2);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case MERGE_AND:
-      while( p1 && p2 ){
-        if( i1==i2 ){
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }else if( i1<i2 ){
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-        }else{
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
+  *paOut = aOut;
+  *pnOut = (p-aOut);
+  assert( *pnOut<=n1+n2+FTS3_VARINT_MAX-1 );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
 
-    case MERGE_NOT:
-      while( p1 ){
-        if( p2 && i1==i2 ){
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }else if( !p2 || i1<i2 ){
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-        }else{
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
+/*
+** This function does a "phrase" merge of two doclists. In a phrase merge,
+** the output contains a copy of each position from the right-hand input
+** doclist for which there is a position in the left-hand input doclist
+** exactly nDist tokens before it.
+**
+** If the docids in the input doclists are sorted in ascending order,
+** parameter bDescDoclist should be false. If they are sorted in ascending 
+** order, it should be passed a non-zero value.
+**
+** The right-hand input doclist is overwritten by this function.
+*/
+static void fts3DoclistPhraseMerge(
+  int bDescDoclist,               /* True if arguments are desc */
+  int nDist,                      /* Distance from left to right (1=adjacent) */
+  char *aLeft, int nLeft,         /* Left doclist */
+  char *aRight, int *pnRight      /* IN/OUT: Right/output doclist */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 i1 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 i2 = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;
+  char *pEnd1 = &aLeft[nLeft];
+  char *pEnd2 = &aRight[*pnRight];
+  char *p1 = aLeft;
+  char *p2 = aRight;
+  char *p;
+  int bFirstOut = 0;
+  char *aOut = aRight;
+
+  assert( nDist>0 );
+
+  p = aOut;
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, 0, &i1);
+  fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, 0, &i2);
+
+  while( p1 && p2 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDiff = DOCID_CMP(i1, i2);
+    if( iDiff==0 ){
+      char *pSave = p;
+      sqlite3_int64 iPrevSave = iPrev;
+      int bFirstOutSave = bFirstOut;
 
-    case MERGE_POS_PHRASE:
-    case MERGE_PHRASE: {
-      char **ppPos = (mergetype==MERGE_PHRASE ? 0 : &p);
-      while( p1 && p2 ){
-        if( i1==i2 ){
-          char *pSave = p;
-          sqlite3_int64 iPrevSave = iPrev;
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
-          if( 0==fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(ppPos, 1, 0, &p1, &p2) ){
-            p = pSave;
-            iPrev = iPrevSave;
-          }
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }else if( i1<i2 ){
-          fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-        }else{
-          fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }
-      }
-      break;
+      fts3PutDeltaVarint3(&p, bDescDoclist, &iPrev, &bFirstOut, i1);
+      if( 0==fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&p, nDist, 0, 1, &p1, &p2) ){
+        p = pSave;
+        iPrev = iPrevSave;
+        bFirstOut = bFirstOutSave;
+      }
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescDoclist, &i1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescDoclist, &i2);
+    }else if( iDiff<0 ){
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p1, pEnd1, bDescDoclist, &i1);
+    }else{
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
+      fts3GetDeltaVarint3(&p2, pEnd2, bDescDoclist, &i2);
     }
+  }
 
-    default: assert( mergetype==MERGE_POS_NEAR || mergetype==MERGE_NEAR ); {
-      char *aTmp = 0;
-      char **ppPos = 0;
-
-      if( mergetype==MERGE_POS_NEAR ){
-        ppPos = &p;
-        aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(2*(n1+n2+1));
-        if( !aTmp ){
-          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-      }
+  *pnRight = p - aOut;
+}
 
-      while( p1 && p2 ){
-        if( i1==i2 ){
-          char *pSave = p;
-          sqlite3_int64 iPrevSave = iPrev;
-          fts3PutDeltaVarint(&p, &iPrev, i1);
+/*
+** Argument pList points to a position list nList bytes in size. This
+** function checks to see if the position list contains any entries for
+** a token in position 0 (of any column). If so, it writes argument iDelta
+** to the output buffer pOut, followed by a position list consisting only
+** of the entries from pList at position 0, and terminated by an 0x00 byte.
+** The value returned is the number of bytes written to pOut (if any).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(
+  sqlite3_int64 iDelta,           /* Varint that may be written to pOut */
+  char *pList,                    /* Position list (no 0x00 term) */
+  int nList,                      /* Size of pList in bytes */
+  char *pOut                      /* Write output here */
+){
+  int nOut = 0;
+  int bWritten = 0;               /* True once iDelta has been written */
+  char *p = pList;
+  char *pEnd = &pList[nList];
 
-          if( !fts3PoslistNearMerge(ppPos, aTmp, nParam1, nParam2, &p1, &p2) ){
-            iPrev = iPrevSave;
-            p = pSave;
-          }
+  if( *p!=0x01 ){
+    if( *p==0x02 ){
+      nOut += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pOut[nOut], iDelta);
+      pOut[nOut++] = 0x02;
+      bWritten = 1;
+    }
+    fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p);
+  }
 
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }else if( i1<i2 ){
-          fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p1);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p1, pEnd1, &i1);
-        }else{
-          fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p2);
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint2(&p2, pEnd2, &i2);
-        }
+  while( p<pEnd && *p==0x01 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iCol;
+    p++;
+    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iCol);
+    if( *p==0x02 ){
+      if( bWritten==0 ){
+        nOut += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pOut[nOut], iDelta);
+        bWritten = 1;
       }
-      sqlite3_free(aTmp);
-      break;
+      pOut[nOut++] = 0x01;
+      nOut += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pOut[nOut], iCol);
+      pOut[nOut++] = 0x02;
     }
+    fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p);
+  }
+  if( bWritten ){
+    pOut[nOut++] = 0x00;
   }
 
-  *pnBuffer = (int)(p-aBuffer);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return nOut;
 }
 
-/* 
-** A pointer to an instance of this structure is used as the context 
-** argument to sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate()
-*/
-typedef struct TermSelect TermSelect;
-struct TermSelect {
-  int isReqPos;
-  char *aaOutput[16];             /* Malloc'd output buffer */
-  int anOutput[16];               /* Size of output in bytes */
-};
 
 /*
 ** Merge all doclists in the TermSelect.aaOutput[] array into a single
@@ -108404,8 +117028,7 @@ struct TermSelect {
 ** the responsibility of the caller to free any doclists left in the
 ** TermSelect.aaOutput[] array.
 */
-static int fts3TermSelectMerge(TermSelect *pTS){
-  int mergetype = (pTS->isReqPos ? MERGE_POS_OR : MERGE_OR);
+static int fts3TermSelectFinishMerge(Fts3Table *p, TermSelect *pTS){
   char *aOut = 0;
   int nOut = 0;
   int i;
@@ -108418,17 +117041,19 @@ static int fts3TermSelectMerge(TermSelect *pTS){
       if( !aOut ){
         aOut = pTS->aaOutput[i];
         nOut = pTS->anOutput[i];
-        pTS->aaOutput[0] = 0;
+        pTS->aaOutput[i] = 0;
       }else{
-        int nNew = nOut + pTS->anOutput[i];
-        char *aNew = sqlite3_malloc(nNew);
-        if( !aNew ){
+        int nNew;
+        char *aNew;
+
+        int rc = fts3DoclistOrMerge(p->bDescIdx, 
+            pTS->aaOutput[i], pTS->anOutput[i], aOut, nOut, &aNew, &nNew
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           sqlite3_free(aOut);
-          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          return rc;
         }
-        fts3DoclistMerge(mergetype, 0, 0,
-            aNew, &nNew, pTS->aaOutput[i], pTS->anOutput[i], aOut, nOut
-        );
+
         sqlite3_free(pTS->aaOutput[i]);
         sqlite3_free(aOut);
         pTS->aaOutput[i] = 0;
@@ -108444,29 +117069,28 @@ static int fts3TermSelectMerge(TermSelect *pTS){
 }
 
 /*
-** This function is used as the sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate() callback when
-** querying the full-text index for a doclist associated with a term or
-** term-prefix.
+** Merge the doclist aDoclist/nDoclist into the TermSelect object passed
+** as the first argument. The merge is an "OR" merge (see function
+** fts3DoclistOrMerge() for details).
+**
+** This function is called with the doclist for each term that matches
+** a queried prefix. It merges all these doclists into one, the doclist
+** for the specified prefix. Since there can be a very large number of
+** doclists to merge, the merging is done pair-wise using the TermSelect
+** object.
+**
+** This function returns SQLITE_OK if the merge is successful, or an
+** SQLite error code (SQLITE_NOMEM) if an error occurs.
 */
-static int fts3TermSelectCb(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table object */
-  void *pContext,                 /* Pointer to TermSelect structure */
-  char *zTerm,
-  int nTerm,
-  char *aDoclist,
-  int nDoclist
+static int fts3TermSelectMerge(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  TermSelect *pTS,                /* TermSelect object to merge into */
+  char *aDoclist,                 /* Pointer to doclist */
+  int nDoclist                    /* Size of aDoclist in bytes */
 ){
-  TermSelect *pTS = (TermSelect *)pContext;
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(zTerm);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nTerm);
-
   if( pTS->aaOutput[0]==0 ){
     /* If this is the first term selected, copy the doclist to the output
-    ** buffer using memcpy(). TODO: Add a way to transfer control of the
-    ** aDoclist buffer from the caller so as to avoid the memcpy().
-    */
+    ** buffer using memcpy(). */
     pTS->aaOutput[0] = sqlite3_malloc(nDoclist);
     pTS->anOutput[0] = nDoclist;
     if( pTS->aaOutput[0] ){
@@ -108475,42 +117099,38 @@ static int fts3TermSelectCb(
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
   }else{
-    int mergetype = (pTS->isReqPos ? MERGE_POS_OR : MERGE_OR);
     char *aMerge = aDoclist;
     int nMerge = nDoclist;
     int iOut;
 
     for(iOut=0; iOut<SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput); iOut++){
-      char *aNew;
-      int nNew;
       if( pTS->aaOutput[iOut]==0 ){
         assert( iOut>0 );
         pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = aMerge;
         pTS->anOutput[iOut] = nMerge;
         break;
-      }
+      }else{
+        char *aNew;
+        int nNew;
 
-      nNew = nMerge + pTS->anOutput[iOut];
-      aNew = sqlite3_malloc(nNew);
-      if( !aNew ){
-        if( aMerge!=aDoclist ){
-          sqlite3_free(aMerge);
+        int rc = fts3DoclistOrMerge(p->bDescIdx, aMerge, nMerge, 
+            pTS->aaOutput[iOut], pTS->anOutput[iOut], &aNew, &nNew
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          if( aMerge!=aDoclist ) sqlite3_free(aMerge);
+          return rc;
         }
-        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-      }
-      fts3DoclistMerge(mergetype, 0, 0,
-          aNew, &nNew, pTS->aaOutput[iOut], pTS->anOutput[iOut], aMerge, nMerge
-      );
-
-      if( iOut>0 ) sqlite3_free(aMerge);
-      sqlite3_free(pTS->aaOutput[iOut]);
-      pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = 0;
 
-      aMerge = aNew;
-      nMerge = nNew;
-      if( (iOut+1)==SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput) ){
-        pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = aMerge;
-        pTS->anOutput[iOut] = nMerge;
+        if( aMerge!=aDoclist ) sqlite3_free(aMerge);
+        sqlite3_free(pTS->aaOutput[iOut]);
+        pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = 0;
+  
+        aMerge = aNew;
+        nMerge = nNew;
+        if( (iOut+1)==SizeofArray(pTS->aaOutput) ){
+          pTS->aaOutput[iOut] = aMerge;
+          pTS->anOutput[iOut] = nMerge;
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -108518,372 +117138,323 @@ static int fts3TermSelectCb(
 }
 
 /*
-** This function retreives the doclist for the specified term (or term
-** prefix) from the database. 
+** Append SegReader object pNew to the end of the pCsr->apSegment[] array.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr, 
+  Fts3SegReader *pNew
+){
+  if( (pCsr->nSegment%16)==0 ){
+    Fts3SegReader **apNew;
+    int nByte = (pCsr->nSegment + 16)*sizeof(Fts3SegReader*);
+    apNew = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->apSegment, nByte);
+    if( !apNew ){
+      sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pNew);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    pCsr->apSegment = apNew;
+  }
+  pCsr->apSegment[pCsr->nSegment++] = pNew;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add seg-reader objects to the Fts3MultiSegReader object passed as the
+** 8th argument.
 **
-** The returned doclist may be in one of two formats, depending on the 
-** value of parameter isReqPos. If isReqPos is zero, then the doclist is
-** a sorted list of delta-compressed docids (a bare doclist). If isReqPos
-** is non-zero, then the returned list is in the same format as is stored 
-** in the database without the found length specifier at the start of on-disk
-** doclists.
+** This function returns SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code
+** otherwise.
 */
-static int fts3TermSelect(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
-  int iColumn,                    /* Column to query (or -ve for all columns) */
+static int fts3SegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
   const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
   int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
   int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
-  int isReqPos,                   /* True to include position lists in output */
-  int *pnOut,                     /* OUT: Size of buffer at *ppOut */
-  char **ppOut                    /* OUT: Malloced result buffer */
+  int isScan,                     /* True to scan from zTerm to EOF */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor object to populate */
 ){
-  int i;
-  TermSelect tsc;
-  Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter configuration */
-  Fts3SegReader **apSegment;      /* Array of segments to read data from */
-  int nSegment = 0;               /* Size of apSegment array */
-  int nAlloc = 16;                /* Allocated size of segment array */
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* SQL statement to scan %_segdir table */
-  int iAge = 0;                   /* Used to assign ages to segments */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Error code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement to iterate through segments */
+  int rc2;                        /* Result of sqlite3_reset() */
 
-  apSegment = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3SegReader*)*nAlloc);
-  if( !apSegment ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(p, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, &apSegment[0]);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-  if( apSegment[0] ){
-    nSegment = 1;
+  /* If iLevel is less than 0 and this is not a scan, include a seg-reader 
+  ** for the pending-terms. If this is a scan, then this call must be being
+  ** made by an fts4aux module, not an FTS table. In this case calling
+  ** Fts3SegReaderPending might segfault, as the data structures used by 
+  ** fts4aux are not completely populated. So it's easiest to filter these
+  ** calls out here.  */
+  if( iLevel<0 && p->aIndex ){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(p, iIndex, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, &pSeg);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pSeg ){
+      rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(pCsr, pSeg);
+    }
   }
 
-  /* Loop through the entire %_segdir table. For each segment, create a
-  ** Fts3SegReader to iterate through the subset of the segment leaves
-  ** that may contain a term that matches zTerm/nTerm. For non-prefix
-  ** searches, this is always a single leaf. For prefix searches, this
-  ** may be a contiguous block of leaves.
-  **
-  ** The code in this loop does not actually load any leaves into memory
-  ** (unless the root node happens to be a leaf). It simply examines the
-  ** b-tree structure to determine which leaves need to be inspected.
-  */
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(p, &pStmt);
-  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt)) ){
-    Fts3SegReader *pNew = 0;
-    int nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4);
-    char const *zRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4);
-    if( sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1)==0 ){
-      /* The entire segment is stored on the root node (which must be a
-      ** leaf). Do not bother inspecting any data in this case, just
-      ** create a Fts3SegReader to scan the single leaf. 
-      */
-      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(p, iAge, 0, 0, 0, zRoot, nRoot, &pNew);
-    }else{
-      int rc2;                    /* Return value of sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock() */
-      sqlite3_int64 i1;           /* Blockid of leaf that may contain zTerm */
-      rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zRoot, nRoot, &i1);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        sqlite3_int64 i2 = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
-        rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(p, iAge, i1, i2, 0, 0, 0, &pNew);
-      }
-
-      /* The following call to ReadBlock() serves to reset the SQL statement
-      ** used to retrieve blocks of data from the %_segments table. If it is
-      ** not reset here, then it may remain classified as an active statement 
-      ** by SQLite, which may lead to "DROP TABLE" or "DETACH" commands 
-      ** failing.
-      */ 
-      rc2 = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, 0, 0, 0);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = rc2;
-      }
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(p, iIndex, iLevel, &pStmt);
     }
-    iAge++;
 
-    /* If a new Fts3SegReader was allocated, add it to the apSegment array. */
-    assert( pNew!=0 || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-    if( pNew ){
-      if( nSegment==nAlloc ){
-        Fts3SegReader **pArray;
-        nAlloc += 16;
-        pArray = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_realloc(
-            apSegment, nAlloc*sizeof(Fts3SegReader *)
-        );
-        if( !pArray ){
-          sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, pNew);
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          goto finished;
-        }
-        apSegment = pArray;
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt)) ){
+      Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+
+      /* Read the values returned by the SELECT into local variables. */
+      sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1);
+      sqlite3_int64 iLeavesEndBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
+      sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3);
+      int nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4);
+      char const *zRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4);
+
+      /* If zTerm is not NULL, and this segment is not stored entirely on its
+      ** root node, the range of leaves scanned can be reduced. Do this. */
+      if( iStartBlock && zTerm ){
+        sqlite3_int64 *pi = (isPrefix ? &iLeavesEndBlock : 0);
+        rc = fts3SelectLeaf(p, zTerm, nTerm, zRoot, nRoot, &iStartBlock, pi);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+        if( isPrefix==0 && isScan==0 ) iLeavesEndBlock = iStartBlock;
       }
-      apSegment[nSegment++] = pNew;
+ 
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(pCsr->nSegment+1, 
+          iStartBlock, iLeavesEndBlock, iEndBlock, zRoot, nRoot, &pSeg
+      );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+      rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAppend(pCsr, pSeg);
     }
   }
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
-    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-    goto finished;
-  }
 
-  memset(&tsc, 0, sizeof(TermSelect));
-  tsc.isReqPos = isReqPos;
+ finished:
+  rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = rc2;
 
-  filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY 
-        | (isPrefix ? FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX : 0)
-        | (isReqPos ? FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS : 0)
-        | (iColumn<p->nColumn ? FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER : 0);
-  filter.iCol = iColumn;
-  filter.zTerm = zTerm;
-  filter.nTerm = nTerm;
+  return rc;
+}
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(p, apSegment, nSegment, &filter,
-      fts3TermSelectCb, (void *)&tsc
+/*
+** Set up a cursor object for iterating through a full-text index or a 
+** single level therein.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  int isScan,                     /* True to scan from zTerm to EOF */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr       /* Cursor object to populate */
+){
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
+      ||  iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING 
+      ||  iLevel>=0
   );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = fts3TermSelectMerge(&tsc);
-  }
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL<0 && FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING<0 );
+  assert( isPrefix==0 || isScan==0 );
 
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    *ppOut = tsc.aaOutput[0];
-    *pnOut = tsc.anOutput[0];
-  }else{
-    for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(tsc.aaOutput); i++){
-      sqlite3_free(tsc.aaOutput[i]);
-    }
-  }
+  /* "isScan" is only set to true by the ft4aux module, an ordinary
+  ** full-text tables. */
+  assert( isScan==0 || p->aIndex==0 );
 
-finished:
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-  for(i=0; i<nSegment; i++){
-    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, apSegment[i]);
-  }
-  sqlite3_free(apSegment);
-  return rc;
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
+
+  return fts3SegReaderCursor(
+      p, iIndex, iLevel, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, isScan, pCsr
+  );
 }
 
+/*
+** In addition to its current configuration, have the Fts3MultiSegReader
+** passed as the 4th argument also scan the doclist for term zTerm/nTerm.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3SegReaderCursorAddZero(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS virtual table handle */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to scan doclist of */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Fts3MultiSegReader to modify */
+){
+  return fts3SegReaderCursor(p, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 0, 0,pCsr);
+}
 
-/* 
-** Return a DocList corresponding to the phrase *pPhrase.
+/*
+** Open an Fts3MultiSegReader to scan the doclist for term zTerm/nTerm. Or,
+** if isPrefix is true, to scan the doclist for all terms for which 
+** zTerm/nTerm is a prefix. If successful, return SQLITE_OK and write
+** a pointer to the new Fts3MultiSegReader to *ppSegcsr. Otherwise, return
+** an SQLite error code.
+**
+** It is the responsibility of the caller to free this object by eventually
+** passing it to fts3SegReaderCursorFree() 
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+** Output parameter *ppSegcsr is set to 0 if an error occurs.
 */
-static int fts3PhraseSelect(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
-  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase,            /* Phrase to return a doclist for */
-  int isReqPos,                   /* True if output should contain positions */
-  char **paOut,                   /* OUT: Pointer to malloc'd result buffer */
-  int *pnOut                      /* OUT: Size of buffer at *paOut */
+static int fts3TermSegReaderCursor(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Virtual table cursor handle */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a prefix search */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader **ppSegcsr   /* OUT: Allocated seg-reader cursor */
 ){
-  char *pOut = 0;
-  int nOut = 0;
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  int ii;
-  int iCol = pPhrase->iColumn;
-  int isTermPos = (pPhrase->nToken>1 || isReqPos);
-
-  for(ii=0; ii<pPhrase->nToken; ii++){
-    struct PhraseToken *pTok = &pPhrase->aToken[ii];
-    char *z = pTok->z;            /* Next token of the phrase */
-    int n = pTok->n;              /* Size of z in bytes */
-    int isPrefix = pTok->isPrefix;/* True if token is a prefix */
-    char *pList;                  /* Pointer to token doclist */
-    int nList;                    /* Size of buffer at pList */
-
-    rc = fts3TermSelect(p, iCol, z, n, isPrefix, isTermPos, &nList, &pList);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
-
-    if( ii==0 ){
-      pOut = pList;
-      nOut = nList;
-    }else{
-      /* Merge the new term list and the current output. If this is the
-      ** last term in the phrase, and positions are not required in the
-      ** output of this function, the positions can be dropped as part
-      ** of this merge. Either way, the result of this merge will be
-      ** smaller than nList bytes. The code in fts3DoclistMerge() is written
-      ** so that it is safe to use pList as the output as well as an input
-      ** in this case.
-      */
-      int mergetype = MERGE_POS_PHRASE;
-      if( ii==pPhrase->nToken-1 && !isReqPos ){
-        mergetype = MERGE_PHRASE;
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;    /* Object to allocate and return */
+  int rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;          /* Return code */
+
+  pSegcsr = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
+  if( pSegcsr ){
+    int i;
+    int bFound = 0;               /* True once an index has been found */
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+    if( isPrefix ){
+      for(i=1; bFound==0 && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix==nTerm ){
+          bFound = 1;
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+              p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 0, 0, pSegcsr);
+          pSegcsr->bLookup = 1;
+        }
+      }
+
+      for(i=1; bFound==0 && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix==nTerm+1 ){
+          bFound = 1;
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+              p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, 1, 0, pSegcsr
+          );
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = fts3SegReaderCursorAddZero(p, zTerm, nTerm, pSegcsr);
+          }
+        }
       }
-      fts3DoclistMerge(mergetype, 0, 0, pList, &nOut, pOut, nOut, pList, nList);
-      sqlite3_free(pOut);
-      pOut = pList;
     }
-    assert( nOut==0 || pOut!=0 );
-  }
 
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    *paOut = pOut;
-    *pnOut = nOut;
-  }else{
-    sqlite3_free(pOut);
+    if( bFound==0 ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+          p, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, 0, pSegcsr
+      );
+      pSegcsr->bLookup = !isPrefix;
+    }
   }
+
+  *ppSegcsr = pSegcsr;
   return rc;
 }
 
-static int fts3NearMerge(
-  int mergetype,                  /* MERGE_POS_NEAR or MERGE_NEAR */
-  int nNear,                      /* Parameter to NEAR operator */
-  int nTokenLeft,                 /* Number of tokens in LHS phrase arg */
-  char *aLeft,                    /* Doclist for LHS (incl. positions) */
-  int nLeft,                      /* Size of LHS doclist in bytes */
-  int nTokenRight,                /* As nTokenLeft */
-  char *aRight,                   /* As aLeft */
-  int nRight,                     /* As nRight */
-  char **paOut,                   /* OUT: Results of merge (malloced) */
-  int *pnOut                      /* OUT: Sized of output buffer */
+/*
+** Free an Fts3MultiSegReader allocated by fts3TermSegReaderCursor().
+*/
+static void fts3SegReaderCursorFree(Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr){
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(pSegcsr);
+  sqlite3_free(pSegcsr);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function retreives the doclist for the specified term (or term
+** prefix) from the database.
+*/
+static int fts3TermSelect(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pTok,          /* Token to query for */
+  int iColumn,                    /* Column to query (or -ve for all columns) */
+  int *pnOut,                     /* OUT: Size of buffer at *ppOut */
+  char **ppOut                    /* OUT: Malloced result buffer */
 ){
-  char *aOut;
-  int rc;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr;    /* Seg-reader cursor for this term */
+  TermSelect tsc;                 /* Object for pair-wise doclist merging */
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter configuration */
 
-  assert( mergetype==MERGE_POS_NEAR || MERGE_NEAR );
+  pSegcsr = pTok->pSegcsr;
+  memset(&tsc, 0, sizeof(TermSelect));
 
-  aOut = sqlite3_malloc(nLeft+nRight+1);
-  if( aOut==0 ){
-    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY | FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS
+        | (pTok->isPrefix ? FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX : 0)
+        | (pTok->bFirst ? FTS3_SEGMENT_FIRST : 0)
+        | (iColumn<p->nColumn ? FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER : 0);
+  filter.iCol = iColumn;
+  filter.zTerm = pTok->z;
+  filter.nTerm = pTok->n;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, pSegcsr, &filter);
+  while( SQLITE_OK==rc
+      && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pSegcsr)) 
+  ){
+    rc = fts3TermSelectMerge(p, &tsc, pSegcsr->aDoclist, pSegcsr->nDoclist);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3TermSelectFinishMerge(p, &tsc);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    *ppOut = tsc.aaOutput[0];
+    *pnOut = tsc.anOutput[0];
   }else{
-    rc = fts3DoclistMerge(mergetype, nNear+nTokenRight, nNear+nTokenLeft, 
-      aOut, pnOut, aLeft, nLeft, aRight, nRight
-    );
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      sqlite3_free(aOut);
-      aOut = 0;
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(tsc.aaOutput); i++){
+      sqlite3_free(tsc.aaOutput[i]);
     }
   }
 
-  *paOut = aOut;
+  fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pSegcsr);
+  pTok->pSegcsr = 0;
   return rc;
 }
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprNearTrim(Fts3Expr *pLeft, Fts3Expr *pRight, int nNear){
-  int rc;
-  if( pLeft->aDoclist==0 || pRight->aDoclist==0 ){
-    sqlite3_free(pLeft->aDoclist);
-    sqlite3_free(pRight->aDoclist);
-    pRight->aDoclist = 0;
-    pLeft->aDoclist = 0;
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    char *aOut;
-    int nOut;
-
-    rc = fts3NearMerge(MERGE_POS_NEAR, nNear, 
-        pLeft->pPhrase->nToken, pLeft->aDoclist, pLeft->nDoclist,
-        pRight->pPhrase->nToken, pRight->aDoclist, pRight->nDoclist,
-        &aOut, &nOut
-    );
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-    sqlite3_free(pRight->aDoclist);
-    pRight->aDoclist = aOut;
-    pRight->nDoclist = nOut;
-
-    rc = fts3NearMerge(MERGE_POS_NEAR, nNear, 
-        pRight->pPhrase->nToken, pRight->aDoclist, pRight->nDoclist,
-        pLeft->pPhrase->nToken, pLeft->aDoclist, pLeft->nDoclist,
-        &aOut, &nOut
-    );
-    sqlite3_free(pLeft->aDoclist);
-    pLeft->aDoclist = aOut;
-    pLeft->nDoclist = nOut;
+/*
+** This function counts the total number of docids in the doclist stored
+** in buffer aList[], size nList bytes.
+**
+** If the isPoslist argument is true, then it is assumed that the doclist
+** contains a position-list following each docid. Otherwise, it is assumed
+** that the doclist is simply a list of docids stored as delta encoded 
+** varints.
+*/
+static int fts3DoclistCountDocids(char *aList, int nList){
+  int nDoc = 0;                   /* Return value */
+  if( aList ){
+    char *aEnd = &aList[nList];   /* Pointer to one byte after EOF */
+    char *p = aList;              /* Cursor */
+    while( p<aEnd ){
+      nDoc++;
+      while( (*p++)&0x80 );     /* Skip docid varint */
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p);   /* Skip over position list */
+    }
   }
-  return rc;
+
+  return nDoc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Evaluate the full-text expression pExpr against fts3 table pTab. Store
-** the resulting doclist in *paOut and *pnOut.  This routine mallocs for
-** the space needed to store the output.  The caller is responsible for
-** freeing the space when it has finished.
+** Advance the cursor to the next row in the %_content table that
+** matches the search criteria.  For a MATCH search, this will be
+** the next row that matches. For a full-table scan, this will be
+** simply the next row in the %_content table.  For a docid lookup,
+** this routine simply sets the EOF flag.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if nothing goes wrong.  SQLITE_OK is returned
+** even if we reach end-of-file.  The fts3EofMethod() will be called
+** subsequently to determine whether or not an EOF was hit.
 */
-static int evalFts3Expr(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
-  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Parsed fts3 expression */
-  char **paOut,                   /* OUT: Pointer to malloc'd result buffer */
-  int *pnOut,                     /* OUT: Size of buffer at *paOut */
-  int isReqPos                    /* Require positions in output buffer */
-){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
-
-  /* Zero the output parameters. */
-  *paOut = 0;
-  *pnOut = 0;
-
-  if( pExpr ){
-    assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE 
-         || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
-         || isReqPos==0
-    );
-    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
-      rc = fts3PhraseSelect(p, pExpr->pPhrase, 
-          isReqPos || (pExpr->pParent && pExpr->pParent->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR),
-          paOut, pnOut
-      );
+static int fts3NextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  int rc;
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
+  if( pCsr->eSearch==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH || pCsr->eSearch==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW!=sqlite3_step(pCsr->pStmt) ){
+      pCsr->isEof = 1;
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
     }else{
-      char *aLeft;
-      char *aRight;
-      int nLeft;
-      int nRight;
-
-      if( 0==(rc = evalFts3Expr(p, pExpr->pRight, &aRight, &nRight, isReqPos))
-       && 0==(rc = evalFts3Expr(p, pExpr->pLeft, &aLeft, &nLeft, isReqPos))
-      ){
-        assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR     
-            || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_AND  || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NOT
-        );
-        switch( pExpr->eType ){
-          case FTSQUERY_NEAR: {
-            Fts3Expr *pLeft;
-            Fts3Expr *pRight;
-            int mergetype = isReqPos ? MERGE_POS_NEAR : MERGE_NEAR;
-           
-            if( pExpr->pParent && pExpr->pParent->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
-              mergetype = MERGE_POS_NEAR;
-            }
-            pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
-            while( pLeft->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){ 
-              pLeft=pLeft->pRight;
-            }
-            pRight = pExpr->pRight;
-            assert( pRight->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
-            assert( pLeft->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
-
-            rc = fts3NearMerge(mergetype, pExpr->nNear, 
-                pLeft->pPhrase->nToken, aLeft, nLeft,
-                pRight->pPhrase->nToken, aRight, nRight,
-                paOut, pnOut
-            );
-            sqlite3_free(aLeft);
-            break;
-          }
-
-          case FTSQUERY_OR: {
-            /* Allocate a buffer for the output. The maximum size is the
-            ** sum of the sizes of the two input buffers. The +1 term is
-            ** so that a buffer of zero bytes is never allocated - this can
-            ** cause fts3DoclistMerge() to incorrectly return SQLITE_NOMEM.
-            */
-            char *aBuffer = sqlite3_malloc(nRight+nLeft+1);
-            rc = fts3DoclistMerge(MERGE_OR, 0, 0, aBuffer, pnOut,
-                aLeft, nLeft, aRight, nRight
-            );
-            *paOut = aBuffer;
-            sqlite3_free(aLeft);
-            break;
-          }
-
-          default: {
-            assert( FTSQUERY_NOT==MERGE_NOT && FTSQUERY_AND==MERGE_AND );
-            fts3DoclistMerge(pExpr->eType, 0, 0, aLeft, pnOut,
-                aLeft, nLeft, aRight, nRight
-            );
-            *paOut = aLeft;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      sqlite3_free(aRight);
+      pCsr->iPrevId = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3EvalNext((Fts3Cursor *)pCursor);
   }
-
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -108903,11 +117474,6 @@ static int evalFts3Expr(
 ** number idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH, 0 indexed.  argv[0] is the right-hand
 ** side of the MATCH operator.
 */
-/* TODO(shess) Upgrade the cursor initialization and destruction to
-** account for fts3FilterMethod() being called multiple times on the
-** same cursor. The current solution is very fragile. Apply fix to
-** fts3 as appropriate.
-*/
 static int fts3FilterMethod(
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
   int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
@@ -108915,11 +117481,7 @@ static int fts3FilterMethod(
   int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
   sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
 ){
-  const char *azSql[] = {
-    "SELECT * FROM %Q.'%q_content' WHERE docid = ?", /* non-full-table-scan */
-    "SELECT * FROM %Q.'%q_content'",                 /* full-table-scan */
-  };
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int rc;
   char *zSql;                     /* SQL statement used to access %_content */
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
@@ -108930,6 +117492,7 @@ static int fts3FilterMethod(
   assert( idxNum>=0 && idxNum<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
   assert( nVal==0 || nVal==1 );
   assert( (nVal==0)==(idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH) );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
 
   /* In case the cursor has been used before, clear it now. */
   sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
@@ -108937,24 +117500,14 @@ static int fts3FilterMethod(
   sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
   memset(&pCursor[1], 0, sizeof(Fts3Cursor)-sizeof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor));
 
-  /* Compile a SELECT statement for this cursor. For a full-table-scan, the
-  ** statement loops through all rows of the %_content table. For a
-  ** full-text query or docid lookup, the statement retrieves a single
-  ** row by docid.
-  */
-  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH], p->zDb, p->zName);
-  if( !zSql ){
-    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  if( idxStr ){
+    pCsr->bDesc = (idxStr[0]=='D');
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pCsr->pStmt, 0);
-    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    pCsr->bDesc = p->bDescIdx;
   }
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
   pCsr->eSearch = (i16)idxNum;
 
-  if( idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
-    rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, apVal[0]);
-  }else if( idxNum!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+  if( idxNum!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && idxNum!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
     int iCol = idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
     const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
 
@@ -108962,23 +117515,52 @@ static int fts3FilterMethod(
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
 
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(p->pTokenizer, p->azColumn, p->nColumn, 
-        iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(p->pTokenizer, p->azColumn, p->bHasStat, 
+        p->nColumn, iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr
     );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
-        p->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("malformed MATCH expression: [%s]",
-                                          zQuery);
+        static const char *zErr = "malformed MATCH expression: [%s]";
+        p->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(zErr, zQuery);
       }
       return rc;
     }
 
-    rc = evalFts3Expr(p, pCsr->pExpr, &pCsr->aDoclist, &pCsr->nDoclist, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(p);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+    rc = fts3EvalStart(pCsr);
+
+    sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
     pCsr->pNextId = pCsr->aDoclist;
     pCsr->iPrevId = 0;
   }
 
+  /* Compile a SELECT statement for this cursor. For a full-table-scan, the
+  ** statement loops through all rows of the %_content table. For a
+  ** full-text query or docid lookup, the statement retrieves a single
+  ** row by docid.
+  */
+  if( idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "SELECT %s ORDER BY rowid %s",
+        p->zReadExprlist, (pCsr->bDesc ? "DESC" : "ASC")
+    );
+    if( zSql ){
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }else if( idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
+    rc = fts3CursorSeekStmt(pCsr, &pCsr->pStmt);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, apVal[0]);
+    }
+  }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
   return fts3NextMethod(pCursor);
 }
 
@@ -108998,11 +117580,7 @@ static int fts3EofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
 */
 static int fts3RowidMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *) pCursor;
-  if( pCsr->aDoclist ){
-    *pRowid = pCsr->iPrevId;
-  }else{
-    *pRowid = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
-  }
+  *pRowid = pCsr->iPrevId;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -109015,7 +117593,7 @@ static int fts3ColumnMethod(
   sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
   int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
 ){
-  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *) pCursor;
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
 
@@ -109026,21 +117604,20 @@ static int fts3ColumnMethod(
     /* This call is a request for the "docid" column. Since "docid" is an 
     ** alias for "rowid", use the xRowid() method to obtain the value.
     */
-    sqlite3_int64 iRowid;
-    rc = fts3RowidMethod(pCursor, &iRowid);
-    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, iRowid);
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, pCsr->iPrevId);
   }else if( iCol==p->nColumn ){
     /* The extra column whose name is the same as the table.
     ** Return a blob which is a pointer to the cursor.
     */
     sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, &pCsr, sizeof(pCsr), SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     rc = fts3CursorSeek(0, pCsr);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_data_count(pCsr->pStmt)>(iCol+1) ){
       sqlite3_result_value(pContext, sqlite3_column_value(pCsr->pStmt, iCol+1));
     }
   }
+
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->pSegments==0 );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -109063,15 +117640,22 @@ static int fts3UpdateMethod(
 ** hash-table to the database.
 */
 static int fts3SyncMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  return sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of xBegin() method. This is a no-op.
 */
 static int fts3BeginMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
-  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 1 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -109081,8 +117665,13 @@ static int fts3BeginMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
 ** by fts3SyncMethod().
 */
 static int fts3CommitMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
-  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=0 );
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -109091,67 +117680,31 @@ static int fts3CommitMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
 ** hash-table. Any changes made to the database are reverted by SQLite.
 */
 static int fts3RollbackMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  assert( p->inTransaction!=0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 0 );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
-** Load the doclist associated with expression pExpr to pExpr->aDoclist.
-** The loaded doclist contains positions as well as the document ids.
-** This is used by the matchinfo(), snippet() and offsets() auxillary
-** functions.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprLoadDoclist(Fts3Table *pTab, Fts3Expr *pExpr){
-  return evalFts3Expr(pTab, pExpr, &pExpr->aDoclist, &pExpr->nDoclist, 1);
-}
-
-/*
-** After ExprLoadDoclist() (see above) has been called, this function is
-** used to iterate/search through the position lists that make up the doclist
-** stored in pExpr->aDoclist.
+** When called, *ppPoslist must point to the byte immediately following the
+** end of a position-list. i.e. ( (*ppPoslist)[-1]==POS_END ). This function
+** moves *ppPoslist so that it instead points to the first byte of the
+** same position list.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3FindPositions(
-  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Access this expressions doclist */
-  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid associated with requested pos-list */
-  int iCol                        /* Column of requested pos-list */
-){
-  assert( pExpr->isLoaded );
-  if( pExpr->aDoclist ){
-    char *pEnd = &pExpr->aDoclist[pExpr->nDoclist];
-    char *pCsr = pExpr->pCurrent;
+static void fts3ReversePoslist(char *pStart, char **ppPoslist){
+  char *p = &(*ppPoslist)[-2];
+  char c = 0;
 
-    assert( pCsr );
-    while( pCsr<pEnd ){
-      if( pExpr->iCurrent<iDocid ){
-        fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pCsr);
-        if( pCsr<pEnd ){
-          fts3GetDeltaVarint(&pCsr, &pExpr->iCurrent);
-        }
-        pExpr->pCurrent = pCsr;
-      }else{
-        if( pExpr->iCurrent==iDocid ){
-          int iThis = 0;
-          if( iCol<0 ){
-            /* If iCol is negative, return a pointer to the start of the
-            ** position-list (instead of a pointer to the start of a list
-            ** of offsets associated with a specific column).
-            */
-            return pCsr;
-          }
-          while( iThis<iCol ){
-            fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &pCsr);
-            if( *pCsr==0x00 ) return 0;
-            pCsr++;
-            pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pCsr, &iThis);
-          }
-          if( iCol==iThis && (*pCsr&0xFE) ) return pCsr;
-        }
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
+  while( p>pStart && (c=*p--)==0 );
+  while( p>pStart && (*p & 0x80) | c ){ 
+    c = *p--; 
   }
-
-  return 0;
+  if( p>pStart ){ p = &p[2]; }
+  while( *p++&0x80 );
+  *ppPoslist = p;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -109168,7 +117721,7 @@ static int fts3FunctionArg(
   sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* SQL function call context */
   const char *zFunc,              /* Function name */
   sqlite3_value *pVal,            /* argv[0] passed to function */
-  Fts3Cursor **ppCsr         /* OUT: Store cursor handle here */
+  Fts3Cursor **ppCsr              /* OUT: Store cursor handle here */
 ){
   Fts3Cursor *pRet;
   if( sqlite3_value_type(pVal)!=SQLITE_BLOB 
@@ -109294,15 +117847,13 @@ static void fts3MatchinfoFunc(
   sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Array of arguments */
 ){
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* Cursor handle passed through apVal[0] */
-
-  if( nVal!=1 ){
-    sqlite3_result_error(pContext,
-        "wrong number of arguments to function matchinfo()", -1);
-    return;
-  }
-
+  assert( nVal==1 || nVal==2 );
   if( SQLITE_OK==fts3FunctionArg(pContext, "matchinfo", apVal[0], &pCsr) ){
-    sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(pContext, pCsr);
+    const char *zArg = 0;
+    if( nVal>1 ){
+      zArg = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[1]);
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(pContext, pCsr, zArg);
   }
 }
 
@@ -109351,21 +117902,32 @@ static int fts3RenameMethod(
   const char *zName               /* New name of table */
 ){
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
-  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* Database connection */
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
- 
-  db = p->db;
-  rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
-    "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_content'  RENAME TO '%q_content';",
-    p->zDb, p->zName, zName
-  );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* As it happens, the pending terms table is always empty here. This is
+  ** because an "ALTER TABLE RENAME TABLE" statement inside a transaction 
+  ** always opens a savepoint transaction. And the xSavepoint() method 
+  ** flushes the pending terms table. But leave the (no-op) call to
+  ** PendingTermsFlush() in in case that changes.
+  */
+  assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+
+  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
+      "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_content'  RENAME TO '%q_content';",
+      p->zDb, p->zName, zName
+    );
+  }
+
   if( p->bHasDocsize ){
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
       "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_docsize'  RENAME TO '%q_docsize';",
       p->zDb, p->zName, zName
     );
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
       "ALTER TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'  RENAME TO '%q_stat';",
       p->zDb, p->zName, zName
@@ -109382,15 +117944,58 @@ static int fts3RenameMethod(
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** The xSavepoint() method.
+**
+** Flush the contents of the pending-terms table to disk.
+*/
+static int fts3SavepointMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->inTransaction );
+  assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint < iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
+  return fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+}
+
+/*
+** The xRelease() method.
+**
+** This is a no-op.
+*/
+static int fts3ReleaseMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
+  assert( p->inTransaction );
+  assert( p->mxSavepoint >= iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint-1 );
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xRollbackTo() method.
+**
+** Discard the contents of the pending terms table.
+*/
+static int fts3RollbackToMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
+  assert( p->inTransaction );
+  assert( p->mxSavepoint >= iSavepoint );
+  TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
 static const sqlite3_module fts3Module = {
-  /* iVersion      */ 0,
+  /* iVersion      */ 2,
   /* xCreate       */ fts3CreateMethod,
   /* xConnect      */ fts3ConnectMethod,
   /* xBestIndex    */ fts3BestIndexMethod,
   /* xDisconnect   */ fts3DisconnectMethod,
   /* xDestroy      */ fts3DestroyMethod,
   /* xOpen         */ fts3OpenMethod,
-  /* xClose        */ fulltextClose,
+  /* xClose        */ fts3CloseMethod,
   /* xFilter       */ fts3FilterMethod,
   /* xNext         */ fts3NextMethod,
   /* xEof          */ fts3EofMethod,
@@ -109403,6 +118008,9 @@ static const sqlite3_module fts3Module = {
   /* xRollback     */ fts3RollbackMethod,
   /* xFindFunction */ fts3FindFunctionMethod,
   /* xRename */       fts3RenameMethod,
+  /* xSavepoint    */ fts3SavepointMethod,
+  /* xRelease      */ fts3ReleaseMethod,
+  /* xRollbackTo   */ fts3RollbackToMethod,
 };
 
 /*
@@ -109417,19 +118025,20 @@ static void hashDestroy(void *p){
 }
 
 /*
-** The fts3 built-in tokenizers - "simple" and "porter" - are implemented
-** in files fts3_tokenizer1.c and fts3_porter.c respectively. The following
-** two forward declarations are for functions declared in these files
-** used to retrieve the respective implementations.
+** The fts3 built-in tokenizers - "simple", "porter" and "icu"- are 
+** implemented in files fts3_tokenizer1.c, fts3_porter.c and fts3_icu.c
+** respectively. The following three forward declarations are for functions
+** declared in these files used to retrieve the respective implementations.
 **
 ** Calling sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule() sets the value pointed
 ** to by the argument to point to the "simple" tokenizer implementation.
-** Function ...PorterTokenizerModule() sets *pModule to point to the
-** porter tokenizer/stemmer implementation.
+** And so on.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Initialise the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
@@ -109448,6 +118057,14 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db){
   sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(&pIcu);
 #endif
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(db);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+#endif
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3InitAux(db);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
   sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(&pSimple);
   sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(&pPorter);
 
@@ -109485,7 +118102,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db){
    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(db, pHash, "fts3_tokenizer"))
    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "snippet", -1))
    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "offsets", 1))
-   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", -1))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 1))
+   && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 2))
    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "optimize", 1))
   ){
     rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
@@ -109508,7 +118126,1578 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Allocate an Fts3MultiSegReader for each token in the expression headed
+** by pExpr. 
+**
+** An Fts3SegReader object is a cursor that can seek or scan a range of
+** entries within a single segment b-tree. An Fts3MultiSegReader uses multiple
+** Fts3SegReader objects internally to provide an interface to seek or scan
+** within the union of all segments of a b-tree. Hence the name.
+**
+** If the allocated Fts3MultiSegReader just seeks to a single entry in a
+** segment b-tree (if the term is not a prefix or it is a prefix for which
+** there exists prefix b-tree of the right length) then it may be traversed
+** and merged incrementally. Otherwise, it has to be merged into an in-memory 
+** doclist and then traversed.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalAllocateReaders(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Allocate readers for this expression */
+  int *pnToken,                   /* OUT: Total number of tokens in phrase. */
+  int *pnOr,                      /* OUT: Total number of OR nodes in expr. */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      int i;
+      int nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+      *pnToken += nToken;
+      for(i=0; i<nToken; i++){
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i];
+        int rc = fts3TermSegReaderCursor(pCsr, 
+            pToken->z, pToken->n, pToken->isPrefix, &pToken->pSegcsr
+        );
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          *pRc = rc;
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( pExpr->pPhrase->iDoclistToken==0 );
+      pExpr->pPhrase->iDoclistToken = -1;
+    }else{
+      *pnOr += (pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR);
+      fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pnToken, pnOr, pRc);
+      fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pnToken, pnOr, pRc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Arguments pList/nList contain the doclist for token iToken of phrase p.
+** It is merged into the main doclist stored in p->doclist.aAll/nAll.
+**
+** This function assumes that pList points to a buffer allocated using
+** sqlite3_malloc(). This function takes responsibility for eventually
+** freeing the buffer.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS Table pointer */
+  Fts3Phrase *p,                  /* Phrase to merge pList/nList into */
+  int iToken,                     /* Token pList/nList corresponds to */
+  char *pList,                    /* Pointer to doclist */
+  int nList                       /* Number of bytes in pList */
+){
+  assert( iToken!=p->iDoclistToken );
+
+  if( pList==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(p->doclist.aAll);
+    p->doclist.aAll = 0;
+    p->doclist.nAll = 0;
+  }
+
+  else if( p->iDoclistToken<0 ){
+    p->doclist.aAll = pList;
+    p->doclist.nAll = nList;
+  }
+
+  else if( p->doclist.aAll==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(pList);
+  }
+
+  else {
+    char *pLeft;
+    char *pRight;
+    int nLeft;
+    int nRight;
+    int nDiff;
+
+    if( p->iDoclistToken<iToken ){
+      pLeft = p->doclist.aAll;
+      nLeft = p->doclist.nAll;
+      pRight = pList;
+      nRight = nList;
+      nDiff = iToken - p->iDoclistToken;
+    }else{
+      pRight = p->doclist.aAll;
+      nRight = p->doclist.nAll;
+      pLeft = pList;
+      nLeft = nList;
+      nDiff = p->iDoclistToken - iToken;
+    }
+
+    fts3DoclistPhraseMerge(pTab->bDescIdx, nDiff, pLeft, nLeft, pRight,&nRight);
+    sqlite3_free(pLeft);
+    p->doclist.aAll = pRight;
+    p->doclist.nAll = nRight;
+  }
+
+  if( iToken>p->iDoclistToken ) p->iDoclistToken = iToken;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load the doclist for phrase p into p->doclist.aAll/nAll. The loaded doclist
+** does not take deferred tokens into account.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalPhraseLoad(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *p                   /* Phrase object */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int iToken;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  for(iToken=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iToken<p->nToken; iToken++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[iToken];
+    assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 || pToken->pSegcsr==0 );
+
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+      int nThis = 0;
+      char *pThis = 0;
+      rc = fts3TermSelect(pTab, pToken, p->iColumn, &nThis, &pThis);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(pTab, p, iToken, pThis, nThis);
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pToken->pSegcsr==0 );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called on each phrase after the position lists for
+** any deferred tokens have been loaded into memory. It updates the phrases
+** current position list to include only those positions that are really
+** instances of the phrase (after considering deferred tokens). If this
+** means that the phrase does not appear in the current row, doclist.pList
+** and doclist.nList are both zeroed.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  int iToken;                     /* Used to iterate through phrase tokens */
+  char *aPoslist = 0;             /* Position list for deferred tokens */
+  int nPoslist = 0;               /* Number of bytes in aPoslist */
+  int iPrev = -1;                 /* Token number of previous deferred token */
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList==0 );
+
+  for(iToken=0; iToken<pPhrase->nToken; iToken++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[iToken];
+    Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred = pToken->pDeferred;
+
+    if( pDeferred ){
+      char *pList;
+      int nList;
+      int rc = sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(pDeferred, &pList, &nList);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+      if( pList==0 ){
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+
+      }else if( aPoslist==0 ){
+        aPoslist = pList;
+        nPoslist = nList;
+
+      }else{
+        char *aOut = pList;
+        char *p1 = aPoslist;
+        char *p2 = aOut;
+
+        assert( iPrev>=0 );
+        fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&aOut, iToken-iPrev, 0, 1, &p1, &p2);
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        aPoslist = pList;
+        nPoslist = aOut - aPoslist;
+        if( nPoslist==0 ){
+          sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+          pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+          pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+      iPrev = iToken;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iPrev>=0 ){
+    int nMaxUndeferred = pPhrase->iDoclistToken;
+    if( nMaxUndeferred<0 ){
+      pPhrase->doclist.pList = aPoslist;
+      pPhrase->doclist.nList = nPoslist;
+      pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+      pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 1;
+    }else{
+      int nDistance;
+      char *p1;
+      char *p2;
+      char *aOut;
+
+      if( nMaxUndeferred>iPrev ){
+        p1 = aPoslist;
+        p2 = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        nDistance = nMaxUndeferred - iPrev;
+      }else{
+        p1 = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        p2 = aPoslist;
+        nDistance = iPrev - nMaxUndeferred;
+      }
+
+      aOut = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(nPoslist+8);
+      if( !aOut ){
+        sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+      
+      pPhrase->doclist.pList = aOut;
+      if( fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&aOut, nDistance, 0, 1, &p1, &p2) ){
+        pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 1;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = (aOut - pPhrase->doclist.pList);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_free(aOut);
+        pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+        pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(aPoslist);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called for each Fts3Phrase in a full-text query 
+** expression to initialize the mechanism for returning rows. Once this
+** function has been called successfully on an Fts3Phrase, it may be
+** used with fts3EvalPhraseNext() to iterate through the matching docids.
+**
+** If parameter bOptOk is true, then the phrase may (or may not) use the
+** incremental loading strategy. Otherwise, the entire doclist is loaded into
+** memory within this call.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalPhraseStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int bOptOk, Fts3Phrase *p){
+  int rc;                         /* Error code */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pFirst = &p->aToken[0];
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+  if( pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
+   && bOptOk==1 
+   && p->nToken==1 
+   && pFirst->pSegcsr 
+   && pFirst->pSegcsr->bLookup 
+   && pFirst->bFirst==0
+  ){
+    /* Use the incremental approach. */
+    int iCol = (p->iColumn >= pTab->nColumn ? -1 : p->iColumn);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+        pTab, pFirst->pSegcsr, iCol, pFirst->z, pFirst->n);
+    p->bIncr = 1;
+
+  }else{
+    /* Load the full doclist for the phrase into memory. */
+    rc = fts3EvalPhraseLoad(pCsr, p);
+    p->bIncr = 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || p->nToken<1 || p->aToken[0].pSegcsr==0 || p->bIncr );
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used to iterate backwards (from the end to start) 
+** through doclists. It is used by this module to iterate through phrase
+** doclists in reverse and by the fts3_write.c module to iterate through
+** pending-terms lists when writing to databases with "order=desc".
+**
+** The doclist may be sorted in ascending (parameter bDescIdx==0) or 
+** descending (parameter bDescIdx==1) order of docid. Regardless, this
+** function iterates from the end of the doclist to the beginning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if the doclist is desc */
+  char *aDoclist,                 /* Pointer to entire doclist */
+  int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
+  char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
+  int *pnList,                    /* IN/OUT: List length pointer */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
+){
+  char *p = *ppIter;
+
+  assert( nDoclist>0 );
+  assert( *pbEof==0 );
+  assert( p || *piDocid==0 );
+  assert( !p || (p>aDoclist && p<&aDoclist[nDoclist]) );
+
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid = 0;
+    char *pNext = 0;
+    char *pDocid = aDoclist;
+    char *pEnd = &aDoclist[nDoclist];
+    int iMul = 1;
+
+    while( pDocid<pEnd ){
+      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+      pDocid += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pDocid, &iDelta);
+      iDocid += (iMul * iDelta);
+      pNext = pDocid;
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pDocid);
+      while( pDocid<pEnd && *pDocid==0 ) pDocid++;
+      iMul = (bDescIdx ? -1 : 1);
+    }
+
+    *pnList = pEnd - pNext;
+    *ppIter = pNext;
+    *piDocid = iDocid;
+  }else{
+    int iMul = (bDescIdx ? -1 : 1);
+    sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+    fts3GetReverseVarint(&p, aDoclist, &iDelta);
+    *piDocid -= (iMul * iDelta);
+
+    if( p==aDoclist ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      char *pSave = p;
+      fts3ReversePoslist(aDoclist, &p);
+      *pnList = (pSave - p);
+    }
+    *ppIter = p;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to move the phrase iterator to point to the next matching docid. 
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+**
+** If there is no "next" entry and no error occurs, then *pbEof is set to
+** 1 before returning. Otherwise, if no error occurs and the iterator is
+** successfully advanced, *pbEof is set to 0.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *p,                  /* Phrase object to advance to next docid */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: Set to 1 if EOF */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL = &p->doclist;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+
+  if( p->bIncr ){
+    assert( p->nToken==1 );
+    assert( pDL->pNextDocid==0 );
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
+        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
+    );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pDL->pList ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( pCsr->bDesc!=pTab->bDescIdx && pDL->nAll ){
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(pTab->bDescIdx, pDL->aAll, pDL->nAll, 
+        &pDL->pNextDocid, &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->nList, pbEof
+    );
+    pDL->pList = pDL->pNextDocid;
+  }else{
+    char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
+    char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
+    if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
+      pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
+    }else{
+      pIter = pDL->aAll;
+    }
+
+    if( pIter>=pEnd ){
+      /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+      pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
+      if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
+        pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
+      }else{
+        pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
+      }
+      pDL->pList = pIter;
+      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
+      pDL->nList = (pIter - pDL->pList);
+
+      /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
+      ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
+      ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim(), then pIter may not actually
+      ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
+      ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
+      ** fts3EvalNearTrim().  */
+      while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
+
+      pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
+      assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
+      *pbEof = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, fts3EvalPhraseStart() is called on all phrases within the
+** expression. Also the Fts3Expr.bDeferred variable is set to true for any
+** expressions for which all descendent tokens are deferred.
+**
+** If parameter bOptOk is zero, then it is guaranteed that the
+** Fts3Phrase.doclist.aAll/nAll variables contain the entire doclist for
+** each phrase in the expression (subject to deferred token processing).
+** Or, if bOptOk is non-zero, then one or more tokens within the expression
+** may be loaded incrementally, meaning doclist.aAll/nAll is not available.
+**
+** If an error occurs within this function, *pRc is set to an SQLite error
+** code before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalStartReaders(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to initialize phrases in */
+  int bOptOk,                     /* True to enable incremental loading */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      int i;
+      int nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+      for(i=0; i<nToken; i++){
+        if( pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i].pDeferred==0 ) break;
+      }
+      pExpr->bDeferred = (i==nToken);
+      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, bOptOk, pExpr->pPhrase);
+    }else{
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, bOptOk, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, bOptOk, pRc);
+      pExpr->bDeferred = (pExpr->pLeft->bDeferred && pExpr->pRight->bDeferred);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** An array of the following structures is assembled as part of the process
+** of selecting tokens to defer before the query starts executing (as part
+** of the xFilter() method). There is one element in the array for each
+** token in the FTS expression.
+**
+** Tokens are divided into AND/NEAR clusters. All tokens in a cluster belong
+** to phrases that are connected only by AND and NEAR operators (not OR or
+** NOT). When determining tokens to defer, each AND/NEAR cluster is considered
+** separately. The root of a tokens AND/NEAR cluster is stored in 
+** Fts3TokenAndCost.pRoot.
+*/
+typedef struct Fts3TokenAndCost Fts3TokenAndCost;
+struct Fts3TokenAndCost {
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;            /* The phrase the token belongs to */
+  int iToken;                     /* Position of token in phrase */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;        /* The token itself */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot;                /* Root of NEAR/AND cluster */
+  int nOvfl;                      /* Number of overflow pages to load doclist */
+  int iCol;                       /* The column the token must match */
+};
+
+/*
+** This function is used to populate an allocated Fts3TokenAndCost array.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs during execution, *pRc is set to an
+** SQLite error code.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalTokenCosts(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot,                /* Root of current AND/NEAR cluster */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to consider */
+  Fts3TokenAndCost **ppTC,        /* Write new entries to *(*ppTC)++ */
+  Fts3Expr ***ppOr,               /* Write new OR root to *(*ppOr)++ */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
+      Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; *pRc==SQLITE_OK && i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+        Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = (*ppTC)++;
+        pTC->pPhrase = pPhrase;
+        pTC->iToken = i;
+        pTC->pRoot = pRoot;
+        pTC->pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[i];
+        pTC->iCol = pPhrase->iColumn;
+        *pRc = sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(pCsr, pTC->pToken->pSegcsr, &pTC->nOvfl);
+      }
+    }else if( pExpr->eType!=FTSQUERY_NOT ){
+      assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR
+           || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_AND
+           || pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR
+      );
+      assert( pExpr->pLeft && pExpr->pRight );
+      if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ){
+        pRoot = pExpr->pLeft;
+        **ppOr = pRoot;
+        (*ppOr)++;
+      }
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, pRoot, pExpr->pLeft, ppTC, ppOr, pRc);
+      if( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ){
+        pRoot = pExpr->pRight;
+        **ppOr = pRoot;
+        (*ppOr)++;
+      }
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, pRoot, pExpr->pRight, ppTC, ppOr, pRc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the average document (row) size in pages. If successful,
+** write this value to *pnPage and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, return
+** an SQLite error code.
+**
+** The average document size in pages is calculated by first calculating 
+** determining the average size in bytes, B. If B is less than the amount
+** of data that will fit on a single leaf page of an intkey table in
+** this database, then the average docsize is 1. Otherwise, it is 1 plus
+** the number of overflow pages consumed by a record B bytes in size.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalAverageDocsize(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pnPage){
+  if( pCsr->nRowAvg==0 ){
+    /* The average document size, which is required to calculate the cost
+    ** of each doclist, has not yet been determined. Read the required 
+    ** data from the %_stat table to calculate it.
+    **
+    ** Entry 0 of the %_stat table is a blob containing (nCol+1) FTS3 
+    ** varints, where nCol is the number of columns in the FTS3 table.
+    ** The first varint is the number of documents currently stored in
+    ** the table. The following nCol varints contain the total amount of
+    ** data stored in all rows of each column of the table, from left
+    ** to right.
+    */
+    int rc;
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+    sqlite3_int64 nDoc = 0;
+    sqlite3_int64 nByte = 0;
+    const char *pEnd;
+    const char *a;
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(p, &pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    a = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
+    assert( a );
+
+    pEnd = &a[sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0)];
+    a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nDoc);
+    while( a<pEnd ){
+      a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nByte);
+    }
+    if( nDoc==0 || nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+
+    pCsr->nDoc = nDoc;
+    pCsr->nRowAvg = (int)(((nByte / nDoc) + p->nPgsz) / p->nPgsz);
+    assert( pCsr->nRowAvg>0 ); 
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+
+  *pnPage = pCsr->nRowAvg;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to select the tokens (if any) that will be 
+** deferred. The array aTC[] has already been populated when this is
+** called.
+**
+** This function is called once for each AND/NEAR cluster in the 
+** expression. Each invocation determines which tokens to defer within
+** the cluster with root node pRoot. See comments above the definition
+** of struct Fts3TokenAndCost for more details.
+**
+** If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned and sqlite3Fts3DeferToken()
+** called on each token to defer. Otherwise, an SQLite error code is
+** returned.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalSelectDeferred(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot,                /* Consider tokens with this root node */
+  Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC,          /* Array of expression tokens and costs */
+  int nTC                         /* Number of entries in aTC[] */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int nDocSize = 0;               /* Number of pages per doc loaded */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int ii;                         /* Iterator variable for various purposes */
+  int nOvfl = 0;                  /* Total overflow pages used by doclists */
+  int nToken = 0;                 /* Total number of tokens in cluster */
+
+  int nMinEst = 0;                /* The minimum count for any phrase so far. */
+  int nLoad4 = 1;                 /* (Phrases that will be loaded)^4. */
+
+  /* Tokens are never deferred for FTS tables created using the content=xxx
+  ** option. The reason being that it is not guaranteed that the content
+  ** table actually contains the same data as the index. To prevent this from
+  ** causing any problems, the deferred token optimization is completely
+  ** disabled for content=xxx tables. */
+  if( pTab->zContentTbl ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Count the tokens in this AND/NEAR cluster. If none of the doclists
+  ** associated with the tokens spill onto overflow pages, or if there is
+  ** only 1 token, exit early. No tokens to defer in this case. */
+  for(ii=0; ii<nTC; ii++){
+    if( aTC[ii].pRoot==pRoot ){
+      nOvfl += aTC[ii].nOvfl;
+      nToken++;
+    }
+  }
+  if( nOvfl==0 || nToken<2 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  /* Obtain the average docsize (in pages). */
+  rc = fts3EvalAverageDocsize(pCsr, &nDocSize);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nDocSize>0 );
+
+
+  /* Iterate through all tokens in this AND/NEAR cluster, in ascending order 
+  ** of the number of overflow pages that will be loaded by the pager layer 
+  ** to retrieve the entire doclist for the token from the full-text index.
+  ** Load the doclists for tokens that are either:
+  **
+  **   a. The cheapest token in the entire query (i.e. the one visited by the
+  **      first iteration of this loop), or
+  **
+  **   b. Part of a multi-token phrase.
+  **
+  ** After each token doclist is loaded, merge it with the others from the
+  ** same phrase and count the number of documents that the merged doclist
+  ** contains. Set variable "nMinEst" to the smallest number of documents in 
+  ** any phrase doclist for which 1 or more token doclists have been loaded.
+  ** Let nOther be the number of other phrases for which it is certain that
+  ** one or more tokens will not be deferred.
+  **
+  ** Then, for each token, defer it if loading the doclist would result in
+  ** loading N or more overflow pages into memory, where N is computed as:
+  **
+  **    (nMinEst + 4^nOther - 1) / (4^nOther)
+  */
+  for(ii=0; ii<nToken && rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
+    int iTC;                      /* Used to iterate through aTC[] array. */
+    Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = 0;    /* Set to cheapest remaining token. */
+
+    /* Set pTC to point to the cheapest remaining token. */
+    for(iTC=0; iTC<nTC; iTC++){
+      if( aTC[iTC].pToken && aTC[iTC].pRoot==pRoot 
+       && (!pTC || aTC[iTC].nOvfl<pTC->nOvfl) 
+      ){
+        pTC = &aTC[iTC];
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pTC );
+
+    if( ii && pTC->nOvfl>=((nMinEst+(nLoad4/4)-1)/(nLoad4/4))*nDocSize ){
+      /* The number of overflow pages to load for this (and therefore all
+      ** subsequent) tokens is greater than the estimated number of pages 
+      ** that will be loaded if all subsequent tokens are deferred.
+      */
+      Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = pTC->pToken;
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(pCsr, pToken, pTC->iCol);
+      fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pToken->pSegcsr);
+      pToken->pSegcsr = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* Set nLoad4 to the value of (4^nOther) for the next iteration of the
+      ** for-loop. Except, limit the value to 2^24 to prevent it from 
+      ** overflowing the 32-bit integer it is stored in. */
+      if( ii<12 ) nLoad4 = nLoad4*4;
+
+      if( ii==0 || pTC->pPhrase->nToken>1 ){
+        /* Either this is the cheapest token in the entire query, or it is
+        ** part of a multi-token phrase. Either way, the entire doclist will
+        ** (eventually) be loaded into memory. It may as well be now. */
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = pTC->pToken;
+        int nList = 0;
+        char *pList = 0;
+        rc = fts3TermSelect(pTab, pToken, pTC->iCol, &nList, &pList);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pList==0 );
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          int nCount;
+          fts3EvalPhraseMergeToken(pTab, pTC->pPhrase, pTC->iToken,pList,nList);
+          nCount = fts3DoclistCountDocids(
+              pTC->pPhrase->doclist.aAll, pTC->pPhrase->doclist.nAll
+          );
+          if( ii==0 || nCount<nMinEst ) nMinEst = nCount;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    pTC->pToken = 0;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called from within the xFilter method. It initializes
+** the full-text query currently stored in pCsr->pExpr. To iterate through
+** the results of a query, the caller does:
+**
+**    fts3EvalStart(pCsr);
+**    while( 1 ){
+**      fts3EvalNext(pCsr);
+**      if( pCsr->bEof ) break;
+**      ... return row pCsr->iPrevId to the caller ...
+**    }
+*/
+static int fts3EvalStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nToken = 0;
+  int nOr = 0;
+
+  /* Allocate a MultiSegReader for each token in the expression. */
+  fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &nToken, &nOr, &rc);
+
+  /* Determine which, if any, tokens in the expression should be deferred. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nToken>1 && pTab->bHasStat ){
+    Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC;
+    Fts3Expr **apOr;
+    aTC = (Fts3TokenAndCost *)sqlite3_malloc(
+        sizeof(Fts3TokenAndCost) * nToken
+      + sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nOr * 2
+    );
+    apOr = (Fts3Expr **)&aTC[nToken];
+
+    if( !aTC ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      int ii;
+      Fts3TokenAndCost *pTC = aTC;
+      Fts3Expr **ppOr = apOr;
+
+      fts3EvalTokenCosts(pCsr, 0, pCsr->pExpr, &pTC, &ppOr, &rc);
+      nToken = pTC-aTC;
+      nOr = ppOr-apOr;
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3EvalSelectDeferred(pCsr, 0, aTC, nToken);
+        for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nOr; ii++){
+          rc = fts3EvalSelectDeferred(pCsr, apOr[ii], aTC, nToken);
+        }
+      }
+
+      sqlite3_free(aTC);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, 1, &rc);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Invalidate the current position list for phrase pPhrase.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  if( pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList ){
+    sqlite3_free(pPhrase->doclist.pList);
+  }
+  pPhrase->doclist.pList = 0;
+  pPhrase->doclist.nList = 0;
+  pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to edit the position list associated with
+** the phrase object passed as the fifth argument according to a NEAR
+** condition. For example:
+**
+**     abc NEAR/5 "def ghi"
+**
+** Parameter nNear is passed the NEAR distance of the expression (5 in
+** the example above). When this function is called, *paPoslist points to
+** the position list, and *pnToken is the number of phrase tokens in, the
+** phrase on the other side of the NEAR operator to pPhrase. For example,
+** if pPhrase refers to the "def ghi" phrase, then *paPoslist points to
+** the position list associated with phrase "abc".
+**
+** All positions in the pPhrase position list that are not sufficiently
+** close to a position in the *paPoslist position list are removed. If this
+** leaves 0 positions, zero is returned. Otherwise, non-zero.
+**
+** Before returning, *paPoslist is set to point to the position lsit 
+** associated with pPhrase. And *pnToken is set to the number of tokens in
+** pPhrase.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalNearTrim(
+  int nNear,                      /* NEAR distance. As in "NEAR/nNear". */
+  char *aTmp,                     /* Temporary space to use */
+  char **paPoslist,               /* IN/OUT: Position list */
+  int *pnToken,                   /* IN/OUT: Tokens in phrase of *paPoslist */
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase             /* The phrase object to trim the doclist of */
+){
+  int nParam1 = nNear + pPhrase->nToken;
+  int nParam2 = nNear + *pnToken;
+  int nNew;
+  char *p2; 
+  char *pOut; 
+  int res;
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.pList );
+
+  p2 = pOut = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  res = fts3PoslistNearMerge(
+    &pOut, aTmp, nParam1, nParam2, paPoslist, &p2
+  );
+  if( res ){
+    nNew = (pOut - pPhrase->doclist.pList) - 1;
+    assert( pPhrase->doclist.pList[nNew]=='\0' );
+    assert( nNew<=pPhrase->doclist.nList && nNew>0 );
+    memset(&pPhrase->doclist.pList[nNew], 0, pPhrase->doclist.nList - nNew);
+    pPhrase->doclist.nList = nNew;
+    *paPoslist = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    *pnToken = pPhrase->nToken;
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a no-op if *pRc is other than SQLITE_OK when it is called.
+** Otherwise, it advances the expression passed as the second argument to
+** point to the next matching row in the database. Expressions iterate through
+** matching rows in docid order. Ascending order if Fts3Cursor.bDesc is zero,
+** or descending if it is non-zero.
+**
+** If an error occurs, *pRc is set to an SQLite error code. Otherwise, if
+** successful, the following variables in pExpr are set:
+**
+**   Fts3Expr.bEof                (non-zero if EOF - there is no next row)
+**   Fts3Expr.iDocid              (valid if bEof==0. The docid of the next row)
+**
+** If the expression is of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE, and the expression is not
+** at EOF, then the following variables are populated with the position list
+** for the phrase for the visited row:
+**
+**   FTs3Expr.pPhrase->doclist.nList        (length of pList in bytes)
+**   FTs3Expr.pPhrase->doclist.pList        (pointer to position list)
+**
+** It says above that this function advances the expression to the next
+** matching row. This is usually true, but there are the following exceptions:
+**
+**   1. Deferred tokens are not taken into account. If a phrase consists
+**      entirely of deferred tokens, it is assumed to match every row in
+**      the db. In this case the position-list is not populated at all. 
+**
+**      Or, if a phrase contains one or more deferred tokens and one or
+**      more non-deferred tokens, then the expression is advanced to the 
+**      next possible match, considering only non-deferred tokens. In other
+**      words, if the phrase is "A B C", and "B" is deferred, the expression
+**      is advanced to the next row that contains an instance of "A * C", 
+**      where "*" may match any single token. The position list in this case
+**      is populated as for "A * C" before returning.
+**
+**   2. NEAR is treated as AND. If the expression is "x NEAR y", it is 
+**      advanced to point to the next row that matches "x AND y".
+** 
+** See fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear() for details on testing if a row is
+** really a match, taking into account deferred tokens and NEAR operators.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalNextRow(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expr. to advance to next matching row */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int bDescDoclist = pCsr->bDesc;         /* Used by DOCID_CMP() macro */
+    assert( pExpr->bEof==0 );
+    pExpr->bStart = 1;
+
+    switch( pExpr->eType ){
+      case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
+      case FTSQUERY_AND: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( !pLeft->bDeferred || !pRight->bDeferred );
+
+        if( pLeft->bDeferred ){
+          /* LHS is entirely deferred. So we assume it matches every row.
+          ** Advance the RHS iterator to find the next row visited. */
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pRight->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = pRight->bEof;
+        }else if( pRight->bDeferred ){
+          /* RHS is entirely deferred. So we assume it matches every row.
+          ** Advance the LHS iterator to find the next row visited. */
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = pLeft->bEof;
+        }else{
+          /* Neither the RHS or LHS are deferred. */
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          while( !pLeft->bEof && !pRight->bEof && *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            sqlite3_int64 iDiff = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+            if( iDiff==0 ) break;
+            if( iDiff<0 ){
+              fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+            }else{
+              fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+            }
+          }
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+          pExpr->bEof = (pLeft->bEof || pRight->bEof);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+  
+      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+        sqlite3_int64 iCmp = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+
+        assert( pLeft->bStart || pLeft->iDocid==pRight->iDocid );
+        assert( pRight->bStart || pLeft->iDocid==pRight->iDocid );
+
+        if( pRight->bEof || (pLeft->bEof==0 && iCmp<0) ){
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+        }else if( pLeft->bEof || (pRight->bEof==0 && iCmp>0) ){
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+        }else{
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+        }
+
+        pExpr->bEof = (pLeft->bEof && pRight->bEof);
+        iCmp = DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid);
+        if( pRight->bEof || (pLeft->bEof==0 &&  iCmp<0) ){
+          pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+        }else{
+          pExpr->iDocid = pRight->iDocid;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTSQUERY_NOT: {
+        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
+        Fts3Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+
+        if( pRight->bStart==0 ){
+          fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          assert( *pRc!=SQLITE_OK || pRight->bStart );
+        }
+
+        fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
+        if( pLeft->bEof==0 ){
+          while( !*pRc 
+              && !pRight->bEof 
+              && DOCID_CMP(pLeft->iDocid, pRight->iDocid)>0 
+          ){
+            fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRight, pRc);
+          }
+        }
+        pExpr->iDocid = pLeft->iDocid;
+        pExpr->bEof = pLeft->bEof;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+        fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
+        *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseNext(pCsr, pPhrase, &pExpr->bEof);
+        pExpr->iDocid = pPhrase->doclist.iDocid;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK, or if pExpr is not the root node of a NEAR
+** cluster, then this function returns 1 immediately.
+**
+** Otherwise, it checks if the current row really does match the NEAR 
+** expression, using the data currently stored in the position lists 
+** (Fts3Expr->pPhrase.doclist.pList/nList) for each phrase in the expression. 
+**
+** If the current row is a match, the position list associated with each
+** phrase in the NEAR expression is edited in place to contain only those
+** phrase instances sufficiently close to their peers to satisfy all NEAR
+** constraints. In this case it returns 1. If the NEAR expression does not 
+** match the current row, 0 is returned. The position lists may or may not
+** be edited if 0 is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalNearTest(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int *pRc){
+  int res = 1;
+
+  /* The following block runs if pExpr is the root of a NEAR query.
+  ** For example, the query:
+  **
+  **         "w" NEAR "x" NEAR "y" NEAR "z"
+  **
+  ** which is represented in tree form as:
+  **
+  **                               |
+  **                          +--NEAR--+      <-- root of NEAR query
+  **                          |        |
+  **                     +--NEAR--+   "z"
+  **                     |        |
+  **                +--NEAR--+   "y"
+  **                |        |
+  **               "w"      "x"
+  **
+  ** The right-hand child of a NEAR node is always a phrase. The 
+  ** left-hand child may be either a phrase or a NEAR node. There are
+  ** no exceptions to this - it's the way the parser in fts3_expr.c works.
+  */
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+   && pExpr->bEof==0
+   && (pExpr->pParent==0 || pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR)
+  ){
+    Fts3Expr *p; 
+    int nTmp = 0;                 /* Bytes of temp space */
+    char *aTmp;                   /* Temp space for PoslistNearMerge() */
+
+    /* Allocate temporary working space. */
+    for(p=pExpr; p->pLeft; p=p->pLeft){
+      nTmp += p->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    }
+    nTmp += p->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
+    if( !aTmp ){
+      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      res = 0;
+    }else{
+      char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
+
+      for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
+        int nNear = p->nNear;
+        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+      }
+  
+      aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
+      for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
+        int nNear;
+        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;
+        assert( p->pParent && p->pParent->pLeft==p );
+        nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
+        pPhrase = (
+            p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
+        );
+        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_free(aTmp);
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is a helper function for fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear().
+** Assuming no error occurs or has occurred, It returns non-zero if the
+** expression passed as the second argument matches the row that pCsr 
+** currently points to, or zero if it does not.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** If an error occurs during execution of this function, *pRc is set to 
+** the appropriate SQLite error code. In this case the returned value is 
+** undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalTestExpr(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expr to test. May or may not be root. */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  int bHit = 1;                   /* Return value */
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    switch( pExpr->eType ){
+      case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
+      case FTSQUERY_AND:
+        bHit = (
+            fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc)
+         && fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc)
+         && fts3EvalNearTest(pExpr, pRc)
+        );
+
+        /* If the NEAR expression does not match any rows, zero the doclist for 
+        ** all phrases involved in the NEAR. This is because the snippet(),
+        ** offsets() and matchinfo() functions are not supposed to recognize 
+        ** any instances of phrases that are part of unmatched NEAR queries. 
+        ** For example if this expression:
+        **
+        **    ... MATCH 'a OR (b NEAR c)'
+        **
+        ** is matched against a row containing:
+        **
+        **        'a b d e'
+        **
+        ** then any snippet() should ony highlight the "a" term, not the "b"
+        ** (as "b" is part of a non-matching NEAR clause).
+        */
+        if( bHit==0 
+         && pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+         && (pExpr->pParent==0 || pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR)
+        ){
+          Fts3Expr *p;
+          for(p=pExpr; p->pPhrase==0; p=p->pLeft){
+            if( p->pRight->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId ){
+              fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(p->pRight->pPhrase);
+            }
+          }
+          if( p->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId ){
+            fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(p->pPhrase);
+          }
+        }
+
+        break;
+
+      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
+        int bHit1 = fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+        int bHit2 = fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
+        bHit = bHit1 || bHit2;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTSQUERY_NOT:
+        bHit = (
+            fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc)
+         && !fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc)
+        );
+        break;
+
+      default: {
+        if( pCsr->pDeferred 
+         && (pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bDeferred)
+        ){
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+          assert( pExpr->bDeferred || pPhrase->doclist.bFreeList==0 );
+          if( pExpr->bDeferred ){
+            fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
+          }
+          *pRc = fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(pCsr, pPhrase);
+          bHit = (pPhrase->doclist.pList!=0);
+          pExpr->iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+        }else{
+          bHit = (pExpr->bEof==0 && pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return bHit;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called as the second part of each xNext operation when
+** iterating through the results of a full-text query. At this point the
+** cursor points to a row that matches the query expression, with the
+** following caveats:
+**
+**   * Up until this point, "NEAR" operators in the expression have been
+**     treated as "AND".
+**
+**   * Deferred tokens have not yet been considered.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it immediately
+** returns 0. Otherwise, it tests whether or not after considering NEAR
+** operators and deferred tokens the current row is still a match for the
+** expression. It returns 1 if both of the following are true:
+**
+**   1. *pRc is SQLITE_OK when this function returns, and
+**
+**   2. After scanning the current FTS table row for the deferred tokens,
+**      it is determined that the row does *not* match the query.
+**
+** Or, if no error occurs and it seems the current row does match the FTS
+** query, return 0.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pRc){
+  int rc = *pRc;
+  int bMiss = 0;
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+    /* If there are one or more deferred tokens, load the current row into
+    ** memory and scan it to determine the position list for each deferred
+    ** token. Then, see if this row is really a match, considering deferred
+    ** tokens and NEAR operators (neither of which were taken into account
+    ** earlier, by fts3EvalNextRow()). 
+    */
+    if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+      rc = fts3CursorSeek(0, pCsr);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(pCsr);
+      }
+    }
+    bMiss = (0==fts3EvalTestExpr(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &rc));
+
+    /* Free the position-lists accumulated for each deferred token above. */
+    sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(pCsr);
+    *pRc = rc;
+  }
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bMiss);
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance to the next document that matches the FTS expression in
+** Fts3Cursor.pExpr.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalNext(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr = pCsr->pExpr;
+  assert( pCsr->isEof==0 );
+  if( pExpr==0 ){
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    do {
+      if( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 ){
+        sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+      }
+      assert( sqlite3_data_count(pCsr->pStmt)==0 );
+      fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      pCsr->isEof = pExpr->bEof;
+      pCsr->isRequireSeek = 1;
+      pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+      pCsr->iPrevId = pExpr->iDocid;
+    }while( pCsr->isEof==0 && fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(pCsr, &rc) );
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Restart interation for expression pExpr so that the next call to
+** fts3EvalNext() visits the first row. Do not allow incremental 
+** loading or merging of phrase doclists for this iteration.
+**
+** If *pRc is other than SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is
+** a no-op. If an error occurs within this function, *pRc is set to an
+** SQLite error code before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalRestart(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,
+  int *pRc
+){
+  if( pExpr && *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+
+    if( pPhrase ){
+      fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
+      if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
+        assert( pPhrase->nToken==1 );
+        assert( pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr );
+        sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr);
+        *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 0, pPhrase);
+      }
+
+      pPhrase->doclist.pNextDocid = 0;
+      pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = 0;
+    }
+
+    pExpr->iDocid = 0;
+    pExpr->bEof = 0;
+    pExpr->bStart = 0;
+
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** After allocating the Fts3Expr.aMI[] array for each phrase in the 
+** expression rooted at pExpr, the cursor iterates through all rows matched
+** by pExpr, calling this function for each row. This function increments
+** the values in Fts3Expr.aMI[] according to the position-list currently
+** found in Fts3Expr.pPhrase->doclist.pList for each of the phrase 
+** expression nodes.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalUpdateCounts(Fts3Expr *pExpr){
+  if( pExpr ){
+    Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+    if( pPhrase && pPhrase->doclist.pList ){
+      int iCol = 0;
+      char *p = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+
+      assert( *p );
+      while( 1 ){
+        u8 c = 0;
+        int iCnt = 0;
+        while( 0xFE & (*p | c) ){
+          if( (c&0x80)==0 ) iCnt++;
+          c = *p++ & 0x80;
+        }
+
+        /* aMI[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+        ** aMI[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
+        */
+        pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 1] += iCnt;
+        pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2] += (iCnt>0);
+        if( *p==0x00 ) break;
+        p++;
+        p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
+      }
+    }
+
+    fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pExpr->pLeft);
+    fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pExpr->pRight);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Expression pExpr must be of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE.
+**
+** If it is not already allocated and populated, this function allocates and
+** populates the Fts3Expr.aMI[] array for expression pExpr. If pExpr is part
+** of a NEAR expression, then it also allocates and populates the same array
+** for all other phrases that are part of the NEAR expression.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the aMI[] array is successfully allocated and
+** populated. Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalGatherStats(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr                 /* FTSQUERY_PHRASE expression */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
+  if( pExpr->aMI==0 ){
+    Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    Fts3Expr *pRoot;                /* Root of NEAR expression */
+    Fts3Expr *p;                    /* Iterator used for several purposes */
+
+    sqlite3_int64 iPrevId = pCsr->iPrevId;
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+    u8 bEof;
+
+    /* Find the root of the NEAR expression */
+    pRoot = pExpr;
+    while( pRoot->pParent && pRoot->pParent->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+      pRoot = pRoot->pParent;
+    }
+    iDocid = pRoot->iDocid;
+    bEof = pRoot->bEof;
+    assert( pRoot->bStart );
+
+    /* Allocate space for the aMSI[] array of each FTSQUERY_PHRASE node */
+    for(p=pRoot; p; p=p->pLeft){
+      Fts3Expr *pE = (p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE?p:p->pRight);
+      assert( pE->aMI==0 );
+      pE->aMI = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(pTab->nColumn * 3 * sizeof(u32));
+      if( !pE->aMI ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      memset(pE->aMI, 0, pTab->nColumn * 3 * sizeof(u32));
+    }
+
+    fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+
+    while( pCsr->isEof==0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+      do {
+        /* Ensure the %_content statement is reset. */
+        if( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 ) sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
+        assert( sqlite3_data_count(pCsr->pStmt)==0 );
+
+        /* Advance to the next document */
+        fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+        pCsr->isEof = pRoot->bEof;
+        pCsr->isRequireSeek = 1;
+        pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+        pCsr->iPrevId = pRoot->iDocid;
+      }while( pCsr->isEof==0 
+           && pRoot->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
+           && fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(pCsr, &rc) 
+      );
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->isEof==0 ){
+        fts3EvalUpdateCounts(pRoot);
+      }
+    }
+
+    pCsr->isEof = 0;
+    pCsr->iPrevId = iPrevId;
+
+    if( bEof ){
+      pRoot->bEof = bEof;
+    }else{
+      /* Caution: pRoot may iterate through docids in ascending or descending
+      ** order. For this reason, even though it seems more defensive, the 
+      ** do loop can not be written:
+      **
+      **   do {...} while( pRoot->iDocid<iDocid && rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      */
+      fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+      do {
+        fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pRoot, &rc);
+        assert( pRoot->bEof==0 );
+      }while( pRoot->iDocid!=iDocid && rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(pCsr, &rc);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is used by the matchinfo() module to query a phrase 
+** expression node for the following information:
+**
+**   1. The total number of occurrences of the phrase in each column of 
+**      the FTS table (considering all rows), and
+**
+**   2. For each column, the number of rows in the table for which the
+**      column contains at least one instance of the phrase.
+**
+** If no error occurs, SQLITE_OK is returned and the values for each column
+** written into the array aiOut as follows:
+**
+**   aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = Number of occurrences
+**   aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = Number of rows containing at least one instance
+**
+** Caveats:
+**
+**   * If a phrase consists entirely of deferred tokens, then all output 
+**     values are set to the number of documents in the table. In other
+**     words we assume that very common tokens occur exactly once in each 
+**     column of each row of the table.
+**
+**   * If a phrase contains some deferred tokens (and some non-deferred 
+**     tokens), count the potential occurrence identified by considering
+**     the non-deferred tokens instead of actual phrase occurrences.
+**
+**   * If the phrase is part of a NEAR expression, then only phrase instances
+**     that meet the NEAR constraint are included in the counts.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS cursor handle */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression */
+  u32 *aiOut                      /* Array to write results into (see above) */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCol;
+
+  if( pExpr->bDeferred && pExpr->pParent->eType!=FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
+    assert( pCsr->nDoc>0 );
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
+      aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = (u32)pCsr->nDoc;
+      aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = (u32)pCsr->nDoc;
+    }
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3EvalGatherStats(pCsr, pExpr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( pExpr->aMI );
+      for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
+        aiOut[iCol*3 + 1] = pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 1];
+        aiOut[iCol*3 + 2] = pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The expression pExpr passed as the second argument to this function
+** must be of type FTSQUERY_PHRASE. 
+**
+** The returned value is either NULL or a pointer to a buffer containing
+** a position-list indicating the occurrences of the phrase in column iCol
+** of the current row. 
+**
+** More specifically, the returned buffer contains 1 varint for each 
+** occurence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
+** compression and is terminated by either an 0x01 or 0x00 byte. For example,
+** if the requested column contains "a b X c d X X" and the position-list
+** for 'X' is requested, the buffer returned may contain:
+**
+**     0x04 0x05 0x03 0x01   or   0x04 0x05 0x03 0x00
+**
+** This function works regardless of whether or not the phrase is deferred,
+** incremental, or neither.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase to return doclist for */
+  int iCol                        /* Column to return position list for */
+){
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  char *pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  int iThis;
+
+  assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nColumn );
+  if( !pIter 
+   || pExpr->bEof 
+   || pExpr->iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId
+   || (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) 
+  ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  assert( pPhrase->doclist.nList>0 );
+  if( *pIter==0x01 ){
+    pIter++;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+  }else{
+    iThis = 0;
+  }
+  while( iThis<iCol ){
+    fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &pIter);
+    if( *pIter==0x00 ) return 0;
+    pIter++;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+  }
+
+  return ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all components of the Fts3Phrase structure that were allocated by
+** the eval module. Specifically, this means to free:
+**
+**   * the contents of pPhrase->doclist, and
+**   * any Fts3MultiSegReader objects held by phrase tokens.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(Fts3Phrase *pPhrase){
+  if( pPhrase ){
+    int i;
+    sqlite3_free(pPhrase->doclist.aAll);
+    fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
+    memset(&pPhrase->doclist, 0, sizeof(Fts3Doclist));
+    for(i=0; i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+      fts3SegReaderCursorFree(pPhrase->aToken[i].pSegcsr);
+      pPhrase->aToken[i].pSegcsr = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Corrupt(){
+  return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+}
+#endif
+
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
+/*
+** Initialize API pointer table, if required.
+*/
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
   sqlite3 *db, 
   char **pzErrMsg,
@@ -109522,6 +119711,482 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
 #endif
 
 /************** End of fts3.c ************************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_aux.c ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2011 Jan 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+typedef struct Fts3auxTable Fts3auxTable;
+typedef struct Fts3auxCursor Fts3auxCursor;
+
+struct Fts3auxTable {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;              /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  Fts3Table *pFts3Tab;
+};
+
+struct Fts3auxCursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;       /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;        /* Must be right after "base" */
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;
+  char *zStop;
+  int nStop;                      /* Byte-length of string zStop */
+  int isEof;                      /* True if cursor is at EOF */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;           /* Current rowid */
+
+  int iCol;                       /* Current value of 'col' column */
+  int nStat;                      /* Size of aStat[] array */
+  struct Fts3auxColstats {
+    sqlite3_int64 nDoc;           /* 'documents' values for current csr row */
+    sqlite3_int64 nOcc;           /* 'occurrences' values for current csr row */
+  } *aStat;
+};
+
+/*
+** Schema of the terms table.
+*/
+#define FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences)"
+
+/*
+** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xConnect
+** and xCreate are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3auxConnectMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pUnused,                  /* Unused */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  char const *zDb;                /* Name of database (e.g. "main") */
+  char const *zFts3;              /* Name of fts3 table */
+  int nDb;                        /* Result of strlen(zDb) */
+  int nFts3;                      /* Result of strlen(zFts3) */
+  int nByte;                      /* Bytes of space to allocate here */
+  int rc;                         /* value returned by declare_vtab() */
+  Fts3auxTable *p;                /* Virtual table object to return */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pUnused);
+
+  /* The user should specify a single argument - the name of an fts3 table. */
+  if( argc!=4 ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "wrong number of arguments to fts4aux constructor"
+    );
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  zDb = argv[1]; 
+  nDb = strlen(zDb);
+  zFts3 = argv[3];
+  nFts3 = strlen(zFts3);
+
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3auxTable) + sizeof(Fts3Table) + nDb + nFts3 + 2;
+  p = (Fts3auxTable *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( !p ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(p, 0, nByte);
+
+  p->pFts3Tab = (Fts3Table *)&p[1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->zDb = (char *)&p->pFts3Tab[1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->zName = &p->pFts3Tab->zDb[nDb+1];
+  p->pFts3Tab->db = db;
+  p->pFts3Tab->nIndex = 1;
+
+  memcpy((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zDb, zDb, nDb);
+  memcpy((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zName, zFts3, nFts3);
+  sqlite3Fts3Dequote((char *)p->pFts3Tab->zName);
+
+  *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function does the work for both the xDisconnect and xDestroy methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xDisconnect
+** and xDestroy are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3auxDisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3auxTable *p = (Fts3auxTable *)pVtab;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = p->pFts3Tab;
+  int i;
+
+  /* Free any prepared statements held */
+  for(i=0; i<SizeofArray(pFts3->aStmt); i++){
+    sqlite3_finalize(pFts3->aStmt[i]);
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pFts3->zSegmentsTbl);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+#define FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT 1
+#define FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT 2
+#define FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT 4
+
+/*
+** xBestIndex - Analyze a WHERE and ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int fts3auxBestIndexMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, 
+  sqlite3_index_info *pInfo
+){
+  int i;
+  int iEq = -1;
+  int iGe = -1;
+  int iLe = -1;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  /* This vtab delivers always results in "ORDER BY term ASC" order. */
+  if( pInfo->nOrderBy==1 
+   && pInfo->aOrderBy[0].iColumn==0 
+   && pInfo->aOrderBy[0].desc==0
+  ){
+    pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. */
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 ){
+      int op = pInfo->aConstraint[i].op;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
+      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( iEq>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum = FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost = 5;
+  }else{
+    pInfo->idxNum = 0;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost = 20000;
+    if( iGe>=0 ){
+      pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
+    }
+    if( iLe>=0 ){
+      pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = 1 + (iGe>=0);
+      pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xOpen - Open a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxOpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr;            /* Pointer to cursor object to return */
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3auxCursor));
+  if( !pCsr ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3auxCursor));
+
+  *ppCsr = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)pCsr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xClose - Close a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxCloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pFts3);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&pCsr->csr);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zStop);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aStat);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3auxGrowStatArray(Fts3auxCursor *pCsr, int nSize){
+  if( nSize>pCsr->nStat ){
+    struct Fts3auxColstats *aNew;
+    aNew = (struct Fts3auxColstats *)sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->aStat, 
+        sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * nSize
+    );
+    if( aNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memset(&aNew[pCsr->nStat], 0, 
+        sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * (nSize - pCsr->nStat)
+    );
+    pCsr->aStat = aNew;
+    pCsr->nStat = nSize;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xNext - Advance the cursor to the next row, if any.
+*/
+static int fts3auxNextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  int rc;
+
+  /* Increment our pretend rowid value. */
+  pCsr->iRowid++;
+
+  for(pCsr->iCol++; pCsr->iCol<pCsr->nStat; pCsr->iCol++){
+    if( pCsr->aStat[pCsr->iCol].nDoc>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(pFts3, &pCsr->csr);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    int i = 0;
+    int nDoclist = pCsr->csr.nDoclist;
+    char *aDoclist = pCsr->csr.aDoclist;
+    int iCol;
+
+    int eState = 0;
+
+    if( pCsr->zStop ){
+      int n = (pCsr->nStop<pCsr->csr.nTerm) ? pCsr->nStop : pCsr->csr.nTerm;
+      int mc = memcmp(pCsr->zStop, pCsr->csr.zTerm, n);
+      if( mc<0 || (mc==0 && pCsr->csr.nTerm>pCsr->nStop) ){
+        pCsr->isEof = 1;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( fts3auxGrowStatArray(pCsr, 2) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    memset(pCsr->aStat, 0, sizeof(struct Fts3auxColstats) * pCsr->nStat);
+    iCol = 0;
+
+    while( i<nDoclist ){
+      sqlite3_int64 v = 0;
+
+      i += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&aDoclist[i], &v);
+      switch( eState ){
+        /* State 0. In this state the integer just read was a docid. */
+        case 0:
+          pCsr->aStat[0].nDoc++;
+          eState = 1;
+          iCol = 0;
+          break;
+
+        /* State 1. In this state we are expecting either a 1, indicating
+        ** that the following integer will be a column number, or the
+        ** start of a position list for column 0.  
+        ** 
+        ** The only difference between state 1 and state 2 is that if the
+        ** integer encountered in state 1 is not 0 or 1, then we need to
+        ** increment the column 0 "nDoc" count for this term.
+        */
+        case 1:
+          assert( iCol==0 );
+          if( v>1 ){
+            pCsr->aStat[1].nDoc++;
+          }
+          eState = 2;
+          /* fall through */
+
+        case 2:
+          if( v==0 ){       /* 0x00. Next integer will be a docid. */
+            eState = 0;
+          }else if( v==1 ){ /* 0x01. Next integer will be a column number. */
+            eState = 3;
+          }else{            /* 2 or greater. A position. */
+            pCsr->aStat[iCol+1].nOcc++;
+            pCsr->aStat[0].nOcc++;
+          }
+          break;
+
+        /* State 3. The integer just read is a column number. */
+        default: assert( eState==3 );
+          iCol = (int)v;
+          if( fts3auxGrowStatArray(pCsr, iCol+2) ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          pCsr->aStat[iCol+1].nDoc++;
+          eState = 2;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pCsr->iCol = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xFilter - Initialize a cursor to point at the start of its data.
+*/
+static int fts3auxFilterMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
+  int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
+  const char *idxStr,             /* Unused */
+  int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
+  int rc;
+  int isScan;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
+
+  assert( idxStr==0 );
+  assert( idxNum==FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==0
+       || idxNum==FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT
+       || idxNum==(FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT)
+  );
+  isScan = (idxNum!=FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT);
+
+  /* In case this cursor is being reused, close and zero it. */
+  testcase(pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&pCsr->csr);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)pCsr->filter.zTerm);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aStat);
+  memset(&pCsr->csr, 0, ((u8*)&pCsr[1]) - (u8*)&pCsr->csr);
+
+  pCsr->filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+  if( isScan ) pCsr->filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
+
+  if( idxNum&(FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ){
+    const unsigned char *zStr = sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    if( zStr ){
+      pCsr->filter.zTerm = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zStr);
+      pCsr->filter.nTerm = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
+      if( pCsr->filter.zTerm==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( idxNum&FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
+    int iIdx = (idxNum&FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ? 1 : 0;
+    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iIdx]));
+    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iIdx]);
+    if( pCsr->zStop==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
+      pCsr->filter.zTerm, pCsr->filter.nTerm, 0, isScan, &pCsr->csr
+  );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(pFts3, &pCsr->csr, &pCsr->filter);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = fts3auxNextMethod(pCursor);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xEof - Return true if the cursor is at EOF, or false otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3auxEofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  return pCsr->isEof;
+}
+
+/*
+** xColumn - Return a column value.
+*/
+static int fts3auxColumnMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *p = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  assert( p->isEof==0 );
+  if( iCol==0 ){        /* Column "term" */
+    sqlite3_result_text(pContext, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+  }else if( iCol==1 ){  /* Column "col" */
+    if( p->iCol ){
+      sqlite3_result_int(pContext, p->iCol-1);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+  }else if( iCol==2 ){  /* Column "documents" */
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
+  }else{                /* Column "occurrences" */
+    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xRowid - Return the current rowid for the cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3auxRowidMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: Rowid value */
+){
+  Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
+  *pRowid = pCsr->iRowid;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the fts3aux module with database connection db. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful or an error code if sqlite3_create_module() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitAux(sqlite3 *db){
+  static const sqlite3_module fts3aux_module = {
+     0,                           /* iVersion      */
+     fts3auxConnectMethod,        /* xCreate       */
+     fts3auxConnectMethod,        /* xConnect      */
+     fts3auxBestIndexMethod,      /* xBestIndex    */
+     fts3auxDisconnectMethod,     /* xDisconnect   */
+     fts3auxDisconnectMethod,     /* xDestroy      */
+     fts3auxOpenMethod,           /* xOpen         */
+     fts3auxCloseMethod,          /* xClose        */
+     fts3auxFilterMethod,         /* xFilter       */
+     fts3auxNextMethod,           /* xNext         */
+     fts3auxEofMethod,            /* xEof          */
+     fts3auxColumnMethod,         /* xColumn       */
+     fts3auxRowidMethod,          /* xRowid        */
+     0,                           /* xUpdate       */
+     0,                           /* xBegin        */
+     0,                           /* xSync         */
+     0,                           /* xCommit       */
+     0,                           /* xRollback     */
+     0,                           /* xFindFunction */
+     0,                           /* xRename       */
+     0,                           /* xSavepoint    */
+     0,                           /* xRelease      */
+     0                            /* xRollbackTo   */
+  };
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "fts4aux", &fts3aux_module, 0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_aux.c ********************************************/
 /************** Begin file fts3_expr.c ***************************************/
 /*
 ** 2008 Nov 28
@@ -109602,13 +120267,25 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses = 0;
 */
 #define SQLITE_FTS3_DEFAULT_NEAR_PARAM 10
 
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
+/*
+** isNot:
+**   This variable is used by function getNextNode(). When getNextNode() is
+**   called, it sets ParseContext.isNot to true if the 'next node' is a 
+**   FTSQUERY_PHRASE with a unary "-" attached to it. i.e. "mysql" in the
+**   FTS3 query "sqlite -mysql". Otherwise, ParseContext.isNot is set to
+**   zero.
+*/
 typedef struct ParseContext ParseContext;
 struct ParseContext {
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;      /* Tokenizer module */
   const char **azCol;                 /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int bFts4;                          /* True to allow FTS4-only syntax */
   int nCol;                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
   int iDefaultCol;                    /* Default column to query */
+  int isNot;                          /* True if getNextNode() sees a unary - */
   sqlite3_context *pCtx;              /* Write error message here */
   int nNest;                          /* Number of nested brackets */
 };
@@ -109628,6 +120305,18 @@ static int fts3isspace(char c){
   return c==' ' || c=='\t' || c=='\n' || c=='\r' || c=='\v' || c=='\f';
 }
 
+/*
+** Allocate nByte bytes of memory using sqlite3_malloc(). If successful,
+** zero the memory before returning a pointer to it. If unsuccessful, 
+** return NULL.
+*/
+static void *fts3MallocZero(int nByte){
+  void *pRet = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( pRet ) memset(pRet, 0, nByte);
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** Extract the next token from buffer z (length n) using the tokenizer
 ** and other information (column names etc.) in pParse. Create an Fts3Expr
@@ -109665,11 +120354,10 @@ static int getNextToken(
 
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       nByte = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase) + nToken;
-      pRet = (Fts3Expr *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+      pRet = (Fts3Expr *)fts3MallocZero(nByte);
       if( !pRet ){
         rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }else{
-        memset(pRet, 0, nByte);
         pRet->eType = FTSQUERY_PHRASE;
         pRet->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&pRet[1];
         pRet->pPhrase->nToken = 1;
@@ -109682,9 +120370,21 @@ static int getNextToken(
           pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].isPrefix = 1;
           iEnd++;
         }
-        if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses && iStart>0 && z[iStart-1]=='-' ){
-          pRet->pPhrase->isNot = 1;
+
+        while( 1 ){
+          if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
+           && iStart>0 && z[iStart-1]=='-' 
+          ){
+            pParse->isNot = 1;
+            iStart--;
+          }else if( pParse->bFts4 && iStart>0 && z[iStart-1]=='^' ){
+            pRet->pPhrase->aToken[0].bFirst = 1;
+            iStart--;
+          }else{
+            break;
+          }
         }
+
       }
       nConsumed = iEnd;
     }
@@ -109735,35 +120435,56 @@ static int getNextString(
   char *zTemp = 0;
   int nTemp = 0;
 
+  const int nSpace = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase);
+  int nToken = 0;
+
+  /* The final Fts3Expr data structure, including the Fts3Phrase,
+  ** Fts3PhraseToken structures token buffers are all stored as a single 
+  ** allocation so that the expression can be freed with a single call to
+  ** sqlite3_free(). Setting this up requires a two pass approach.
+  **
+  ** The first pass, in the block below, uses a tokenizer cursor to iterate
+  ** through the tokens in the expression. This pass uses fts3ReallocOrFree()
+  ** to assemble data in two dynamic buffers:
+  **
+  **   Buffer p: Points to the Fts3Expr structure, followed by the Fts3Phrase
+  **             structure, followed by the array of Fts3PhraseToken 
+  **             structures. This pass only populates the Fts3PhraseToken array.
+  **
+  **   Buffer zTemp: Contains copies of all tokens.
+  **
+  ** The second pass, in the block that begins "if( rc==SQLITE_DONE )" below,
+  ** appends buffer zTemp to buffer p, and fills in the Fts3Expr and Fts3Phrase
+  ** structures.
+  */
   rc = pModule->xOpen(pTokenizer, zInput, nInput, &pCursor);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     int ii;
     pCursor->pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
     for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
-      const char *zToken;
-      int nToken, iBegin, iEnd, iPos;
-      rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zToken, &nToken, &iBegin, &iEnd, &iPos);
+      const char *zByte;
+      int nByte, iBegin, iEnd, iPos;
+      rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zByte, &nByte, &iBegin, &iEnd, &iPos);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        int nByte = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase);
-        p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nByte+ii*sizeof(struct PhraseToken));
-        zTemp = fts3ReallocOrFree(zTemp, nTemp + nToken);
-        if( !p || !zTemp ){
-          goto no_mem;
-        }
-        if( ii==0 ){
-          memset(p, 0, nByte);
-          p->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&p[1];
-        }
-        p->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&p[1];
-        p->pPhrase->nToken = ii+1;
-        p->pPhrase->aToken[ii].n = nToken;
-        memcpy(&zTemp[nTemp], zToken, nToken);
-        nTemp += nToken;
-        if( iEnd<nInput && zInput[iEnd]=='*' ){
-          p->pPhrase->aToken[ii].isPrefix = 1;
-        }else{
-          p->pPhrase->aToken[ii].isPrefix = 0;
-        }
+        Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;
+
+        p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nSpace + ii*sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken));
+        if( !p ) goto no_mem;
+
+        zTemp = fts3ReallocOrFree(zTemp, nTemp + nByte);
+        if( !zTemp ) goto no_mem;
+
+        assert( nToken==ii );
+        pToken = &((Fts3Phrase *)(&p[1]))->aToken[ii];
+        memset(pToken, 0, sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken));
+
+        memcpy(&zTemp[nTemp], zByte, nByte);
+        nTemp += nByte;
+
+        pToken->n = nByte;
+        pToken->isPrefix = (iEnd<nInput && zInput[iEnd]=='*');
+        pToken->bFirst = (iBegin>0 && zInput[iBegin-1]=='^');
+        nToken = ii+1;
       }
     }
 
@@ -109773,28 +120494,28 @@ static int getNextString(
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
     int jj;
-    char *zNew = NULL;
-    int nNew = 0;
-    int nByte = sizeof(Fts3Expr) + sizeof(Fts3Phrase);
-    nByte += (p?(p->pPhrase->nToken-1):0) * sizeof(struct PhraseToken);
-    p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nByte + nTemp);
-    if( !p ){
-      goto no_mem;
-    }
+    char *zBuf = 0;
+
+    p = fts3ReallocOrFree(p, nSpace + nToken*sizeof(Fts3PhraseToken) + nTemp);
+    if( !p ) goto no_mem;
+    memset(p, 0, (char *)&(((Fts3Phrase *)&p[1])->aToken[0])-(char *)p);
+    p->eType = FTSQUERY_PHRASE;
+    p->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&p[1];
+    p->pPhrase->iColumn = pParse->iDefaultCol;
+    p->pPhrase->nToken = nToken;
+
+    zBuf = (char *)&p->pPhrase->aToken[nToken];
     if( zTemp ){
-      zNew = &(((char *)p)[nByte]);
-      memcpy(zNew, zTemp, nTemp);
+      memcpy(zBuf, zTemp, nTemp);
+      sqlite3_free(zTemp);
     }else{
-      memset(p, 0, nByte+nTemp);
+      assert( nTemp==0 );
     }
-    p->pPhrase = (Fts3Phrase *)&p[1];
+
     for(jj=0; jj<p->pPhrase->nToken; jj++){
-      p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].z = &zNew[nNew];
-      nNew += p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].n;
+      p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].z = zBuf;
+      zBuf += p->pPhrase->aToken[jj].n;
     }
-    sqlite3_free(zTemp);
-    p->eType = FTSQUERY_PHRASE;
-    p->pPhrase->iColumn = pParse->iDefaultCol;
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -109851,6 +120572,8 @@ static int getNextNode(
   const char *zInput = z;
   int nInput = n;
 
+  pParse->isNot = 0;
+
   /* Skip over any whitespace before checking for a keyword, an open or
   ** close bracket, or a quoted string. 
   */
@@ -109894,11 +120617,10 @@ static int getNextNode(
       if( fts3isspace(cNext) 
        || cNext=='"' || cNext=='(' || cNext==')' || cNext==0
       ){
-        pRet = (Fts3Expr *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+        pRet = (Fts3Expr *)fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
         if( !pRet ){
           return SQLITE_NOMEM;
         }
-        memset(pRet, 0, sizeof(Fts3Expr));
         pRet->eType = pKey->eType;
         pRet->nNear = nNear;
         *ppExpr = pRet;
@@ -109916,7 +120638,6 @@ static int getNextNode(
   if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
     if( *zInput=='(' ){
       int nConsumed;
-      int rc;
       pParse->nNest++;
       rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, &zInput[1], nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){
@@ -110071,16 +120792,15 @@ static int fts3ExprParse(
       int isPhrase;
 
       if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
-       && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && p->pPhrase->isNot 
+       && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
       ){
         /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
-        Fts3Expr *pNot = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+        Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
         if( !pNot ){
           sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
           rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
           goto exprparse_out;
         }
-        memset(pNot, 0, sizeof(Fts3Expr));
         pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
         pNot->pRight = p;
         if( pNotBranch ){
@@ -110090,7 +120810,6 @@ static int fts3ExprParse(
         p = pPrev;
       }else{
         int eType = p->eType;
-        assert( eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE || !p->pPhrase->isNot );
         isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
 
         /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
@@ -110108,13 +120827,12 @@ static int fts3ExprParse(
           /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
           Fts3Expr *pAnd;
           assert( pRet && pPrev );
-          pAnd = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+          pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
           if( !pAnd ){
             sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
             rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
             goto exprparse_out;
           }
-          memset(pAnd, 0, sizeof(Fts3Expr));
           pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
           insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
           pPrev = pAnd;
@@ -110217,6 +120935,7 @@ static int fts3ExprParse(
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,      /* Tokenizer module */
   char **azCol,                       /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int bFts4,                          /* True to allow FTS4-only syntax */
   int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
   int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
   const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
@@ -110230,6 +120949,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
   sParse.nCol = nCol;
   sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
   sParse.nNest = 0;
+  sParse.bFts4 = bFts4;
   if( z==0 ){
     *ppExpr = 0;
     return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -110254,9 +120974,11 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *p){
   if( p ){
+    assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
     sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pLeft);
     sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pRight);
-    sqlite3_free(p->aDoclist);
+    sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
+    sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
 }
@@ -110268,6 +120990,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *p){
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
 
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Function to query the hash-table of tokenizers (see README.tokenizers).
@@ -110298,47 +121021,53 @@ static int queryTestTokenizer(
 }
 
 /*
-** This function is part of the test interface for the query parser. It
-** writes a text representation of the query expression pExpr into the
-** buffer pointed to by argument zBuf. It is assumed that zBuf is large 
-** enough to store the required text representation.
+** Return a pointer to a buffer containing a text representation of the
+** expression passed as the first argument. The buffer is obtained from
+** sqlite3_malloc(). It is the responsibility of the caller to use 
+** sqlite3_free() to release the memory. If an OOM condition is encountered,
+** NULL is returned.
+**
+** If the second argument is not NULL, then its contents are prepended to 
+** the returned expression text and then freed using sqlite3_free().
 */
-static void exprToString(Fts3Expr *pExpr, char *zBuf){
+static char *exprToString(Fts3Expr *pExpr, char *zBuf){
   switch( pExpr->eType ){
     case FTSQUERY_PHRASE: {
       Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
       int i;
-      zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "PHRASE %d %d", pPhrase->iColumn, pPhrase->isNot);
-      for(i=0; i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
-        zBuf += sprintf(zBuf," %.*s",pPhrase->aToken[i].n,pPhrase->aToken[i].z);
-        zBuf += sprintf(zBuf,"%s", (pPhrase->aToken[i].isPrefix?"+":""));
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf(
+          "%zPHRASE %d 0", zBuf, pPhrase->iColumn);
+      for(i=0; zBuf && i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+        zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z %.*s%s", zBuf, 
+            pPhrase->aToken[i].n, pPhrase->aToken[i].z,
+            (pPhrase->aToken[i].isPrefix?"+":"")
+        );
       }
-      return;
+      return zBuf;
     }
 
     case FTSQUERY_NEAR:
-      zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "NEAR/%d ", pExpr->nNear);
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zNEAR/%d ", zBuf, pExpr->nNear);
       break;
     case FTSQUERY_NOT:
-      zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "NOT ");
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zNOT ", zBuf);
       break;
     case FTSQUERY_AND:
-      zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "AND ");
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zAND ", zBuf);
       break;
     case FTSQUERY_OR:
-      zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "OR ");
+      zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%zOR ", zBuf);
       break;
   }
 
-  zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "{");
-  exprToString(pExpr->pLeft, zBuf);
-  zBuf += strlen(zBuf);
-  zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "} ");
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z{", zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = exprToString(pExpr->pLeft, zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z} {", zBuf);
+
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = exprToString(pExpr->pRight, zBuf);
+  if( zBuf ) zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%z}", zBuf);
 
-  zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "{");
-  exprToString(pExpr->pRight, zBuf);
-  zBuf += strlen(zBuf);
-  zBuf += sprintf(zBuf, "}");
+  return zBuf;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -110369,6 +121098,7 @@ static void fts3ExprTest(
   int nCol;
   int ii;
   Fts3Expr *pExpr;
+  char *zBuf = 0;
   sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
 
   if( argc<3 ){
@@ -110409,20 +121139,19 @@ static void fts3ExprTest(
   }
 
   rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
-      pTokenizer, azCol, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
+      pTokenizer, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
   );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "Error parsing expression", -1);
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || !(zBuf = exprToString(pExpr, 0)) ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
-    goto exprtest_out;
-  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    char zBuf[4096];
-    exprToString(pExpr, zBuf);
-    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pExpr);
   }else{
-    sqlite3_result_error(context, "Error parsing expression", -1);
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
   }
 
+  sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pExpr);
+
 exprtest_out:
   if( pModule && pTokenizer ){
     rc = pModule->xDestroy(pTokenizer);
@@ -110472,6 +121201,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3* db){
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 
 /*
@@ -110852,7 +121584,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
-
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 
 /*
@@ -111165,7 +121900,7 @@ static void porter_stemmer(const char *zIn, int nIn, char *zOut, int *pnOut){
   int i, j;
   char zReverse[28];
   char *z, *z2;
-  if( nIn<3 || nIn>=sizeof(zReverse)-7 ){
+  if( nIn<3 || nIn>=(int)sizeof(zReverse)-7 ){
     /* The word is too big or too small for the porter stemmer.
     ** Fallback to the copy stemmer */
     copy_stemmer(zIn, nIn, zOut, pnOut);
@@ -111496,10 +122231,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
-  SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
-#endif
-
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of the SQL scalar function for accessing the underlying 
@@ -111564,7 +122297,7 @@ static void scalarFunc(
   sqlite3_result_blob(context, (void *)&pPtr, sizeof(pPtr), SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 }
 
-static int fts3IsIdChar(char c){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(char c){
   static const char isFtsIdChar[] = {
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 0x */
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  /* 1x */
@@ -111602,9 +122335,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *zStr, int *pn){
         break;
 
       default:
-        if( fts3IsIdChar(*z1) ){
+        if( sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(*z1) ){
           z2 = &z1[1];
-          while( fts3IsIdChar(*z2) ) z2++;
+          while( sqlite3Fts3IsIdChar(*z2) ) z2++;
         }else{
           z1++;
         }
@@ -111617,38 +122350,26 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *zStr, int *pn){
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(
   Fts3Hash *pHash,                /* Tokenizer hash table */
-  const char *zArg,               /* Possible tokenizer specification */
+  const char *zArg,               /* Tokenizer name */
   sqlite3_tokenizer **ppTok,      /* OUT: Tokenizer (if applicable) */
-  const char **pzTokenizer,       /* OUT: Set to zArg if is tokenizer */
   char **pzErr                    /* OUT: Set to malloced error message */
 ){
   int rc;
   char *z = (char *)zArg;
-  int n;
+  int n = 0;
   char *zCopy;
   char *zEnd;                     /* Pointer to nul-term of zCopy */
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module *m;
 
-  if( !z ){
-    zCopy = sqlite3_mprintf("simple");
-  }else{
-    if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "tokenize", 8) || fts3IsIdChar(z[8])){
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    zCopy = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", &z[8]);
-    *pzTokenizer = zArg;
-  }
-  if( !zCopy ){
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  }
-
+  zCopy = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zArg);
+  if( !zCopy ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   zEnd = &zCopy[strlen(zCopy)];
 
   z = (char *)sqlite3Fts3NextToken(zCopy, &n);
   z[n] = '\0';
   sqlite3Fts3Dequote(z);
 
-  m = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, z, (int)strlen(z)+1);
+  m = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash,z,(int)strlen(z)+1);
   if( !m ){
     *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", z);
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -111687,6 +122408,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
 
+/* #include <tcl.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of a special SQL scalar function for testing tokenizers 
@@ -111942,15 +122665,23 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(
   }
 #endif
 
-  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 1, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0))
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 2, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0))
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 1, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zName, 2, any, p, scalarFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 2, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0))
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 3, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0))
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest2, 0, any, pdb, intTestFunc, 0, 0))
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 2, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 3, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
+  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest2, 0, any, pdb, intTestFunc, 0, 0);
+  }
 #endif
-   );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   sqlite3_free(zTest);
@@ -111990,7 +122721,10 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
-
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 
 typedef struct simple_tokenizer {
@@ -112216,15 +122950,56 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+
+/*
+** When full-text index nodes are loaded from disk, the buffer that they
+** are loaded into has the following number of bytes of padding at the end 
+** of it. i.e. if a full-text index node is 900 bytes in size, then a buffer
+** of 920 bytes is allocated for it.
+**
+** This means that if we have a pointer into a buffer containing node data,
+** it is always safe to read up to two varints from it without risking an
+** overread, even if the node data is corrupted.
+*/
+#define FTS3_NODE_PADDING (FTS3_VARINT_MAX*2)
+
+/*
+** Under certain circumstances, b-tree nodes (doclists) can be loaded into
+** memory incrementally instead of all at once. This can be a big performance
+** win (reduced IO and CPU) if SQLite stops calling the virtual table xNext()
+** method before retrieving all query results (as may happen, for example,
+** if a query has a LIMIT clause).
+**
+** Incremental loading is used for b-tree nodes FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD 
+** bytes and larger. Nodes are loaded in chunks of FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE bytes.
+** The code is written so that the hard lower-limit for each of these values 
+** is 1. Clearly such small values would be inefficient, but can be useful 
+** for testing purposes.
+**
+** If this module is built with SQLITE_TEST defined, these constants may
+** be overridden at runtime for testing purposes. File fts3_test.c contains
+** a Tcl interface to read and write the values.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+int test_fts3_node_chunksize = (4*1024);
+int test_fts3_node_chunk_threshold = (4*1024)*4;
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE       test_fts3_node_chunksize
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD test_fts3_node_chunk_threshold
+#else
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE (4*1024) 
+# define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD (FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE*4)
+#endif
 
 typedef struct PendingList PendingList;
 typedef struct SegmentNode SegmentNode;
 typedef struct SegmentWriter SegmentWriter;
 
 /*
-** Data structure used while accumulating terms in the pending-terms hash
-** table. The hash table entry maps from term (a string) to a malloc'd
-** instance of this structure.
+** An instance of the following data structure is used to build doclists
+** incrementally. See function fts3PendingListAppend() for details.
 */
 struct PendingList {
   int nData;
@@ -112235,6 +123010,17 @@ struct PendingList {
   sqlite3_int64 iLastPos;
 };
 
+
+/*
+** Each cursor has a (possibly empty) linked list of the following objects.
+*/
+struct Fts3DeferredToken {
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;        /* Pointer to corresponding expr token */
+  int iCol;                       /* Column token must occur in */
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pNext;       /* Next in list of deferred tokens */
+  PendingList *pList;             /* Doclist is assembled here */
+};
+
 /*
 ** An instance of this structure is used to iterate through the terms on
 ** a contiguous set of segment b-tree leaf nodes. Although the details of
@@ -112254,12 +123040,17 @@ struct PendingList {
 */
 struct Fts3SegReader {
   int iIdx;                       /* Index within level, or 0x7FFFFFFF for PT */
-  sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock;
-  sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock;
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* SQL Statement to access leaf nodes */
+
+  sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock;      /* Rowid of first leaf block to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock;    /* Rowid of final leaf block to traverse */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock;        /* Rowid of final block in segment (or 0) */
+  sqlite3_int64 iCurrentBlock;    /* Current leaf block (or 0) */
+
   char *aNode;                    /* Pointer to node data (or NULL) */
   int nNode;                      /* Size of buffer at aNode (or 0) */
-  int nTermAlloc;                 /* Allocated size of zTerm buffer */
+  int nPopulate;                  /* If >0, bytes of buffer aNode[] loaded */
+  sqlite3_blob *pBlob;            /* If not NULL, blob handle to read node */
+
   Fts3HashElem **ppNextElem;
 
   /* Variables set by fts3SegReaderNext(). These may be read directly
@@ -112269,15 +123060,20 @@ struct Fts3SegReader {
   */
   int nTerm;                      /* Number of bytes in current term */
   char *zTerm;                    /* Pointer to current term */
+  int nTermAlloc;                 /* Allocated size of zTerm buffer */
   char *aDoclist;                 /* Pointer to doclist of current entry */
   int nDoclist;                   /* Size of doclist in current entry */
 
-  /* The following variables are used to iterate through the current doclist */
+  /* The following variables are used by fts3SegReaderNextDocid() to iterate 
+  ** through the current doclist (aDoclist/nDoclist).
+  */
   char *pOffsetList;
+  int nOffsetList;                /* For descending pending seg-readers only */
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
 };
 
 #define fts3SegReaderIsPending(p) ((p)->ppNextElem!=0)
+#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->aNode==(char *)&(p)[1])
 
 /*
 ** An instance of this structure is used to create a segment b-tree in the
@@ -112310,6 +123106,14 @@ struct SegmentWriter {
 **   fts3NodeAddTerm()
 **   fts3NodeWrite()
 **   fts3NodeFree()
+**
+** When a b+tree is written to the database (either as a result of a merge
+** or the pending-terms table being flushed), leaves are written into the 
+** database file as soon as they are completely populated. The interior of
+** the tree is assembled in memory and written out only once all leaves have
+** been populated and stored. This is Ok, as the b+-tree fanout is usually
+** very large, meaning that the interior of the tree consumes relatively 
+** little memory.
 */
 struct SegmentNode {
   SegmentNode *pParent;           /* Parent node (or NULL for root node) */
@@ -112340,18 +123144,22 @@ struct SegmentNode {
 #define SQL_NEXT_SEGMENTS_ID          10
 #define SQL_INSERT_SEGDIR             11
 #define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL              12
-#define SQL_SELECT_ALL_LEVEL          13
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE        13
 #define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_COUNT        14
-#define SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_COUNT_MAX   15
-#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_BY_LEVEL    16
+#define SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL   15
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL       16
 #define SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE     17
 #define SQL_CONTENT_INSERT            18
-#define SQL_GET_BLOCK                 19
-#define SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE            20
-#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE           21
-#define SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE            22
-#define SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL           23
-#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL          24
+#define SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE            19
+#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE           20
+#define SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE            21
+#define SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL           22
+#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL          23
+
+#define SQL_SELECT_ALL_PREFIX_LEVEL   24
+#define SQL_DELETE_ALL_TERMS_SEGDIR   25
+
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE       26
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to obtain an SQLite prepared statement handle
@@ -112378,7 +123186,7 @@ static int fts3SqlStmt(
 /* 4  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
 /* 5  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize'",
 /* 6  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_stat'",
-/* 7  */  "SELECT * FROM %Q.'%q_content' WHERE rowid=?",
+/* 7  */  "SELECT %s WHERE rowid=?",
 /* 8  */  "SELECT (SELECT max(idx) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?) + 1",
 /* 9  */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
 /* 10 */  "SELECT coalesce((SELECT max(blockid) FROM %Q.'%q_segments') + 1, 1)",
@@ -112388,20 +123196,25 @@ static int fts3SqlStmt(
 /* 12 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
             "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? ORDER BY idx ASC",
 /* 13 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
-            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' ORDER BY level DESC, idx ASC",
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?"
+            "ORDER BY level DESC, idx ASC",
 
 /* 14 */  "SELECT count(*) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?",
-/* 15 */  "SELECT count(*), max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
+/* 15 */  "SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
 
 /* 16 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?",
 /* 17 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid BETWEEN ? AND ?",
-/* 18 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_content' VALUES(%z)",
-/* 19 */  "SELECT block FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid = ?",
-/* 20 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid = ?",
-/* 21 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_docsize' VALUES(?,?)",
-/* 22 */  "SELECT size FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid=?",
-/* 23 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=0",
-/* 24 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(0,?)",
+/* 18 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_content' VALUES(%s)",
+/* 19 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid = ?",
+/* 20 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_docsize' VALUES(?,?)",
+/* 21 */  "SELECT size FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid=?",
+/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=0",
+/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(0,?)",
+/* 24 */  "",
+/* 25 */  "",
+
+/* 26 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
+
   };
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
@@ -112413,20 +123226,9 @@ static int fts3SqlStmt(
   if( !pStmt ){
     char *zSql;
     if( eStmt==SQL_CONTENT_INSERT ){
-      int i;                      /* Iterator variable */  
-      char *zVarlist;             /* The "?, ?, ..." string */
-      zVarlist = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(2*p->nColumn+2);
-      if( !zVarlist ){
-        *pp = 0;
-        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-      }
-      zVarlist[0] = '?';
-      zVarlist[p->nColumn*2+1] = '\0';
-      for(i=1; i<=p->nColumn; i++){
-        zVarlist[i*2-1] = ',';
-        zVarlist[i*2] = '?';
-      }
-      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zDb, p->zName, zVarlist);
+      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zDb, p->zName, p->zWriteExprlist);
+    }else if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID ){
+      zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zReadExprlist);
     }else{
       zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[eStmt], p->zDb, p->zName);
     }
@@ -112450,6 +123252,51 @@ static int fts3SqlStmt(
   return rc;
 }
 
+static int fts3SelectDocsize(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int eStmt,                      /* Either SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE or DOCTOTAL */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to bind for SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement requested from fts3SqlStmt() */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  assert( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE || eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL );
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, eStmt, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      pStmt = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, 0, ppStmt);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to read size data for */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
+){
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, iDocid, ppStmt);
+}
+
 /*
 ** Similar to fts3SqlStmt(). Except, after binding the parameters in
 ** array apVal[] to the SQL statement identified by eStmt, the statement
@@ -112477,42 +123324,40 @@ static void fts3SqlExec(
 
 
 /*
-** Read a single block from the %_segments table. If the specified block
-** does not exist, return SQLITE_CORRUPT. If some other error (malloc, IO 
-** etc.) occurs, return the appropriate SQLite error code.
+** This function ensures that the caller has obtained a shared-cache
+** table-lock on the %_content table. This is required before reading
+** data from the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
+** the caller may end up holding read-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir
+** tables, but no read-lock on the %_content table. If this happens 
+** a second connection will be able to write to the fts3 table, but
+** attempting to commit those writes might return SQLITE_LOCKED or
+** SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE (because the commit attempts to obtain 
+** write-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir ** tables). 
 **
-** Otherwise, if successful, set *pzBlock to point to a buffer containing
-** the block read from the database, and *pnBlock to the size of the read
-** block in bytes.
+** We try to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when committing
+** a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. And this is
+** not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. It can
+** still happen if the user reads data directly from the %_segments or
+** %_segdir tables instead of going through FTS3 though.
 **
-** WARNING: The returned buffer is only valid until the next call to 
-** sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock().
+** This reasoning does not apply to a content=xxx table.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
-  Fts3Table *p,
-  sqlite3_int64 iBlock,
-  char const **pzBlock,
-  int *pnBlock
-){
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
-  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_GET_BLOCK, &pStmt, 0);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement used to obtain lock */
 
-  if( pzBlock ){
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iBlock);
-    rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt); 
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
-      return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_CORRUPT : rc);
-    }
-  
-    *pnBlock = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0);
-    *pzBlock = (char *)sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
-    if( sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
-      return SQLITE_CORRUPT;
+  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, 1);
+      sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
     }
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -112532,8 +123377,35 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
 **   3: end_block
 **   4: root
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt){
-  return fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_ALL_LEVEL, ppStmt, 0);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex[] */
+  int iLevel,                     /* Level to select */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Compiled statement */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL || iLevel>=0 );
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+
+  if( iLevel<0 ){
+    /* "SELECT * FROM %_segdir WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ? ORDER BY ..." */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ 
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, (iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL-1);
+    }
+  }else{
+    /* "SELECT * FROM %_segdir WHERE level = ? ORDER BY ..." */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ 
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iLevel+iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+    }
+  }
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 
@@ -112645,6 +123517,47 @@ static int fts3PendingListAppend(
   return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Free a PendingList object allocated by fts3PendingListAppend().
+*/
+static void fts3PendingListDelete(PendingList *pList){
+  sqlite3_free(pList);
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an entry to one of the pending-terms hash tables.
+*/
+static int fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+  Fts3Table *p,
+  int iCol,
+  int iPos,
+  Fts3Hash *pHash,                /* Pending terms hash table to add entry to */
+  const char *zToken,
+  int nToken
+){
+  PendingList *pList;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashFind(pHash, zToken, nToken);
+  if( pList ){
+    p->nPendingData -= (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
+  }
+  if( fts3PendingListAppend(&pList, p->iPrevDocid, iCol, iPos, &rc) ){
+    if( pList==fts3HashInsert(pHash, zToken, nToken, pList) ){
+      /* Malloc failed while inserting the new entry. This can only 
+      ** happen if there was no previous entry for this token.
+      */
+      assert( 0==fts3HashFind(pHash, zToken, nToken) );
+      sqlite3_free(pList);
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    p->nPendingData += (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Tokenize the nul-terminated string zText and add all tokens to the
 ** pending-terms hash-table. The docid used is that currently stored in
@@ -112653,10 +123566,10 @@ static int fts3PendingListAppend(
 ** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
 */
 static int fts3PendingTermsAdd(
-  Fts3Table *p,          /* FTS table into which text will be inserted */
-  const char *zText,     /* Text of document to be inseted */
-  int iCol,              /* Column number into which text is inserted */
-  u32 *pnWord            /* OUT: Number of tokens inserted */
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Table into which text will be inserted */
+  const char *zText,              /* Text of document to be inserted */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column into which text is being inserted */
+  u32 *pnWord                     /* OUT: Number of tokens inserted */
 ){
   int rc;
   int iStart;
@@ -112675,6 +123588,14 @@ static int fts3PendingTermsAdd(
 
   assert( pTokenizer && pModule );
 
+  /* If the user has inserted a NULL value, this function may be called with
+  ** zText==0. In this case, add zero token entries to the hash table and 
+  ** return early. */
+  if( zText==0 ){
+    *pnWord = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
   rc = pModule->xOpen(pTokenizer, zText, -1, &pCsr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     return rc;
@@ -112685,8 +123606,7 @@ static int fts3PendingTermsAdd(
   while( SQLITE_OK==rc
       && SQLITE_OK==(rc = xNext(pCsr, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPos))
   ){
-    PendingList *pList;
- 
+    int i;
     if( iPos>=nWord ) nWord = iPos+1;
 
     /* Positions cannot be negative; we use -1 as a terminator internally.
@@ -112697,22 +123617,19 @@ static int fts3PendingTermsAdd(
       break;
     }
 
-    pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashFind(&p->pendingTerms, zToken, nToken);
-    if( pList ){
-      p->nPendingData -= (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
-    }
-    if( fts3PendingListAppend(&pList, p->iPrevDocid, iCol, iPos, &rc) ){
-      if( pList==fts3HashInsert(&p->pendingTerms, zToken, nToken, pList) ){
-        /* Malloc failed while inserting the new entry. This can only 
-        ** happen if there was no previous entry for this token.
-        */
-        assert( 0==fts3HashFind(&p->pendingTerms, zToken, nToken) );
-        sqlite3_free(pList);
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-      }
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      p->nPendingData += (pList->nData + nToken + sizeof(Fts3HashElem));
+    /* Add the term to the terms index */
+    rc = fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+        p, iCol, iPos, &p->aIndex[0].hPending, zToken, nToken
+    );
+    
+    /* Add the term to each of the prefix indexes that it is not too 
+    ** short for. */
+    for(i=1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+      struct Fts3Index *pIndex = &p->aIndex[i];
+      if( nToken<pIndex->nPrefix ) continue;
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsAddOne(
+          p, iCol, iPos, &pIndex->hPending, zToken, pIndex->nPrefix
+      );
     }
   }
 
@@ -112741,12 +123658,20 @@ static int fts3PendingTermsDocid(Fts3Table *p, sqlite_int64 iDocid){
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Discard the contents of the pending-terms hash tables. 
+*/
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(Fts3Table *p){
-  Fts3HashElem *pElem;
-  for(pElem=fts3HashFirst(&p->pendingTerms); pElem; pElem=fts3HashNext(pElem)){
-    sqlite3_free(fts3HashData(pElem));
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    Fts3HashElem *pElem;
+    Fts3Hash *pHash = &p->aIndex[i].hPending;
+    for(pElem=fts3HashFirst(pHash); pElem; pElem=fts3HashNext(pElem)){
+      PendingList *pList = (PendingList *)fts3HashData(pElem);
+      fts3PendingListDelete(pList);
+    }
+    fts3HashClear(pHash);
   }
-  fts3HashClear(&p->pendingTerms);
   p->nPendingData = 0;
 }
 
@@ -112762,12 +123687,11 @@ static int fts3InsertTerms(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value **apVal, u32 *aSz){
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   for(i=2; i<p->nColumn+2; i++){
     const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
-    if( zText ){
-      int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, zText, i-2, &aSz[i-2]);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        return rc;
-      }
+    int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, zText, i-2, &aSz[i-2]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return rc;
     }
+    aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -112793,6 +123717,18 @@ static int fts3InsertData(
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
   sqlite3_stmt *pContentInsert;   /* INSERT INTO %_content VALUES(...) */
 
+  if( p->zContentTbl ){
+    sqlite3_value *pRowid = apVal[p->nColumn+3];
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pRowid)==SQLITE_NULL ){
+      pRowid = apVal[1];
+    }
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pRowid)!=SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+    }
+    *piDocid = sqlite3_value_int64(pRowid);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
   /* Locate the statement handle used to insert data into the %_content
   ** table. The SQL for this statement is:
   **
@@ -112843,18 +123779,22 @@ static int fts3InsertData(
 ** Remove all data from the FTS3 table. Clear the hash table containing
 ** pending terms.
 */
-static int fts3DeleteAll(Fts3Table *p){
+static int fts3DeleteAll(Fts3Table *p, int bContent){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
 
   /* Discard the contents of the pending-terms hash table. */
   sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
 
-  /* Delete everything from the %_content, %_segments and %_segdir tables. */
-  fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_CONTENT, 0);
+  /* Delete everything from the shadow tables. Except, leave %_content as
+  ** is if bContent is false.  */
+  assert( p->zContentTbl==0 || bContent==0 );
+  if( bContent ) fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_CONTENT, 0);
   fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGMENTS, 0);
   fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGDIR, 0);
   if( p->bHasDocsize ){
     fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_DOCSIZE, 0);
+  }
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
     fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_STAT, 0);
   }
   return rc;
@@ -112865,17 +123805,17 @@ static int fts3DeleteAll(Fts3Table *p){
 ** (an integer) of a row about to be deleted. Remove all terms from the
 ** full-text index.
 */
-static void fts3DeleteTerms(
+static void fts3DeleteTerms( 
   int *pRC,               /* Result code */
   Fts3Table *p,           /* The FTS table to delete from */
-  sqlite3_value **apVal,  /* apVal[] contains the docid to be deleted */
+  sqlite3_value *pRowid,  /* The docid to be deleted */
   u32 *aSz                /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
 ){
   int rc;
   sqlite3_stmt *pSelect;
 
   if( *pRC ) return;
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pSelect, apVal);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pSelect, &pRowid);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
       int i;
@@ -112887,6 +123827,7 @@ static void fts3DeleteTerms(
           *pRC = rc;
           return;
         }
+        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
       }
     }
     rc = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
@@ -112900,7 +123841,7 @@ static void fts3DeleteTerms(
 ** Forward declaration to account for the circular dependency between
 ** functions fts3SegmentMerge() and fts3AllocateSegdirIdx().
 */
-static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *, int);
+static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *, int, int);
 
 /* 
 ** This function allocates a new level iLevel index in the segdir table.
@@ -112917,7 +123858,12 @@ static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *, int);
 ** If successful, *piIdx is set to the allocated index slot and SQLITE_OK
 ** returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error code is returned.
 */
-static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel, int *piIdx){
+static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
+  int iLevel, 
+  int *piIdx
+){
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
   sqlite3_stmt *pNextIdx;         /* Query for next idx at level iLevel */
   int iNext = 0;                  /* Result of query pNextIdx */
@@ -112925,7 +123871,7 @@ static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel, int *piIdx){
   /* Set variable iNext to the next available segdir index at level iLevel. */
   rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENT_INDEX, &pNextIdx, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    sqlite3_bind_int(pNextIdx, 1, iLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pNextIdx, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel);
     if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pNextIdx) ){
       iNext = sqlite3_column_int(pNextIdx, 0);
     }
@@ -112939,7 +123885,7 @@ static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel, int *piIdx){
     ** if iNext is less than FTS3_MERGE_COUNT, allocate index iNext.
     */
     if( iNext>=FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
-      rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, iLevel);
+      rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, iIndex, iLevel);
       *piIdx = 0;
     }else{
       *piIdx = iNext;
@@ -112949,12 +123895,140 @@ static int fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel, int *piIdx){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** The %_segments table is declared as follows:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE %_segments(blockid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, block BLOB)
+**
+** This function reads data from a single row of the %_segments table. The
+** specific row is identified by the iBlockid parameter. If paBlob is not
+** NULL, then a buffer is allocated using sqlite3_malloc() and populated
+** with the contents of the blob stored in the "block" column of the 
+** identified table row is. Whether or not paBlob is NULL, *pnBlob is set
+** to the size of the blob in bytes before returning.
+**
+** If an error occurs, or the table does not contain the specified row,
+** an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned. If
+** paBlob is non-NULL, then it is the responsibility of the caller to
+** eventually free the returned buffer.
+**
+** This function may leave an open sqlite3_blob* handle in the
+** Fts3Table.pSegments variable. This handle is reused by subsequent calls
+** to this function. The handle may be closed by calling the
+** sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose() function. Reusing a blob handle is a handy
+** performance improvement, but the blob handle should always be closed
+** before control is returned to the user (to prevent a lock being held
+** on the database file for longer than necessary). Thus, any virtual table
+** method (xFilter etc.) that may directly or indirectly call this function
+** must call sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose() before returning.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlockid,         /* Access the row with blockid=$iBlockid */
+  char **paBlob,                  /* OUT: Blob data in malloc'd buffer */
+  int *pnBlob,                    /* OUT: Size of blob data */
+  int *pnLoad                     /* OUT: Bytes actually loaded */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  /* pnBlob must be non-NULL. paBlob may be NULL or non-NULL. */
+  assert( pnBlob);
+
+  if( p->pSegments ){
+    rc = sqlite3_blob_reopen(p->pSegments, iBlockid);
+  }else{
+    if( 0==p->zSegmentsTbl ){
+      p->zSegmentsTbl = sqlite3_mprintf("%s_segments", p->zName);
+      if( 0==p->zSegmentsTbl ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_blob_open(
+       p->db, p->zDb, p->zSegmentsTbl, "block", iBlockid, 0, &p->pSegments
+    );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int nByte = sqlite3_blob_bytes(p->pSegments);
+    *pnBlob = nByte;
+    if( paBlob ){
+      char *aByte = sqlite3_malloc(nByte + FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+      if( !aByte ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        if( pnLoad && nByte>(FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD) ){
+          nByte = FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE;
+          *pnLoad = nByte;
+        }
+        rc = sqlite3_blob_read(p->pSegments, aByte, nByte, 0);
+        memset(&aByte[nByte], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3_free(aByte);
+          aByte = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      *paBlob = aByte;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close the blob handle at p->pSegments, if it is open. See comments above
+** the sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock() function for details.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *p){
+  sqlite3_blob_close(p->pSegments);
+  p->pSegments = 0;
+}
+    
+static int fts3SegReaderIncrRead(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  int nRead;                      /* Number of bytes to read */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  nRead = MIN(pReader->nNode - pReader->nPopulate, FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE);
+  rc = sqlite3_blob_read(
+      pReader->pBlob, 
+      &pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate],
+      nRead,
+      pReader->nPopulate
+  );
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pReader->nPopulate += nRead;
+    memset(&pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
+    if( pReader->nPopulate==pReader->nNode ){
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
+      pReader->pBlob = 0;
+      pReader->nPopulate = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderRequire(Fts3SegReader *pReader, char *pFrom, int nByte){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( !pReader->pBlob 
+       || (pFrom>=pReader->aNode && pFrom<&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode])
+  );
+  while( pReader->pBlob && rc==SQLITE_OK 
+     &&  (pFrom - pReader->aNode + nByte)>pReader->nPopulate
+  ){
+    rc = fts3SegReaderIncrRead(pReader);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Move the iterator passed as the first argument to the next term in the
 ** segment. If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If there is no next term,
 ** SQLITE_DONE. Otherwise, an SQLite error code.
 */
-static int fts3SegReaderNext(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+static int fts3SegReaderNext(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader,
+  int bIncr
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code of various sub-routines */
   char *pNext;                    /* Cursor variable */
   int nPrefix;                    /* Number of bytes in term prefix */
   int nSuffix;                    /* Number of bytes in term suffix */
@@ -112966,7 +124040,7 @@ static int fts3SegReaderNext(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
   }
 
   if( !pNext || pNext>=&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] ){
-    int rc;
+
     if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
       Fts3HashElem *pElem = *(pReader->ppNextElem);
       if( pElem==0 ){
@@ -112982,22 +124056,48 @@ static int fts3SegReaderNext(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
       }
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-    if( !pReader->pStmt ){
-      pReader->aNode = 0;
+
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) ){
+      sqlite3_free(pReader->aNode);
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
+      pReader->pBlob = 0;
+    }
+    pReader->aNode = 0;
+
+    /* If iCurrentBlock>=iLeafEndBlock, this is an EOF condition. All leaf 
+    ** blocks have already been traversed.  */
+    assert( pReader->iCurrentBlock<=pReader->iLeafEndBlock );
+    if( pReader->iCurrentBlock>=pReader->iLeafEndBlock ){
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-    rc = sqlite3_step(pReader->pStmt);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
-      pReader->aNode = 0;
-      return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_OK : rc);
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(
+        p, ++pReader->iCurrentBlock, &pReader->aNode, &pReader->nNode, 
+        (bIncr ? &pReader->nPopulate : 0)
+    );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    assert( pReader->pBlob==0 );
+    if( bIncr && pReader->nPopulate<pReader->nNode ){
+      pReader->pBlob = p->pSegments;
+      p->pSegments = 0;
     }
-    pReader->nNode = sqlite3_column_bytes(pReader->pStmt, 0);
-    pReader->aNode = (char *)sqlite3_column_blob(pReader->pStmt, 0);
     pNext = pReader->aNode;
   }
+
+  assert( !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) );
+
+  rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pNext, FTS3_VARINT_MAX*2);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
   
+  /* Because of the FTS3_NODE_PADDING bytes of padding, the following is 
+  ** safe (no risk of overread) even if the node data is corrupted. */
   pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
   pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
+  if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<=0 
+   || &pNext[nSuffix]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
+  ){
+    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  }
 
   if( nPrefix+nSuffix>pReader->nTermAlloc ){
     int nNew = (nPrefix+nSuffix)*2;
@@ -113008,13 +124108,26 @@ static int fts3SegReaderNext(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
     pReader->zTerm = zNew;
     pReader->nTermAlloc = nNew;
   }
+
+  rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pNext, nSuffix+FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
   memcpy(&pReader->zTerm[nPrefix], pNext, nSuffix);
   pReader->nTerm = nPrefix+nSuffix;
   pNext += nSuffix;
   pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
-  assert( pNext<&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] );
   pReader->aDoclist = pNext;
   pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+
+  /* Check that the doclist does not appear to extend past the end of the
+  ** b-tree node. And that the final byte of the doclist is 0x00. If either 
+  ** of these statements is untrue, then the data structure is corrupt.
+  */
+  if( &pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
+   || (pReader->nPopulate==0 && pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist-1])
+  ){
+    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -113022,12 +124135,26 @@ static int fts3SegReaderNext(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
 ** Set the SegReader to point to the first docid in the doclist associated
 ** with the current term.
 */
-static void fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
-  int n;
+static int fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(Fts3Table *pTab, Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   assert( pReader->aDoclist );
   assert( !pReader->pOffsetList );
-  n = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pReader->aDoclist, &pReader->iDocid);
-  pReader->pOffsetList = &pReader->aDoclist[n];
+  if( pTab->bDescIdx && fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    pReader->iDocid = 0;
+    pReader->nOffsetList = 0;
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(0,
+        pReader->aDoclist, pReader->nDoclist, &pReader->pOffsetList, 
+        &pReader->iDocid, &pReader->nOffsetList, &bEof
+    );
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, pReader->aDoclist, FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int n = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pReader->aDoclist, &pReader->iDocid);
+      pReader->pOffsetList = &pReader->aDoclist[n];
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -113040,69 +124167,147 @@ static void fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
 ** *pnOffsetList is set to the length of the set of column-offset
 ** lists, not including the nul-terminator byte. For example:
 */
-static void fts3SegReaderNextDocid(
-  Fts3SegReader *pReader,
-  char **ppOffsetList,
-  int *pnOffsetList
+static int fts3SegReaderNextDocid(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  Fts3SegReader *pReader,         /* Reader to advance to next docid */
+  char **ppOffsetList,            /* OUT: Pointer to current position-list */
+  int *pnOffsetList               /* OUT: Length of *ppOffsetList in bytes */
 ){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   char *p = pReader->pOffsetList;
   char c = 0;
 
-  /* Pointer p currently points at the first byte of an offset list. The
-  ** following two lines advance it to point one byte past the end of
-  ** the same offset list.
-  */
-  while( *p | c ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
-  p++;
+  assert( p );
 
-  /* If required, populate the output variables with a pointer to and the
-  ** size of the previous offset-list.
-  */
-  if( ppOffsetList ){
-    *ppOffsetList = pReader->pOffsetList;
-    *pnOffsetList = (int)(p - pReader->pOffsetList - 1);
+  if( pTab->bDescIdx && fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    /* A pending-terms seg-reader for an FTS4 table that uses order=desc.
+    ** Pending-terms doclists are always built up in ascending order, so
+    ** we have to iterate through them backwards here. */
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    if( ppOffsetList ){
+      *ppOffsetList = pReader->pOffsetList;
+      *pnOffsetList = pReader->nOffsetList - 1;
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(0,
+        pReader->aDoclist, pReader->nDoclist, &p, &pReader->iDocid,
+        &pReader->nOffsetList, &bEof
+    );
+    if( bEof ){
+      pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+    }else{
+      pReader->pOffsetList = p;
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *pEnd = &pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist];
+
+    /* Pointer p currently points at the first byte of an offset list. The
+    ** following block advances it to point one byte past the end of
+    ** the same offset list. */
+    while( 1 ){
+  
+      /* The following line of code (and the "p++" below the while() loop) is
+      ** normally all that is required to move pointer p to the desired 
+      ** position. The exception is if this node is being loaded from disk
+      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte passed
+      ** the populated part of pReader->aNode[].
+      */
+      while( *p | c ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
+      assert( *p==0 );
+  
+      if( pReader->pBlob==0 || p<&pReader->aNode[pReader->nPopulate] ) break;
+      rc = fts3SegReaderIncrRead(pReader);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    p++;
+  
+    /* If required, populate the output variables with a pointer to and the
+    ** size of the previous offset-list.
+    */
+    if( ppOffsetList ){
+      *ppOffsetList = pReader->pOffsetList;
+      *pnOffsetList = (int)(p - pReader->pOffsetList - 1);
+    }
+
+    while( p<pEnd && *p==0 ) p++;
+  
+    /* If there are no more entries in the doclist, set pOffsetList to
+    ** NULL. Otherwise, set Fts3SegReader.iDocid to the next docid and
+    ** Fts3SegReader.pOffsetList to point to the next offset list before
+    ** returning.
+    */
+    if( p>=pEnd ){
+      pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
+    }else{
+      rc = fts3SegReaderRequire(pReader, p, FTS3_VARINT_MAX);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+        pReader->pOffsetList = p + sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iDelta);
+        if( pTab->bDescIdx ){
+          pReader->iDocid -= iDelta;
+        }else{
+          pReader->iDocid += iDelta;
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  /* If there are no more entries in the doclist, set pOffsetList to
-  ** NULL. Otherwise, set Fts3SegReader.iDocid to the next docid and
-  ** Fts3SegReader.pOffsetList to point to the next offset list before
-  ** returning.
-  */
-  if( p>=&pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist] ){
-    pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
-  }else{
-    sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
-    pReader->pOffsetList = p + sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iDelta);
-    pReader->iDocid += iDelta;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr, 
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,
+  int *pnOvfl
+){
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int nOvfl = 0;
+  int ii;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int pgsz = p->nPgsz;
+
+  assert( p->bHasStat );
+  assert( pgsz>0 );
+
+  for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<pMsr->nSegment; ii++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pReader = pMsr->apSegment[ii];
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) 
+     && !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) 
+    ){
+      sqlite3_int64 jj;
+      for(jj=pReader->iStartBlock; jj<=pReader->iLeafEndBlock; jj++){
+        int nBlob;
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, jj, 0, &nBlob, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        if( (nBlob+35)>pgsz ){
+          nOvfl += (nBlob + 34)/pgsz;
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
+  *pnOvfl = nOvfl;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Free all allocations associated with the iterator passed as the 
 ** second argument.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3Table *p, Fts3SegReader *pReader){
-  if( pReader ){
-    if( pReader->pStmt ){
-      /* Move the leaf-range SELECT statement to the aLeavesStmt[] array,
-      ** so that it can be reused when required by another query.
-      */
-      assert( p->nLeavesStmt<p->nLeavesTotal );
-      sqlite3_reset(pReader->pStmt);
-      p->aLeavesStmt[p->nLeavesStmt++] = pReader->pStmt;
-    }
-    if( !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
-      sqlite3_free(pReader->zTerm);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *pReader){
+  if( pReader && !fts3SegReaderIsPending(pReader) ){
+    sqlite3_free(pReader->zTerm);
+    if( !fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(pReader) ){
+      sqlite3_free(pReader->aNode);
+      sqlite3_blob_close(pReader->pBlob);
     }
-    sqlite3_free(pReader);
   }
+  sqlite3_free(pReader);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Allocate a new SegReader object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
   int iAge,                       /* Segment "age". */
   sqlite3_int64 iStartLeaf,       /* First leaf to traverse */
   sqlite3_int64 iEndLeaf,         /* Final leaf to traverse */
@@ -113115,8 +124320,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(
   Fts3SegReader *pReader;         /* Newly allocated SegReader object */
   int nExtra = 0;                 /* Bytes to allocate segment root node */
 
+  assert( iStartLeaf<=iEndLeaf );
   if( iStartLeaf==0 ){
-    nExtra = nRoot;
+    nExtra = nRoot + FTS3_NODE_PADDING;
   }
 
   pReader = (Fts3SegReader *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3SegReader) + nExtra);
@@ -113124,8 +124330,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
   memset(pReader, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegReader));
-  pReader->iStartBlock = iStartLeaf;
   pReader->iIdx = iAge;
+  pReader->iStartBlock = iStartLeaf;
+  pReader->iLeafEndBlock = iEndLeaf;
   pReader->iEndBlock = iEndBlock;
 
   if( nExtra ){
@@ -113133,59 +124340,15 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(
     pReader->aNode = (char *)&pReader[1];
     pReader->nNode = nRoot;
     memcpy(pReader->aNode, zRoot, nRoot);
+    memset(&pReader->aNode[nRoot], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
   }else{
-    /* If the text of the SQL statement to iterate through a contiguous
-    ** set of entries in the %_segments table has not yet been composed,
-    ** compose it now.
-    */
-    if( !p->zSelectLeaves ){
-      p->zSelectLeaves = sqlite3_mprintf(
-          "SELECT block FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid BETWEEN ? AND ? "
-          "ORDER BY blockid", p->zDb, p->zName
-      );
-      if( !p->zSelectLeaves ){
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        goto finished;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* If there are no free statements in the aLeavesStmt[] array, prepare
-    ** a new statement now. Otherwise, reuse a prepared statement from
-    ** aLeavesStmt[].
-    */
-    if( p->nLeavesStmt==0 ){
-      if( p->nLeavesTotal==p->nLeavesAlloc ){
-        int nNew = p->nLeavesAlloc + 16;
-        sqlite3_stmt **aNew = (sqlite3_stmt **)sqlite3_realloc(
-            p->aLeavesStmt, nNew*sizeof(sqlite3_stmt *)
-        );
-        if( !aNew ){
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          goto finished;
-        }
-        p->nLeavesAlloc = nNew;
-        p->aLeavesStmt = aNew;
-      }
-      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, p->zSelectLeaves, -1, &pReader->pStmt, 0);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto finished;
-      }
-      p->nLeavesTotal++;
-    }else{
-      pReader->pStmt = p->aLeavesStmt[--p->nLeavesStmt];
-    }
-
-    /* Bind the start and end leaf blockids to the prepared SQL statement. */
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pReader->pStmt, 1, iStartLeaf);
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pReader->pStmt, 2, iEndLeaf);
+    pReader->iCurrentBlock = iStartLeaf-1;
   }
-  rc = fts3SegReaderNext(pReader);
 
- finished:
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     *ppReader = pReader;
   }else{
-    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, pReader);
+    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pReader);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -113212,24 +124375,42 @@ static int fts3CompareElemByTerm(const void *lhs, const void *rhs){
 /*
 ** This function is used to allocate an Fts3SegReader that iterates through
 ** a subset of the terms stored in the Fts3Table.pendingTerms array.
+**
+** If the isPrefixIter parameter is zero, then the returned SegReader iterates
+** through each term in the pending-terms table. Or, if isPrefixIter is
+** non-zero, it iterates through each term and its prefixes. For example, if
+** the pending terms hash table contains the terms "sqlite", "mysql" and
+** "firebird", then the iterator visits the following 'terms' (in the order
+** shown):
+**
+**   f fi fir fire fireb firebi firebir firebird
+**   m my mys mysq mysql
+**   s sq sql sqli sqlit sqlite
+**
+** Whereas if isPrefixIter is zero, the terms visited are:
+**
+**   firebird mysql sqlite
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
   Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
   const char *zTerm,              /* Term to search for */
   int nTerm,                      /* Size of buffer zTerm */
-  int isPrefix,                   /* True for a term-prefix query */
+  int bPrefix,                    /* True for a prefix iterator */
   Fts3SegReader **ppReader        /* OUT: SegReader for pending-terms */
 ){
   Fts3SegReader *pReader = 0;     /* Fts3SegReader object to return */
   Fts3HashElem **aElem = 0;       /* Array of term hash entries to scan */
   int nElem = 0;                  /* Size of array at aElem */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
+  Fts3Hash *pHash;
 
-  if( isPrefix ){
+  pHash = &p->aIndex[iIndex].hPending;
+  if( bPrefix ){
     int nAlloc = 0;               /* Size of allocated array at aElem */
     Fts3HashElem *pE = 0;         /* Iterator variable */
 
-    for(pE=fts3HashFirst(&p->pendingTerms); pE; pE=fts3HashNext(pE)){
+    for(pE=fts3HashFirst(pHash); pE; pE=fts3HashNext(pE)){
       char *zKey = (char *)fts3HashKey(pE);
       int nKey = fts3HashKeysize(pE);
       if( nTerm==0 || (nKey>=nTerm && 0==memcmp(zKey, zTerm, nTerm)) ){
@@ -113246,6 +124427,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
           }
           aElem = aElem2;
         }
+
         aElem[nElem++] = pE;
       }
     }
@@ -113259,7 +124441,9 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
     }
 
   }else{
-    Fts3HashElem *pE = fts3HashFindElem(&p->pendingTerms, zTerm, nTerm);
+    /* The query is a simple term lookup that matches at most one term in
+    ** the index. All that is required is a straight hash-lookup. */
+    Fts3HashElem *pE = fts3HashFindElem(pHash, zTerm, nTerm);
     if( pE ){
       aElem = &pE;
       nElem = 1;
@@ -113276,54 +124460,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(
       pReader->iIdx = 0x7FFFFFFF;
       pReader->ppNextElem = (Fts3HashElem **)&pReader[1];
       memcpy(pReader->ppNextElem, aElem, nElem*sizeof(Fts3HashElem *));
-      fts3SegReaderNext(pReader);
     }
   }
 
-  if( isPrefix ){
+  if( bPrefix ){
     sqlite3_free(aElem);
   }
   *ppReader = pReader;
   return rc;
 }
 
-
-/*
-** The second argument to this function is expected to be a statement of
-** the form:
-**
-**   SELECT 
-**     idx,                  -- col 0
-**     start_block,          -- col 1
-**     leaves_end_block,     -- col 2
-**     end_block,            -- col 3
-**     root                  -- col 4
-**   FROM %_segdir ...
-**
-** This function allocates and initializes a Fts3SegReader structure to
-** iterate through the terms stored in the segment identified by the
-** current row that pStmt is pointing to. 
-**
-** If successful, the Fts3SegReader is left pointing to the first term
-** in the segment and SQLITE_OK is returned. Otherwise, an SQLite error
-** code is returned.
-*/
-static int fts3SegReaderNew(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt,            /* See above */
-  int iAge,                       /* Segment "age". */
-  Fts3SegReader **ppReader        /* OUT: Allocated Fts3SegReader */
-){
-  return sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(p, iAge, 
-      sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1),
-      sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2),
-      sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3),
-      sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4),
-      sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4),
-      ppReader
-  );
-}
-
 /*
 ** Compare the entries pointed to by two Fts3SegReader structures. 
 ** Comparison is as follows:
@@ -113381,6 +124527,18 @@ static int fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp(Fts3SegReader *pLhs, Fts3SegReader *pRhs){
   assert( pLhs->aNode && pRhs->aNode );
   return rc;
 }
+static int fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev(Fts3SegReader *pLhs, Fts3SegReader *pRhs){
+  int rc = (pLhs->pOffsetList==0)-(pRhs->pOffsetList==0);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    if( pLhs->iDocid==pRhs->iDocid ){
+      rc = pRhs->iIdx - pLhs->iIdx;
+    }else{
+      rc = (pLhs->iDocid < pRhs->iDocid) ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pLhs->aNode && pRhs->aNode );
+  return rc;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Compare the term that the Fts3SegReader object passed as the first argument
@@ -113518,7 +124676,7 @@ static int fts3PrefixCompress(
 ** (according to memcmp) than the previous term.
 */
 static int fts3NodeAddTerm(
-  Fts3Table *p,               /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
   SegmentNode **ppTree,           /* IN/OUT: SegmentNode handle */ 
   int isCopyTerm,                 /* True if zTerm/nTerm is transient */
   const char *zTerm,              /* Pointer to buffer containing term */
@@ -113909,60 +125067,56 @@ static void fts3SegWriterFree(SegmentWriter *pWriter){
 ** The first value in the apVal[] array is assumed to contain an integer.
 ** This function tests if there exist any documents with docid values that
 ** are different from that integer. i.e. if deleting the document with docid
-** apVal[0] would mean the FTS3 table were empty.
+** pRowid would mean the FTS3 table were empty.
 **
 ** If successful, *pisEmpty is set to true if the table is empty except for
-** document apVal[0], or false otherwise, and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an
+** document pRowid, or false otherwise, and SQLITE_OK is returned. If an
 ** error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
 */
-static int fts3IsEmpty(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value **apVal, int *pisEmpty){
+static int fts3IsEmpty(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value *pRowid, int *pisEmpty){
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
   int rc;
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_IS_EMPTY, &pStmt, apVal);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
-      *pisEmpty = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+  if( p->zContentTbl ){
+    /* If using the content=xxx option, assume the table is never empty */
+    *pisEmpty = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_IS_EMPTY, &pStmt, &pRowid);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+        *pisEmpty = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
     }
-    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
   }
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Set *pnSegment to the number of segments of level iLevel in the database.
+** Set *pnMax to the largest segment level in the database for the index
+** iIndex.
 **
-** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if not.
-*/
-static int fts3SegmentCount(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel, int *pnSegment){
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
-  int rc;
-
-  assert( iLevel>=0 );
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_COUNT, &pStmt, 0);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iLevel);
-  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
-    *pnSegment = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
-  }
-  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-}
-
-/*
-** Set *pnSegment to the total number of segments in the database. Set
-** *pnMax to the largest segment level in the database (segment levels
-** are stored in the 'level' column of the %_segdir table).
+** Segment levels are stored in the 'level' column of the %_segdir table.
 **
 ** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if not.
 */
-static int fts3SegmentCountMax(Fts3Table *p, int *pnSegment, int *pnMax){
+static int fts3SegmentMaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, int iIndex, int *pnMax){
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
   int rc;
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
 
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_COUNT_MAX, &pStmt, 0);
+  /* Set pStmt to the compiled version of:
+  **
+  **   SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?
+  **
+  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
+  */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, (iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1);
   if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
-    *pnSegment = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
-    *pnMax = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
+    *pnMax = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
   }
   return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
 }
@@ -113983,6 +125137,7 @@ static int fts3SegmentCountMax(Fts3Table *p, int *pnSegment, int *pnMax){
 */
 static int fts3DeleteSegdir(
   Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index for p->aIndex */
   int iLevel,                     /* Level of %_segdir entries to delete */
   Fts3SegReader **apSegment,      /* Array of SegReader objects */
   int nReader                     /* Size of array apSegment */
@@ -114005,15 +125160,23 @@ static int fts3DeleteSegdir(
     return rc;
   }
 
-  if( iLevel>=0 ){
-    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_BY_LEVEL, &pDelete, 0);
+  assert( iLevel>=0 || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL );
+  if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 1, iLevel);
-      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 2, (iIndex+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1);
     }
   }else{
-    fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_ALL_SEGDIR, 0);
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL, &pDelete, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 1, iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -114063,84 +125226,105 @@ static void fts3ColumnFilter(
 }
 
 /*
-** sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate() callback used when merging multiple 
-** segments to create a single, larger segment.
+** Cache data in the Fts3MultiSegReader.aBuffer[] buffer (overwriting any
+** existing data). Grow the buffer if required.
+**
+** If successful, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an OOM error is encountered
+** trying to resize the buffer, return SQLITE_NOMEM.
 */
-static int fts3MergeCallback(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 Virtual table handle */
-  void *pContext,                 /* Pointer to SegmentWriter* to write with */
-  char *zTerm,                    /* Term to write to the db */
-  int nTerm,                      /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
-  char *aDoclist,                 /* Doclist associated with zTerm */
-  int nDoclist                    /* Number of bytes in doclist */
+static int fts3MsrBufferData(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,       /* Multi-segment-reader handle */
+  char *pList,
+  int nList
 ){
-  SegmentWriter **ppW = (SegmentWriter **)pContext;
-  return fts3SegWriterAdd(p, ppW, 1, zTerm, nTerm, aDoclist, nDoclist);
-}
+  if( nList>pMsr->nBuffer ){
+    char *pNew;
+    pMsr->nBuffer = nList*2;
+    pNew = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(pMsr->aBuffer, pMsr->nBuffer);
+    if( !pNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    pMsr->aBuffer = pNew;
+  }
 
-/*
-** sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate() callback used when flushing the contents
-** of the pending-terms hash table to the database.
-*/
-static int fts3FlushCallback(
-  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 Virtual table handle */
-  void *pContext,                 /* Pointer to SegmentWriter* to write with */
-  char *zTerm,                    /* Term to write to the db */
-  int nTerm,                      /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
-  char *aDoclist,                 /* Doclist associated with zTerm */
-  int nDoclist                    /* Number of bytes in doclist */
-){
-  SegmentWriter **ppW = (SegmentWriter **)pContext;
-  return fts3SegWriterAdd(p, ppW, 0, zTerm, nTerm, aDoclist, nDoclist);
+  memcpy(pMsr->aBuffer, pList, nList);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-/*
-** This function is used to iterate through a contiguous set of terms 
-** stored in the full-text index. It merges data contained in one or 
-** more segments to support this.
-**
-** The second argument is passed an array of pointers to SegReader objects
-** allocated with sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(). This function merges the range 
-** of terms selected by each SegReader. If a single term is present in
-** more than one segment, the associated doclists are merged. For each
-** term and (possibly merged) doclist in the merged range, the callback
-** function xFunc is invoked with its arguments set as follows.
-**
-**   arg 0: Copy of 'p' parameter passed to this function
-**   arg 1: Copy of 'pContext' parameter passed to this function
-**   arg 2: Pointer to buffer containing term
-**   arg 3: Size of arg 2 buffer in bytes
-**   arg 4: Pointer to buffer containing doclist
-**   arg 5: Size of arg 2 buffer in bytes
-**
-** The 4th argument to this function is a pointer to a structure of type
-** Fts3SegFilter, defined in fts3Int.h. The contents of this structure
-** further restrict the range of terms that callbacks are made for and
-** modify the behaviour of this function. See comments above structure
-** definition for details.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
   Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
-  Fts3SegReader **apSegment,      /* Array of Fts3SegReader objects */
-  int nSegment,                   /* Size of apSegment array */
-  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter,         /* Restrictions on range of iteration */
-  int (*xFunc)(Fts3Table *, void *, char *, int, char *, int),  /* Callback */
-  void *pContext                  /* Callback context (2nd argument) */
-){
-  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-  char *aBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to merge doclists in */
-  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of aBuffer buffer */
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pMsr,       /* Multi-segment-reader handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* OUT: Docid value */
+  char **paPoslist,               /* OUT: Pointer to position list */
+  int *pnPoslist                  /* OUT: Size of position list in bytes */
+){
+  int nMerge = pMsr->nAdvance;
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment = pMsr->apSegment;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
 
-  int isIgnoreEmpty =  (pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY);
-  int isRequirePos =   (pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS);
-  int isColFilter =    (pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER);
-  int isPrefix =       (pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX);
+  if( nMerge==0 ){
+    *paPoslist = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
 
-  /* If there are zero segments, this function is a no-op. This scenario
-  ** comes about only when reading from an empty database.
-  */
-  if( nSegment==0 ) goto finished;
+  while( 1 ){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg;
+    pSeg = pMsr->apSegment[0];
+
+    if( pSeg->pOffsetList==0 ){
+      *paPoslist = 0;
+      break;
+    }else{
+      int rc;
+      char *pList;
+      int nList;
+      int j;
+      sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
+
+      rc = fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
+      j = 1;
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+        && j<nMerge
+        && apSegment[j]->pOffsetList
+        && apSegment[j]->iDocid==iDocid
+      ){
+        rc = fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[j], 0, 0);
+        j++;
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      fts3SegReaderSort(pMsr->apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
+
+      if( pMsr->iColFilter>=0 ){
+        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, &pList, &nList);
+      }
+
+      if( nList>0 ){
+        if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+          rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+          *paPoslist = pMsr->aBuffer;
+          assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
+        }else{
+          *paPoslist = pList;
+        }
+        *piDocid = iDocid;
+        *pnPoslist = nList;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3SegReaderStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term searched for (or NULL) */
+  int nTerm                       /* Length of zTerm in bytes */
+){
+  int i;
+  int nSeg = pCsr->nSegment;
 
   /* If the Fts3SegFilter defines a specific term (or term prefix) to search 
   ** for, then advance each segment iterator until it points to a term of
@@ -114148,22 +125332,144 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
   ** unnecessary merge/sort operations for the case where single segment
   ** b-tree leaf nodes contain more than one term.
   */
-  if( pFilter->zTerm ){
-    int nTerm = pFilter->nTerm;
-    const char *zTerm = pFilter->zTerm;
-    for(i=0; i<nSegment; i++){
-      Fts3SegReader *pSeg = apSegment[i];
-      while( fts3SegReaderTermCmp(pSeg, zTerm, nTerm)<0 ){
-        rc = fts3SegReaderNext(pSeg);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished; }
+  for(i=0; pCsr->bRestart==0 && i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[i];
+    do {
+      int rc = fts3SegReaderNext(p, pSeg, 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }while( zTerm && fts3SegReaderTermCmp(pSeg, zTerm, nTerm)<0 );
+  }
+  fts3SegReaderSort(pCsr->apSegment, nSeg, nSeg, fts3SegReaderCmp);
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter          /* Restrictions on range of iteration */
+){
+  pCsr->pFilter = pFilter;
+  return fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, pFilter->zTerm, pFilter->nTerm);
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor object */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to match on. */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to iterate through a doclist for */
+  int nTerm                       /* Number of bytes in zTerm */
+){
+  int i;
+  int rc;
+  int nSegment = pCsr->nSegment;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
+
+  assert( pCsr->pFilter==0 );
+  assert( zTerm && nTerm>0 );
+
+  /* Advance each segment iterator until it points to the term zTerm/nTerm. */
+  rc = fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, zTerm, nTerm);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Determine how many of the segments actually point to zTerm/nTerm. */
+  for(i=0; i<nSegment; i++){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[i];
+    if( !pSeg->aNode || fts3SegReaderTermCmp(pSeg, zTerm, nTerm) ){
+      break;
     }
   }
+  pCsr->nAdvance = i;
+
+  /* Advance each of the segments to point to the first docid. */
+  for(i=0; i<pCsr->nAdvance; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(p, pCsr->apSegment[i]);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  fts3SegReaderSort(pCsr->apSegment, i, i, xCmp);
 
-  fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nSegment, nSegment, fts3SegReaderCmp);
-  while( apSegment[0]->aNode ){
-    int nTerm = apSegment[0]->nTerm;
-    char *zTerm = apSegment[0]->zTerm;
-    int nMerge = 1;
+  assert( iCol<0 || iCol<p->nColumn );
+  pCsr->iColFilter = iCol;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called on a MultiSegReader that has been started using
+** sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(). One or more calls to MsrIncrNext() may also
+** have been made. Calling this function puts the MultiSegReader in such
+** a state that if the next two calls are:
+**
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart()
+**   sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep()
+**
+** then the entire doclist for the term is available in 
+** MultiSegReader.aDoclist/nDoclist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr){
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through segment-readers */
+
+  assert( pCsr->zTerm==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->nTerm==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->aDoclist==0 );
+  assert( pCsr->nDoclist==0 );
+
+  pCsr->nAdvance = 0;
+  pCsr->bRestart = 1;
+  for(i=0; i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->pOffsetList = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->nOffsetList = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment[i]->iDocid = 0;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor object */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  int isIgnoreEmpty =  (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY);
+  int isRequirePos =   (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS);
+  int isColFilter =    (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_COLUMN_FILTER);
+  int isPrefix =       (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_PREFIX);
+  int isScan =         (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN);
+  int isFirst =        (pCsr->pFilter->flags & FTS3_SEGMENT_FIRST);
+
+  Fts3SegReader **apSegment = pCsr->apSegment;
+  int nSegment = pCsr->nSegment;
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter = pCsr->pFilter;
+  int (*xCmp)(Fts3SegReader *, Fts3SegReader *) = (
+    p->bDescIdx ? fts3SegReaderDoclistCmpRev : fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp
+  );
+
+  if( pCsr->nSegment==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  do {
+    int nMerge;
+    int i;
+  
+    /* Advance the first pCsr->nAdvance entries in the apSegment[] array
+    ** forward. Then sort the list in order of current term again.  
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nAdvance; i++){
+      rc = fts3SegReaderNext(p, apSegment[i], 0);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nSegment, pCsr->nAdvance, fts3SegReaderCmp);
+    pCsr->nAdvance = 0;
+
+    /* If all the seg-readers are at EOF, we're finished. return SQLITE_OK. */
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+    if( apSegment[0]->aNode==0 ) break;
+
+    pCsr->nTerm = apSegment[0]->nTerm;
+    pCsr->zTerm = apSegment[0]->zTerm;
 
     /* If this is a prefix-search, and if the term that apSegment[0] points
     ** to does not share a suffix with pFilter->zTerm/nTerm, then all 
@@ -114172,53 +125478,63 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
     ** Similarly, if this is a search for an exact match, and the first term
     ** of segment apSegment[0] is not a match, exit early.
     */
-    if( pFilter->zTerm ){
-      if( nTerm<pFilter->nTerm 
-       || (!isPrefix && nTerm>pFilter->nTerm)
-       || memcmp(zTerm, pFilter->zTerm, pFilter->nTerm) 
-    ){
-        goto finished;
+    if( pFilter->zTerm && !isScan ){
+      if( pCsr->nTerm<pFilter->nTerm 
+       || (!isPrefix && pCsr->nTerm>pFilter->nTerm)
+       || memcmp(pCsr->zTerm, pFilter->zTerm, pFilter->nTerm) 
+      ){
+        break;
       }
     }
 
+    nMerge = 1;
     while( nMerge<nSegment 
         && apSegment[nMerge]->aNode
-        && apSegment[nMerge]->nTerm==nTerm 
-        && 0==memcmp(zTerm, apSegment[nMerge]->zTerm, nTerm)
+        && apSegment[nMerge]->nTerm==pCsr->nTerm 
+        && 0==memcmp(pCsr->zTerm, apSegment[nMerge]->zTerm, pCsr->nTerm)
     ){
       nMerge++;
     }
 
     assert( isIgnoreEmpty || (isRequirePos && !isColFilter) );
-    if( nMerge==1 && !isIgnoreEmpty ){
-      Fts3SegReader *p0 = apSegment[0];
-      rc = xFunc(p, pContext, zTerm, nTerm, p0->aDoclist, p0->nDoclist);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+    if( nMerge==1 
+     && !isIgnoreEmpty 
+     && !isFirst 
+     && (p->bDescIdx==0 || fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0])==0)
+    ){
+      pCsr->nDoclist = apSegment[0]->nDoclist;
+      if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+        rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pCsr, apSegment[0]->aDoclist, pCsr->nDoclist);
+        pCsr->aDoclist = pCsr->aBuffer;
+      }else{
+        pCsr->aDoclist = apSegment[0]->aDoclist;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = SQLITE_ROW;
     }else{
       int nDoclist = 0;           /* Size of doclist */
       sqlite3_int64 iPrev = 0;    /* Previous docid stored in doclist */
 
       /* The current term of the first nMerge entries in the array
       ** of Fts3SegReader objects is the same. The doclists must be merged
-      ** and a single term added to the new segment.
+      ** and a single term returned with the merged doclist.
       */
       for(i=0; i<nMerge; i++){
-        fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(apSegment[i]);
+        fts3SegReaderFirstDocid(p, apSegment[i]);
       }
-      fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, nMerge, fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp);
+      fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, nMerge, xCmp);
       while( apSegment[0]->pOffsetList ){
         int j;                    /* Number of segments that share a docid */
         char *pList;
         int nList;
         int nByte;
         sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
-        fts3SegReaderNextDocid(apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
+        fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
         j = 1;
         while( j<nMerge
             && apSegment[j]->pOffsetList
             && apSegment[j]->iDocid==iDocid
         ){
-          fts3SegReaderNextDocid(apSegment[j], 0, 0);
+          fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[j], 0, 0);
           j++;
         }
 
@@ -114227,53 +125543,79 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
         }
 
         if( !isIgnoreEmpty || nList>0 ){
-          nByte = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iDocid-iPrev) + (isRequirePos?nList+1:0);
-          if( nDoclist+nByte>nAlloc ){
+
+          /* Calculate the 'docid' delta value to write into the merged 
+          ** doclist. */
+          sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+          if( p->bDescIdx && nDoclist>0 ){
+            iDelta = iPrev - iDocid;
+          }else{
+            iDelta = iDocid - iPrev;
+          }
+          assert( iDelta>0 || (nDoclist==0 && iDelta==iDocid) );
+          assert( nDoclist>0 || iDelta==iDocid );
+
+          nByte = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iDelta) + (isRequirePos?nList+1:0);
+          if( nDoclist+nByte>pCsr->nBuffer ){
             char *aNew;
-            nAlloc = nDoclist+nByte*2;
-            aNew = sqlite3_realloc(aBuffer, nAlloc);
+            pCsr->nBuffer = (nDoclist+nByte)*2;
+            aNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->aBuffer, pCsr->nBuffer);
             if( !aNew ){
-              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-              goto finished;
+              return SQLITE_NOMEM;
             }
-            aBuffer = aNew;
+            pCsr->aBuffer = aNew;
           }
-          nDoclist += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&aBuffer[nDoclist], iDocid-iPrev);
-          iPrev = iDocid;
-          if( isRequirePos ){
-            memcpy(&aBuffer[nDoclist], pList, nList);
-            nDoclist += nList;
-            aBuffer[nDoclist++] = '\0';
+
+          if( isFirst ){
+            char *a = &pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist];
+            int nWrite;
+           
+            nWrite = sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(iDelta, pList, nList, a);
+            if( nWrite ){
+              iPrev = iDocid;
+              nDoclist += nWrite;
+            }
+          }else{
+            nDoclist += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist], iDelta);
+            iPrev = iDocid;
+            if( isRequirePos ){
+              memcpy(&pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist], pList, nList);
+              nDoclist += nList;
+              pCsr->aBuffer[nDoclist++] = '\0';
+            }
           }
         }
 
-        fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, j, fts3SegReaderDoclistCmp);
+        fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
       }
-
       if( nDoclist>0 ){
-        rc = xFunc(p, pContext, zTerm, nTerm, aBuffer, nDoclist);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+        pCsr->aDoclist = pCsr->aBuffer;
+        pCsr->nDoclist = nDoclist;
+        rc = SQLITE_ROW;
       }
     }
+    pCsr->nAdvance = nMerge;
+  }while( rc==SQLITE_OK );
 
-    /* If there is a term specified to filter on, and this is not a prefix
-    ** search, return now. The callback that corresponds to the required
-    ** term (if such a term exists in the index) has already been made.
-    */
-    if( pFilter->zTerm && !isPrefix ){
-      goto finished;
-    }
+  return rc;
+}
 
-    for(i=0; i<nMerge; i++){
-      rc = fts3SegReaderNext(apSegment[i]);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr       /* Cursor object */
+){
+  if( pCsr ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nSegment; i++){
+      sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(pCsr->apSegment[i]);
     }
-    fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nSegment, nMerge, fts3SegReaderCmp);
-  }
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->apSegment);
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aBuffer);
 
- finished:
-  sqlite3_free(aBuffer);
-  return rc;
+    pCsr->nSegment = 0;
+    pCsr->apSegment = 0;
+    pCsr->aBuffer = 0;
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -114287,157 +125629,91 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(
 ** Otherwise, if successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. If an error occurs, 
 ** an SQLite error code is returned.
 */
-static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *p, int iLevel){
-  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+static int fts3SegmentMerge(Fts3Table *p, int iIndex, int iLevel){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  int iIdx;                       /* Index of new segment */
-  int iNewLevel;                  /* Level to create new segment at */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
-  SegmentWriter *pWriter = 0;
-  int nSegment = 0;               /* Number of segments being merged */
-  Fts3SegReader **apSegment = 0;  /* Array of Segment iterators */
-  Fts3SegReader *pPending = 0;    /* Iterator for pending-terms */
+  int iIdx = 0;                   /* Index of new segment */
+  int iNewLevel = 0;              /* Level/index to create new segment at */
+  SegmentWriter *pWriter = 0;     /* Used to write the new, merged, segment */
   Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter condition */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;        /* Cursor to iterate through level(s) */
+  int bIgnoreEmpty = 0;           /* True to ignore empty segments */
 
-  if( iLevel<0 ){
+  assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
+       || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING
+       || iLevel>=0
+  );
+  assert( iLevel<FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL );
+  assert( iIndex>=0 && iIndex<p->nIndex );
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(p, iIndex, iLevel, 0, 0, 1, 0, &csr);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || csr.nSegment==0 ) goto finished;
+
+  if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
     /* This call is to merge all segments in the database to a single
     ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the the numerically 
-    ** greatest segment level currently present in the database. The index
-    ** of the new segment is always 0.
-    */
-    iIdx = 0;
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(p, 0, 0, 1, &pPending);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-    rc = fts3SegmentCountMax(p, &nSegment, &iNewLevel);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-    nSegment += (pPending!=0);
-    if( nSegment<=1 ){
-      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    ** greatest segment level currently present in the database for this
+    ** index. The idx of the new segment is always 0.  */
+    if( csr.nSegment==1 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
+      goto finished;
     }
+    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iIndex, &iNewLevel);
+    bIgnoreEmpty = 1;
+
+  }else if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    iNewLevel = iIndex * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL; 
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iIndex, 0, &iIdx);
   }else{
-    /* This call is to merge all segments at level iLevel. Find the next
+    /* This call is to merge all segments at level iLevel. find the next
     ** available segment index at level iLevel+1. The call to
     ** fts3AllocateSegdirIdx() will merge the segments at level iLevel+1 to 
-    ** a single iLevel+2 segment if necessary.
-    */
-    iNewLevel = iLevel+1;
-    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iNewLevel, &iIdx);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-    rc = fts3SegmentCount(p, iLevel, &nSegment);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+    ** a single iLevel+2 segment if necessary.  */
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    iNewLevel = iIndex * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + iLevel+1;
   }
-  assert( nSegment>0 );
-  assert( iNewLevel>=0 );
-
-  /* Allocate space for an array of pointers to segment iterators. */
-  apSegment = (Fts3SegReader**)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3SegReader *)*nSegment);
-  if( !apSegment ){
-    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    goto finished;
-  }
-  memset(apSegment, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegReader *)*nSegment);
-
-  /* Allocate a Fts3SegReader structure for each segment being merged. A 
-  ** Fts3SegReader stores the state data required to iterate through all 
-  ** entries on all leaves of a single segment. 
-  */
-  assert( SQL_SELECT_LEVEL+1==SQL_SELECT_ALL_LEVEL);
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL+(iLevel<0), &pStmt, 0);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, iLevel);
-  for(i=0; SQLITE_ROW==(sqlite3_step(pStmt)); i++){
-    rc = fts3SegReaderNew(p, pStmt, i, &apSegment[i]);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      goto finished;
-    }
-  }
-  rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-  if( pPending ){
-    apSegment[i] = pPending;
-    pPending = 0;
-  }
-  pStmt = 0;
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  assert( csr.nSegment>0 );
+  assert( iNewLevel>=(iIndex*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
+  assert( iNewLevel<((iIndex+1)*FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
 
   memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegFilter));
   filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS;
-  filter.flags |= (iLevel<0 ? FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY : 0);
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(p, apSegment, nSegment,
-      &filter, fts3MergeCallback, (void *)&pWriter
-  );
+  filter.flags |= (bIgnoreEmpty ? FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY : 0);
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, &csr, &filter);
+  while( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, &csr);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ) break;
+    rc = fts3SegWriterAdd(p, &pWriter, 1, 
+        csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, csr.aDoclist, csr.nDoclist);
+  }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  assert( pWriter );
 
-  rc = fts3DeleteSegdir(p, iLevel, apSegment, nSegment);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    rc = fts3DeleteSegdir(p, iIndex, iLevel, csr.apSegment, csr.nSegment);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
   }
+  rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
 
  finished:
   fts3SegWriterFree(pWriter);
-  if( apSegment ){
-    for(i=0; i<nSegment; i++){
-      sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, apSegment[i]);
-    }
-    sqlite3_free(apSegment);
-  }
-  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, pPending);
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&csr);
   return rc;
 }
 
 
 /* 
-** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to a level 0 segment.
+** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *p){
-  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
-  int idx;                        /* Index of new segment created */
-  SegmentWriter *pWriter = 0;     /* Used to write the segment */
-  Fts3SegReader *pReader = 0;     /* Used to iterate through the hash table */
-
-  /* Allocate a SegReader object to iterate through the contents of the
-  ** pending-terms table. If an error occurs, or if there are no terms
-  ** in the pending-terms table, return immediately.
-  */
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderPending(p, 0, 0, 1, &pReader);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pReader==0 ){
-    return rc;
-  }
-
-  /* Determine the next index at level 0. If level 0 is already full, this
-  ** call may merge all existing level 0 segments into a single level 1
-  ** segment.
-  */
-  rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, 0, &idx);
-
-  /* If no errors have occured, iterate through the contents of the 
-  ** pending-terms hash table using the Fts3SegReader iterator. The callback
-  ** writes each term (along with its doclist) to the database via the
-  ** SegmentWriter handle pWriter.
-  */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    void *c = (void *)&pWriter;   /* SegReaderIterate() callback context */
-    Fts3SegFilter f;              /* SegReaderIterate() parameters */
-
-    memset(&f, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegFilter));
-    f.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS;
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderIterate(p, &pReader, 1, &f, fts3FlushCallback, c);
-  }
-  assert( pWriter || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-
-  /* If no errors have occured, flush the SegmentWriter object to the
-  ** database. Then delete the SegmentWriter and Fts3SegReader objects
-  ** allocated by this function.
-  */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, 0, idx);
-  }
-  fts3SegWriterFree(pWriter);
-  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(p, pReader);
-
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -114476,84 +125752,15 @@ static void fts3DecodeIntArray(
   }
 }
 
-/*
-** Fill in the document size auxiliary information for the matchinfo
-** structure.  The auxiliary information is:
-**
-**    N     Total number of documents in the full-text index
-**    a0    Average length of column 0 over the whole index
-**    n0    Length of column 0 on the matching row
-**    ...
-**    aM    Average length of column M over the whole index
-**    nM    Length of column M on the matching row
-**
-** The fts3MatchinfoDocsizeLocal() routine fills in the nX values.
-** The fts3MatchinfoDocsizeGlobal() routine fills in N and the aX values.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeLocal(Fts3Cursor *pCur, u32 *a){
-  const char *pBlob;       /* The BLOB holding %_docsize info */
-  int nBlob;               /* Size of the BLOB */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;     /* Statement for reading and writing */
-  int i, j;                /* Loop counters */
-  sqlite3_int64 x;         /* Varint value */
-  int rc;                  /* Result code from subfunctions */
-  Fts3Table *p;            /* The FTS table */
-
-  p = (Fts3Table*)pCur->base.pVtab;
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, &pStmt, 0);
-  if( rc ){
-    return rc;
-  }
-  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, pCur->iPrevId);
-  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0);
-    pBlob = (const char*)sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
-    for(i=j=0; i<p->nColumn && j<nBlob; i++){
-      j = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&pBlob[j], &x);
-      a[2+i*2] = (u32)(x & 0xffffffff);
-    }
-  }
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
-}
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeGlobal(Fts3Cursor *pCur, u32 *a){
-  const char *pBlob;       /* The BLOB holding %_stat info */
-  int nBlob;               /* Size of the BLOB */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;     /* Statement for reading and writing */
-  int i, j;                /* Loop counters */
-  sqlite3_int64 x;         /* Varint value */
-  int nDoc;                /* Number of documents */
-  int rc;                  /* Result code from subfunctions */
-  Fts3Table *p;            /* The FTS table */
-
-  p = (Fts3Table*)pCur->base.pVtab;
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
-  if( rc ){
-    return rc;
-  }
-  if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    nBlob = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0);
-    pBlob = (const char*)sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
-    j = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pBlob, &x);
-    a[0] = nDoc = (u32)(x & 0xffffffff);
-    for(i=0; i<p->nColumn && j<nBlob; i++){
-      j = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&pBlob[j], &x);
-      a[1+i*2] = ((u32)(x & 0xffffffff) + nDoc/2)/nDoc;
-    }
-  }
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
-}
-
 /*
 ** Insert the sizes (in tokens) for each column of the document
 ** with docid equal to p->iPrevDocid.  The sizes are encoded as
 ** a blob of varints.
 */
 static void fts3InsertDocsize(
-  int *pRC,         /* Result code */
-  Fts3Table *p,     /* Table into which to insert */
-  u32 *aSz          /* Sizes of each column */
+  int *pRC,                       /* Result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Table into which to insert */
+  u32 *aSz                        /* Sizes of each column, in tokens */
 ){
   char *pBlob;             /* The BLOB encoding of the document size */
   int nBlob;               /* Number of bytes in the BLOB */
@@ -114580,16 +125787,26 @@ static void fts3InsertDocsize(
 }
 
 /*
-** Update the 0 record of the %_stat table so that it holds a blob
-** which contains the document count followed by the cumulative
-** document sizes for all columns.
+** Record 0 of the %_stat table contains a blob consisting of N varints,
+** where N is the number of user defined columns in the fts3 table plus
+** two. If nCol is the number of user defined columns, then values of the 
+** varints are set as follows:
+**
+**   Varint 0:       Total number of rows in the table.
+**
+**   Varint 1..nCol: For each column, the total number of tokens stored in
+**                   the column for all rows of the table.
+**
+**   Varint 1+nCol:  The total size, in bytes, of all text values in all
+**                   columns of all rows of the table.
+**
 */
 static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
-  int *pRC,       /* The result code */
-  Fts3Table *p,   /* Table being updated */
-  u32 *aSzIns,    /* Size increases */
-  u32 *aSzDel,    /* Size decreases */
-  int nChng       /* Change in the number of documents */
+  int *pRC,                       /* The result code */
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Table being updated */
+  u32 *aSzIns,                    /* Size increases */
+  u32 *aSzDel,                    /* Size decreases */
+  int nChng                       /* Change in the number of documents */
 ){
   char *pBlob;             /* Storage for BLOB written into %_stat */
   int nBlob;               /* Size of BLOB written into %_stat */
@@ -114598,13 +125815,15 @@ static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
   int i;                   /* Loop counter */
   int rc;                  /* Result code from subfunctions */
 
+  const int nStat = p->nColumn+2;
+
   if( *pRC ) return;
-  a = sqlite3_malloc( (sizeof(u32)+10)*(p->nColumn+1) );
+  a = sqlite3_malloc( (sizeof(u32)+10)*nStat );
   if( a==0 ){
     *pRC = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     return;
   }
-  pBlob = (char*)&a[p->nColumn+1];
+  pBlob = (char*)&a[nStat];
   rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
@@ -114612,11 +125831,11 @@ static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
     return;
   }
   if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    fts3DecodeIntArray(p->nColumn+1, a,
+    fts3DecodeIntArray(nStat, a,
          sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0),
          sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 0));
   }else{
-    memset(a, 0, sizeof(u32)*(p->nColumn+1) );
+    memset(a, 0, sizeof(u32)*(nStat) );
   }
   sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
   if( nChng<0 && a[0]<(u32)(-nChng) ){
@@ -114624,7 +125843,7 @@ static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
   }else{
     a[0] += nChng;
   }
-  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn; i++){
+  for(i=0; i<p->nColumn+1; i++){
     u32 x = a[i+1];
     if( x+aSzIns[i] < aSzDel[i] ){
       x = 0;
@@ -114633,7 +125852,7 @@ static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
     }
     a[i+1] = x;
   }
-  fts3EncodeIntArray(p->nColumn+1, a, pBlob, &nBlob);
+  fts3EncodeIntArray(nStat, a, pBlob, &nBlob);
   rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
@@ -114646,6 +125865,103 @@ static void fts3UpdateDocTotals(
   sqlite3_free(a);
 }
 
+static int fts3DoOptimize(Fts3Table *p, int bReturnDone){
+  int i;
+  int bSeenDone = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      bSeenDone = 1;
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+
+  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && bReturnDone && bSeenDone) ? SQLITE_DONE : rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when the user executes the following statement:
+**
+**     INSERT INTO <tbl>(<tbl>) VALUES('rebuild');
+**
+** The entire FTS index is discarded and rebuilt. If the table is one 
+** created using the content=xxx option, then the new index is based on
+** the current contents of the xxx table. Otherwise, it is rebuilt based
+** on the contents of the %_content table.
+*/
+static int fts3DoRebuild(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+
+  rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    u32 *aSz = 0;
+    u32 *aSzIns = 0;
+    u32 *aSzDel = 0;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    int nEntry = 0;
+
+    /* Compose and prepare an SQL statement to loop through the content table */
+    char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT %s" , p->zReadExprlist);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int nByte = sizeof(u32) * (p->nColumn+1)*3;
+      aSz = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+      if( aSz==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        memset(aSz, 0, nByte);
+        aSzIns = &aSz[p->nColumn+1];
+        aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn+1];
+      }
+    }
+
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      int iCol;
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0));
+      aSz[p->nColumn] = 0;
+      for(iCol=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iCol<p->nColumn; iCol++){
+        const char *z = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
+        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, z, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
+        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+      }
+      if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+        fts3InsertDocsize(&rc, p, aSz);
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+        pStmt = 0;
+      }else{
+        nEntry++;
+        for(iCol=0; iCol<=p->nColumn; iCol++){
+          aSzIns[iCol] += aSz[iCol];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( p->bHasStat ){
+      fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nEntry);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(aSz);
+
+    if( pStmt ){
+      int rc2 = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = rc2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Handle a 'special' INSERT of the form:
 **
@@ -114662,12 +125978,9 @@ static int fts3SpecialInsert(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value *pVal){
   if( !zVal ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }else if( nVal==8 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "optimize", 8) ){
-    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, -1);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
-      rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    }else{
-      sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
-    }
+    rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 0);
+  }else if( nVal==7 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "rebuild", 7) ){
+    rc = fts3DoRebuild(p);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   }else if( nVal>9 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "nodesize=", 9) ){
     p->nNodeSize = atoi(&zVal[9]);
@@ -114683,6 +125996,184 @@ static int fts3SpecialInsert(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_value *pVal){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Delete all cached deferred doclists. Deferred doclists are cached
+** (allocated) by the sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists() function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;
+  for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+    fts3PendingListDelete(pDef->pList);
+    pDef->pList = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all entries in the pCsr->pDeffered list. Entries are added to 
+** this list using sqlite3Fts3DeferToken().
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pNext;
+  for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef; pDef=pNext){
+    pNext = pDef->pNext;
+    fts3PendingListDelete(pDef->pList);
+    sqlite3_free(pDef);
+  }
+  pCsr->pDeferred = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate deferred-doclists for all tokens in the pCsr->pDeferred list
+** based on the row that pCsr currently points to.
+**
+** A deferred-doclist is like any other doclist with position information
+** included, except that it only contains entries for a single row of the
+** table, not for all rows.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through table columns */
+    sqlite3_int64 iDocid;         /* Docid of the row pCsr points to */
+    Fts3DeferredToken *pDef;      /* Used to iterate through deferred tokens */
+  
+    Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+    sqlite3_tokenizer *pT = p->pTokenizer;
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pT->pModule;
+   
+    assert( pCsr->isRequireSeek==0 );
+    iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
+  
+    for(i=0; i<p->nColumn && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
+      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
+      sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
+  
+      rc = pModule->xOpen(pT, zText, -1, &pTC);
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+        int nToken;               /* Number of bytes in token */
+        int iDum1, iDum2;         /* Dummy variables */
+        int iPos;                 /* Position of token in zText */
+  
+        pTC->pTokenizer = pT;
+        rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+        for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+          Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
+          if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
+           && (pPT->bFirst==0 || iPos==0)
+           && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
+           && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
+          ){
+            fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  
+    for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+      if( pDef->pList ){
+        rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&pDef->pList, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(
+  Fts3DeferredToken *p, 
+  char **ppData, 
+  int *pnData
+){
+  char *pRet;
+  int nSkip;
+  sqlite3_int64 dummy;
+
+  *ppData = 0;
+  *pnData = 0;
+
+  if( p->pList==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  pRet = (char *)sqlite3_malloc(p->pList->nData);
+  if( !pRet ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  nSkip = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p->pList->aData, &dummy);
+  *pnData = p->pList->nData - nSkip;
+  *ppData = pRet;
+  
+  memcpy(pRet, &p->pList->aData[nSkip], *pnData);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add an entry for token pToken to the pCsr->pDeferred list.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* Fts3 table cursor */
+  Fts3PhraseToken *pToken,        /* Token to defer */
+  int iCol                        /* Column that token must appear in (or -1) */
+){
+  Fts3DeferredToken *pDeferred;
+  pDeferred = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(*pDeferred));
+  if( !pDeferred ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pDeferred, 0, sizeof(*pDeferred));
+  pDeferred->pToken = pToken;
+  pDeferred->pNext = pCsr->pDeferred; 
+  pDeferred->iCol = iCol;
+  pCsr->pDeferred = pDeferred;
+
+  assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+  pToken->pDeferred = pDeferred;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** SQLite value pRowid contains the rowid of a row that may or may not be
+** present in the FTS3 table. If it is, delete it and adjust the contents
+** of subsiduary data structures accordingly.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteByRowid(
+  Fts3Table *p, 
+  sqlite3_value *pRowid, 
+  int *pnDoc,
+  u32 *aSzDel
+){
+  int isEmpty = 0;
+  int rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( isEmpty ){
+      /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
+      ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
+      ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
+      rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 1);
+      *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iRemove = sqlite3_value_int64(pRowid);
+      rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iRemove);
+      fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel);
+      if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
+        if( sqlite3_changes(p->db) ) *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+      }else{
+        *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+      }
+      if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** This function does the work for the xUpdate method of FTS3 virtual
 ** tables.
@@ -114696,66 +126187,118 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3UpdateMethod(
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVtab;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   int isRemove = 0;               /* True for an UPDATE or DELETE */
-  sqlite3_int64 iRemove = 0;      /* Rowid removed by UPDATE or DELETE */
-  u32 *aSzIns;                    /* Sizes of inserted documents */
+  u32 *aSzIns = 0;                /* Sizes of inserted documents */
   u32 *aSzDel;                    /* Sizes of deleted documents */
   int nChng = 0;                  /* Net change in number of documents */
+  int bInsertDone = 0;
 
+  assert( p->pSegments==0 );
+
+  /* Check for a "special" INSERT operation. One of the form:
+  **
+  **   INSERT INTO xyz(xyz) VALUES('command');
+  */
+  if( nArg>1 
+   && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_NULL 
+   && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[p->nColumn+2])!=SQLITE_NULL 
+  ){
+    rc = fts3SpecialInsert(p, apVal[p->nColumn+2]);
+    goto update_out;
+  }
 
   /* Allocate space to hold the change in document sizes */
-  aSzIns = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzIns[0])*p->nColumn*2 );
-  if( aSzIns==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn];
-  memset(aSzIns, 0, sizeof(aSzIns[0])*p->nColumn*2);
+  aSzIns = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
+  if( aSzIns==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto update_out;
+  }
+  aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn+1];
+  memset(aSzIns, 0, sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
 
-  /* If this is a DELETE or UPDATE operation, remove the old record. */
-  if( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
-    int isEmpty;
-    rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, apVal, &isEmpty);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( isEmpty ){
-        /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
-        ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
-        ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.
-        */
-        rc = fts3DeleteAll(p);
+  /* If this is an INSERT operation, or an UPDATE that modifies the rowid
+  ** value, then this operation requires constraint handling.
+  **
+  ** If the on-conflict mode is REPLACE, this means that the existing row
+  ** should be deleted from the database before inserting the new row. Or,
+  ** if the on-conflict mode is other than REPLACE, then this method must
+  ** detect the conflict and return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT before beginning to
+  ** modify the database file.
+  */
+  if( nArg>1 && p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+    /* Find the value object that holds the new rowid value. */
+    sqlite3_value *pNewRowid = apVal[3+p->nColumn];
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pNewRowid)==SQLITE_NULL ){
+      pNewRowid = apVal[1];
+    }
+
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(pNewRowid)!=SQLITE_NULL && ( 
+        sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_NULL
+     || sqlite3_value_int64(apVal[0])!=sqlite3_value_int64(pNewRowid)
+    )){
+      /* The new rowid is not NULL (in this case the rowid will be
+      ** automatically assigned and there is no chance of a conflict), and 
+      ** the statement is either an INSERT or an UPDATE that modifies the
+      ** rowid column. So if the conflict mode is REPLACE, then delete any
+      ** existing row with rowid=pNewRowid. 
+      **
+      ** Or, if the conflict mode is not REPLACE, insert the new record into 
+      ** the %_content table. If we hit the duplicate rowid constraint (or any
+      ** other error) while doing so, return immediately.
+      **
+      ** This branch may also run if pNewRowid contains a value that cannot
+      ** be losslessly converted to an integer. In this case, the eventual 
+      ** call to fts3InsertData() (either just below or further on in this
+      ** function) will return SQLITE_MISMATCH. If fts3DeleteByRowid is 
+      ** invoked, it will delete zero rows (since no row will have
+      ** docid=$pNewRowid if $pNewRowid is not an integer value).
+      */
+      if( sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(p->db)==SQLITE_REPLACE ){
+        rc = fts3DeleteByRowid(p, pNewRowid, &nChng, aSzDel);
       }else{
-        isRemove = 1;
-        iRemove = sqlite3_value_int64(apVal[0]);
-        rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iRemove);
-        fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, apVal, aSzDel);
-        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, apVal);
-        if( p->bHasDocsize ){
-          fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, apVal);
-          nChng--;
-        }
+        rc = fts3InsertData(p, apVal, pRowid);
+        bInsertDone = 1;
       }
     }
-  }else if( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[p->nColumn+2])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
-    sqlite3_free(aSzIns);
-    return fts3SpecialInsert(p, apVal[p->nColumn+2]);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    goto update_out;
+  }
+
+  /* If this is a DELETE or UPDATE operation, remove the old record. */
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    assert( sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])==SQLITE_INTEGER );
+    rc = fts3DeleteByRowid(p, apVal[0], &nChng, aSzDel);
+    isRemove = 1;
   }
   
   /* If this is an INSERT or UPDATE operation, insert the new record. */
   if( nArg>1 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = fts3InsertData(p, apVal, pRowid);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (!isRemove || *pRowid!=iRemove) ){
+    if( bInsertDone==0 ){
+      rc = fts3InsertData(p, apVal, pRowid);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+        rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      }
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (!isRemove || *pRowid!=p->iPrevDocid ) ){
       rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, *pRowid);
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      assert( p->iPrevDocid==*pRowid );
       rc = fts3InsertTerms(p, apVal, aSzIns);
     }
     if( p->bHasDocsize ){
-      nChng++;
       fts3InsertDocsize(&rc, p, aSzIns);
     }
+    nChng++;
   }
 
-  if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+  if( p->bHasStat ){
     fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nChng);
   }
 
+ update_out:
   sqlite3_free(aSzIns);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -114768,17 +126311,16 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *p){
   int rc;
   rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SAVEPOINT fts3", 0, 0, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, -1);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE fts3", 0, 0, 0);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
-      }
+    rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      int rc2 = sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE fts3", 0, 0, 0);
+      if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
     }else{
       sqlite3_exec(p->db, "ROLLBACK TO fts3", 0, 0, 0);
       sqlite3_exec(p->db, "RELEASE fts3", 0, 0, 0);
     }
   }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -114801,6 +126343,24 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *p){
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+/*
+** Characters that may appear in the second argument to matchinfo().
+*/
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE   'p'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL      'c'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC      'n'        /* 1 value */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH 'a'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH    'l'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS       's'        /* nCol values */
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS      'x'        /* 3*nCol*nPhrase values */
+
+/*
+** The default value for the second argument to matchinfo(). 
+*/
+#define FTS3_MATCHINFO_DEFAULT   "pcx"
 
 
 /*
@@ -114809,7 +126369,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Optimize(Fts3Table *p){
 */
 typedef struct LoadDoclistCtx LoadDoclistCtx;
 struct LoadDoclistCtx {
-  Fts3Table *pTab;                /* FTS3 Table */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;               /* FTS3 Cursor */
   int nPhrase;                    /* Number of phrases seen so far */
   int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens seen so far */
 };
@@ -114855,6 +126415,8 @@ typedef struct MatchInfo MatchInfo;
 struct MatchInfo {
   Fts3Cursor *pCursor;            /* FTS3 Cursor */
   int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in table */
+  int nPhrase;                    /* Number of matchable phrases in query */
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Number of docs in database */
   u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Pre-allocated buffer */
 };
 
@@ -114943,92 +126505,24 @@ static int fts3ExprIterate(
   return fts3ExprIterate2(pExpr, &iPhrase, x, pCtx);
 }
 
-/*
-** The argument to this function is always a phrase node. Its doclist 
-** (Fts3Expr.aDoclist[]) and the doclists associated with all phrase nodes
-** to the left of this one in the query tree have already been loaded.
-**
-** If this phrase node is part of a series of phrase nodes joined by 
-** NEAR operators (and is not the left-most of said series), then elements are
-** removed from the phrases doclist consistent with the NEAR restriction. If
-** required, elements may be removed from the doclists of phrases to the
-** left of this one that are part of the same series of NEAR operator 
-** connected phrases.
-**
-** If an OOM error occurs, SQLITE_NOMEM is returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
-*/
-static int fts3ExprNearTrim(Fts3Expr *pExpr){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  Fts3Expr *pParent = pExpr->pParent;
-
-  assert( pExpr->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
-  while( rc==SQLITE_OK
-   && pParent 
-   && pParent->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR 
-   && pParent->pRight==pExpr 
-  ){
-    /* This expression (pExpr) is the right-hand-side of a NEAR operator. 
-    ** Find the expression to the left of the same operator.
-    */
-    int nNear = pParent->nNear;
-    Fts3Expr *pLeft = pParent->pLeft;
-
-    if( pLeft->eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE ){
-      assert( pLeft->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR );
-      assert( pLeft->pRight->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE );
-      pLeft = pLeft->pRight;
-    }
-
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprNearTrim(pLeft, pExpr, nNear);
-
-    pExpr = pLeft;
-    pParent = pExpr->pParent;
-  }
-
-  return rc;
-}
-
 /*
 ** This is an fts3ExprIterate() callback used while loading the doclists
 ** for each phrase into Fts3Expr.aDoclist[]/nDoclist. See also
 ** fts3ExprLoadDoclists().
 */
-static int fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb1(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+static int fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
   LoadDoclistCtx *p = (LoadDoclistCtx *)ctx;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
 
   p->nPhrase++;
-  p->nToken += pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
-
-  if( pExpr->isLoaded==0 ){
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprLoadDoclist(p->pTab, pExpr);
-    pExpr->isLoaded = 1;
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = fts3ExprNearTrim(pExpr);
-    }
-  }
+  p->nToken += pPhrase->nToken;
 
   return rc;
 }
 
-/*
-** This is an fts3ExprIterate() callback used while loading the doclists
-** for each phrase into Fts3Expr.aDoclist[]/nDoclist. See also
-** fts3ExprLoadDoclists().
-*/
-static int fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb2(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(ctx);
-  if( pExpr->aDoclist ){
-    pExpr->pCurrent = pExpr->aDoclist;
-    pExpr->iCurrent = 0;
-    pExpr->pCurrent += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pExpr->pCurrent, &pExpr->iCurrent);
-  }
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
 /*
 ** Load the doclists for each phrase in the query associated with FTS3 cursor
 ** pCsr. 
@@ -115046,16 +126540,25 @@ static int fts3ExprLoadDoclists(
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
   LoadDoclistCtx sCtx = {0,0,0};  /* Context for fts3ExprIterate() */
-  sCtx.pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
-  rc = fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb1, (void *)&sCtx);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb2, 0);
-  }
+  sCtx.pCsr = pCsr;
+  rc = fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprLoadDoclistsCb, (void *)&sCtx);
   if( pnPhrase ) *pnPhrase = sCtx.nPhrase;
   if( pnToken ) *pnToken = sCtx.nToken;
   return rc;
 }
 
+static int fts3ExprPhraseCountCb(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
+  (*(int *)ctx)++;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pExpr);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+static int fts3ExprPhraseCount(Fts3Expr *pExpr){
+  int nPhrase = 0;
+  (void)fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprPhraseCountCb, (void *)&nPhrase);
+  return nPhrase;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Advance the position list iterator specified by the first two 
 ** arguments so that it points to the first element with a value greater
@@ -115189,11 +126692,12 @@ static int fts3SnippetFindPositions(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
 
   pPhrase->nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
 
-  pCsr = sqlite3Fts3FindPositions(pExpr, p->pCsr->iPrevId, p->iCol);
+  pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
   if( pCsr ){
     int iFirst = 0;
     pPhrase->pList = pCsr;
     fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pCsr, &iFirst);
+    assert( iFirst>=0 );
     pPhrase->pHead = pCsr;
     pPhrase->pTail = pCsr;
     pPhrase->iHead = iFirst;
@@ -115546,143 +127050,452 @@ static int fts3ColumnlistCount(char **ppCollist){
   return nEntry;
 }
 
-static void fts3LoadColumnlistCounts(char **pp, u32 *aOut, int isGlobal){
-  char *pCsr = *pp;
-  while( *pCsr ){
-    int nHit;
-    sqlite3_int64 iCol = 0;
-    if( *pCsr==0x01 ){
-      pCsr++;
-      pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iCol);
-    }
-    nHit = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pCsr);
-    assert( nHit>0 );
-    if( isGlobal ){
-      aOut[iCol*3+1]++;
-    }
-    aOut[iCol*3] += nHit;
-  }
-  pCsr++;
-  *pp = pCsr;
-}
-
 /*
 ** fts3ExprIterate() callback used to collect the "global" matchinfo stats
-** for a single query. The "global" stats are those elements of the matchinfo
-** array that are constant for all rows returned by the current query.
+** for a single query. 
+**
+** fts3ExprIterate() callback to load the 'global' elements of a
+** FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS matchinfo array. The global stats are those elements 
+** of the matchinfo array that are constant for all rows returned by the 
+** current query.
+**
+** Argument pCtx is actually a pointer to a struct of type MatchInfo. This
+** function populates Matchinfo.aMatchinfo[] as follows:
+**
+**   for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+**     aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*nCol + 3*iCol + 1] = X;
+**     aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*nCol + 3*iCol + 2] = Y;
+**   }
+**
+** where X is the number of matches for phrase iPhrase is column iCol of all
+** rows of the table. Y is the number of rows for which column iCol contains
+** at least one instance of phrase iPhrase.
+**
+** If the phrase pExpr consists entirely of deferred tokens, then all X and
+** Y values are set to nDoc, where nDoc is the number of documents in the 
+** file system. This is done because the full-text index doclist is required
+** to calculate these values properly, and the full-text index doclist is
+** not available for deferred tokens.
 */
-static int fts3ExprGlobalMatchinfoCb(
+static int fts3ExprGlobalHitsCb(
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
   int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number (numbered from zero) */
   void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
 ){
   MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
-  char *pCsr;
-  char *pEnd;
-  const int iStart = 2 + (iPhrase * p->nCol * 3) + 1;
+  return sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(
+      p->pCursor, pExpr, &p->aMatchinfo[3*iPhrase*p->nCol]
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** fts3ExprIterate() callback used to collect the "local" part of the
+** FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS array. The local stats are those elements of the 
+** array that are different for each row returned by the query.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprLocalHitsCb(
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
+  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number */
+  void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
+){
+  MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
+  int iStart = iPhrase * p->nCol * 3;
+  int i;
+
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    char *pCsr;
+    pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i);
+    if( pCsr ){
+      p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pCsr);
+    }else{
+      p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoCheck(
+  Fts3Table *pTab, 
+  char cArg,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  if( (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH && pTab->bHasDocsize)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS)
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unrecognized matchinfo request: %c", cArg);
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoSize(MatchInfo *pInfo, char cArg){
+  int nVal;                       /* Number of integers output by cArg */
+
+  switch( cArg ){
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE: 
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL: 
+      nVal = 1;
+      break;
+
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH:
+    case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS:
+      nVal = pInfo->nCol;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      assert( cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS );
+      nVal = pInfo->nCol * pInfo->nPhrase * 3;
+      break;
+  }
 
-  assert( pExpr->isLoaded );
+  return nVal;
+}
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,
+  sqlite3_int64 *pnDoc,
+  const char **paLen
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  const char *a;
+  sqlite3_int64 nDoc;
 
-  /* Fill in the global hit count matrix row for this phrase. */
-  pCsr = pExpr->aDoclist;
-  pEnd = &pExpr->aDoclist[pExpr->nDoclist];
-  while( pCsr<pEnd ){
-    while( *pCsr++ & 0x80 );      /* Skip past docid. */
-    fts3LoadColumnlistCounts(&pCsr, &p->aMatchinfo[iStart], 1);
+  if( !*ppStmt ){
+    int rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(pTab, ppStmt);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
   }
+  pStmt = *ppStmt;
+  assert( sqlite3_data_count(pStmt)==1 );
+
+  a = sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0);
+  a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nDoc);
+  if( nDoc==0 ) return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  *pnDoc = (u32)nDoc;
 
+  if( paLen ) *paLen = a;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
-** fts3ExprIterate() callback used to collect the "local" matchinfo stats
-** for a single query. The "local" stats are those elements of the matchinfo
-** array that are different for each row returned by the query.
+** An instance of the following structure is used to store state while 
+** iterating through a multi-column position-list corresponding to the
+** hits for a single phrase on a single row in order to calculate the
+** values for a matchinfo() FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS request.
 */
-static int fts3ExprLocalMatchinfoCb(
+typedef struct LcsIterator LcsIterator;
+struct LcsIterator {
+  Fts3Expr *pExpr;                /* Pointer to phrase expression */
+  int iPosOffset;                 /* Tokens count up to end of this phrase */
+  char *pRead;                    /* Cursor used to iterate through aDoclist */
+  int iPos;                       /* Current position */
+};
+
+/* 
+** If LcsIterator.iCol is set to the following value, the iterator has
+** finished iterating through all offsets for all columns.
+*/
+#define LCS_ITERATOR_FINISHED 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+static int fts3MatchinfoLcsCb(
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase expression node */
-  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number */
+  int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number (numbered from zero) */
   void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
 ){
-  MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
+  LcsIterator *aIter = (LcsIterator *)pCtx;
+  aIter[iPhrase].pExpr = pExpr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
 
-  if( pExpr->aDoclist ){
-    char *pCsr;
-    int iStart = 2 + (iPhrase * p->nCol * 3);
-    int i;
+/*
+** Advance the iterator passed as an argument to the next position. Return
+** 1 if the iterator is at EOF or if it now points to the start of the
+** position list for the next column.
+*/
+static int fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(LcsIterator *pIter){
+  char *pRead = pIter->pRead;
+  sqlite3_int64 iRead;
+  int rc = 0;
 
-    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = 0;
+  pRead += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pRead, &iRead);
+  if( iRead==0 || iRead==1 ){
+    pRead = 0;
+    rc = 1;
+  }else{
+    pIter->iPos += (int)(iRead-2);
+  }
 
-    pCsr = sqlite3Fts3FindPositions(pExpr, p->pCursor->iPrevId, -1);
-    if( pCsr ){
-      fts3LoadColumnlistCounts(&pCsr, &p->aMatchinfo[iStart], 0);
+  pIter->pRead = pRead;
+  return rc;
+}
+  
+/*
+** This function implements the FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS matchinfo() flag. 
+**
+** If the call is successful, the longest-common-substring lengths for each
+** column are written into the first nCol elements of the pInfo->aMatchinfo[] 
+** array before returning. SQLITE_OK is returned in this case.
+**
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned and the
+** data written to the first nCol elements of pInfo->aMatchinfo[] is 
+** undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3MatchinfoLcs(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, MatchInfo *pInfo){
+  LcsIterator *aIter;
+  int i;
+  int iCol;
+  int nToken = 0;
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the array of LcsIterator objects. The array
+  ** contains one element for each matchable phrase in the query.
+  **/
+  aIter = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(LcsIterator) * pCsr->nPhrase);
+  if( !aIter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(aIter, 0, sizeof(LcsIterator) * pCsr->nPhrase);
+  (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3MatchinfoLcsCb, (void*)aIter);
+
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+    LcsIterator *pIter = &aIter[i];
+    nToken -= pIter->pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
+    pIter->iPosOffset = nToken;
+  }
+
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+    int nLcs = 0;                 /* LCS value for this column */
+    int nLive = 0;                /* Number of iterators in aIter not at EOF */
+
+    for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+      LcsIterator *pIt = &aIter[i];
+      pIt->pRead = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol);
+      if( pIt->pRead ){
+        pIt->iPos = pIt->iPosOffset;
+        fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(&aIter[i]);
+        nLive++;
+      }
     }
+
+    while( nLive>0 ){
+      LcsIterator *pAdv = 0;      /* The iterator to advance by one position */
+      int nThisLcs = 0;           /* LCS for the current iterator positions */
+
+      for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+        LcsIterator *pIter = &aIter[i];
+        if( pIter->pRead==0 ){
+          /* This iterator is already at EOF for this column. */
+          nThisLcs = 0;
+        }else{
+          if( pAdv==0 || pIter->iPos<pAdv->iPos ){
+            pAdv = pIter;
+          }
+          if( nThisLcs==0 || pIter->iPos==pIter[-1].iPos ){
+            nThisLcs++;
+          }else{
+            nThisLcs = 1;
+          }
+          if( nThisLcs>nLcs ) nLcs = nThisLcs;
+        }
+      }
+      if( fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(pAdv) ) nLive--;
+    }
+
+    pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = nLcs;
   }
 
+  sqlite3_free(aIter);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Populate the buffer pInfo->aMatchinfo[] with an array of integers to
+** be returned by the matchinfo() function. Argument zArg contains the 
+** format string passed as the second argument to matchinfo (or the
+** default value "pcx" if no second argument was specified). The format
+** string has already been validated and the pInfo->aMatchinfo[] array
+** is guaranteed to be large enough for the output.
+**
+** If bGlobal is true, then populate all fields of the matchinfo() output.
+** If it is false, then assume that those fields that do not change between
+** rows (i.e. FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE, NCOL, NDOC, AVGLENGTH and part of HITS)
+** have already been populated.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error 
+** occurs. If a value other than SQLITE_OK is returned, the state the
+** pInfo->aMatchinfo[] buffer is left in is undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3MatchinfoValues(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
+  int bGlobal,                    /* True to grab the global stats */
+  MatchInfo *pInfo,               /* Matchinfo context object */
+  const char *zArg                /* Matchinfo format string */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int i;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && zArg[i]; i++){
+
+    switch( zArg[i] ){
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE:
+        if( bGlobal ) pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = pInfo->nPhrase;
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL:
+        if( bGlobal ) pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = pInfo->nCol;
+        break;
+        
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC:
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          sqlite3_int64 nDoc = 0;
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &nDoc, 0);
+          pInfo->aMatchinfo[0] = (u32)nDoc;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH: 
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          sqlite3_int64 nDoc;     /* Number of rows in table */
+          const char *a;          /* Aggregate column length array */
+
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &nDoc, &a);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            int iCol;
+            for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+              u32 iVal;
+              sqlite3_int64 nToken;
+              a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nToken);
+              iVal = (u32)(((u32)(nToken&0xffffffff)+nDoc/2)/nDoc);
+              pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = iVal;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH: {
+        sqlite3_stmt *pSelectDocsize = 0;
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, pCsr->iPrevId, &pSelectDocsize);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          int iCol;
+          const char *a = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelectDocsize, 0);
+          for(iCol=0; iCol<pInfo->nCol; iCol++){
+            sqlite3_int64 nToken;
+            a += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(a, &nToken);
+            pInfo->aMatchinfo[iCol] = (u32)nToken;
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_reset(pSelectDocsize);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS:
+        rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, 0, 0);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          rc = fts3MatchinfoLcs(pCsr, pInfo);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      default: {
+        Fts3Expr *pExpr;
+        assert( zArg[i]==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS );
+        pExpr = pCsr->pExpr;
+        rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, 0, 0);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        if( bGlobal ){
+          if( pCsr->pDeferred ){
+            rc = fts3MatchinfoSelectDoctotal(pTab, &pSelect, &pInfo->nDoc, 0);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+          }
+          rc = fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprGlobalHitsCb,(void*)pInfo);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+        }
+        (void)fts3ExprIterate(pExpr, fts3ExprLocalHitsCb,(void*)pInfo);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    pInfo->aMatchinfo += fts3MatchinfoSize(pInfo, zArg[i]);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** Populate pCsr->aMatchinfo[] with data for the current row. The 
 ** 'matchinfo' data is an array of 32-bit unsigned integers (C type u32).
 */
-static int fts3GetMatchinfo(Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+static int fts3GetMatchinfo(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 Cursor object */
+  const char *zArg                /* Second argument to matchinfo() function */
+){
   MatchInfo sInfo;
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int bGlobal = 0;                /* Collect 'global' stats as well as local */
 
+  memset(&sInfo, 0, sizeof(MatchInfo));
   sInfo.pCursor = pCsr;
   sInfo.nCol = pTab->nColumn;
 
+  /* If there is cached matchinfo() data, but the format string for the 
+  ** cache does not match the format string for this request, discard 
+  ** the cached data. */
+  if( pCsr->zMatchinfo && strcmp(pCsr->zMatchinfo, zArg) ){
+    assert( pCsr->aMatchinfo );
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aMatchinfo);
+    pCsr->zMatchinfo = 0;
+    pCsr->aMatchinfo = 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If Fts3Cursor.aMatchinfo[] is NULL, then this is the first time the
+  ** matchinfo function has been called for this query. In this case 
+  ** allocate the array used to accumulate the matchinfo data and
+  ** initialize those elements that are constant for every row.
+  */
   if( pCsr->aMatchinfo==0 ){
-    /* If Fts3Cursor.aMatchinfo[] is NULL, then this is the first time the
-    ** matchinfo function has been called for this query. In this case 
-    ** allocate the array used to accumulate the matchinfo data and
-    ** initialize those elements that are constant for every row.
-    */
-    int nPhrase;                  /* Number of phrases */
-    int nMatchinfo;               /* Number of u32 elements in match-info */
+    int nMatchinfo = 0;           /* Number of u32 elements in match-info */
+    int nArg;                     /* Bytes in zArg */
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through zArg */
 
-    /* Load doclists for each phrase in the query. */
-    rc = fts3ExprLoadDoclists(pCsr, &nPhrase, 0);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
-    }
-    nMatchinfo = 2 + 3*sInfo.nCol*nPhrase;
-    if( pTab->bHasDocsize ){
-      nMatchinfo += 1 + 2*pTab->nColumn;
-    }
+    /* Determine the number of phrases in the query */
+    pCsr->nPhrase = fts3ExprPhraseCount(pCsr->pExpr);
+    sInfo.nPhrase = pCsr->nPhrase;
 
-    sInfo.aMatchinfo = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo);
-    if( !sInfo.aMatchinfo ){ 
-      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    /* Determine the number of integers in the buffer returned by this call. */
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]; i++){
+      nMatchinfo += fts3MatchinfoSize(&sInfo, zArg[i]);
     }
-    memset(sInfo.aMatchinfo, 0, sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo);
 
+    /* Allocate space for Fts3Cursor.aMatchinfo[] and Fts3Cursor.zMatchinfo. */
+    nArg = (int)strlen(zArg);
+    pCsr->aMatchinfo = (u32 *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo + nArg + 1);
+    if( !pCsr->aMatchinfo ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
 
-    /* First element of match-info is the number of phrases in the query */
-    sInfo.aMatchinfo[0] = nPhrase;
-    sInfo.aMatchinfo[1] = sInfo.nCol;
-    (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprGlobalMatchinfoCb,(void*)&sInfo);
-    if( pTab->bHasDocsize ){
-      int ofst = 2 + 3*sInfo.aMatchinfo[0]*sInfo.aMatchinfo[1];
-      rc = sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeGlobal(pCsr, &sInfo.aMatchinfo[ofst]);
-    }
-    pCsr->aMatchinfo = sInfo.aMatchinfo;
+    pCsr->zMatchinfo = (char *)&pCsr->aMatchinfo[nMatchinfo];
+    pCsr->nMatchinfo = nMatchinfo;
+    memcpy(pCsr->zMatchinfo, zArg, nArg+1);
+    memset(pCsr->aMatchinfo, 0, sizeof(u32)*nMatchinfo);
     pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 1;
+    bGlobal = 1;
   }
 
   sInfo.aMatchinfo = pCsr->aMatchinfo;
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded ){
-    (void)fts3ExprIterate(pCsr->pExpr, fts3ExprLocalMatchinfoCb, (void*)&sInfo);
-    if( pTab->bHasDocsize ){
-      int ofst = 2 + 3*sInfo.aMatchinfo[0]*sInfo.aMatchinfo[1];
-      rc = sqlite3Fts3MatchinfoDocsizeLocal(pCsr, &sInfo.aMatchinfo[ofst]);
-    }
+  sInfo.nPhrase = pCsr->nPhrase;
+  if( pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded ){
+    rc = fts3MatchinfoValues(pCsr, bGlobal, &sInfo, zArg);
     pCsr->isMatchinfoNeeded = 0;
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -115743,7 +127556,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Snippet(
       ** columns of the FTS3 table. Otherwise, only column iCol is considered.
       */
       for(iRead=0; iRead<pTab->nColumn; iRead++){
-        SnippetFragment sF;
+        SnippetFragment sF = {0, 0, 0, 0};
         int iS;
         if( iCol>=0 && iRead!=iCol ) continue;
 
@@ -115777,6 +127590,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Snippet(
   }
 
  snippet_out:
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_result_error_code(pCtx, rc);
     sqlite3_free(res.z);
@@ -115796,6 +127610,7 @@ struct TermOffset {
 };
 
 struct TermOffsetCtx {
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr;
   int iCol;                       /* Column of table to populate aTerm for */
   int iTerm;
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
@@ -115813,7 +127628,7 @@ static int fts3ExprTermOffsetInit(Fts3Expr *pExpr, int iPhrase, void *ctx){
   int iPos = 0;                   /* First position in position-list */
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
-  pList = sqlite3Fts3FindPositions(pExpr, p->iDocid, p->iCol);
+  pList = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
   nTerm = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
   if( pList ){
     fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pList, &iPos);
@@ -115866,6 +127681,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
     goto offsets_out;
   }
   sCtx.iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
+  sCtx.pCsr = pCsr;
 
   /* Loop through the table columns, appending offset information to 
   ** string-buffer res for each column.
@@ -115923,7 +127739,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
 
       if( !pTerm ){
         /* All offsets for this column have been gathered. */
-        break;
+        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
       }else{
         assert( iCurrent<=iMinPos );
         if( 0==(0xFE&*pTerm->pList) ){
@@ -115940,8 +127756,8 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
               "%d %d %d %d ", iCol, pTerm-sCtx.aTerm, iStart, iEnd-iStart
           );
           rc = fts3StringAppend(&res, aBuffer, -1);
-        }else if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
-          rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
+        }else if( rc==SQLITE_DONE && pTab->zContentTbl==0 ){
+          rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -115956,6 +127772,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
  offsets_out:
   sqlite3_free(sCtx.aTerm);
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_result_error_code(pCtx,  rc);
     sqlite3_free(res.z);
@@ -115968,21 +127785,43 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Offsets(
 /*
 ** Implementation of matchinfo() function.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *pContext, Fts3Cursor *pCsr){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(
+  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Function call context */
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 table cursor */
+  const char *zArg                /* Second arg to matchinfo() function */
+){
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
   int rc;
+  int i;
+  const char *zFormat;
+
+  if( zArg ){
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]; i++){
+      char *zErr = 0;
+      if( fts3MatchinfoCheck(pTab, zArg[i], &zErr) ){
+        sqlite3_result_error(pContext, zErr, -1);
+        sqlite3_free(zErr);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    zFormat = zArg;
+  }else{
+    zFormat = FTS3_MATCHINFO_DEFAULT;
+  }
+
   if( !pCsr->pExpr ){
     sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, "", 0, SQLITE_STATIC);
     return;
   }
-  rc = fts3GetMatchinfo(pCsr);
+
+  /* Retrieve matchinfo() data. */
+  rc = fts3GetMatchinfo(pCsr, zFormat);
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(pTab);
+
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_result_error_code(pContext, rc);
   }else{
-    Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table*)pCsr->base.pVtab;
-    int n = sizeof(u32)*(2+pCsr->aMatchinfo[0]*pCsr->aMatchinfo[1]*3);
-    if( pTab->bHasDocsize ){
-      n += sizeof(u32)*(1 + 2*pTab->nColumn);
-    }
+    int n = pCsr->nMatchinfo * sizeof(u32);
     sqlite3_result_blob(pContext, pCsr->aMatchinfo, n, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
   }
 }
@@ -116006,6 +127845,45 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *pContext, Fts3Cursor *
 ** algorithms packaged as an SQLite virtual table module.
 */
 
+/*
+** Database Format of R-Tree Tables
+** --------------------------------
+**
+** The data structure for a single virtual r-tree table is stored in three 
+** native SQLite tables declared as follows. In each case, the '%' character
+** in the table name is replaced with the user-supplied name of the r-tree
+** table.
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE %_node(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, data BLOB)
+**   CREATE TABLE %_parent(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, parentnode INTEGER)
+**   CREATE TABLE %_rowid(rowid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, nodeno INTEGER)
+**
+** The data for each node of the r-tree structure is stored in the %_node
+** table. For each node that is not the root node of the r-tree, there is
+** an entry in the %_parent table associating the node with its parent.
+** And for each row of data in the table, there is an entry in the %_rowid
+** table that maps from the entries rowid to the id of the node that it
+** is stored on.
+**
+** The root node of an r-tree always exists, even if the r-tree table is
+** empty. The nodeno of the root node is always 1. All other nodes in the
+** table must be the same size as the root node. The content of each node
+** is formatted as follows:
+**
+**   1. If the node is the root node (node 1), then the first 2 bytes
+**      of the node contain the tree depth as a big-endian integer.
+**      For non-root nodes, the first 2 bytes are left unused.
+**
+**   2. The next 2 bytes contain the number of entries currently 
+**      stored in the node.
+**
+**   3. The remainder of the node contains the node entries. Each entry
+**      consists of a single 8-byte integer followed by an even number
+**      of 4-byte coordinates. For leaf nodes the integer is the rowid
+**      of a record. For internal nodes it is the node number of a
+**      child page.
+*/
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE)
 
 /*
@@ -116046,24 +127924,38 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Matchinfo(sqlite3_context *pContext, Fts3Cursor *
   #define AssignCells splitNodeStartree
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
   SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
 #else
 #endif
 
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+#include "sqlite3rtree.h"
 typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;
 typedef unsigned char u8;
 typedef unsigned int u32;
 #endif
 
+/*  The following macro is used to suppress compiler warnings.
+*/
+#ifndef UNUSED_PARAMETER
+# define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)
+#endif
+
 typedef struct Rtree Rtree;
 typedef struct RtreeCursor RtreeCursor;
 typedef struct RtreeNode RtreeNode;
 typedef struct RtreeCell RtreeCell;
 typedef struct RtreeConstraint RtreeConstraint;
+typedef struct RtreeMatchArg RtreeMatchArg;
+typedef struct RtreeGeomCallback RtreeGeomCallback;
 typedef union RtreeCoord RtreeCoord;
 
 /* The rtree may have between 1 and RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS dimensions. */
@@ -116133,6 +128025,15 @@ struct Rtree {
 #define RTREE_REINSERT(p) RTREE_MINCELLS(p)
 #define RTREE_MAXCELLS 51
 
+/*
+** The smallest possible node-size is (512-64)==448 bytes. And the largest
+** supported cell size is 48 bytes (8 byte rowid + ten 4 byte coordinates).
+** Therefore all non-root nodes must contain at least 3 entries. Since 
+** 2^40 is greater than 2^64, an r-tree structure always has a depth of
+** 40 or less.
+*/
+#define RTREE_MAX_DEPTH 40
+
 /* 
 ** An rtree cursor object.
 */
@@ -116165,35 +128066,23 @@ union RtreeCoord {
 ** A search constraint.
 */
 struct RtreeConstraint {
-  int iCoord;                       /* Index of constrained coordinate */
-  int op;                           /* Constraining operation */
-  double rValue;                    /* Constraint value. */
+  int iCoord;                     /* Index of constrained coordinate */
+  int op;                         /* Constraining operation */
+  double rValue;                  /* Constraint value. */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;  /* Constraint callback argument for a MATCH */
 };
 
 /* Possible values for RtreeConstraint.op */
-#define RTREE_EQ 0x41
-#define RTREE_LE 0x42
-#define RTREE_LT 0x43
-#define RTREE_GE 0x44
-#define RTREE_GT 0x45
+#define RTREE_EQ    0x41
+#define RTREE_LE    0x42
+#define RTREE_LT    0x43
+#define RTREE_GE    0x44
+#define RTREE_GT    0x45
+#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46
 
 /* 
 ** An rtree structure node.
-**
-** Data format (RtreeNode.zData):
-**
-**   1. If the node is the root node (node 1), then the first 2 bytes
-**      of the node contain the tree depth as a big-endian integer.
-**      For non-root nodes, the first 2 bytes are left unused.
-**
-**   2. The next 2 bytes contain the number of entries currently 
-**      stored in the node.
-**
-**   3. The remainder of the node contains the node entries. Each entry
-**      consists of a single 8-byte integer followed by an even number
-**      of 4-byte coordinates. For leaf nodes the integer is the rowid
-**      of a record. For internal nodes it is the node number of a
-**      child page.
 */
 struct RtreeNode {
   RtreeNode *pParent;               /* Parent node */
@@ -116213,6 +128102,40 @@ struct RtreeCell {
   RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
 };
 
+
+/*
+** Value for the first field of every RtreeMatchArg object. The MATCH
+** operator tests that the first field of a blob operand matches this
+** value to avoid operating on invalid blobs (which could cause a segfault).
+*/
+#define RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 0x891245AB
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure must be supplied as a blob argument to
+** the right-hand-side of an SQL MATCH operator used to constrain an
+** r-tree query.
+*/
+struct RtreeMatchArg {
+  u32 magic;                      /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  void *pContext;
+  int nParam;
+  double aParam[1];
+};
+
+/*
+** When a geometry callback is created (see sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback),
+** a single instance of the following structure is allocated. It is used
+** as the context for the user-function created by by s_r_g_c(). The object
+** is eventually deleted by the destructor mechanism provided by
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() (which is called by s_r_g_c() to create
+** the geometry callback function).
+*/
+struct RtreeGeomCallback {
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
+  void *pContext;
+};
+
 #ifndef MAX
 # define MAX(x,y) ((x) < (y) ? (y) : (x))
 #endif
@@ -116295,10 +128218,8 @@ static void nodeReference(RtreeNode *p){
 ** Clear the content of node p (set all bytes to 0x00).
 */
 static void nodeZero(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *p){
-  if( p ){
-    memset(&p->zData[2], 0, pRtree->iNodeSize-2);
-    p->isDirty = 1;
-  }
+  memset(&p->zData[2], 0, pRtree->iNodeSize-2);
+  p->isDirty = 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -116318,7 +128239,6 @@ static int nodeHash(i64 iNode){
 */
 static RtreeNode *nodeHashLookup(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iNode){
   RtreeNode *p;
-  assert( iNode!=0 );
   for(p=pRtree->aHash[nodeHash(iNode)]; p && p->iNode!=iNode; p=p->pNext);
   return p;
 }
@@ -116327,13 +128247,11 @@ static RtreeNode *nodeHashLookup(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iNode){
 ** Add node pNode to the node hash table.
 */
 static void nodeHashInsert(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
-  if( pNode ){
-    int iHash;
-    assert( pNode->pNext==0 );
-    iHash = nodeHash(pNode->iNode);
-    pNode->pNext = pRtree->aHash[iHash];
-    pRtree->aHash[iHash] = pNode;
-  }
+  int iHash;
+  assert( pNode->pNext==0 );
+  iHash = nodeHash(pNode->iNode);
+  pNode->pNext = pRtree->aHash[iHash];
+  pRtree->aHash[iHash] = pNode;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -116355,11 +128273,11 @@ static void nodeHashDelete(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
 ** assigned a node number when nodeWrite() is called to write the
 ** node contents out to the database.
 */
-static RtreeNode *nodeNew(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pParent, int zero){
+static RtreeNode *nodeNew(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pParent){
   RtreeNode *pNode;
   pNode = (RtreeNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeNode) + pRtree->iNodeSize);
   if( pNode ){
-    memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(RtreeNode) + (zero?pRtree->iNodeSize:0));
+    memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(RtreeNode) + pRtree->iNodeSize);
     pNode->zData = (u8 *)&pNode[1];
     pNode->nRef = 1;
     pNode->pParent = pParent;
@@ -116380,6 +128298,7 @@ nodeAcquire(
   RtreeNode **ppNode         /* OUT: Acquired node */
 ){
   int rc;
+  int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;
   RtreeNode *pNode;
 
   /* Check if the requested node is already in the hash table. If so,
@@ -116396,39 +128315,63 @@ nodeAcquire(
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
-  pNode = (RtreeNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeNode) + pRtree->iNodeSize);
-  if( !pNode ){
-    *ppNode = 0;
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  }
-  pNode->pParent = pParent;
-  pNode->zData = (u8 *)&pNode[1];
-  pNode->nRef = 1;
-  pNode->iNode = iNode;
-  pNode->isDirty = 0;
-  pNode->pNext = 0;
-
   sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadNode, 1, iNode);
   rc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadNode);
   if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
     const u8 *zBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(pRtree->pReadNode, 0);
-    assert( sqlite3_column_bytes(pRtree->pReadNode, 0)==pRtree->iNodeSize );
-    memcpy(pNode->zData, zBlob, pRtree->iNodeSize);
-    nodeReference(pParent);
-  }else{
-    sqlite3_free(pNode);
-    pNode = 0;
+    if( pRtree->iNodeSize==sqlite3_column_bytes(pRtree->pReadNode, 0) ){
+      pNode = (RtreeNode *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeNode)+pRtree->iNodeSize);
+      if( !pNode ){
+        rc2 = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }else{
+        pNode->pParent = pParent;
+        pNode->zData = (u8 *)&pNode[1];
+        pNode->nRef = 1;
+        pNode->iNode = iNode;
+        pNode->isDirty = 0;
+        pNode->pNext = 0;
+        memcpy(pNode->zData, zBlob, pRtree->iNodeSize);
+        nodeReference(pParent);
+      }
+    }
   }
-
-  *ppNode = pNode;
   rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadNode);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
 
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iNode==1 ){
+  /* If the root node was just loaded, set pRtree->iDepth to the height
+  ** of the r-tree structure. A height of zero means all data is stored on
+  ** the root node. A height of one means the children of the root node
+  ** are the leaves, and so on. If the depth as specified on the root node
+  ** is greater than RTREE_MAX_DEPTH, the r-tree structure must be corrupt.
+  */
+  if( pNode && iNode==1 ){
     pRtree->iDepth = readInt16(pNode->zData);
+    if( pRtree->iDepth>RTREE_MAX_DEPTH ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
   }
 
-  assert( (rc==SQLITE_OK && pNode) || (pNode==0 && rc!=SQLITE_OK) );
-  nodeHashInsert(pRtree, pNode);
+  /* If no error has occurred so far, check if the "number of entries"
+  ** field on the node is too large. If so, set the return code to 
+  ** SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+  */
+  if( pNode && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( NCELL(pNode)>((pRtree->iNodeSize-4)/pRtree->nBytesPerCell) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pNode!=0 ){
+      nodeHashInsert(pRtree, pNode);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
+    *ppNode = pNode;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_free(pNode);
+    *ppNode = 0;
+  }
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -116481,8 +128424,7 @@ nodeInsertCell(
   nMaxCell = (pRtree->iNodeSize-4)/pRtree->nBytesPerCell;
   nCell = NCELL(pNode);
 
-  assert(nCell<=nMaxCell);
-
+  assert( nCell<=nMaxCell );
   if( nCell<nMaxCell ){
     nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pNode, pCell, nCell);
     writeInt16(&pNode->zData[2], nCell+1);
@@ -116702,6 +128644,25 @@ static int rtreeOpen(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor){
   return rc;
 }
 
+
+/*
+** Free the RtreeCursor.aConstraint[] array and its contents.
+*/
+static void freeCursorConstraints(RtreeCursor *pCsr){
+  if( pCsr->aConstraint ){
+    int i;                        /* Used to iterate through constraint array */
+    for(i=0; i<pCsr->nConstraint; i++){
+      sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pGeom;
+      if( pGeom ){
+        if( pGeom->xDelUser ) pGeom->xDelUser(pGeom->pUser);
+        sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
+    pCsr->aConstraint = 0;
+  }
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Rtree virtual table module xClose method.
 */
@@ -116709,7 +128670,7 @@ static int rtreeClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(cur->pVtab);
   int rc;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
-  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
+  freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
   rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr);
   return rc;
@@ -116726,16 +128687,43 @@ static int rtreeEof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   return (pCsr->pNode==0);
 }
 
+/*
+** The r-tree constraint passed as the second argument to this function is
+** guaranteed to be a MATCH constraint.
+*/
+static int testRtreeGeom(
+  Rtree *pRtree,                  /* R-Tree object */
+  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,   /* MATCH constraint to test */
+  RtreeCell *pCell,               /* Cell to test */
+  int *pbRes                      /* OUT: Test result */
+){
+  int i;
+  double aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
+  int nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
+
+  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+  assert( pConstraint->pGeom );
+
+  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++){
+    aCoord[i] = DCOORD(pCell->aCoord[i]);
+  }
+  return pConstraint->xGeom(pConstraint->pGeom, nCoord, aCoord, pbRes);
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Cursor pCursor currently points to a cell in a non-leaf page.
-** Return true if the sub-tree headed by the cell is filtered
+** Set *pbEof to true if the sub-tree headed by the cell is filtered
 ** (excluded) by the constraints in the pCursor->aConstraint[] 
 ** array, or false otherwise.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
+** occurs within a geometry callback.
 */
-static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor){
+static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
   RtreeCell cell;
   int ii;
   int bRes = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
   nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
   for(ii=0; bRes==0 && ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
@@ -116744,31 +128732,51 @@ static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor){
     double cell_max = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2+1]);
 
     assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ
+        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
     );
 
     switch( p->op ){
-      case RTREE_LE: case RTREE_LT: bRes = p->rValue<cell_min; break;
-      case RTREE_GE: case RTREE_GT: bRes = p->rValue>cell_max; break;
-      case RTREE_EQ: 
+      case RTREE_LE: case RTREE_LT: 
+        bRes = p->rValue<cell_min; 
+        break;
+
+      case RTREE_GE: case RTREE_GT: 
+        bRes = p->rValue>cell_max; 
+        break;
+
+      case RTREE_EQ:
         bRes = (p->rValue>cell_max || p->rValue<cell_min);
         break;
+
+      default: {
+        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &bRes);
+        bRes = !bRes;
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  return bRes;
+  *pbEof = bRes;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /* 
-** Return true if the cell that cursor pCursor currently points to
+** Test if the cell that cursor pCursor currently points to
 ** would be filtered (excluded) by the constraints in the 
-** pCursor->aConstraint[] array, or false otherwise.
+** pCursor->aConstraint[] array. If so, set *pbEof to true before
+** returning. If the cell is not filtered (excluded) by the constraints,
+** set pbEof to zero.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
+** occurs within a geometry callback.
 **
 ** This function assumes that the cell is part of a leaf node.
 */
-static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor){
+static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
   RtreeCell cell;
   int ii;
+  *pbEof = 0;
 
   nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
   for(ii=0; ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
@@ -116776,7 +128784,7 @@ static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor){
     double coord = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[p->iCoord]);
     int res;
     assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ
+        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
     );
     switch( p->op ){
       case RTREE_LE: res = (coord<=p->rValue); break;
@@ -116784,12 +128792,24 @@ static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor){
       case RTREE_GE: res = (coord>=p->rValue); break;
       case RTREE_GT: res = (coord>p->rValue);  break;
       case RTREE_EQ: res = (coord==p->rValue); break;
+      default: {
+        int rc;
+        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
+        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
     }
 
-    if( !res ) return 1;
+    if( !res ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
   }
 
-  return 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -116816,19 +128836,18 @@ static int descendToCell(
   assert( iHeight>=0 );
 
   if( iHeight==0 ){
-    isEof = testRtreeEntry(pRtree, pCursor);
+    rc = testRtreeEntry(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
   }else{
-    isEof = testRtreeCell(pRtree, pCursor);
+    rc = testRtreeCell(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
   }
-  if( isEof || iHeight==0 ){
-    *pEof = isEof;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isEof || iHeight==0 ){
+    goto descend_to_cell_out;
   }
 
   iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell);
   rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iRowid, pCursor->pNode, &pChild);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    return rc;
+    goto descend_to_cell_out;
   }
 
   nodeRelease(pRtree, pCursor->pNode);
@@ -116838,7 +128857,7 @@ static int descendToCell(
     pCursor->iCell = ii;
     rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCursor, iHeight-1, &isEof);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
+      goto descend_to_cell_out;
     }
   }
 
@@ -116850,32 +128869,43 @@ static int descendToCell(
     pCursor->iCell = iSavedCell;
   }
 
+descend_to_cell_out:
   *pEof = isEof;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
 ** One of the cells in node pNode is guaranteed to have a 64-bit 
 ** integer value equal to iRowid. Return the index of this cell.
 */
-static int nodeRowidIndex(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, i64 iRowid){
+static int nodeRowidIndex(
+  Rtree *pRtree, 
+  RtreeNode *pNode, 
+  i64 iRowid,
+  int *piIndex
+){
   int ii;
-  for(ii=0; nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, ii)!=iRowid; ii++){
-    assert( ii<(NCELL(pNode)-1) );
+  int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
+    if( nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, ii)==iRowid ){
+      *piIndex = ii;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
   }
-  return ii;
+  return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return the index of the cell containing a pointer to node pNode
 ** in its parent. If pNode is the root node, return -1.
 */
-static int nodeParentIndex(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int nodeParentIndex(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int *piIndex){
   RtreeNode *pParent = pNode->pParent;
   if( pParent ){
-    return nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pParent, pNode->iNode);
+    return nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pParent, pNode->iNode, piIndex);
   }
-  return -1;
+  *piIndex = -1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /* 
@@ -116886,13 +128916,17 @@ static int rtreeNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor){
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
+  /* RtreeCursor.pNode must not be NULL. If is is NULL, then this cursor is
+  ** already at EOF. It is against the rules to call the xNext() method of
+  ** a cursor that has already reached EOF.
+  */
+  assert( pCsr->pNode );
+
   if( pCsr->iStrategy==1 ){
     /* This "scan" is a direct lookup by rowid. There is no next entry. */
     nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
     pCsr->pNode = 0;
-  }
-
-  else if( pCsr->pNode ){
+  }else{
     /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
     int iHeight = 0;
     while( pCsr->pNode ){
@@ -116906,7 +128940,10 @@ static int rtreeNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor){
         }
       }
       pCsr->pNode = pNode->pParent;
-      pCsr->iCell = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode);
+      rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &pCsr->iCell);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
       nodeReference(pCsr->pNode);
       nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
       iHeight++;
@@ -116974,6 +129011,51 @@ static int findLeafNode(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iRowid, RtreeNode **ppLeaf){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function is called to configure the RtreeConstraint object passed
+** as the second argument for a MATCH constraint. The value passed as the
+** first argument to this function is the right-hand operand to the MATCH
+** operator.
+*/
+static int deserializeGeometry(sqlite3_value *pValue, RtreeConstraint *pCons){
+  RtreeMatchArg *p;
+  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;
+  int nBlob;
+
+  /* Check that value is actually a blob. */
+  if( !sqlite3_value_type(pValue)==SQLITE_BLOB ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
+
+  /* Check that the blob is roughly the right size. */
+  nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(pValue);
+  if( nBlob<(int)sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) 
+   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(double))!=0
+  ){
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  pGeom = (sqlite3_rtree_geometry *)sqlite3_malloc(
+      sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry) + nBlob
+  );
+  if( !pGeom ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pGeom, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry));
+  p = (RtreeMatchArg *)&pGeom[1];
+
+  memcpy(p, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
+  if( p->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 
+   || nBlob!=(int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (p->nParam-1)*sizeof(double))
+  ){
+    sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  pGeom->pContext = p->pContext;
+  pGeom->nParam = p->nParam;
+  pGeom->aParam = p->aParam;
+
+  pCons->xGeom = p->xGeom;
+  pCons->pGeom = pGeom;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
 
 /* 
 ** Rtree virtual table module xFilter method.
@@ -116992,8 +129074,7 @@ static int rtreeFilter(
 
   rtreeReference(pRtree);
 
-  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
-  pCsr->aConstraint = 0;
+  freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
   pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
 
   if( idxNum==1 ){
@@ -117002,8 +129083,9 @@ static int rtreeFilter(
     i64 iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
     rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf);
     pCsr->pNode = pLeaf; 
-    if( pLeaf && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      pCsr->iCell = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid);
+    if( pLeaf ){
+      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &pCsr->iCell);
     }
   }else{
     /* Normal case - r-tree scan. Set up the RtreeCursor.aConstraint array 
@@ -117015,12 +129097,25 @@ static int rtreeFilter(
       if( !pCsr->aConstraint ){
         rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }else{
-        assert( (idxStr==0 && argc==0) || strlen(idxStr)==argc*2 );
+        memset(pCsr->aConstraint, 0, sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
+        assert( (idxStr==0 && argc==0)
+                || (idxStr && (int)strlen(idxStr)==argc*2) );
         for(ii=0; ii<argc; ii++){
           RtreeConstraint *p = &pCsr->aConstraint[ii];
           p->op = idxStr[ii*2];
           p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'a';
-          p->rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+          if( p->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+            /* A MATCH operator. The right-hand-side must be a blob that
+            ** can be cast into an RtreeMatchArg object. One created using
+            ** an sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() SQL user function.
+            */
+            rc = deserializeGeometry(argv[ii], p);
+            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+              break;
+            }
+          }else{
+            p->rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+          }
         }
       }
     }
@@ -117080,6 +129175,7 @@ static int rtreeFilter(
 **      <        0x43 ('C')
 **     >=        0x44 ('D')
 **      >        0x45 ('E')
+**   MATCH       0x46 ('F')
 **   ----------------------
 **
 ** The second of each pair of bytes identifies the coordinate column
@@ -117088,14 +129184,15 @@ static int rtreeFilter(
 */
 static int rtreeBestIndex(sqlite3_vtab *tab, sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  int ii, cCol;
+  int ii;
 
   int iIdx = 0;
   char zIdxStr[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*8+1];
   memset(zIdxStr, 0, sizeof(zIdxStr));
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(tab);
 
   assert( pIdxInfo->idxStr==0 );
-  for(ii=0; ii<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; ii++){
+  for(ii=0; ii<pIdxInfo->nConstraint && iIdx<(int)(sizeof(zIdxStr)-1); ii++){
     struct sqlite3_index_constraint *p = &pIdxInfo->aConstraint[ii];
 
     if( p->usable && p->iColumn==0 && p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ){
@@ -117118,48 +129215,23 @@ static int rtreeBestIndex(sqlite3_vtab *tab, sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo){
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
 
-    if( p->usable && p->iColumn>0 ){
-      u8 op = 0;
+    if( p->usable && (p->iColumn>0 || p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH) ){
+      u8 op;
       switch( p->op ){
         case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ: op = RTREE_EQ; break;
         case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT: op = RTREE_GT; break;
         case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE: op = RTREE_LE; break;
         case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT: op = RTREE_LT; break;
         case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE: op = RTREE_GE; break;
+        default:
+          assert( p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH );
+          op = RTREE_MATCH; 
+          break;
       }
-      if( op ){
-        /* Make sure this particular constraint has not been used before.
-        ** If it has been used before, ignore it.
-        **
-        ** A <= or < can be used if there is a prior >= or >.
-        ** A >= or > can be used if there is a prior < or <=.
-        ** A <= or < is disqualified if there is a prior <=, <, or ==.
-        ** A >= or > is disqualified if there is a prior >=, >, or ==.
-        ** A == is disqualifed if there is any prior constraint.
-        */
-        int j, opmsk;
-        static const unsigned char compatible[] = { 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2 };
-        assert( compatible[RTREE_EQ & 7]==0 );
-        assert( compatible[RTREE_LT & 7]==1 );
-        assert( compatible[RTREE_LE & 7]==1 );
-        assert( compatible[RTREE_GT & 7]==2 );
-        assert( compatible[RTREE_GE & 7]==2 );
-        cCol = p->iColumn - 1 + 'a';
-        opmsk = compatible[op & 7];
-        for(j=0; j<iIdx; j+=2){
-          if( zIdxStr[j+1]==cCol && (compatible[zIdxStr[j] & 7] & opmsk)!=0 ){
-            op = 0;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if( op ){
-        assert( iIdx<sizeof(zIdxStr)-1 );
-        zIdxStr[iIdx++] = op;
-        zIdxStr[iIdx++] = cCol;
-        pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = (iIdx/2);
-        pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].omit = 1;
-      }
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = op;
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + 'a';
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = (iIdx/2);
+      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].omit = 1;
     }
   }
 
@@ -117180,7 +129252,7 @@ static float cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
   float area = 1.0;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    area = area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
+    area = (float)(area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
   }
   return area;
 }
@@ -117193,7 +129265,7 @@ static float cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
   float margin = 0.0;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    margin += (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
+    margin += (float)(DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
   }
   return margin;
 }
@@ -117258,7 +129330,13 @@ static float cellOverlap(
   int ii;
   float overlap = 0.0;
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    if( ii!=iExclude ){
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+    if( ii!=iExclude )
+#else
+    assert( iExclude==-1 );
+    UNUSED_PARAMETER(iExclude);
+#endif
+    {
       int jj;
       float o = 1.0;
       for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
@@ -117272,7 +129350,7 @@ static float cellOverlap(
           o = 0.0;
           break;
         }else{
-          o = o * (x2-x1);
+          o = o * (float)(x2-x1);
         }
       }
       overlap += o;
@@ -117291,12 +129369,12 @@ static float cellOverlapEnlargement(
   int nCell, 
   int iExclude
 ){
-  float before;
-  float after;
+  double before;
+  double after;
   before = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
   cellUnion(pRtree, p, pInsert);
   after = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
-  return after-before;
+  return (float)(after-before);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -117318,11 +129396,14 @@ static int ChooseLeaf(
 
   for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<(pRtree->iDepth-iHeight); ii++){
     int iCell;
-    sqlite3_int64 iBest;
+    sqlite3_int64 iBest = 0;
 
-    float fMinGrowth;
-    float fMinArea;
-    float fMinOverlap;
+    float fMinGrowth = 0.0;
+    float fMinArea = 0.0;
+#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
+    float fMinOverlap = 0.0;
+    float overlap;
+#endif
 
     int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
     RtreeCell cell;
@@ -117351,23 +129432,33 @@ static int ChooseLeaf(
     ** the smallest area.
     */
     for(iCell=0; iCell<nCell; iCell++){
+      int bBest = 0;
       float growth;
       float area;
-      float overlap = 0.0;
       nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, iCell, &cell);
       growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
       area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
+
 #if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
       if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
         overlap = cellOverlapEnlargement(pRtree,&cell,pCell,aCell,nCell,iCell);
+      }else{
+        overlap = 0.0;
       }
-#endif
       if( (iCell==0) 
        || (overlap<fMinOverlap) 
        || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth<fMinGrowth)
        || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea)
       ){
+        bBest = 1;
         fMinOverlap = overlap;
+      }
+#else
+      if( iCell==0||growth<fMinGrowth||(growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea) ){
+        bBest = 1;
+      }
+#endif
+      if( bBest ){
         fMinGrowth = growth;
         fMinArea = area;
         iBest = cell.iRowid;
@@ -117389,16 +129480,20 @@ static int ChooseLeaf(
 ** the node pNode. This function updates the bounding box cells in
 ** all ancestor elements.
 */
-static void AdjustTree(
+static int AdjustTree(
   Rtree *pRtree,                    /* Rtree table */
   RtreeNode *pNode,                 /* Adjust ancestry of this node. */
   RtreeCell *pCell                  /* This cell was just inserted */
 ){
   RtreeNode *p = pNode;
   while( p->pParent ){
-    RtreeCell cell;
     RtreeNode *pParent = p->pParent;
-    int iCell = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, p);
+    RtreeCell cell;
+    int iCell;
+
+    if( nodeParentIndex(pRtree, p, &iCell) ){
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    }
 
     nodeGetCell(pRtree, pParent, iCell, &cell);
     if( !cellContains(pRtree, &cell, pCell) ){
@@ -117408,6 +129503,7 @@ static void AdjustTree(
  
     p = pParent;
   }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -117738,9 +129834,9 @@ static int splitNodeStartree(
   int *aSpare;
   int ii;
 
-  int iBestDim;
-  int iBestSplit;
-  float fBestMargin;
+  int iBestDim = 0;
+  int iBestSplit = 0;
+  float fBestMargin = 0.0;
 
   int nByte = (pRtree->nDim+1)*(sizeof(int*)+nCell*sizeof(int));
 
@@ -117762,9 +129858,9 @@ static int splitNodeStartree(
 
   for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim; ii++){
     float margin = 0.0;
-    float fBestOverlap;
-    float fBestArea;
-    int iBestLeft;
+    float fBestOverlap = 0.0;
+    float fBestArea = 0.0;
+    int iBestLeft = 0;
     int nLeft;
 
     for(
@@ -117936,14 +130032,14 @@ static int SplitNode(
   nCell++;
 
   if( pNode->iNode==1 ){
-    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode, 1);
-    pLeft = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode, 1);
+    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode);
+    pLeft = nodeNew(pRtree, pNode);
     pRtree->iDepth++;
     pNode->isDirty = 1;
     writeInt16(pNode->zData, pRtree->iDepth);
   }else{
     pLeft = pNode;
-    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pLeft->pParent, 1);
+    pRight = nodeNew(pRtree, pLeft->pParent);
     nodeReference(pLeft);
   }
 
@@ -117960,8 +130056,12 @@ static int SplitNode(
     goto splitnode_out;
   }
 
-  /* Ensure both child nodes have node numbers assigned to them. */
-  if( (0==pRight->iNode && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pRight)))
+  /* Ensure both child nodes have node numbers assigned to them by calling
+  ** nodeWrite(). Node pRight always needs a node number, as it was created
+  ** by nodeNew() above. But node pLeft sometimes already has a node number.
+  ** In this case avoid the all to nodeWrite().
+  */
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pRight))
    || (0==pLeft->iNode && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeWrite(pRtree, pLeft)))
   ){
     goto splitnode_out;
@@ -117977,9 +130077,15 @@ static int SplitNode(
     }
   }else{
     RtreeNode *pParent = pLeft->pParent;
-    int iCell = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pLeft);
-    nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox, iCell);
-    AdjustTree(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox);
+    int iCell;
+    rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pLeft, &iCell);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox, iCell);
+      rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pParent, &leftbbox);
+    }
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto splitnode_out;
+    }
   }
   if( (rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight->pParent, &rightbbox, iHeight+1)) ){
     goto splitnode_out;
@@ -118023,20 +130129,43 @@ static int SplitNode(
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** If node pLeaf is not the root of the r-tree and its pParent pointer is 
+** still NULL, load all ancestor nodes of pLeaf into memory and populate
+** the pLeaf->pParent chain all the way up to the root node.
+**
+** This operation is required when a row is deleted (or updated - an update
+** is implemented as a delete followed by an insert). SQLite provides the
+** rowid of the row to delete, which can be used to find the leaf on which
+** the entry resides (argument pLeaf). Once the leaf is located, this 
+** function is called to determine its ancestry.
+*/
 static int fixLeafParent(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pLeaf){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  if( pLeaf->iNode!=1 && pLeaf->pParent==0 ){
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 1, pLeaf->iNode);
-    if( sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadParent)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-      i64 iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 0);
-      rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, &pLeaf->pParent);
-    }else{
-      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-    }
-    sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadParent);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = fixLeafParent(pRtree, pLeaf->pParent);
+  RtreeNode *pChild = pLeaf;
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && pChild->iNode!=1 && pChild->pParent==0 ){
+    int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;          /* sqlite3_reset() return code */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 1, pChild->iNode);
+    rc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadParent);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      RtreeNode *pTest;           /* Used to test for reference loops */
+      i64 iNode;                  /* Node number of parent node */
+
+      /* Before setting pChild->pParent, test that we are not creating a
+      ** loop of references (as we would if, say, pChild==pParent). We don't
+      ** want to do this as it leads to a memory leak when trying to delete
+      ** the referenced counted node structures.
+      */
+      iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadParent, 0);
+      for(pTest=pLeaf; pTest && pTest->iNode!=iNode; pTest=pTest->pParent);
+      if( !pTest ){
+        rc2 = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, &pChild->pParent);
+      }
     }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadParent);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pChild->pParent ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+    pChild = pChild->pParent;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -118045,18 +130174,24 @@ static int deleteCell(Rtree *, RtreeNode *, int, int);
 
 static int removeNode(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iHeight){
   int rc;
-  RtreeNode *pParent;
+  int rc2;
+  RtreeNode *pParent = 0;
   int iCell;
 
   assert( pNode->nRef==1 );
 
   /* Remove the entry in the parent cell. */
-  iCell = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode);
-  pParent = pNode->pParent;
-  pNode->pParent = 0;
-  if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = deleteCell(pRtree, pParent, iCell, iHeight+1)) 
-   || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pParent))
-  ){
+  rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &iCell);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pParent = pNode->pParent;
+    pNode->pParent = 0;
+    rc = deleteCell(pRtree, pParent, iCell, iHeight+1);
+  }
+  rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pParent);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = rc2;
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     return rc;
   }
 
@@ -118086,8 +130221,9 @@ static int removeNode(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iHeight){
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-static void fixBoundingBox(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int fixBoundingBox(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
   RtreeNode *pParent = pNode->pParent;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK; 
   if( pParent ){
     int ii; 
     int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
@@ -118099,10 +130235,13 @@ static void fixBoundingBox(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
       cellUnion(pRtree, &box, &cell);
     }
     box.iRowid = pNode->iNode;
-    ii = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode);
-    nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &box, ii);
-    fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pParent);
+    rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &ii);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      nodeOverwriteCell(pRtree, pParent, &box, ii);
+      rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pParent);
+    }
   }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -118110,6 +130249,7 @@ static void fixBoundingBox(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
 ** cell, adjust the r-tree data structure if required.
 */
 static int deleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell, int iHeight){
+  RtreeNode *pParent;
   int rc;
 
   if( SQLITE_OK!=(rc = fixLeafParent(pRtree, pNode)) ){
@@ -118126,14 +130266,13 @@ static int deleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell, int iHeight){
   ** cell in the parent node so that it tightly contains the updated
   ** node.
   */
-  if( pNode->iNode!=1 ){
-    RtreeNode *pParent = pNode->pParent;
-    if( (pParent->iNode!=1 || NCELL(pParent)!=1) 
-     && (NCELL(pNode)<RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree))
-    ){
+  pParent = pNode->pParent;
+  assert( pParent || pNode->iNode==1 );
+  if( pParent ){
+    if( NCELL(pNode)<RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree) ){
       rc = removeNode(pRtree, pNode, iHeight);
     }else{
-      fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
+      rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
     }
   }
 
@@ -118184,19 +130323,19 @@ static int Reinsert(
     }
     aOrder[ii] = ii;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
     }
   }
   for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-    aCenterCoord[iDim] = aCenterCoord[iDim]/((float)nCell*2.0);
+    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (float)(aCenterCoord[iDim]/((float)nCell*2.0));
   }
 
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
     aDistance[ii] = 0.0;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      float coord = DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
-          DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      float coord = (float)(DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
+          DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
       aDistance[ii] += (coord-aCenterCoord[iDim])*(coord-aCenterCoord[iDim]);
     }
   }
@@ -118216,7 +130355,7 @@ static int Reinsert(
     }
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
+    rc = fixBoundingBox(pRtree, pNode);
   }
   for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<nCell; ii++){
     /* Find a node to store this cell in. pNode->iNode currently contains
@@ -118270,11 +130409,13 @@ static int rtreeInsertCell(
     rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
 #endif
   }else{
-    AdjustTree(pRtree, pNode, pCell);
-    if( iHeight==0 ){
-      rc = rowidWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
-    }else{
-      rc = parentWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+    rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pNode, pCell);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iHeight==0 ){
+        rc = rowidWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }else{
+        rc = parentWrite(pRtree, pCell->iRowid, pNode->iNode);
+      }
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -118293,10 +130434,10 @@ static int reinsertNodeContent(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
     /* Find a node to store this cell in. pNode->iNode currently contains
     ** the height of the sub-tree headed by the cell.
     */
-    rc = ChooseLeaf(pRtree, &cell, pNode->iNode, &pInsert);
+    rc = ChooseLeaf(pRtree, &cell, (int)pNode->iNode, &pInsert);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       int rc2;
-      rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pInsert, &cell, pNode->iNode);
+      rc = rtreeInsertCell(pRtree, pInsert, &cell, (int)pNode->iNode);
       rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pInsert);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = rc2;
@@ -118319,122 +130460,120 @@ static int newRowid(Rtree *pRtree, i64 *piRowid){
   return rc;
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-static int hashIsEmpty(Rtree *pRtree){
-  int ii;
-  for(ii=0; ii<HASHSIZE; ii++){
-    assert( !pRtree->aHash[ii] );
-  }
-  return 1;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
-** The xUpdate method for rtree module virtual tables.
+** Remove the entry with rowid=iDelete from the r-tree structure.
 */
-static int rtreeUpdate(
-  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, 
-  int nData, 
-  sqlite3_value **azData, 
-  sqlite_int64 *pRowid
-){
-  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtab;
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+static int rtreeDeleteRowid(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iDelete){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  RtreeNode *pLeaf;               /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
+  int iCell;                      /* Index of iDelete cell in pLeaf */
+  RtreeNode *pRoot;               /* Root node of rtree structure */
 
-  rtreeReference(pRtree);
 
-  assert(nData>=1);
-  assert(hashIsEmpty(pRtree));
+  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialise Rtree.iDepth */
+  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
 
-  /* If azData[0] is not an SQL NULL value, it is the rowid of a
-  ** record to delete from the r-tree table. The following block does
-  ** just that.
+  /* Obtain a reference to the leaf node that contains the entry 
+  ** about to be deleted. 
   */
-  if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
-    i64 iDelete;                /* The rowid to delete */
-    RtreeNode *pLeaf;           /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
-    int iCell;                  /* Index of iDelete cell in pLeaf */
-    RtreeNode *pRoot;
-
-    /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialise Rtree.iDepth */
-    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
-
-    /* Obtain a reference to the leaf node that contains the entry 
-    ** about to be deleted. 
-    */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      iDelete = sqlite3_value_int64(azData[0]);
-      rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf);
-    }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf);
+  }
 
-    /* Delete the cell in question from the leaf node. */
+  /* Delete the cell in question from the leaf node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iDelete, &iCell);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      int rc2;
-      iCell = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iDelete);
       rc = deleteCell(pRtree, pLeaf, iCell, 0);
-      rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeaf);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = rc2;
-      }
     }
-
-    /* Delete the corresponding entry in the <rtree>_rowid table. */
+    rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pLeaf);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pDeleteRowid, 1, iDelete);
-      sqlite3_step(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+      rc = rc2;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Check if the root node now has exactly one child. If so, remove
-    ** it, schedule the contents of the child for reinsertion and 
-    ** reduce the tree height by one.
-    **
-    ** This is equivalent to copying the contents of the child into
-    ** the root node (the operation that Gutman's paper says to perform 
-    ** in this scenario).
-    */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pRtree->iDepth>0 ){
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && NCELL(pRoot)==1 ){
-        RtreeNode *pChild;
-        i64 iChild = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pRoot, 0);
-        rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iChild, pRoot, &pChild);
-        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          rc = removeNode(pRtree, pChild, pRtree->iDepth-1);
-        }
-        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          pRtree->iDepth--;
-          writeInt16(pRoot->zData, pRtree->iDepth);
-          pRoot->isDirty = 1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
+  /* Delete the corresponding entry in the <rtree>_rowid table. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pDeleteRowid, 1, iDelete);
+    sqlite3_step(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pDeleteRowid);
+  }
 
-    /* Re-insert the contents of any underfull nodes removed from the tree. */
-    for(pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted; pLeaf; pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted){
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = reinsertNodeContent(pRtree, pLeaf);
-      }
-      pRtree->pDeleted = pLeaf->pNext;
-      sqlite3_free(pLeaf);
+  /* Check if the root node now has exactly one child. If so, remove
+  ** it, schedule the contents of the child for reinsertion and 
+  ** reduce the tree height by one.
+  **
+  ** This is equivalent to copying the contents of the child into
+  ** the root node (the operation that Gutman's paper says to perform 
+  ** in this scenario).
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pRtree->iDepth>0 && NCELL(pRoot)==1 ){
+    int rc2;
+    RtreeNode *pChild;
+    i64 iChild = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pRoot, 0);
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iChild, pRoot, &pChild);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = removeNode(pRtree, pChild, pRtree->iDepth-1);
+    }
+    rc2 = nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pRtree->iDepth--;
+      writeInt16(pRoot->zData, pRtree->iDepth);
+      pRoot->isDirty = 1;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Release the reference to the root node. */
+  /* Re-insert the contents of any underfull nodes removed from the tree. */
+  for(pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted; pLeaf; pLeaf=pRtree->pDeleted){
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
-    }else{
-      nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+      rc = reinsertNodeContent(pRtree, pLeaf);
     }
+    pRtree->pDeleted = pLeaf->pNext;
+    sqlite3_free(pLeaf);
   }
 
-  /* If the azData[] array contains more than one element, elements
-  ** (azData[2]..azData[argc-1]) contain a new record to insert into
-  ** the r-tree structure.
+  /* Release the reference to the root node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+  }else{
+    nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** The xUpdate method for rtree module virtual tables.
+*/
+static int rtreeUpdate(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, 
+  int nData, 
+  sqlite3_value **azData, 
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid
+){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeCell cell;                 /* New cell to insert if nData>1 */
+  int bHaveRowid = 0;             /* Set to 1 after new rowid is determined */
+
+  rtreeReference(pRtree);
+  assert(nData>=1);
+
+  /* Constraint handling. A write operation on an r-tree table may return
+  ** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT for two reasons:
+  **
+  **   1. A duplicate rowid value, or
+  **   2. The supplied data violates the "x2>=x1" constraint.
+  **
+  ** In the first case, if the conflict-handling mode is REPLACE, then
+  ** the conflicting row can be removed before proceeding. In the second
+  ** case, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT must be returned regardless of the
+  ** conflict-handling mode specified by the user.
   */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nData>1 ){
-    /* Insert a new record into the r-tree */
-    RtreeCell cell;
+  if( nData>1 ){
     int ii;
-    RtreeNode *pLeaf;
 
     /* Populate the cell.aCoord[] array. The first coordinate is azData[3]. */
     assert( nData==(pRtree->nDim*2 + 3) );
@@ -118458,18 +130597,49 @@ static int rtreeUpdate(
       }
     }
 
-    /* Figure out the rowid of the new row. */
-    if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[2])==SQLITE_NULL ){
-      rc = newRowid(pRtree, &cell.iRowid);
-    }else{
+    /* If a rowid value was supplied, check if it is already present in 
+    ** the table. If so, the constraint has failed. */
+    if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[2])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
       cell.iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(azData[2]);
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, cell.iRowid);
-      if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid) ){
-        sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
-        rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
-        goto constraint;
+      if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[0])==SQLITE_NULL
+       || sqlite3_value_int64(azData[0])!=cell.iRowid
+      ){
+        int steprc;
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, cell.iRowid);
+        steprc = sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+        if( SQLITE_ROW==steprc ){
+          if( sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(pRtree->db)==SQLITE_REPLACE ){
+            rc = rtreeDeleteRowid(pRtree, cell.iRowid);
+          }else{
+            rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+            goto constraint;
+          }
+        }
       }
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
+      bHaveRowid = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If azData[0] is not an SQL NULL value, it is the rowid of a
+  ** record to delete from the r-tree table. The following block does
+  ** just that.
+  */
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(azData[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    rc = rtreeDeleteRowid(pRtree, sqlite3_value_int64(azData[0]));
+  }
+
+  /* If the azData[] array contains more than one element, elements
+  ** (azData[2]..azData[argc-1]) contain a new record to insert into
+  ** the r-tree structure.
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nData>1 ){
+    /* Insert the new record into the r-tree */
+    RtreeNode *pLeaf;
+
+    /* Figure out the rowid of the new row. */
+    if( bHaveRowid==0 ){
+      rc = newRowid(pRtree, &cell.iRowid);
     }
     *pRowid = cell.iRowid;
 
@@ -118514,7 +130684,7 @@ static int rtreeRename(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNewName){
 }
 
 static sqlite3_module rtreeModule = {
-  0,                         /* iVersion */
+  0,                          /* iVersion */
   rtreeCreate,                /* xCreate - create a table */
   rtreeConnect,               /* xConnect - connect to an existing table */
   rtreeBestIndex,             /* xBestIndex - Determine search strategy */
@@ -118533,7 +130703,10 @@ static sqlite3_module rtreeModule = {
   0,                          /* xCommit - commit transaction */
   0,                          /* xRollback - rollback transaction */
   0,                          /* xFindFunction - function overloading */
-  rtreeRename                 /* xRename - rename the table */
+  rtreeRename,                /* xRename - rename the table */
+  0,                          /* xSavepoint */
+  0,                          /* xRelease */
+  0                           /* xRollbackTo */
 };
 
 static int rtreeSqlInit(
@@ -118653,7 +130826,7 @@ static int getNodeSize(
   int rc;
   char *zSql;
   if( isCreate ){
-    int iPageSize;
+    int iPageSize = 0;
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("PRAGMA %Q.page_size", pRtree->zDb);
     rc = getIntFromStmt(db, zSql, &iPageSize);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -118695,7 +130868,7 @@ static int rtreeInit(
   Rtree *pRtree;
   int nDb;              /* Length of string argv[1] */
   int nName;            /* Length of string argv[2] */
-  int eCoordType = (int)pAux;
+  int eCoordType = (pAux ? RTREE_COORD_INT32 : RTREE_COORD_REAL32);
 
   const char *aErrMsg[] = {
     0,                                                    /* 0 */
@@ -118710,6 +130883,8 @@ static int rtreeInit(
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 
+  sqlite3_vtab_config(db, SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT, 1);
+
   /* Allocate the sqlite3_vtab structure */
   nDb = strlen(argv[1]);
   nName = strlen(argv[2]);
@@ -118792,6 +130967,7 @@ static void rtreenode(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
   Rtree tree;
   int ii;
 
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
   memset(&node, 0, sizeof(RtreeNode));
   memset(&tree, 0, sizeof(Rtree));
   tree.nDim = sqlite3_value_int(apArg[0]);
@@ -118805,7 +130981,7 @@ static void rtreenode(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
     int jj;
 
     nodeGetCell(&tree, &node, ii, &cell);
-    sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell],"%d", cell.iRowid);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell],"%lld", cell.iRowid);
     nCell = strlen(zCell);
     for(jj=0; jj<tree.nDim*2; jj++){
       sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell]," %f",(double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
@@ -118825,6 +131001,7 @@ static void rtreenode(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
 }
 
 static void rtreedepth(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
   if( sqlite3_value_type(apArg[0])!=SQLITE_BLOB 
    || sqlite3_value_bytes(apArg[0])<2
   ){
@@ -118841,14 +131018,11 @@ static void rtreedepth(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
 ** function "rtreenode".
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RtreeInit(sqlite3 *db){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  const int utf8 = SQLITE_UTF8;
+  int rc;
 
+  rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreenode", 2, utf8, 0, rtreenode, 0, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int utf8 = SQLITE_UTF8;
-    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreenode", 2, utf8, 0, rtreenode, 0, 0);
-  }
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int utf8 = SQLITE_UTF8;
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreedepth", 1, utf8, 0,rtreedepth, 0, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -118863,6 +131037,70 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RtreeInit(sqlite3 *db){
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** A version of sqlite3_free() that can be used as a callback. This is used
+** in two places - as the destructor for the blob value returned by the
+** invocation of a geometry function, and as the destructor for the geometry
+** functions themselves.
+*/
+static void doSqlite3Free(void *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
+** scalar user function. This C function is the callback used for all such
+** registered SQL functions.
+**
+** The scalar user functions return a blob that is interpreted by r-tree
+** table MATCH operators.
+*/
+static void geomCallback(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **aArg){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
+  RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;
+  int nBlob;
+
+  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(double);
+  pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg *)sqlite3_malloc(nBlob);
+  if( !pBlob ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    pBlob->magic = RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC;
+    pBlob->xGeom = pGeomCtx->xGeom;
+    pBlob->pContext = pGeomCtx->pContext;
+    pBlob->nParam = nArg;
+    for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+      pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_double(aArg[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, doSqlite3Free);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a new geometry function for use with the r-tree MATCH operator.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *),
+  void *pContext
+){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the context object. */
+  pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
+  if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pGeomCtx->xGeom = xGeom;
+  pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
+
+  /* Create the new user-function. Register a destructor function to delete
+  ** the context object when it is no longer required.  */
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zGeom, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, doSqlite3Free
+  );
+}
+
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
   sqlite3 *db,
@@ -118916,6 +131154,7 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
 #include <unicode/ustring.h>
 #include <unicode/ucol.h>
 
+/* #include <assert.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
   SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
@@ -119124,6 +131363,8 @@ static void icuRegexpFunc(sqlite3_context *p, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
   UBool res;
   const UChar *zString = sqlite3_value_text16(apArg[1]);
 
+  (void)nArg;  /* Unused parameter */
+
   /* If the left hand side of the regexp operator is NULL, 
   ** then the result is also NULL. 
   */
@@ -119352,7 +131593,7 @@ SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IcuInit(sqlite3 *db){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int i;
 
-  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<(sizeof(scalars)/sizeof(struct IcuScalar)); i++){
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<(int)(sizeof(scalars)/sizeof(scalars[0])); i++){
     struct IcuScalar *p = &scalars[i];
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(
         db, p->zName, p->nArg, p->enc, p->pContext, p->xFunc, 0, 0
@@ -119389,15 +131630,16 @@ SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
 **
 *************************************************************************
 ** This file implements a tokenizer for fts3 based on the ICU library.
-** 
-** $Id: fts3_icu.c,v 1.3 2008/09/01 18:34:20 danielk1977 Exp $
 */
-
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
 
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
 
 #include <unicode/ubrk.h>
+/* #include <unicode/ucol.h> */
+/* #include <unicode/ustring.h> */
 #include <unicode/utf16.h>
 
 typedef struct IcuTokenizer IcuTokenizer;
diff --git a/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.h b/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.h
index 32e3774b8..efaf3c898 100644
--- a/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.h
+++ b/tsk3/auto/sqlite3.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 */
 #ifndef _SQLITE3_H_
 #define _SQLITE3_H_
-#include <stdarg.h>             /* Needed for the definition of va_list */
+#include <stdarg.h>     /* Needed for the definition of va_list */
 
 /*
 ** Make sure we can call this stuff from C++.
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.2"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007002
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2010-08-23 18:52:01 42537b60566f288167f1b5864a5435986838e3a3"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.9"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007009
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2011-11-01 00:52:41 c7c6050ef060877ebe77b41d959e9df13f8c9b5e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN const char sqlite3_version[];
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void);
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN const char sqlite3_version[];
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_libversion(void);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_libversion_number(void);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Compilation Options Diagnostics
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite_compileoption_get()] and the [compile_options pragma].
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_compileoption_used(const char *zOptName);
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_compileoption_get(int N);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_compileoption_used(const char *zOptName);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_compileoption_get(int N);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See the [threading mode] documentation for additional information.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_threadsafe(void);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Handle
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
 ** sqlite3 object.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3 sqlite3;
+typedef struct sqlite3 sqlite3;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: 64-Bit Integer Types
@@ -243,17 +243,17 @@ extern "C" {
 ** between 0 and +18446744073709551615 inclusive.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE
-    typedef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_int64;
-    typedef unsigned SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_uint64;
+  typedef SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned SQLITE_INT64_TYPE sqlite_uint64;
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
-    typedef __int64 sqlite_int64;
-    typedef unsigned __int64 sqlite_uint64;
+  typedef __int64 sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned __int64 sqlite_uint64;
 #else
-    typedef long long int sqlite_int64;
-    typedef unsigned long long int sqlite_uint64;
+  typedef long long int sqlite_int64;
+  typedef unsigned long long int sqlite_uint64;
 #endif
-    typedef sqlite_int64 sqlite3_int64;
-    typedef sqlite_uint64 sqlite3_uint64;
+typedef sqlite_int64 sqlite3_int64;
+typedef sqlite_uint64 sqlite3_uint64;
 
 /*
 ** If compiling for a processor that lacks floating point support,
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
 ** harmless no-op.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
 
 /*
 ** The type for a callback function.
 ** This is legacy and deprecated.  It is included for historical
 ** compatibility and is not documented.
 */
-    typedef int (*sqlite3_callback) (void *, int, char **, char **);
+typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(void*,int,char**, char**);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: One-Step Query Execution Interface
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** argument.  ^If the callback function of the 3rd argument to
 ** sqlite3_exec() is not NULL, then it is invoked for each result row
 ** coming out of the evaluated SQL statements.  ^The 4th argument to
-** to sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
+** sqlite3_exec() is relayed through to the 1st argument of each
 ** callback invocation.  ^If the callback pointer to sqlite3_exec()
 ** is NULL, then no callback is ever invoked and result rows are
 ** ignored.
@@ -357,12 +357,13 @@ extern "C" {
 **      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
 ** </ul>
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(sqlite3 *,      /* An open database */
-        const char *sql,        /* SQL to be evaluated */
-        int (*callback) (void *, int, char **, char **),        /* Callback function */
-        void *,                 /* 1st argument to callback */
-        char **errmsg           /* Error msg written here */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_exec(
+  sqlite3*,                                  /* An open database */
+  const char *sql,                           /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  int (*callback)(void*,int,char**,char**),  /* Callback function */
+  void *,                                    /* 1st argument to callback */
+  char **errmsg                              /* Error msg written here */
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
@@ -374,7 +375,8 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes]
+** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -386,10 +388,10 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED       6   /* A table in the database is locked */
 #define SQLITE_NOMEM        7   /* A malloc() failed */
 #define SQLITE_READONLY     8   /* Attempt to write a readonly database */
-#define SQLITE_INTERRUPT    9   /* Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt() */
+#define SQLITE_INTERRUPT    9   /* Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()*/
 #define SQLITE_IOERR       10   /* Some kind of disk I/O error occurred */
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT     11   /* The database disk image is malformed */
-#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* NOT USED. Table or record not found */
+#define SQLITE_NOTFOUND    12   /* Unknown opcode in sqlite3_file_control() */
 #define SQLITE_FULL        13   /* Insertion failed because database is full */
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN    14   /* Unable to open the database file */
 #define SQLITE_PROTOCOL    15   /* Database lock protocol error */
@@ -451,36 +453,43 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN           (SQLITE_IOERR | (18<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE           (SQLITE_IOERR | (19<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
 **
 ** These bit values are intended for use in the
 ** 3rd parameter to the [sqlite3_open_v2()] interface and
-** in the 4th parameter to the xOpen method of the
-** [sqlite3_vfs] object.
-*/
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY         0x00000001 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE        0x00000002 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE           0x00000004 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE    0x00000008 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL     0x00000800 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL     0x00001000 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL       0x00002000 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL   0x00004000 /* VFS only */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX          0x00008000 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX        0x00010000 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE      0x00020000 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE     0x00040000 /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
-#define SQLITE_OPEN_WAL              0x00080000 /* VFS only */
+** in the 4th parameter to the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY         0x00000001  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE        0x00000002  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE           0x00000004  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE    0x00000008  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL     0x00000800  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL     0x00001000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL       0x00002000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL   0x00004000  /* VFS only */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX          0x00008000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX        0x00010000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE      0x00020000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE     0x00040000  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_WAL              0x00080000  /* VFS only */
+
+/* Reserved:                         0x00F00000 */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
@@ -541,6 +550,18 @@ extern "C" {
 ** equal SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL, that means to use normal fsync() semantics.
 ** If the lower four bits equal SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, that means
 ** to use Mac OS X style fullsync instead of fsync().
+**
+** Do not confuse the SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags
+** with the [PRAGMA synchronous]=NORMAL and [PRAGMA synchronous]=FULL
+** settings.  The [synchronous pragma] determines when calls to the
+** xSync VFS method occur and applies uniformly across all platforms.
+** The SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL flags determine how
+** energetic or rigorous or forceful the sync operations are and
+** only make a difference on Mac OSX for the default SQLite code.
+** (Third-party VFS implementations might also make the distinction
+** between SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL and SQLITE_SYNC_FULL, but among the
+** operating systems natively supported by SQLite, only Mac OSX
+** cares about the difference.)
 */
 #define SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL        0x00002
 #define SQLITE_SYNC_FULL          0x00003
@@ -557,25 +578,26 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_io_methods] object that defines methods for performing
 ** I/O operations on the open file.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_file sqlite3_file;
-    struct sqlite3_file {
-        const struct sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods;      /* Methods for an open file */
-    };
+typedef struct sqlite3_file sqlite3_file;
+struct sqlite3_file {
+  const struct sqlite3_io_methods *pMethods;  /* Methods for an open file */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: OS Interface File Virtual Methods Object
 **
-** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs] xOpen method populates an
+** Every file opened by the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method populates an
 ** [sqlite3_file] object (or, more commonly, a subclass of the
 ** [sqlite3_file] object) with a pointer to an instance of this object.
 ** This object defines the methods used to perform various operations
 ** against the open file represented by the [sqlite3_file] object.
 **
-** If the xOpen method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
+** If the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] method sets the sqlite3_file.pMethods element 
 ** to a non-NULL pointer, then the sqlite3_io_methods.xClose method
-** may be invoked even if the xOpen reported that it failed.  The
-** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed xOpen
-** is for the xOpen to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element to NULL.
+** may be invoked even if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] reported that it failed.  The
+** only way to prevent a call to xClose following a failed [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]
+** is for the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen] to set the sqlite3_file.pMethods element
+** to NULL.
 **
 ** The flags argument to xSync may be one of [SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL] or
 ** [SQLITE_SYNC_FULL].  The first choice is the normal fsync().
@@ -609,7 +631,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
 ** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
-** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.
+** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
+** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
+** recognize.
 **
 ** The xSectorSize() method returns the sector size of the
 ** device that underlies the file.  The sector size is the
@@ -649,32 +673,29 @@ extern "C" {
 ** failure to zero-fill short reads will eventually lead to
 ** database corruption.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_io_methods sqlite3_io_methods;
-    struct sqlite3_io_methods {
-        int iVersion;
-        int (*xClose) (sqlite3_file *);
-        int (*xRead) (sqlite3_file *, void *, int iAmt,
-            sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
-        int (*xWrite) (sqlite3_file *, const void *, int iAmt,
-            sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
-        int (*xTruncate) (sqlite3_file *, sqlite3_int64 size);
-        int (*xSync) (sqlite3_file *, int flags);
-        int (*xFileSize) (sqlite3_file *, sqlite3_int64 * pSize);
-        int (*xLock) (sqlite3_file *, int);
-        int (*xUnlock) (sqlite3_file *, int);
-        int (*xCheckReservedLock) (sqlite3_file *, int *pResOut);
-        int (*xFileControl) (sqlite3_file *, int op, void *pArg);
-        int (*xSectorSize) (sqlite3_file *);
-        int (*xDeviceCharacteristics) (sqlite3_file *);
-        /* Methods above are valid for version 1 */
-        int (*xShmMap) (sqlite3_file *, int iPg, int pgsz, int,
-            void volatile **);
-        int (*xShmLock) (sqlite3_file *, int offset, int n, int flags);
-        void (*xShmBarrier) (sqlite3_file *);
-        int (*xShmUnmap) (sqlite3_file *, int deleteFlag);
-        /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
-        /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
-    };
+typedef struct sqlite3_io_methods sqlite3_io_methods;
+struct sqlite3_io_methods {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xRead)(sqlite3_file*, void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xWrite)(sqlite3_file*, const void*, int iAmt, sqlite3_int64 iOfst);
+  int (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 size);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_file*, int flags);
+  int (*xFileSize)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 *pSize);
+  int (*xLock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xUnlock)(sqlite3_file*, int);
+  int (*xCheckReservedLock)(sqlite3_file*, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFileControl)(sqlite3_file*, int op, void *pArg);
+  int (*xSectorSize)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xDeviceCharacteristics)(sqlite3_file*);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 1 */
+  int (*xShmMap)(sqlite3_file*, int iPg, int pgsz, int, void volatile**);
+  int (*xShmLock)(sqlite3_file*, int offset, int n, int flags);
+  void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
+  int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
@@ -705,6 +726,56 @@ extern "C" {
 ** for the nominated database. Allocating database file space in large
 ** chunks (say 1MB at a time), may reduce file-system fragmentation and
 ** improve performance on some systems.
+**
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER] opcode is used to obtain a pointer
+** to the [sqlite3_file] object associated with a particular database
+** connection.  See the [sqlite3_file_control()] documentation for
+** additional information.
+**
+** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
+** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
+** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
+** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
+** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
+** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
+** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
+** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
+** that do require it.  
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
+** retry counts and intervals for certain disk I/O operations for the
+** windows [VFS] in order to work to provide robustness against
+** anti-virus programs.  By default, the windows VFS will retry file read,
+** file write, and file delete operations up to 10 times, with a delay
+** of 25 milliseconds before the first retry and with the delay increasing
+** by an additional 25 milliseconds with each subsequent retry.  This
+** opcode allows those to values (10 retries and 25 milliseconds of delay)
+** to be adjusted.  The values are changed for all database connections
+** within the same process.  The argument is a pointer to an array of two
+** integers where the first integer i the new retry count and the second
+** integer is the delay.  If either integer is negative, then the setting
+** is not changed but instead the prior value of that setting is written
+** into the array entry, allowing the current retry settings to be
+** interrogated.  The zDbName parameter is ignored.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
+** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
+** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
+** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
+** close.  Persisting the files is useful when other processes that do not
+** have write permission on the directory containing the database file want
+** to read the database file, as the WAL and shared memory files must exist
+** in order for the database to be readable.  The fourth parameter to
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] for this opcode should be a pointer to an integer.
+** That integer is 0 to disable persistent WAL mode or 1 to enable persistent
+** WAL mode.  If the integer is -1, then it is overwritten with the current
+** WAL persistence setting.
+**
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE] opcode is invoked by SQLite after opening
+** a write transaction to indicate that, unless it is rolled back for some
+** reason, the entire database file will be overwritten by the current 
+** transaction. This is used by VACUUM operations.
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE        1
 #define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      2
@@ -712,6 +783,11 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             4
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT        5
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE       6
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER     7
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED     8
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY   9
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL     10
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_OVERWRITE       11
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -723,14 +799,15 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** Mutexes are created using [sqlite3_mutex_alloc()].
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex sqlite3_mutex;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: OS Interface Object
 **
 ** An instance of the sqlite3_vfs object defines the interface between
 ** the SQLite core and the underlying operating system.  The "vfs"
-** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".
+** in the name of the object stands for "virtual file system".  See
+** the [VFS | VFS documentation] for further information.
 **
 ** The value of the iVersion field is initially 1 but may be larger in
 ** future versions of SQLite.  Additional fields may be appended to this
@@ -759,15 +836,20 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The zName field holds the name of the VFS module.  The name must
 ** be unique across all VFS modules.
 **
-** SQLite will guarantee that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xOpen]]
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the zFilename parameter to xOpen
 ** is either a NULL pointer or string obtained
-** from xFullPathname().  SQLite further guarantees that
+** from xFullPathname() with an optional suffix added.
+** ^If a suffix is added to the zFilename parameter, it will
+** consist of a single "-" character followed by no more than
+** 10 alphanumeric and/or "-" characters.
+** ^SQLite further guarantees that
 ** the string will be valid and unchanged until xClose() is
 ** called. Because of the previous sentence,
 ** the [sqlite3_file] can safely store a pointer to the
 ** filename if it needs to remember the filename for some reason.
-** If the zFilename parameter is xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
-** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  Whenever the 
+** If the zFilename parameter to xOpen is a NULL pointer then xOpen
+** must invent its own temporary name for the file.  ^Whenever the 
 ** xFilename parameter is NULL it will also be the case that the
 ** flags parameter will include [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE].
 **
@@ -778,7 +860,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** If xOpen() opens a file read-only then it sets *pOutFlags to
 ** include [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY].  Other bits in *pOutFlags may be set.
 **
-** SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
+** ^(SQLite will also add one of the following flags to the xOpen()
 ** call, depending on the object being opened:
 **
 ** <ul>
@@ -789,7 +871,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB]
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL]
 ** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL]
-** </ul>
+** <li>  [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL]
+** </ul>)^
 **
 ** The file I/O implementation can use the object type flags to
 ** change the way it deals with files.  For example, an application
@@ -808,10 +891,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE] flag means the file should be
-** deleted when it is closed.  The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
-** will be set for TEMP  databases, journals and for subjournals.
+** deleted when it is closed.  ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE]
+** will be set for TEMP databases and their journals, transient
+** databases, and subjournals.
 **
-** The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
+** ^The [SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE] flag is always used in conjunction
 ** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE] flag, which are both directly
 ** analogous to the O_EXCL and O_CREAT flags of the POSIX open()
 ** API.  The SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE flag, when paired with the 
@@ -820,7 +904,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** It is <i>not</i> used to indicate the file should be opened 
 ** for exclusive access.
 **
-** At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
+** ^At least szOsFile bytes of memory are allocated by SQLite
 ** to hold the  [sqlite3_file] structure passed as the third
 ** argument to xOpen.  The xOpen method does not have to
 ** allocate the structure; it should just fill it in.  Note that
@@ -830,13 +914,14 @@ extern "C" {
 ** element will be valid after xOpen returns regardless of the success
 ** or failure of the xOpen call.
 **
-** The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
+** [[sqlite3_vfs.xAccess]]
+** ^The flags argument to xAccess() may be [SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS]
 ** to test for the existence of a file, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE] to
 ** test whether a file is readable and writable, or [SQLITE_ACCESS_READ]
 ** to test whether a file is at least readable.   The file can be a
 ** directory.
 **
-** SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
+** ^SQLite will always allocate at least mxPathname+1 bytes for the
 ** output buffer xFullPathname.  The exact size of the output buffer
 ** is also passed as a parameter to both  methods. If the output buffer
 ** is not large enough, [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] should be returned. Since this is
@@ -850,52 +935,69 @@ extern "C" {
 ** of good-quality randomness into zOut.  The return value is
 ** the actual number of bytes of randomness obtained.
 ** The xSleep() method causes the calling thread to sleep for at
-** least the number of microseconds given.  The xCurrentTime()
+** least the number of microseconds given.  ^The xCurrentTime()
 ** method returns a Julian Day Number for the current date and time as
 ** a floating point value.
-** The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
-** Day Number multipled by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
+** ^The xCurrentTimeInt64() method returns, as an integer, the Julian
+** Day Number multiplied by 86400000 (the number of milliseconds in 
 ** a 24-hour day).  
 ** ^SQLite will use the xCurrentTimeInt64() method to get the current
 ** date and time if that method is available (if iVersion is 2 or 
 ** greater and the function pointer is not NULL) and will fall back
 ** to xCurrentTime() if xCurrentTimeInt64() is unavailable.
-*/
-    typedef struct sqlite3_vfs sqlite3_vfs;
-    struct sqlite3_vfs {
-        int iVersion;           /* Structure version number (currently 2) */
-        int szOsFile;           /* Size of subclassed sqlite3_file */
-        int mxPathname;         /* Maximum file pathname length */
-        sqlite3_vfs *pNext;     /* Next registered VFS */
-        const char *zName;      /* Name of this virtual file system */
-        void *pAppData;         /* Pointer to application-specific data */
-        int (*xOpen) (sqlite3_vfs *, const char *zName, sqlite3_file *,
-            int flags, int *pOutFlags);
-        int (*xDelete) (sqlite3_vfs *, const char *zName, int syncDir);
-        int (*xAccess) (sqlite3_vfs *, const char *zName, int flags,
-            int *pResOut);
-        int (*xFullPathname) (sqlite3_vfs *, const char *zName, int nOut,
-            char *zOut);
-        void *(*xDlOpen) (sqlite3_vfs *, const char *zFilename);
-        void (*xDlError) (sqlite3_vfs *, int nByte, char *zErrMsg);
-        void (*(*xDlSym) (sqlite3_vfs *, void *,
-                const char *zSymbol)) (void);
-        void (*xDlClose) (sqlite3_vfs *, void *);
-        int (*xRandomness) (sqlite3_vfs *, int nByte, char *zOut);
-        int (*xSleep) (sqlite3_vfs *, int microseconds);
-        int (*xCurrentTime) (sqlite3_vfs *, double *);
-        int (*xGetLastError) (sqlite3_vfs *, int, char *);
-        /*
-         ** The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_vfs object
-         ** definition.  Those that follow are added in version 2 or later
-         */
-        int (*xCurrentTimeInt64) (sqlite3_vfs *, sqlite3_int64 *);
-        /*
-         ** The methods above are in versions 1 and 2 of the sqlite_vfs object.
-         ** New fields may be appended in figure versions.  The iVersion
-         ** value will increment whenever this happens. 
-         */
-    };
+**
+** ^The xSetSystemCall(), xGetSystemCall(), and xNestSystemCall() interfaces
+** are not used by the SQLite core.  These optional interfaces are provided
+** by some VFSes to facilitate testing of the VFS code. By overriding 
+** system calls with functions under its control, a test program can
+** simulate faults and error conditions that would otherwise be difficult
+** or impossible to induce.  The set of system calls that can be overridden
+** varies from one VFS to another, and from one version of the same VFS to the
+** next.  Applications that use these interfaces must be prepared for any
+** or all of these interfaces to be NULL or for their behavior to change
+** from one release to the next.  Applications must not attempt to access
+** any of these methods if the iVersion of the VFS is less than 3.
+*/
+typedef struct sqlite3_vfs sqlite3_vfs;
+typedef void (*sqlite3_syscall_ptr)(void);
+struct sqlite3_vfs {
+  int iVersion;            /* Structure version number (currently 3) */
+  int szOsFile;            /* Size of subclassed sqlite3_file */
+  int mxPathname;          /* Maximum file pathname length */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pNext;      /* Next registered VFS */
+  const char *zName;       /* Name of this virtual file system */
+  void *pAppData;          /* Pointer to application-specific data */
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_file*,
+               int flags, int *pOutFlags);
+  int (*xDelete)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int syncDir);
+  int (*xAccess)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int flags, int *pResOut);
+  int (*xFullPathname)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, int nOut, char *zOut);
+  void *(*xDlOpen)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zFilename);
+  void (*xDlError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zErrMsg);
+  void (*(*xDlSym)(sqlite3_vfs*,void*, const char *zSymbol))(void);
+  void (*xDlClose)(sqlite3_vfs*, void*);
+  int (*xRandomness)(sqlite3_vfs*, int nByte, char *zOut);
+  int (*xSleep)(sqlite3_vfs*, int microseconds);
+  int (*xCurrentTime)(sqlite3_vfs*, double*);
+  int (*xGetLastError)(sqlite3_vfs*, int, char *);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_vfs object
+  ** definition.  Those that follow are added in version 2 or later
+  */
+  int (*xCurrentTimeInt64)(sqlite3_vfs*, sqlite3_int64*);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 and 2 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** Those below are for version 3 and greater.
+  */
+  int (*xSetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName, sqlite3_syscall_ptr);
+  sqlite3_syscall_ptr (*xGetSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  const char *(*xNextSystemCall)(sqlite3_vfs*, const char *zName);
+  /*
+  ** The methods above are in versions 1 through 3 of the sqlite_vfs object.
+  ** New fields may be appended in figure versions.  The iVersion
+  ** value will increment whenever this happens. 
+  */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xAccess VFS method
@@ -918,8 +1020,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** SQLite.
 */
 #define SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS    0
-#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE 1       /* Used by PRAGMA temp_store_directory */
-#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READ      2       /* Unused */
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE 1   /* Used by PRAGMA temp_store_directory */
+#define SQLITE_ACCESS_READ      2   /* Unused */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags for the xShmLock VFS method
@@ -1034,10 +1136,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** must return [SQLITE_OK] on success and some other [error code] upon
 ** failure.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_shutdown(void);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_shutdown(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Configuring The SQLite Library
@@ -1059,16 +1161,16 @@ extern "C" {
 ** implementation of an application-defined [sqlite3_os_init()].
 **
 ** The first argument to sqlite3_config() is an integer
-** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD | configuration option] that determines
+** [configuration option] that determines
 ** what property of SQLite is to be configured.  Subsequent arguments
-** vary depending on the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD | configuration option]
+** vary depending on the [configuration option]
 ** in the first argument.
 **
 ** ^When a configuration option is set, sqlite3_config() returns [SQLITE_OK].
 ** ^If the option is unknown or SQLite is unable to set the option
 ** then this routine returns a non-zero [error code].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int, ...);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_config(int, ...);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Configure database connections
@@ -1076,22 +1178,17 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The sqlite3_db_config() interface is used to make configuration
 ** changes to a [database connection].  The interface is similar to
 ** [sqlite3_config()] except that the changes apply to a single
-** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).  The
-** sqlite3_db_config() interface should only be used immediately after
-** the database connection is created using [sqlite3_open()],
-** [sqlite3_open16()], or [sqlite3_open_v2()].  
+** [database connection] (specified in the first argument).
 **
 ** The second argument to sqlite3_db_config(D,V,...)  is the
-** configuration verb - an integer code that indicates what
-** aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
-** The only choice for this value is [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE].
-** New verbs are likely to be added in future releases of SQLite.
-** Additional arguments depend on the verb.
+** [SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE | configuration verb] - an integer code 
+** that indicates what aspect of the [database connection] is being configured.
+** Subsequent arguments vary depending on the configuration verb.
 **
 ** ^Calls to sqlite3_db_config() return SQLITE_OK if and only if
 ** the call is considered successful.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3 *, int op, ...);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Routines
@@ -1118,16 +1215,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** order to verify that SQLite recovers gracefully from such
 ** conditions.
 **
-** The xMalloc and xFree methods must work like the
-** malloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
-** The xRealloc method must work like realloc() from the standard C library
-** with the exception that if the second argument to xRealloc is zero,
-** xRealloc must be a no-op - it must not perform any allocation or
-** deallocation.  ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
+** The xMalloc, xRealloc, and xFree methods must work like the
+** malloc(), realloc() and free() functions from the standard C library.
+** ^SQLite guarantees that the second argument to
 ** xRealloc is always a value returned by a prior call to xRoundup.
-** And so in cases where xRoundup always returns a positive number,
-** xRealloc can perform exactly as the standard library realloc() and
-** still be in compliance with this specification.
 **
 ** xSize should return the allocated size of a memory allocation
 ** previously obtained from xMalloc or xRealloc.  The allocated size
@@ -1162,20 +1253,21 @@ extern "C" {
 ** SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
 ** call to xShutdown().
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_mem_methods sqlite3_mem_methods;
-    struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
-        void *(*xMalloc) (int); /* Memory allocation function */
-        void (*xFree) (void *); /* Free a prior allocation */
-        void *(*xRealloc) (void *, int);        /* Resize an allocation */
-        int (*xSize) (void *);  /* Return the size of an allocation */
-        int (*xRoundup) (int);  /* Round up request size to allocation size */
-        int (*xInit) (void *);  /* Initialize the memory allocator */
-        void (*xShutdown) (void *);     /* Deinitialize the memory allocator */
-        void *pAppData;         /* Argument to xInit() and xShutdown() */
-    };
+typedef struct sqlite3_mem_methods sqlite3_mem_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mem_methods {
+  void *(*xMalloc)(int);         /* Memory allocation function */
+  void (*xFree)(void*);          /* Free a prior allocation */
+  void *(*xRealloc)(void*,int);  /* Resize an allocation */
+  int (*xSize)(void*);           /* Return the size of an allocation */
+  int (*xRoundup)(int);          /* Round up request size to allocation size */
+  int (*xInit)(void*);           /* Initialize the memory allocator */
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);      /* Deinitialize the memory allocator */
+  void *pAppData;                /* Argument to xInit() and xShutdown() */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Configuration Options
+** KEYWORDS: {configuration option}
 **
 ** These constants are the available integer configuration options that
 ** can be passed as the first argument to the [sqlite3_config()] interface.
@@ -1188,7 +1280,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** is invoked.
 **
 ** <dl>
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Single-thread.  In other words, it disables
 ** all mutexing and puts SQLite into a mode where it can only be used
@@ -1199,7 +1291,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD
 ** configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Multi-thread.  In other words, it disables
 ** mutexing on [database connection] and [prepared statement] objects.
@@ -1213,7 +1305,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
 ** SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED</dt>
 ** <dd>There are no arguments to this option.  ^This option sets the
 ** [threading mode] to Serialized. In other words, this option enables
 ** all mutexes including the recursive
@@ -1229,7 +1321,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] will return [SQLITE_ERROR] if called with the
 ** SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED configuration option.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
 ** alternative low-level memory allocation routines to be used in place of
@@ -1237,7 +1329,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** its own private copy of the content of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure
 ** before the [sqlite3_config()] call returns.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mem_methods] structure.  The [sqlite3_mem_methods]
 ** structure is filled with the currently defined memory allocation routines.)^
@@ -1245,7 +1337,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** routines with a wrapper that simulations memory allocation failure or
 ** tracks memory usage, for example. </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option takes single argument of type int, interpreted as a 
 ** boolean, which enables or disables the collection of memory allocation 
 ** statistics. ^(When memory allocation statistics are disabled, the 
@@ -1253,7 +1345,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **   <ul>
 **   <li> [sqlite3_memory_used()]
 **   <li> [sqlite3_memory_highwater()]
-**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit()]
+**   <li> [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
 **   <li> [sqlite3_status()]
 **   </ul>)^
 ** ^Memory allocation statistics are enabled by default unless SQLite is
@@ -1261,26 +1353,25 @@ extern "C" {
 ** allocation statistics are disabled by default.
 ** </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
 ** scratch memory.  There are three arguments:  A pointer an 8-byte
-** aligned memory buffer from which the scrach allocations will be
+** aligned memory buffer from which the scratch allocations will be
 ** drawn, the size of each scratch allocation (sz),
 ** and the maximum number of scratch allocations (N).  The sz
-** argument must be a multiple of 16. The sz parameter should be a few bytes
-** larger than the actual scratch space required due to internal overhead.
+** argument must be a multiple of 16.
 ** The first argument must be a pointer to an 8-byte aligned buffer
 ** of at least sz*N bytes of memory.
-** ^SQLite will use no more than one scratch buffer per thread.  So
-** N should be set to the expected maximum number of threads.  ^SQLite will
-** never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6 times the database
-** page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional scratch memory beyond 
-** what is provided by this configuration option, then 
+** ^SQLite will use no more than two scratch buffers per thread.  So
+** N should be set to twice the expected maximum number of threads.
+** ^SQLite will never require a scratch buffer that is more than 6
+** times the database page size. ^If SQLite needs needs additional
+** scratch memory beyond what is provided by this configuration option, then 
 ** [sqlite3_malloc()] will be used to obtain the memory needed.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite can use for
-** the database page cache with the default page cache implemenation.  
+** the database page cache with the default page cache implementation.  
 ** This configuration should not be used if an application-define page
 ** cache implementation is loaded using the SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE option.
 ** There are three arguments to this option: A pointer to 8-byte aligned
@@ -1295,12 +1386,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** memory needs for the first N pages that it adds to cache.  ^If additional
 ** page cache memory is needed beyond what is provided by this option, then
 ** SQLite goes to [sqlite3_malloc()] for the additional storage space.
-** ^The implementation might use one or more of the N buffers to hold 
-** memory accounting information. The pointer in the first argument must
+** The pointer in the first argument must
 ** be aligned to an 8-byte boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite
 ** will be undefined.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP</dt>
 ** <dd> ^This option specifies a static memory buffer that SQLite will use
 ** for all of its dynamic memory allocation needs beyond those provided
 ** for by [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH] and [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].
@@ -1313,9 +1403,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5] are defined, then the alternative memory
 ** allocator is engaged to handle all of SQLites memory allocation needs.
 ** The first pointer (the memory pointer) must be aligned to an 8-byte
-** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.</dd>
+** boundary or subsequent behavior of SQLite will be undefined.
+** The minimum allocation size is capped at 2**12. Reasonable values
+** for the minimum allocation size are 2**5 through 2**8.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The argument specifies
 ** alternative low-level mutex routines to be used in place
@@ -1327,7 +1419,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX configuration option will
 ** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** instance of the [sqlite3_mutex_methods] structure.  The
 ** [sqlite3_mutex_methods]
@@ -1340,7 +1432,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_config()] with the SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX configuration option will
 ** return [SQLITE_ERROR].</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes two arguments that determine the default
 ** memory allocation for the lookaside memory allocator on each
 ** [database connection].  The first argument is the
@@ -1350,18 +1442,18 @@ extern "C" {
 ** verb to [sqlite3_db_config()] can be used to change the lookaside
 ** configuration on individual connections.)^ </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to
 ** an [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  This object specifies the interface
 ** to a custom page cache implementation.)^  ^SQLite makes a copy of the
 ** object and uses it for page cache memory allocations.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE</dt>
 ** <dd> ^(This option takes a single argument which is a pointer to an
 ** [sqlite3_pcache_methods] object.  SQLite copies of the current
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
 ** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
@@ -1379,24 +1471,37 @@ extern "C" {
 ** In a multi-threaded application, the application-defined logger
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
+** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
+** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
+** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
+** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
+** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
+** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
 ** </dl>
 */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1   /* nil */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD   2   /* nil */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED    3   /* nil */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC        4   /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC     5   /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH       6   /* void*, int sz, int N */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE     7   /* void*, int sz, int N */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP          8   /* void*, int nByte, int min */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS     9   /* boolean */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX        10   /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX     11   /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
-/* previously SQLITE_CONFIG_CHUNKALLOC 12 which is now unused. */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE    13   /* int int */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE       14   /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE    15   /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
-#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG          16   /* xFunc, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD   2  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED    3  /* nil */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MALLOC        4  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMALLOC     5  /* sqlite3_mem_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH       6  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE     7  /* void*, int sz, int N */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP          8  /* void*, int nByte, int min */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS     9  /* boolean */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MUTEX        10  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETMUTEX     11  /* sqlite3_mutex_methods* */
+/* previously SQLITE_CONFIG_CHUNKALLOC 12 which is now unused. */ 
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE    13  /* int int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE       14  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE    15  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG          16  /* xFunc, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -1416,7 +1521,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** <dd> ^This option takes three additional arguments that determine the 
 ** [lookaside memory allocator] configuration for the [database connection].
 ** ^The first argument (the third parameter to [sqlite3_db_config()] is a
-** pointer to an memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
+** pointer to a memory buffer to use for lookaside memory.
 ** ^The first argument after the SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE verb
 ** may be NULL in which case SQLite will allocate the
 ** lookaside buffer itself using [sqlite3_malloc()]. ^The second argument is the
@@ -1425,12 +1530,40 @@ extern "C" {
 ** or equal to the product of the second and third arguments.  The buffer
 ** must be aligned to an 8-byte boundary.  ^If the second argument to
 ** SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE is not a multiple of 8, it is internally
-** rounded down to the next smaller
-** multiple of 8.  See also: [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE]</dd>
+** rounded down to the next smaller multiple of 8.  ^(The lookaside memory
+** configuration for a database connection can only be changed when that
+** connection is not currently using lookaside memory, or in other words
+** when the "current value" returned by
+** [sqlite3_db_status](D,[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOOKASIDE],...) is zero.
+** Any attempt to change the lookaside memory configuration when lookaside
+** memory is in use leaves the configuration unchanged and returns 
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].)^</dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable the enforcement of
+** [foreign key constraints].  There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable FK enforcement,
+** positive to enable FK enforcement or negative to leave FK enforcement
+** unchanged.  The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether FK enforcement is off or on
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the FK enforcement setting is not reported back. </dd>
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER</dt>
+** <dd> ^This option is used to enable or disable [CREATE TRIGGER | triggers].
+** There should be two additional arguments.
+** The first argument is an integer which is 0 to disable triggers,
+** positive to enable triggers or negative to leave the setting unchanged.
+** The second parameter is a pointer to an integer into which
+** is written 0 or 1 to indicate whether triggers are disabled or enabled
+** following this call.  The second parameter may be a NULL pointer, in
+** which case the trigger setting is not reported back. </dd>
 **
 ** </dl>
 */
-#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE    1001       /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LOOKASIDE       1001  /* void* int int */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_FKEY     1002  /* int int* */
+#define SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_TRIGGER  1003  /* int int* */
 
 
 /*
@@ -1440,7 +1573,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [extended result codes] feature of SQLite. ^The extended result
 ** codes are disabled by default for historical compatibility.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3 *, int onoff);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3*, int onoff);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
@@ -1454,13 +1587,17 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
 ** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^If no successful [INSERT]s
+** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
+** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
 ** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
 **
-** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger, then the [rowid] of the inserted
-** row is returned by this routine as long as the trigger is running.
-** But once the trigger terminates, the value returned by this routine
-** reverts to the last value inserted before the trigger fired.)^
+** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
+** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
+** row as long as the trigger or virtual table method is running.
+** But once the trigger or virtual table method ends, the value returned 
+** by this routine reverts to what it was before the trigger or virtual
+** table method began.)^
 **
 ** ^An [INSERT] that fails due to a constraint violation is not a
 ** successful [INSERT] and does not change the value returned by this
@@ -1485,7 +1622,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** unpredictable and might not equal either the old or the new
 ** last insert [rowid].
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Count The Number Of Rows Modified
@@ -1539,7 +1676,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** while [sqlite3_changes()] is running then the value returned
 ** is unpredictable and not meaningful.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Total Number Of Rows Modified
@@ -1565,7 +1702,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** while [sqlite3_total_changes()] is running then the value
 ** returned is unpredictable and not meaningful.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_total_changes(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_total_changes(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Interrupt A Long-Running Query
@@ -1604,7 +1741,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** If the database connection closes while [sqlite3_interrupt()]
 ** is running then bad things will likely happen.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Is Complete
@@ -1639,8 +1776,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The input to [sqlite3_complete16()] must be a zero-terminated
 ** UTF-16 string in native byte order.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete(const char *sql);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete16(const void *sql);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete(const char *sql);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_complete16(const void *sql);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
@@ -1706,8 +1843,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** A busy handler must not close the database connection
 ** or [prepared statement] that invoked the busy handler.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_handler(sqlite3 *, int (*)(void *, int),
-        void *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_handler(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*,int), void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Set A Busy Timeout
@@ -1727,11 +1863,14 @@ extern "C" {
 ** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
 ** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3 *, int ms);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Convenience Routines For Running Queries
 **
+** This is a legacy interface that is preserved for backwards compatibility.
+** Use of this interface is not recommended.
+**
 ** Definition: A <b>result table</b> is memory data structure created by the
 ** [sqlite3_get_table()] interface.  A result table records the
 ** complete query results from one or more queries.
@@ -1752,7 +1891,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** It is not safe to pass a result table directly to [sqlite3_free()].
 ** A result table should be deallocated using [sqlite3_free_table()].
 **
-** As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
+** ^(As an example of the result table format, suppose a query result
 ** is as follows:
 **
 ** <blockquote><pre>
@@ -1776,7 +1915,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **        azResult&#91;5] = "28";
 **        azResult&#91;6] = "Cindy";
 **        azResult&#91;7] = "21";
-** </pre></blockquote>
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_table() function evaluates one or more
 ** semicolon-separated SQL statements in the zero-terminated UTF-8
@@ -1784,28 +1923,29 @@ extern "C" {
 ** pointer given in its 3rd parameter.
 **
 ** After the application has finished with the result from sqlite3_get_table(),
-** it should pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
+** it must pass the result table pointer to sqlite3_free_table() in order to
 ** release the memory that was malloced.  Because of the way the
 ** [sqlite3_malloc()] happens within sqlite3_get_table(), the calling
 ** function must not try to call [sqlite3_free()] directly.  Only
 ** [sqlite3_free_table()] is able to release the memory properly and safely.
 **
-** ^(The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
+** The sqlite3_get_table() interface is implemented as a wrapper around
 ** [sqlite3_exec()].  The sqlite3_get_table() routine does not have access
 ** to any internal data structures of SQLite.  It uses only the public
 ** interface defined here.  As a consequence, errors that occur in the
 ** wrapper layer outside of the internal [sqlite3_exec()] call are not
 ** reflected in subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] or
-** [sqlite3_errmsg()].)^
+** [sqlite3_errmsg()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(sqlite3 * db,      /* An open database */
-        const char *zSql,       /* SQL to be evaluated */
-        char ***pazResult,      /* Results of the query */
-        int *pnRow,             /* Number of result rows written here */
-        int *pnColumn,          /* Number of result columns written here */
-        char **pzErrmsg         /* Error msg written here */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_table(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* An open database */
+  const char *zSql,     /* SQL to be evaluated */
+  char ***pazResult,    /* Results of the query */
+  int *pnRow,           /* Number of result rows written here */
+  int *pnColumn,        /* Number of result columns written here */
+  char **pzErrmsg       /* Error msg written here */
+);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_table(char **result);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Formatted String Printing Functions
@@ -1820,7 +1960,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** NULL pointer if [sqlite3_malloc()] is unable to allocate enough
 ** memory to hold the resulting string.
 **
-** ^(In sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
+** ^(The sqlite3_snprintf() routine is similar to "snprintf()" from
 ** the standard C library.  The result is written into the
 ** buffer supplied as the second parameter whose size is given by
 ** the first parameter. Note that the order of the
@@ -1839,6 +1979,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the zero terminator.  So the longest string that can be completely
 ** written will be n-1 characters.
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_vsnprintf() routine is a varargs version of sqlite3_snprintf().
+**
 ** These routines all implement some additional formatting
 ** options that are useful for constructing SQL statements.
 ** All of the usual printf() formatting options apply.  In addition, there
@@ -1899,9 +2041,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** addition that after the string has been read and copied into
 ** the result, [sqlite3_free()] is called on the input string.)^
 */
-    SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char *, ...);
-    SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char *, va_list);
-    SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int, char *, const char *, ...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_mprintf(const char*,...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vmprintf(const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_snprintf(int,char*,const char*, ...);
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_vsnprintf(int,char*,const char*, va_list);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocation Subsystem
@@ -1947,7 +2090,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** is not freed.
 **
 ** ^The memory returned by sqlite3_malloc() and sqlite3_realloc()
-** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary.
+** is always aligned to at least an 8 byte boundary, or to a
+** 4 byte boundary if the [SQLITE_4_BYTE_ALIGNED_MALLOC] compile-time
+** option is used.
 **
 ** In SQLite version 3.5.0 and 3.5.1, it was possible to define
 ** the SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORY_ALLOCATION which would cause the built-in
@@ -1971,9 +2116,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** a block of memory after it has been released using
 ** [sqlite3_free()] or [sqlite3_realloc()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_malloc(int);
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_realloc(void *, int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_malloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_realloc(void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free(void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Memory Allocator Statistics
@@ -1998,8 +2143,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** by [sqlite3_memory_highwater(1)] is the high-water mark
 ** prior to the reset.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void);
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Pseudo-Random Number Generator
@@ -2019,12 +2164,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
 ** method.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *P);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *P);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Compile-Time Authorization Callbacks
 **
-** ^This routine registers a authorizer callback with a particular
+** ^This routine registers an authorizer callback with a particular
 ** [database connection], supplied in the first argument.
 ** ^The authorizer callback is invoked as SQL statements are being compiled
 ** by [sqlite3_prepare()] or its variants [sqlite3_prepare_v2()],
@@ -2101,9 +2246,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** as stated in the previous paragraph, sqlite3_step() invokes
 ** sqlite3_prepare_v2() to reprepare a statement after a schema change.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(sqlite3 *,
-        int (*xAuth) (void *, int, const char *, const char *,
-            const char *, const char *), void *pUserData);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+  sqlite3*,
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),
+  void *pUserData
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Return Codes
@@ -2113,9 +2260,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** to signal SQLite whether or not the action is permitted.  See the
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
+**
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
+** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
-#define SQLITE_DENY   1         /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
-#define SQLITE_IGNORE 2         /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
+#define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
+#define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Authorizer Action Codes
@@ -2137,39 +2287,39 @@ extern "C" {
 ** top-level SQL code.
 */
 /******************************************* 3rd ************ 4th ***********/
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX          1  /* Index Name      Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE          2  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX     3  /* Index Name      Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE     4  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER   5  /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW      6  /* View Name       NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER        7  /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW           8  /* View Name       NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DELETE                9  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_INDEX           10  /* Index Name      Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TABLE           11  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX      12  /* Index Name      Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE      13  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER    14  /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW       15  /* View Name       NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER         16  /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_VIEW            17  /* View Name       NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_INSERT               18  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_PRAGMA               19  /* Pragma Name     1st arg or NULL */
-#define SQLITE_READ                 20  /* Table Name      Column Name     */
-#define SQLITE_SELECT               21  /* NULL            NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_TRANSACTION          22  /* Operation       NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_UPDATE               23  /* Table Name      Column Name     */
-#define SQLITE_ATTACH               24  /* Filename        NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_DETACH               25  /* Database Name   NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE          26  /* Database Name   Table Name      */
-#define SQLITE_REINDEX              27  /* Index Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_ANALYZE              28  /* Table Name      NULL            */
-#define SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE        29  /* Table Name      Module Name     */
-#define SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE          30  /* Table Name      Module Name     */
-#define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31  /* NULL            Function Name   */
-#define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32  /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
-#define SQLITE_COPY                  0  /* No longer used */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX          1   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE          2   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX     3   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE     4   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER   5   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW      6   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER        7   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW           8   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DELETE                9   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_INDEX           10   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TABLE           11   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX      12   /* Index Name      Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE      13   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER    14   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW       15   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER         16   /* Trigger Name    Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VIEW            17   /* View Name       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_INSERT               18   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_PRAGMA               19   /* Pragma Name     1st arg or NULL */
+#define SQLITE_READ                 20   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_SELECT               21   /* NULL            NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_TRANSACTION          22   /* Operation       NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_UPDATE               23   /* Table Name      Column Name     */
+#define SQLITE_ATTACH               24   /* Filename        NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_DETACH               25   /* Database Name   NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE          26   /* Database Name   Table Name      */
+#define SQLITE_REINDEX              27   /* Index Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_ANALYZE              28   /* Table Name      NULL            */
+#define SQLITE_CREATE_VTABLE        29   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_DROP_VTABLE          30   /* Table Name      Module Name     */
+#define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
+#define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
+#define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
@@ -2196,37 +2346,46 @@ extern "C" {
 ** sqlite3_profile() function is considered experimental and is
 ** subject to change in future versions of SQLite.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_trace(sqlite3 *, void (*xTrace) (void *,
-            const char *), void *);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL void *sqlite3_profile(sqlite3 *,
-        void (*xProfile) (void *, const char *, sqlite3_uint64), void *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_trace(sqlite3*, void(*xTrace)(void*,const char*), void*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL void *sqlite3_profile(sqlite3*,
+   void(*xProfile)(void*,const char*,sqlite3_uint64), void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Query Progress Callbacks
 **
-** ^This routine configures a callback function - the
-** progress callback - that is invoked periodically during long
-** running calls to [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and
-** [sqlite3_get_table()].  An example use for this
+** ^The sqlite3_progress_handler(D,N,X,P) interface causes the callback
+** function X to be invoked periodically during long running calls to
+** [sqlite3_exec()], [sqlite3_step()] and [sqlite3_get_table()] for
+** database connection D.  An example use for this
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
+** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
+** invocations of the callback X.
+**
+** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
+** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
+** old one.  ^Setting parameter X to NULL disables the progress handler.
+** ^The progress handler is also disabled by setting N to a value less
+** than 1.
+**
 ** ^If the progress callback returns non-zero, the operation is
 ** interrupted.  This feature can be used to implement a
 ** "Cancel" button on a GUI progress dialog box.
 **
-** The progress handler must not do anything that will modify
+** The progress handler callback must not do anything that will modify
 ** the database connection that invoked the progress handler.
 ** Note that [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] and [sqlite3_step()] both modify their
 ** database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.
 **
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3 *, int,
-        int (*)(void *), void *);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_progress_handler(sqlite3*, int, int(*)(void*), void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Opening A New Database Connection
 **
-** ^These routines open an SQLite database file whose name is given by the
+** ^These routines open an SQLite database file as specified by the 
 ** filename argument. ^The filename argument is interpreted as UTF-8 for
 ** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() and as UTF-16 in the native byte
 ** order for sqlite3_open16(). ^(A [database connection] handle is usually
@@ -2253,7 +2412,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** sqlite3_open_v2() can take one of
 ** the following three values, optionally combined with the 
 ** [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE],
-** and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flags:)^
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE], and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flags:)^
 **
 ** <dl>
 ** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY]</dt>
@@ -2266,15 +2425,14 @@ extern "C" {
 ** case the database must already exist, otherwise an error is returned.</dd>)^
 **
 ** ^(<dt>[SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE] | [SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE]</dt>
-** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is creates it if
+** <dd>The database is opened for reading and writing, and is created if
 ** it does not already exist. This is the behavior that is always used for
 ** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16().</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
 **
 ** If the 3rd parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is not one of the
-** combinations shown above or one of the combinations shown above combined
-** with the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX], [SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX],
-** [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] and/or [SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE] flags,
+** combinations shown above optionally combined with other
+** [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_* bits]
 ** then the behavior is undefined.
 **
 ** ^If the [SQLITE_OPEN_NOMUTEX] flag is set, then the database connection
@@ -2289,6 +2447,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE] flag causes the database connection to not
 ** participate in [shared cache mode] even if it is enabled.
 **
+** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
+** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
+** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
+** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+**
 ** ^If the filename is ":memory:", then a private, temporary in-memory database
 ** is created for the connection.  ^This in-memory database will vanish when
 ** the database connection is closed.  Future versions of SQLite might
@@ -2301,10 +2464,111 @@ extern "C" {
 ** on-disk database will be created.  ^This private database will be
 ** automatically deleted as soon as the database connection is closed.
 **
-** ^The fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2() is the name of the
-** [sqlite3_vfs] object that defines the operating system interface that
-** the new database connection should use.  ^If the fourth parameter is
-** a NULL pointer then the default [sqlite3_vfs] object is used.
+** [[URI filenames in sqlite3_open()]] <h3>URI Filenames</h3>
+**
+** ^If [URI filename] interpretation is enabled, and the filename argument
+** begins with "file:", then the filename is interpreted as a URI. ^URI
+** filename interpretation is enabled if the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is
+** set in the fourth argument to sqlite3_open_v2(), or if it has
+** been enabled globally using the [SQLITE_CONFIG_URI] option with the
+** [sqlite3_config()] method or by the [SQLITE_USE_URI] compile-time option.
+** As of SQLite version 3.7.7, URI filename interpretation is turned off
+** by default, but future releases of SQLite might enable URI filename
+** interpretation by default.  See "[URI filenames]" for additional
+** information.
+**
+** URI filenames are parsed according to RFC 3986. ^If the URI contains an
+** authority, then it must be either an empty string or the string 
+** "localhost". ^If the authority is not an empty string or "localhost", an 
+** error is returned to the caller. ^The fragment component of a URI, if 
+** present, is ignored.
+**
+** ^SQLite uses the path component of the URI as the name of the disk file
+** which contains the database. ^If the path begins with a '/' character, 
+** then it is interpreted as an absolute path. ^If the path does not begin 
+** with a '/' (meaning that the authority section is omitted from the URI)
+** then the path is interpreted as a relative path. 
+** ^On windows, the first component of an absolute path 
+** is a drive specification (e.g. "C:").
+**
+** [[core URI query parameters]]
+** The query component of a URI may contain parameters that are interpreted
+** either by SQLite itself, or by a [VFS | custom VFS implementation].
+** SQLite interprets the following three query parameters:
+**
+** <ul>
+**   <li> <b>vfs</b>: ^The "vfs" parameter may be used to specify the name of
+**     a VFS object that provides the operating system interface that should
+**     be used to access the database file on disk. ^If this option is set to
+**     an empty string the default VFS object is used. ^Specifying an unknown
+**     VFS is an error. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the vfs option is
+**     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
+**     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
+**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
+**     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
+**     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
+**     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
+**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
+**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
+**     parameter.
+**
+**   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
+**     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE bit in the flags argument passed to
+**     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
+**     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
+**     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+** </ul>
+**
+** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
+** error.  Future versions of SQLite might understand additional query
+** parameters.  See "[query parameters with special meaning to SQLite]" for
+** additional information.
+**
+** [[URI filename examples]] <h3>URI filename examples</h3>
+**
+** <table border="1" align=center cellpadding=5>
+** <tr><th> URI filenames <th> Results
+** <tr><td> file:data.db <td> 
+**          Open the file "data.db" in the current directory.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db<br>
+**          file:///home/fred/data.db <br> 
+**          file://localhost/home/fred/data.db <br> <td> 
+**          Open the database file "/home/fred/data.db".
+** <tr><td> file://darkstar/home/fred/data.db <td> 
+**          An error. "darkstar" is not a recognized authority.
+** <tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"> 
+**          file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/fred/Desktop/data.db
+**     <td> Windows only: Open the file "data.db" on fred's desktop on drive
+**          C:. Note that the %20 escaping in this example is not strictly 
+**          necessary - space characters can be used literally
+**          in URI filenames.
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=ro&cache=private <td> 
+**          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
+**          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
+**          default, use a private cache.
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
+**          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
+** </table>
+**
+** ^URI hexadecimal escape sequences (%HH) are supported within the path and
+** query components of a URI. A hexadecimal escape sequence consists of a
+** percent sign - "%" - followed by exactly two hexadecimal digits 
+** specifying an octet value. ^Before the path or query components of a
+** URI filename are interpreted, they are encoded using UTF-8 and all 
+** hexadecimal escape sequences replaced by a single byte containing the
+** corresponding octet. If this process generates an invalid UTF-8 encoding,
+** the results are undefined.
 **
 ** <b>Note to Windows users:</b>  The encoding used for the filename argument
 ** of sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open_v2() must be UTF-8, not whatever
@@ -2312,17 +2576,40 @@ extern "C" {
 ** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
 ** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
-        sqlite3 ** ppDb         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open16(const void *filename, /* Database filename (UTF-16) */
-        sqlite3 ** ppDb         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(const char *filename,        /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
-        sqlite3 ** ppDb,        /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
-        int flags,              /* Flags */
-        const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open16(
+  const void *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-16) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb          /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_v2(
+  const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
+  sqlite3 **ppDb,         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
+  int flags,              /* Flags */
+  const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
+**
+** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
+** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
+** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
+**
+** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
+** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
+** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
+** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
+** returns a NULL pointer.
+**
+** If the zFilename argument to this function is not a pointer that SQLite
+** passed into the xOpen VFS method, then the behavior of this routine
+** is undefined and probably undesirable.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam);
+
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
@@ -2357,10 +2644,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** was invoked incorrectly by the application.  In that case, the
 ** error code and message may or may not be set.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3 * db);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 * db);
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3 *);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
@@ -2386,7 +2673,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** Refer to documentation on individual methods above for additional
 ** information.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
+typedef struct sqlite3_stmt sqlite3_stmt;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-time Limits
@@ -2396,17 +2683,22 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [database connection] whose limit is to be set or queried.  The
 ** second parameter is one of the [limit categories] that define a
 ** class of constructs to be size limited.  The third parameter is the
-** new limit for that construct.  The function returns the old limit.)^
+** new limit for that construct.)^
 **
 ** ^If the new limit is a negative number, the limit is unchanged.
-** ^(For the limit category of SQLITE_LIMIT_XYZ there is a 
+** ^(For each limit category SQLITE_LIMIT_<i>NAME</i> there is a 
 ** [limits | hard upper bound]
-** set by a compile-time C preprocessor macro named 
-** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_XYZ].
+** set at compile-time by a C preprocessor macro called
+** [limits | SQLITE_MAX_<i>NAME</i>].
 ** (The "_LIMIT_" in the name is changed to "_MAX_".))^
 ** ^Attempts to increase a limit above its hard upper bound are
 ** silently truncated to the hard upper bound.
 **
+** ^Regardless of whether or not the limit was changed, the 
+** [sqlite3_limit()] interface returns the prior value of the limit.
+** ^Hence, to find the current value of a limit without changing it,
+** simply invoke this interface with the third parameter set to -1.
+**
 ** Run-time limits are intended for use in applications that manage
 ** both their own internal database and also databases that are controlled
 ** by untrusted external sources.  An example application might be a
@@ -2422,7 +2714,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** New run-time limit categories may be added in future releases.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3 *, int id, int newVal);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_limit(sqlite3*, int id, int newVal);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Limit Categories
@@ -2434,42 +2726,45 @@ extern "C" {
 ** Additional information is available at [limits | Limits in SQLite].
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
-** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row.<dd>)^
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH</dt>
+** <dd>The maximum size of any string or BLOB or table row, in bytes.<dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum length of an SQL statement, in bytes.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of columns in a table definition or in the
 ** result set of a [SELECT] or the maximum number of columns in an index
 ** or in an ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_EXPR_DEPTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum depth of the parse tree on any expression.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VDBE_OP</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of instructions in a virtual machine program
-** used to implement an SQL statement.</dd>)^
+** used to implement an SQL statement.  This limit is not currently
+** enforced, though that might be added in some future release of
+** SQLite.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of arguments on a function.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum number of [ATTACH | attached databases].)^</dd>
 **
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH]]
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum length of the pattern argument to the [LIKE] or
 ** [GLOB] operators.</dd>)^
 **
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER]]
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</dt>
-** <dd>The maximum number of variables in an SQL statement that can
-** be bound.</dd>)^
+** <dd>The maximum index number of any [parameter] in an SQL statement.)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</dt>
 ** <dd>The maximum depth of recursion for triggers.</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
 */
@@ -2509,7 +2804,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** that the supplied string is nul-terminated, then there is a small
 ** performance advantage to be gained by passing an nByte parameter that
 ** is equal to the number of bytes in the input string <i>including</i>
-** the nul-terminator bytes.
+** the nul-terminator bytes as this saves SQLite from having to
+** make a copy of the input string.
 **
 ** ^If pzTail is not NULL then *pzTail is made to point to the first byte
 ** past the end of the first SQL statement in zSql.  These routines only
@@ -2539,12 +2835,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.  ^If the schema has changed in
-** a way that makes the statement no longer valid, [sqlite3_step()] will still
-** return [SQLITE_SCHEMA].  But unlike the legacy behavior, [SQLITE_SCHEMA] is
-** now a fatal error.  Calling [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] again will not make the
-** error go away.  Note: use [sqlite3_errmsg()] to find the text
-** of the parsing error that results in an [SQLITE_SCHEMA] return.
+** statement and try to run it again.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -2557,38 +2848,47 @@ extern "C" {
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
-** ^If the value of a [parameter | host parameter] in the WHERE clause might
-** change the query plan for a statement, then the statement may be
-** automatically recompiled (as if there had been a schema change) on the first 
-** [sqlite3_step()] call following any change to the 
-** [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of the [parameter]. 
+** ^If the specific value bound to [parameter | host parameter] in the 
+** WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan for a statement,
+** then the statement will be automatically recompiled, as if there had been 
+** a schema change, on the first  [sqlite3_step()] call following any change
+** to the [sqlite3_bind_text | bindings] of that [parameter]. 
+** ^The specific value of WHERE-clause [parameter] might influence the 
+** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
+** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
+** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
+** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare(sqlite3 * db,        /* Database handle */
-        const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
-        int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
-        sqlite3_stmt ** ppStmt, /* OUT: Statement handle */
-        const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(sqlite3 * db,     /* Database handle */
-        const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
-        int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
-        sqlite3_stmt ** ppStmt, /* OUT: Statement handle */
-        const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(sqlite3 * db,      /* Database handle */
-        const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
-        int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
-        sqlite3_stmt ** ppStmt, /* OUT: Statement handle */
-        const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(sqlite3 * db,   /* Database handle */
-        const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
-        int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
-        sqlite3_stmt ** ppStmt, /* OUT: Statement handle */
-        const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_prepare16_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
+  const void *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-16 encoded */
+  int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
+  sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
+  const void **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieving Statement SQL
@@ -2597,7 +2897,38 @@ extern "C" {
 ** SQL text used to create a [prepared statement] if that statement was
 ** compiled using either [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] or [sqlite3_prepare16_v2()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sql(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine If An SQL Statement Writes The Database
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_stmt_readonly(X) interface returns true (non-zero) if
+** and only if the [prepared statement] X makes no direct changes to
+** the content of the database file.
+**
+** Note that [application-defined SQL functions] or
+** [virtual tables] might change the database indirectly as a side effect.  
+** ^(For example, if an application defines a function "eval()" that 
+** calls [sqlite3_exec()], then the following SQL statement would
+** change the database file through side-effects:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+**    SELECT eval('DELETE FROM t1') FROM t2;
+** </pre></blockquote>
+**
+** But because the [SELECT] statement does not change the database file
+** directly, sqlite3_stmt_readonly() would still return true.)^
+**
+** ^Transaction control statements such as [BEGIN], [COMMIT], [ROLLBACK],
+** [SAVEPOINT], and [RELEASE] cause sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true,
+** since the statements themselves do not actually modify the database but
+** rather they control the timing of when other statements modify the 
+** database.  ^The [ATTACH] and [DETACH] statements also cause
+** sqlite3_stmt_readonly() to return true since, while those statements
+** change the configuration of a database connection, they do not make 
+** changes to the content of the database files on disk.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_readonly(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Dynamically Typed Value Object
@@ -2615,7 +2946,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** whether or not it requires a protected sqlite3_value.
 **
 ** The terms "protected" and "unprotected" refer to whether or not
-** a mutex is held.  A internal mutex is held for a protected
+** a mutex is held.  An internal mutex is held for a protected
 ** sqlite3_value object but no mutex is held for an unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value object.  If SQLite is compiled to be single-threaded
 ** (with [SQLITE_THREADSAFE=0] and with [sqlite3_threadsafe()] returning 0)
@@ -2624,7 +2955,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** then there is no distinction between protected and unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value objects and they can be used interchangeably.  However,
 ** for maximum code portability it is recommended that applications
-** still make the distinction between between protected and unprotected
+** still make the distinction between protected and unprotected
 ** sqlite3_value objects even when not strictly required.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_value objects that are passed as parameters into the
@@ -2636,7 +2967,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The [sqlite3_value_blob | sqlite3_value_type()] family of
 ** interfaces require protected sqlite3_value objects.
 */
-    typedef struct Mem sqlite3_value;
+typedef struct Mem sqlite3_value;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Function Context Object
@@ -2650,7 +2981,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_context_db_handle()], [sqlite3_get_auxdata()],
 ** and/or [sqlite3_set_auxdata()].
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_context sqlite3_context;
+typedef struct sqlite3_context sqlite3_context;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Binding Values To Prepared Statements
@@ -2695,10 +3026,20 @@ extern "C" {
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
 ** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
+** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
+** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
+** terminated.  If any NUL characters occur at byte offsets less than 
+** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
+** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
+** with embedded NULs is undefined.
 **
 ** ^The fifth argument to sqlite3_bind_blob(), sqlite3_bind_text(), and
 ** sqlite3_bind_text16() is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
-** string after SQLite has finished with it. ^If the fifth argument is
+** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
+** to dispose of the BLOB or string even if the call to sqlite3_bind_blob(),
+** sqlite3_bind_text(), or sqlite3_bind_text16() fails.  
+** ^If the fifth argument is
 ** the special value [SQLITE_STATIC], then SQLite assumes that the
 ** information is in static, unmanaged space and does not need to be freed.
 ** ^If the fifth argument has the value [SQLITE_TRANSIENT], then
@@ -2731,19 +3072,15 @@ extern "C" {
 ** See also: [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()],
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt *, int, const void *,
-        int n, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt *, int, double);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt *, int, int);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt *, int, sqlite3_int64);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt *, int);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt *, int, const char *,
-        int n, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text16(sqlite3_stmt *, int, const void *,
-        int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt *, int,
-        const sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(sqlite3_stmt *, int, int n);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int, double);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const char*, int n, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_zeroblob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int n);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Number Of SQL Parameters
@@ -2763,7 +3100,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_name()], and
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Name Of A Host Parameter
@@ -2790,8 +3127,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Index Of A Parameter With A Given Name
@@ -2807,8 +3143,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_count()], and
 ** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        const char *zName);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_parameter_index(sqlite3_stmt*, const char *zName);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset All Bindings On A Prepared Statement
@@ -2817,7 +3152,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the [sqlite3_bind_blob | bindings] on a [prepared statement].
 ** ^Use this routine to reset all host parameters to NULL.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_clear_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Number Of Columns In A Result Set
@@ -2825,8 +3160,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^Return the number of columns in the result set returned by the
 ** [prepared statement]. ^This routine returns 0 if pStmt is an SQL
 ** statement that does not return data (for example an [UPDATE]).
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_data_count()]
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Column Names In A Result Set
@@ -2840,7 +3177,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** column number.  ^The leftmost column is number 0.
 **
 ** ^The returned string pointer is valid until either the [prepared statement]
-** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the next call to
+** is destroyed by [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the next call to
 ** sqlite3_column_name() or sqlite3_column_name16() on the same column.
 **
 ** ^If sqlite3_malloc() fails during the processing of either routine
@@ -2852,8 +3191,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** then the name of the column is unspecified and may change from
 ** one release of SQLite to the next.
 */
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt *, int N);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt *, int N);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_name16(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Source Of Data In A Query Result
@@ -2866,7 +3205,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the database name, the _table_ routines return the table name, and
 ** the origin_ routines return the column name.
 ** ^The returned string is valid until the [prepared statement] is destroyed
-** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the same information is requested
+** using [sqlite3_finalize()] or until the statement is automatically
+** reprepared by the first call to [sqlite3_step()] for a particular run
+** or until the same information is requested
 ** again in a different encoding.
 **
 ** ^The names returned are the original un-aliased names of the
@@ -2898,16 +3239,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** for the same [prepared statement] and result column
 ** at the same time then the results are undefined.
 */
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_database_name(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_database_name16(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int);
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_table_name(sqlite3_stmt *, int);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_table_name16(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int);
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_origin_name(sqlite3_stmt *, int);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_origin_name16(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_database_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_database_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_table_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_table_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_origin_name(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_origin_name16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Declared Datatype Of A Query Result
@@ -2938,8 +3275,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** is associated with individual values, not with the containers
 ** used to hold those values.
 */
-    SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt *, int);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt *, int);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_decltype16(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Evaluate An SQL Statement
@@ -2964,7 +3301,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^[SQLITE_BUSY] means that the database engine was unable to acquire the
 ** database locks it needs to do its job.  ^If the statement is a [COMMIT]
 ** or occurs outside of an explicit transaction, then you can retry the
-** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within a
+** statement.  If the statement is not a [COMMIT] and occurs within an
 ** explicit transaction then you should rollback the transaction before
 ** continuing.
 **
@@ -2994,13 +3331,17 @@ extern "C" {
 ** be the case that the same database connection is being used by two or
 ** more threads at the same moment in time.
 **
-** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, it was required
-** after sqlite3_step() returned anything other than [SQLITE_ROW] that
-** [sqlite3_reset()] be called before any subsequent invocation of
-** sqlite3_step().  Failure to invoke [sqlite3_reset()] in this way would
-** result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from sqlite3_step().  But after
-** version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began calling [sqlite3_reset()] 
-** automatically in this circumstance rather than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  
+** For all versions of SQLite up to and including 3.6.23.1, a call to
+** [sqlite3_reset()] was required after sqlite3_step() returned anything
+** other than [SQLITE_ROW] before any subsequent invocation of
+** sqlite3_step().  Failure to reset the prepared statement using 
+** [sqlite3_reset()] would result in an [SQLITE_MISUSE] return from
+** sqlite3_step().  But after version 3.6.23.1, sqlite3_step() began
+** calling [sqlite3_reset()] automatically in this circumstance rather
+** than returning [SQLITE_MISUSE].  This is not considered a compatibility
+** break because any application that ever receives an SQLITE_MISUSE error
+** is broken by definition.  The [SQLITE_OMIT_AUTORESET] compile-time option
+** can be used to restore the legacy behavior.
 **
 ** <b>Goofy Interface Alert:</b> In the legacy interface, the sqlite3_step()
 ** API always returns a generic error code, [SQLITE_ERROR], following any
@@ -3014,15 +3355,27 @@ extern "C" {
 ** then the more specific [error codes] are returned directly
 ** by sqlite3_step().  The use of the "v2" interface is recommended.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Number of columns in a result set
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) the number of columns in the
-** of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) interface returns the number of columns in the
+** current row of the result set of [prepared statement] P.
+** ^If prepared statement P does not have results ready to return
+** (via calls to the [sqlite3_column_int | sqlite3_column_*()] of
+** interfaces) then sqlite3_data_count(P) returns 0.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine also returns 0 if P is a NULL pointer.
+** ^The sqlite3_data_count(P) routine returns 0 if the previous call to
+** [sqlite3_step](P) returned [SQLITE_DONE].  ^The sqlite3_data_count(P)
+** will return non-zero if previous call to [sqlite3_step](P) returned
+** [SQLITE_ROW], except in the case of the [PRAGMA incremental_vacuum]
+** where it always returns zero since each step of that multi-step
+** pragma returns 0 columns of data.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_column_count()]
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_data_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Fundamental Datatypes
@@ -3100,18 +3453,26 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes() uses
 ** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-8 string and returns
 ** the number of bytes in that string.
-** ^The value returned does not include the zero terminator at the end
-** of the string.  ^For clarity: the value returned is the number of
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes() returns zero.
+**
+** ^If the result is a BLOB or UTF-16 string then the sqlite3_column_bytes16()
+** routine returns the number of bytes in that BLOB or string.
+** ^If the result is a UTF-8 string, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() converts
+** the string to UTF-16 and then returns the number of bytes.
+** ^If the result is a numeric value then sqlite3_column_bytes16() uses
+** [sqlite3_snprintf()] to convert that value to a UTF-16 string and returns
+** the number of bytes in that string.
+** ^If the result is NULL, then sqlite3_column_bytes16() returns zero.
+**
+** ^The values returned by [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and 
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] do not include the zero terminators at the end
+** of the string.  ^For clarity: the values returned by
+** [sqlite3_column_bytes()] and [sqlite3_column_bytes16()] are the number of
 ** bytes in the string, not the number of characters.
 **
 ** ^Strings returned by sqlite3_column_text() and sqlite3_column_text16(),
 ** even empty strings, are always zero terminated.  ^The return
-** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is an arbitrary
-** pointer, possibly even a NULL pointer.
-**
-** ^The sqlite3_column_bytes16() routine is similar to sqlite3_column_bytes()
-** but leaves the result in UTF-16 in native byte order instead of UTF-8.
-** ^The zero terminator is not included in this count.
+** value from sqlite3_column_blob() for a zero-length BLOB is a NULL pointer.
 **
 ** ^The object returned by [sqlite3_column_value()] is an
 ** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object.  An unprotected sqlite3_value object
@@ -3156,10 +3517,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** used in the table for brevity and because they are familiar to most
 ** C programmers.
 **
-** ^Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
+** Note that when type conversions occur, pointers returned by prior
 ** calls to sqlite3_column_blob(), sqlite3_column_text(), and/or
 ** sqlite3_column_text16() may be invalidated.
-** ^(Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
+** Type conversions and pointer invalidations might occur
 ** in the following cases:
 **
 ** <ul>
@@ -3172,22 +3533,22 @@ extern "C" {
 ** <li> The initial content is UTF-16 text and sqlite3_column_bytes() or
 **      sqlite3_column_text() is called.  The content must be converted
 **      to UTF-8.</li>
-** </ul>)^
+** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Conversions between UTF-16be and UTF-16le are always done in place and do
 ** not invalidate a prior pointer, though of course the content of the buffer
-** that the prior pointer points to will have been modified.  Other kinds
+** that the prior pointer references will have been modified.  Other kinds
 ** of conversion are done in place when it is possible, but sometimes they
 ** are not possible and in those cases prior pointers are invalidated.
 **
-** ^(The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
+** The safest and easiest to remember policy is to invoke these routines
 ** in one of the following ways:
 **
 ** <ul>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_text() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_blob() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes()</li>
 **  <li>sqlite3_column_text16() followed by sqlite3_column_bytes16()</li>
-** </ul>)^
+** </ul>
 **
 ** In other words, you should call sqlite3_column_text(),
 ** sqlite3_column_blob(), or sqlite3_column_text16() first to force the result
@@ -3210,37 +3571,43 @@ extern "C" {
 ** pointer.  Subsequent calls to [sqlite3_errcode()] will return
 ** [SQLITE_NOMEM].)^
 */
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt *, int iCol);
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt *,
-        int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_bytes16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_column_text16(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_value *sqlite3_column_value(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Destroy A Prepared Statement Object
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_finalize() function is called to delete a [prepared statement].
-** ^If the statement was executed successfully or not executed at all, then
-** SQLITE_OK is returned. ^If execution of the statement failed then an
-** [error code] or [extended error code] is returned.
+** ^If the most recent evaluation of the statement encountered no errors
+** or if the statement is never been evaluated, then sqlite3_finalize() returns
+** SQLITE_OK.  ^If the most recent evaluation of statement S failed, then
+** sqlite3_finalize(S) returns the appropriate [error code] or
+** [extended error code].
+**
+** ^The sqlite3_finalize(S) routine can be called at any point during
+** the life cycle of [prepared statement] S:
+** before statement S is ever evaluated, after
+** one or more calls to [sqlite3_reset()], or after any call
+** to [sqlite3_step()] regardless of whether or not the statement has
+** completed execution.
 **
-** ^This routine can be called at any point during the execution of the
-** [prepared statement].  ^If the virtual machine has not
-** completed execution when this routine is called, that is like
-** encountering an error or an [sqlite3_interrupt | interrupt].
-** ^Incomplete updates may be rolled back and transactions canceled,
-** depending on the circumstances, and the
-** [error code] returned will be [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** ^Invoking sqlite3_finalize() on a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
+**
+** The application must finalize every [prepared statement] in order to avoid
+** resource leaks.  It is a grievous error for the application to try to use
+** a prepared statement after it has been finalized.  Any use of a prepared
+** statement after it has been finalized can result in undefined and
+** undesirable behavior such as segfaults and heap corruption.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset A Prepared Statement Object
@@ -3266,7 +3633,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^The [sqlite3_reset(S)] interface does not change the values
 ** of any [sqlite3_bind_blob|bindings] on the [prepared statement] S.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_reset(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Create Or Redefine SQL Functions
@@ -3274,23 +3641,25 @@ extern "C" {
 ** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL function}
 ** KEYWORDS: {application-defined SQL functions}
 **
-** ^These two functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
+** ^These functions (collectively known as "function creation routines")
 ** are used to add SQL functions or aggregates or to redefine the behavior
-** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only difference between the
-** two is that the second parameter, the name of the (scalar) function or
-** aggregate, is encoded in UTF-8 for sqlite3_create_function() and UTF-16
-** for sqlite3_create_function16().
+** of existing SQL functions or aggregates.  The only differences between
+** these routines are the text encoding expected for
+** the second parameter (the name of the function being created)
+** and the presence or absence of a destructor callback for
+** the application data pointer.
 **
 ** ^The first parameter is the [database connection] to which the SQL
 ** function is to be added.  ^If an application uses more than one database
 ** connection then application-defined SQL functions must be added
 ** to each database connection separately.
 **
-** The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
-** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes, exclusive of
-** the zero-terminator.  Note that the name length limit is in bytes, not
-** characters.  ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
-** will result in [SQLITE_ERROR] being returned.
+** ^The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or
+** redefined.  ^The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes in a UTF-8
+** representation, exclusive of the zero-terminator.  ^Note that the name
+** length limit is in UTF-8 bytes, not characters nor UTF-16 bytes.  
+** ^Any attempt to create a function with a longer name
+** will result in [SQLITE_MISUSE] being returned.
 **
 ** ^The third parameter (nArg)
 ** is the number of arguments that the SQL function or
@@ -3300,10 +3669,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** parameter is less than -1 or greater than 127 then the behavior is
 ** undefined.
 **
-** The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
+** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Any SQL function implementation should be able to work
-** work with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
+** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
+** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
 ** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
 ** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
 ** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
@@ -3315,13 +3684,24 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
 **
-** The seventh, eighth and ninth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
+** ^The sixth, seventh and eighth parameters, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are
 ** pointers to C-language functions that implement the SQL function or
 ** aggregate. ^A scalar SQL function requires an implementation of the xFunc
-** callback only; NULL pointers should be passed as the xStep and xFinal
+** callback only; NULL pointers must be passed as the xStep and xFinal
 ** parameters. ^An aggregate SQL function requires an implementation of xStep
-** and xFinal and NULL should be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
-** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL for all three function callbacks.
+** and xFinal and NULL pointer must be passed for xFunc. ^To delete an existing
+** SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL pointers for all three function
+** callbacks.
+**
+** ^(If the ninth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() is not NULL,
+** then it is destructor for the application data pointer. 
+** The destructor is invoked when the function is deleted, either by being
+** overloaded or when the database connection closes.)^
+** ^The destructor is also invoked if the call to
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2() fails.
+** ^When the destructor callback of the tenth parameter is invoked, it
+** is passed a single argument which is a copy of the application data 
+** pointer which was the fifth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2().
 **
 ** ^It is permitted to register multiple implementations of the same
 ** functions with the same name but with either differing numbers of
@@ -3337,35 +3717,43 @@ extern "C" {
 ** between UTF8 and UTF16.
 **
 ** ^Built-in functions may be overloaded by new application-defined functions.
-** ^The first application-defined function with a given name overrides all
-** built-in functions in the same [database connection] with the same name.
-** ^Subsequent application-defined functions of the same name only override 
-** prior application-defined functions that are an exact match for the
-** number of parameters and preferred encoding.
 **
 ** ^An application-defined function is permitted to call other
 ** SQLite interfaces.  However, such calls must not
 ** close the database connection nor finalize or reset the prepared
 ** statement in which the function is running.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(sqlite3 * db,
-        const char *zFunctionName,
-        int nArg,
-        int eTextRep,
-        void *pApp,
-        void (*xFunc) (sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **),
-        void (*xStep) (sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **),
-        void (*xFinal) (sqlite3_context *)
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(sqlite3 * db,
-        const void *zFunctionName,
-        int nArg,
-        int eTextRep,
-        void *pApp,
-        void (*xFunc) (sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **),
-        void (*xStep) (sqlite3_context *, int, sqlite3_value **),
-        void (*xFinal) (sqlite3_context *)
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function16(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const void *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zFunctionName,
+  int nArg,
+  int eTextRep,
+  void *pApp,
+  void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+  void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Text Encodings
@@ -3376,9 +3764,9 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_UTF8           1
 #define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
 #define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
-#define SQLITE_UTF16          4 /* Use native byte order */
-#define SQLITE_ANY            5 /* sqlite3_create_function only */
-#define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8 /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
+#define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
@@ -3391,15 +3779,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** using these functions, we are not going to tell you what they do.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int
-     sqlite3_aggregate_count(sqlite3_context *);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_expired(sqlite3_stmt *);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt
-        *, sqlite3_stmt *);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void (*)(void *,
-            sqlite3_int64, int), void *, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_aggregate_count(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_expired(sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -3412,7 +3797,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The xFunc (for scalar functions) or xStep (for aggregates) parameters
 ** to [sqlite3_create_function()] and [sqlite3_create_function16()]
 ** define callbacks that implement the SQL functions and aggregates.
-** The 4th parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
+** The 3rd parameter to these callbacks is an array of pointers to
 ** [protected sqlite3_value] objects.  There is one [sqlite3_value] object for
 ** each parameter to the SQL function.  These routines are used to
 ** extract values from the [sqlite3_value] objects.
@@ -3447,18 +3832,18 @@ extern "C" {
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread as
 ** the SQL function that supplied the [sqlite3_value*] parameters.
 */
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16le(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16be(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value *);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_blob(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_bytes16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API double sqlite3_value_double(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_int(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_value_int64(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const unsigned char *sqlite3_value_text(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16le(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_value_text16be(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Obtain Aggregate Function Context
@@ -3499,8 +3884,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the aggregate SQL function is running.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context *,
-        int nBytes);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_aggregate_context(sqlite3_context*, int nBytes);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: User Data For Functions
@@ -3514,7 +3898,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** This routine must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the application-defined function is running.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_user_data(sqlite3_context*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection For Functions
@@ -3525,7 +3909,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** and [sqlite3_create_function16()] routines that originally
 ** registered the application defined function.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_context_db_handle(sqlite3_context*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
@@ -3569,9 +3953,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the SQL function is running.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context *, int N);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_set_auxdata(sqlite3_context *, int N, void *,
-        void (*)(void *));
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_set_auxdata(sqlite3_context*, int N, void*, void (*)(void*));
 
 
 /*
@@ -3588,7 +3971,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
 ** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
 */
-    typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type) (void *);
+typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
 #define SQLITE_TRANSIENT   ((sqlite3_destructor_type)-1)
 
@@ -3668,7 +4051,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^If the 3rd parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
 ** is non-negative, then as many bytes (not characters) of the text
 ** pointed to by the 2nd parameter are taken as the application-defined
-** function result.
+** function result.  If the 3rd parameter is non-negative, then it
+** must be the byte offset into the string where the NUL terminator would
+** appear if the string where NUL terminated.  If any NUL characters occur
+** in the string at a byte offset that is less than the value of the 3rd
+** parameter, then the resulting string will contain embedded NULs and the
+** result of expressions operating on strings with embedded NULs is undefined.
 ** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
 ** or sqlite3_result_blob is a non-NULL pointer, then SQLite calls that
 ** function as the destructor on the text or BLOB result when it has
@@ -3697,96 +4085,124 @@ extern "C" {
 ** than the one containing the application-defined function that received
 ** the [sqlite3_context] pointer, the results are undefined.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_blob(sqlite3_context *, const void *,
-        int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context *, double);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context *, const char *,
-        int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context *, const void *,
-        int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_nomem(sqlite3_context *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context *, int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context *, int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context *, sqlite3_int64);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text(sqlite3_context *, const char *,
-        int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16(sqlite3_context *, const void *,
-        int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16le(sqlite3_context *,
-        const void *, int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16be(sqlite3_context *,
-        const void *, int, void (*)(void *));
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context *,
-        sqlite3_value *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context *, int n);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_blob(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_double(sqlite3_context*, double);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_nomem(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int(sqlite3_context*, int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_int64(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_null(sqlite3_context*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text(sqlite3_context*, const char*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int, void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16le(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_text16be(sqlite3_context*, const void*, int,void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_value(sqlite3_context*, sqlite3_value*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_zeroblob(sqlite3_context*, int n);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Define New Collating Sequences
 **
-** These functions are used to add new collation sequences to the
-** [database connection] specified as the first argument.
+** ^These functions add, remove, or modify a [collation] associated
+** with the [database connection] specified as the first argument.
 **
-** ^The name of the new collation sequence is specified as a UTF-8 string
+** ^The name of the collation is a UTF-8 string
 ** for sqlite3_create_collation() and sqlite3_create_collation_v2()
-** and a UTF-16 string for sqlite3_create_collation16(). ^In all cases
-** the name is passed as the second function argument.
-**
-** ^The third argument may be one of the constants [SQLITE_UTF8],
-** [SQLITE_UTF16LE], or [SQLITE_UTF16BE], indicating that the user-supplied
-** routine expects to be passed pointers to strings encoded using UTF-8,
-** UTF-16 little-endian, or UTF-16 big-endian, respectively. ^The
-** third argument might also be [SQLITE_UTF16] to indicate that the routine
-** expects pointers to be UTF-16 strings in the native byte order, or the
-** argument can be [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] if the
-** the routine expects pointers to 16-bit word aligned strings
-** of UTF-16 in the native byte order.
-**
-** A pointer to the user supplied routine must be passed as the fifth
-** argument.  ^If it is NULL, this is the same as deleting the collation
-** sequence (so that SQLite cannot call it any more).
-** ^Each time the application supplied function is invoked, it is passed
-** as its first parameter a copy of the void* passed as the fourth argument
-** to sqlite3_create_collation() or sqlite3_create_collation16().
-**
-** ^The remaining arguments to the application-supplied routine are two strings,
-** each represented by a (length, data) pair and encoded in the encoding
-** that was passed as the third argument when the collation sequence was
-** registered.  The application defined collation routine should
-** return negative, zero or positive if the first string is less than,
-** equal to, or greater than the second string. i.e. (STRING1 - STRING2).
+** and a UTF-16 string in native byte order for sqlite3_create_collation16().
+** ^Collation names that compare equal according to [sqlite3_strnicmp()] are
+** considered to be the same name.
+**
+** ^(The third argument (eTextRep) must be one of the constants:
+** <ul>
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF8],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16LE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16BE],
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16], or
+** <li> [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED].
+** </ul>)^
+** ^The eTextRep argument determines the encoding of strings passed
+** to the collating function callback, xCallback.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16] and [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] values for eTextRep
+** force strings to be UTF16 with native byte order.
+** ^The [SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED] value for eTextRep forces strings to begin
+** on an even byte address.
+**
+** ^The fourth argument, pArg, is an application data pointer that is passed
+** through as the first argument to the collating function callback.
+**
+** ^The fifth argument, xCallback, is a pointer to the collating function.
+** ^Multiple collating functions can be registered using the same name but
+** with different eTextRep parameters and SQLite will use whichever
+** function requires the least amount of data transformation.
+** ^If the xCallback argument is NULL then the collating function is
+** deleted.  ^When all collating functions having the same name are deleted,
+** that collation is no longer usable.
+**
+** ^The collating function callback is invoked with a copy of the pArg 
+** application data pointer and with two strings in the encoding specified
+** by the eTextRep argument.  The collating function must return an
+** integer that is negative, zero, or positive
+** if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second,
+** respectively.  A collating function must always return the same answer
+** given the same inputs.  If two or more collating functions are registered
+** to the same collation name (using different eTextRep values) then all
+** must give an equivalent answer when invoked with equivalent strings.
+** The collating function must obey the following properties for all
+** strings A, B, and C:
+**
+** <ol>
+** <li> If A==B then B==A.
+** <li> If A==B and B==C then A==C.
+** <li> If A&lt;B THEN B&gt;A.
+** <li> If A&lt;B and B&lt;C then A&lt;C.
+** </ol>
+**
+** If a collating function fails any of the above constraints and that
+** collating function is  registered and used, then the behavior of SQLite
+** is undefined.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_create_collation_v2() works like sqlite3_create_collation()
-** except that it takes an extra argument which is a destructor for
-** the collation.  ^The destructor is called when the collation is
-** destroyed and is passed a copy of the fourth parameter void* pointer
-** of the sqlite3_create_collation_v2().
-** ^Collations are destroyed when they are overridden by later calls to the
-** collation creation functions or when the [database connection] is closed
-** using [sqlite3_close()].
+** with the addition that the xDestroy callback is invoked on pArg when
+** the collating function is deleted.
+** ^Collating functions are deleted when they are overridden by later
+** calls to the collation creation functions or when the
+** [database connection] is closed using [sqlite3_close()].
+**
+** ^The xDestroy callback is <u>not</u> called if the 
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() function fails.  Applications that invoke
+** sqlite3_create_collation_v2() with a non-NULL xDestroy argument should 
+** check the return code and dispose of the application data pointer
+** themselves rather than expecting SQLite to deal with it for them.
+** This is different from every other SQLite interface.  The inconsistency 
+** is unfortunate but cannot be changed without breaking backwards 
+** compatibility.
 **
 ** See also:  [sqlite3_collation_needed()] and [sqlite3_collation_needed16()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(sqlite3 *,
-        const char *zName,
-        int eTextRep,
-        void *,
-        int (*xCompare) (void *, int, const void *, int, const void *)
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(sqlite3 *,
-        const char *zName,
-        int eTextRep,
-        void *,
-        int (*xCompare) (void *, int, const void *, int, const void *),
-        void (*xDestroy) (void *)
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(sqlite3 *,
-        const void *zName,
-        int eTextRep,
-        void *,
-        int (*xCompare) (void *, int, const void *, int, const void *)
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation_v2(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const char *zName, 
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*),
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_collation16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  const void *zName,
+  int eTextRep, 
+  void *pArg,
+  int(*xCompare)(void*,int,const void*,int,const void*)
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Collation Needed Callbacks
@@ -3814,12 +4230,16 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_create_collation()], [sqlite3_create_collation16()], or
 ** [sqlite3_create_collation_v2()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed(sqlite3 *,
-        void *, void (*)(void *, sqlite3 *, int eTextRep, const char *)
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(sqlite3 *,
-        void *, void (*)(void *, sqlite3 *, int eTextRep, const void *)
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*, 
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const char*)
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void*,
+  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
+);
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
 /*
@@ -3829,9 +4249,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
 ** of SQLite.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(sqlite3 * db,    /* Database to be rekeyed */
-        const void *pKey, int nKey      /* The key */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
@@ -3841,16 +4262,18 @@ extern "C" {
 ** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
 ** of SQLite.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(sqlite3 * db,  /* Database to be rekeyed */
-        const void *pKey, int nKey      /* The new key */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
 ** activated, none of the SEE routines will work.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
-        );
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
@@ -3858,25 +4281,29 @@ extern "C" {
 ** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
 ** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(const char *zPassPhrase      /* Activation phrase */
-        );
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
+  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
+);
 #endif
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Suspend Execution For A Short Time
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
+** The sqlite3_sleep() function causes the current thread to suspend execution
 ** for at least a number of milliseconds specified in its parameter.
 **
-** ^If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
+** If the operating system does not support sleep requests with
 ** millisecond time resolution, then the time will be rounded up to
-** the nearest second. ^The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
+** the nearest second. The number of milliseconds of sleep actually
 ** requested from the operating system is returned.
 **
 ** ^SQLite implements this interface by calling the xSleep()
-** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.  If the xSleep() method
+** of the default VFS is not implemented correctly, or not implemented at
+** all, then the behavior of sqlite3_sleep() may deviate from the description
+** in the previous paragraphs.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sleep(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Temporary Files
@@ -3907,7 +4334,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
 ** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
 */
-    SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
@@ -3930,7 +4357,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** connection while this routine is running, then the return value
 ** is undefined.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Find The Database Handle Of A Prepared Statement
@@ -3942,7 +4369,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** to the [sqlite3_prepare_v2()] call (or its variants) that was used to
 ** create the statement in the first place.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3 *sqlite3_db_handle(sqlite3_stmt*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Find the next prepared statement
@@ -3957,8 +4384,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [sqlite3_next_stmt(D,S)] must refer to an open database
 ** connection and in particular must not be a NULL pointer.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_stmt *sqlite3_next_stmt(sqlite3 * pDb,
-        sqlite3_stmt * pStmt);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_stmt *sqlite3_next_stmt(sqlite3 *pDb, sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Commit And Rollback Notification Callbacks
@@ -4004,10 +4430,8 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also the [sqlite3_update_hook()] interface.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_commit_hook(sqlite3 *, int (*)(void *),
-        void *);
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_rollback_hook(sqlite3 *, void (*)(void *),
-        void *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_commit_hook(sqlite3*, int(*)(void*), void*);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_rollback_hook(sqlite3*, void(*)(void *), void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Data Change Notification Callbacks
@@ -4055,9 +4479,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** See also the [sqlite3_commit_hook()] and [sqlite3_rollback_hook()]
 ** interfaces.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_update_hook(sqlite3 *,
-        void (*)(void *, int, char const *, char const *, sqlite3_int64),
-        void *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_update_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  void(*)(void *,int ,char const *,char const *,sqlite3_int64),
+  void*
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
@@ -4086,7 +4512,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Attempt To Free Heap Memory
@@ -4097,40 +4523,73 @@ extern "C" {
 ** pages to improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
 ** ^sqlite3_release_memory() returns the number of bytes actually freed,
 ** which might be more or less than the amount requested.
+** ^The sqlite3_release_memory() routine is a no-op returning zero
+** if SQLite is not compiled with [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_release_memory(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Impose A Limit On Heap Size
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit() interface places a "soft" limit
-** on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
-** ^If an internal allocation is requested that would exceed the
-** soft heap limit, [sqlite3_release_memory()] is invoked one or
-** more times to free up some space before the allocation is performed.
+** ^The sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() interface sets and/or queries the
+** soft limit on the amount of heap memory that may be allocated by SQLite.
+** ^SQLite strives to keep heap memory utilization below the soft heap
+** limit by reducing the number of pages held in the page cache
+** as heap memory usages approaches the limit.
+** ^The soft heap limit is "soft" because even though SQLite strives to stay
+** below the limit, it will exceed the limit rather than generate
+** an [SQLITE_NOMEM] error.  In other words, the soft heap limit 
+** is advisory only.
+**
+** ^The return value from sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() is the size of
+** the soft heap limit prior to the call.  ^If the argument N is negative
+** then no change is made to the soft heap limit.  Hence, the current
+** size of the soft heap limit can be determined by invoking
+** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64() with a negative argument.
 **
-** ^The limit is called "soft" because if [sqlite3_release_memory()]
-** cannot free sufficient memory to prevent the limit from being exceeded,
-** the memory is allocated anyway and the current operation proceeds.
+** ^If the argument N is zero then the soft heap limit is disabled.
 **
-** ^A negative or zero value for N means that there is no soft heap limit and
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] will only be called when memory is exhausted.
-** ^The default value for the soft heap limit is zero.
+** ^(The soft heap limit is not enforced in the current implementation
+** if one or more of following conditions are true:
 **
-** ^(SQLite makes a best effort to honor the soft heap limit.
-** But if the soft heap limit cannot be honored, execution will
-** continue without error or notification.)^  This is why the limit is
-** called a "soft" limit.  It is advisory only.
+** <ul>
+** <li> The soft heap limit is set to zero.
+** <li> Memory accounting is disabled using a combination of the
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS],...) start-time option and
+**      the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS] compile-time option.
+** <li> An alternative page cache implementation is specified using
+**      [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE],...).
+** <li> The page cache allocates from its own memory pool supplied
+**      by [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE],...) rather than
+**      from the heap.
+** </ul>)^
+**
+** Beginning with SQLite version 3.7.3, the soft heap limit is enforced
+** regardless of whether or not the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT]
+** compile-time option is invoked.  With [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT],
+** the soft heap limit is enforced on every memory allocation.  Without
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT], the soft heap limit is only enforced
+** when memory is allocated by the page cache.  Testing suggests that because
+** the page cache is the predominate memory user in SQLite, most
+** applications will achieve adequate soft heap limit enforcement without
+** the use of [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT].
+**
+** The circumstances under which SQLite will enforce the soft heap limit may
+** changes in future releases of SQLite.
+*/
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(sqlite3_int64 N);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Soft Heap Limit Interface
+** DEPRECATED
 **
-** Prior to SQLite version 3.5.0, this routine only constrained the memory
-** allocated by a single thread - the same thread in which this routine
-** runs.  Beginning with SQLite version 3.5.0, the soft heap limit is
-** applied to all threads. The value specified for the soft heap limit
-** is an upper bound on the total memory allocation for all threads. In
-** version 3.5.0 there is no mechanism for limiting the heap usage for
-** individual threads.
+** This is a deprecated version of the [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()]
+** interface.  This routine is provided for historical compatibility
+** only.  All new applications should use the
+** [sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()] interface rather than this one.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int N);
+
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extract Metadata About A Column Of A Table
@@ -4194,16 +4653,17 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^This API is only available if the library was compiled with the
 ** [SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA] C-preprocessor symbol defined.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_table_column_metadata(sqlite3 * db,  /* Connection handle */
-        const char *zDbName,    /* Database name or NULL */
-        const char *zTableName, /* Table name */
-        const char *zColumnName,        /* Column name */
-        char const **pzDataType,        /* OUTPUT: Declared data type */
-        char const **pzCollSeq, /* OUTPUT: Collation sequence name */
-        int *pNotNull,          /* OUTPUT: True if NOT NULL constraint exists */
-        int *pPrimaryKey,       /* OUTPUT: True if column part of PK */
-        int *pAutoinc           /* OUTPUT: True if column is auto-increment */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_table_column_metadata(
+  sqlite3 *db,                /* Connection handle */
+  const char *zDbName,        /* Database name or NULL */
+  const char *zTableName,     /* Table name */
+  const char *zColumnName,    /* Column name */
+  char const **pzDataType,    /* OUTPUT: Declared data type */
+  char const **pzCollSeq,     /* OUTPUT: Collation sequence name */
+  int *pNotNull,              /* OUTPUT: True if NOT NULL constraint exists */
+  int *pPrimaryKey,           /* OUTPUT: True if column part of PK */
+  int *pAutoinc               /* OUTPUT: True if column is auto-increment */
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Load An Extension
@@ -4230,11 +4690,12 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also the [load_extension() SQL function].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(sqlite3 * db, /* Load the extension into this database connection */
-        const char *zFile,      /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
-        const char *zProc,      /* Entry point.  Derived from zFile if 0 */
-        char **pzErrMsg         /* Put error message here if not 0 */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_load_extension(
+  sqlite3 *db,          /* Load the extension into this database connection */
+  const char *zFile,    /* Name of the shared library containing extension */
+  const char *zProc,    /* Entry point.  Derived from zFile if 0 */
+  char **pzErrMsg       /* Put error message here if not 0 */
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
@@ -4249,39 +4710,52 @@ extern "C" {
 ** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
 ** it back off again.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 * db, int onoff);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_load_extension(sqlite3 *db, int onoff);
 
 /*
-** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load An Extensions
+** CAPI3REF: Automatically Load Statically Linked Extensions
+**
+** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
+** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
-** ^This API can be invoked at program startup in order to register
-** one or more statically linked extensions that will be available
-** to all new [database connections].
+** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
+** no arguments and returns void, SQLite invokes xEntryPoint() with three
+** arguments and expects and integer result as if the signature of the
+** entry point where as follows:
 **
-** ^(This routine stores a pointer to the extension entry point
-** in an array that is obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  That memory
-** is deallocated by [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].)^
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** &nbsp;  int xEntryPoint(
+** &nbsp;    sqlite3 *db,
+** &nbsp;    const char **pzErrMsg,
+** &nbsp;    const struct sqlite3_api_routines *pThunk
+** &nbsp;  );
+** </pre></blockquote>)^
+**
+** If the xEntryPoint routine encounters an error, it should make *pzErrMsg
+** point to an appropriate error message (obtained from [sqlite3_mprintf()])
+** and return an appropriate [error code].  ^SQLite ensures that *pzErrMsg
+** is NULL before calling the xEntryPoint().  ^SQLite will invoke
+** [sqlite3_free()] on *pzErrMsg after xEntryPoint() returns.  ^If any
+** xEntryPoint() returns an error, the [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
+** or [sqlite3_open_v2()] call that provoked the xEntryPoint() will fail.
 **
-** ^This function registers an extension entry point that is
-** automatically invoked whenever a new [database connection]
-** is opened using [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()],
-** or [sqlite3_open_v2()].
-** ^Duplicate extensions are detected so calling this routine
-** multiple times with the same extension is harmless.
-** ^Automatic extensions apply across all threads.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_auto_extension(X) with an entry point X that is already
+** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
+** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint) (void));
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
-** ^(This function disables all previously registered automatic
-** extensions. It undoes the effect of all prior
-** [sqlite3_auto_extension()] calls.)^
-**
-** ^This function disables automatic extensions in all threads.
+** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
+** registered using [sqlite3_auto_extension()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void);
 
 /*
 ** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism is currently considered
@@ -4295,16 +4769,16 @@ extern "C" {
 /*
 ** Structures used by the virtual table interface
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
-    typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
-    typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
-    typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
+typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
+typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
+typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Object
 ** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_module {virtual table module}
 **
-** This structure, sometimes called a a "virtual table module", 
+** This structure, sometimes called a "virtual table module", 
 ** defines the implementation of a [virtual tables].  
 ** This structure consists mostly of methods for the module.
 **
@@ -4316,37 +4790,40 @@ extern "C" {
 ** of this structure must not change while it is registered with
 ** any database connection.
 */
-    struct sqlite3_module {
-        int iVersion;
-        int (*xCreate) (sqlite3 *, void *pAux,
-            int argc, const char *const *argv,
-            sqlite3_vtab ** ppVTab, char **);
-        int (*xConnect) (sqlite3 *, void *pAux,
-            int argc, const char *const *argv,
-            sqlite3_vtab ** ppVTab, char **);
-        int (*xBestIndex) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab, sqlite3_index_info *);
-        int (*xDisconnect) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xDestroy) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xOpen) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab,
-            sqlite3_vtab_cursor ** ppCursor);
-        int (*xClose) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *);
-        int (*xFilter) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *, int idxNum,
-            const char *idxStr, int argc, sqlite3_value ** argv);
-        int (*xNext) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *);
-        int (*xEof) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *);
-        int (*xColumn) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *, sqlite3_context *, int);
-        int (*xRowid) (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *, sqlite3_int64 * pRowid);
-        int (*xUpdate) (sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **,
-            sqlite3_int64 *);
-        int (*xBegin) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xSync) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xCommit) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xRollback) (sqlite3_vtab * pVTab);
-        int (*xFindFunction) (sqlite3_vtab * pVtab, int nArg,
-            const char *zName, void (**pxFunc) (sqlite3_context *, int,
-                sqlite3_value **), void **ppArg);
-        int (*xRename) (sqlite3_vtab * pVtab, const char *zNew);
-    };
+struct sqlite3_module {
+  int iVersion;
+  int (*xCreate)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
+               int argc, const char *const*argv,
+               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab, char**);
+  int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
+  int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
+  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
+                int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
+  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
+  int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int);
+  int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_int64 *pRowid);
+  int (*xUpdate)(sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **, sqlite3_int64 *);
+  int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
+  int (*xFindFunction)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int nArg, const char *zName,
+                       void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
+                       void **ppArg);
+  int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
+  /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
+  ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
+  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Indexing Information
@@ -4401,31 +4878,31 @@ extern "C" {
 ** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
 ** cost of approximately log(N).
 */
-    struct sqlite3_index_info {
-        /* Inputs */
-        int nConstraint;        /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
-        struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
-            int iColumn;        /* Column on left-hand side of constraint */
-            unsigned char op;   /* Constraint operator */
-            unsigned char usable;       /* True if this constraint is usable */
-            int iTermOffset;    /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
-        } *aConstraint;         /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
-        int nOrderBy;           /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
-        struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
-            int iColumn;        /* Column number */
-            unsigned char desc; /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
-        } *aOrderBy;            /* The ORDER BY clause */
-        /* Outputs */
-        struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
-            int argvIndex;      /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
-            unsigned char omit; /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
-        } *aConstraintUsage;
-        int idxNum;             /* Number used to identify the index */
-        char *idxStr;           /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
-        int needToFreeIdxStr;   /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
-        int orderByConsumed;    /* True if output is already ordered */
-        double estimatedCost;   /* Estimated cost of using this index */
-    };
+struct sqlite3_index_info {
+  /* Inputs */
+  int nConstraint;           /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column on left-hand side of constraint */
+     unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
+     unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
+     int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
+  } *aConstraint;            /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
+  int nOrderBy;              /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
+     int iColumn;              /* Column number */
+     unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
+  } *aOrderBy;               /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  /* Outputs */
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
+    int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
+    unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
+  } *aConstraintUsage;
+  int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
+  char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
+  int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
+  int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
+  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Constraint Operator Codes
@@ -4461,21 +4938,25 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^The sqlite3_create_module_v2() interface has a fifth parameter which
 ** is a pointer to a destructor for the pClientData.  ^SQLite will
 ** invoke the destructor function (if it is not NULL) when SQLite
-** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The sqlite3_create_module()
+** no longer needs the pClientData pointer.  ^The destructor will also
+** be invoked if the call to sqlite3_create_module_v2() fails.
+** ^The sqlite3_create_module()
 ** interface is equivalent to sqlite3_create_module_v2() with a NULL
 ** destructor.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module(sqlite3 * db,  /* SQLite connection to register module with */
-        const char *zName,      /* Name of the module */
-        const sqlite3_module * p,       /* Methods for the module */
-        void *pClientData       /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module_v2(sqlite3 * db,       /* SQLite connection to register module with */
-        const char *zName,      /* Name of the module */
-        const sqlite3_module * p,       /* Methods for the module */
-        void *pClientData,      /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
-        void (*xDestroy) (void *)       /* Module destructor function */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData          /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
+  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
+  const sqlite3_module *p,   /* Methods for the module */
+  void *pClientData,         /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
+  void(*xDestroy)(void*)     /* Module destructor function */
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Instance Object
@@ -4495,12 +4976,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** is delivered up to the client application, the string will be automatically
 ** freed by sqlite3_free() and the zErrMsg field will be zeroed.
 */
-    struct sqlite3_vtab {
-        const sqlite3_module *pModule;  /* The module for this virtual table */
-        int nRef;               /* NO LONGER USED */
-        char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message from sqlite3_mprintf() */
-        /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
-    };
+struct sqlite3_vtab {
+  const sqlite3_module *pModule;  /* The module for this virtual table */
+  int nRef;                       /* NO LONGER USED */
+  char *zErrMsg;                  /* Error message from sqlite3_mprintf() */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Cursor Object
@@ -4519,10 +5000,10 @@ extern "C" {
 ** This superclass exists in order to define fields of the cursor that
 ** are common to all implementations.
 */
-    struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
-        sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;    /* Virtual table of this cursor */
-        /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
-    };
+struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;      /* Virtual table of this cursor */
+  /* Virtual table implementations will typically add additional fields */
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Declare The Schema Of A Virtual Table
@@ -4532,7 +5013,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** to declare the format (the names and datatypes of the columns) of
 ** the virtual tables they implement.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *, const char *zSQL);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3*, const char *zSQL);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Overload A Function For A Virtual Table
@@ -4550,8 +5031,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** purpose is to be a placeholder function that can be overloaded
 ** by a [virtual table].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(sqlite3 *,
-        const char *zFuncName, int nArg);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_overload_function(sqlite3*, const char *zFuncName, int nArg);
 
 /*
 ** The interface to the virtual-table mechanism defined above (back up
@@ -4575,7 +5055,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** can be used to read or write small subsections of the BLOB.
 ** ^The [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] interface returns the size of the BLOB in bytes.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_blob sqlite3_blob;
+typedef struct sqlite3_blob sqlite3_blob;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Open A BLOB For Incremental I/O
@@ -4615,7 +5095,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** This is true if any column of the row is changed, even a column
 ** other than the one the BLOB handle is open on.)^
 ** ^Calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()] and [sqlite3_blob_write()] for
-** a expired BLOB handle fail with an return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
+** an expired BLOB handle fail with a return code of [SQLITE_ABORT].
 ** ^(Changes written into a BLOB prior to the BLOB expiring are not
 ** rolled back by the expiration of the BLOB.  Such changes will eventually
 ** commit if the transaction continues to completion.)^
@@ -4633,11 +5113,39 @@ extern "C" {
 ** To avoid a resource leak, every open [BLOB handle] should eventually
 ** be released by a call to [sqlite3_blob_close()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(sqlite3 *,
-        const char *zDb,
-        const char *zTable,
-        const char *zColumn,
-        sqlite3_int64 iRow, int flags, sqlite3_blob ** ppBlob);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_open(
+  sqlite3*,
+  const char *zDb,
+  const char *zTable,
+  const char *zColumn,
+  sqlite3_int64 iRow,
+  int flags,
+  sqlite3_blob **ppBlob
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Move a BLOB Handle to a New Row
+**
+** ^This function is used to move an existing blob handle so that it points
+** to a different row of the same database table. ^The new row is identified
+** by the rowid value passed as the second argument. Only the row can be
+** changed. ^The database, table and column on which the blob handle is open
+** remain the same. Moving an existing blob handle to a new row can be
+** faster than closing the existing handle and opening a new one.
+**
+** ^(The new row must meet the same criteria as for [sqlite3_blob_open()] -
+** it must exist and there must be either a blob or text value stored in
+** the nominated column.)^ ^If the new row is not present in the table, or if
+** it does not contain a blob or text value, or if another error occurs, an
+** SQLite error code is returned and the blob handle is considered aborted.
+** ^All subsequent calls to [sqlite3_blob_read()], [sqlite3_blob_write()] or
+** [sqlite3_blob_reopen()] on an aborted blob handle immediately return
+** SQLITE_ABORT. ^Calling [sqlite3_blob_bytes()] on an aborted blob handle
+** always returns zero.
+**
+** ^This function sets the database handle error code and message.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXPERIMENTAL int sqlite3_blob_reopen(sqlite3_blob *, sqlite3_int64);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Close A BLOB Handle
@@ -4661,7 +5169,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^Calling this routine with a null pointer (such as would be returned
 ** by a failed call to [sqlite3_blob_open()]) is a harmless no-op.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_close(sqlite3_blob *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_close(sqlite3_blob *);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Return The Size Of An Open BLOB
@@ -4676,7 +5184,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** been closed by [sqlite3_blob_close()].  Passing any other pointer in
 ** to this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable behavior.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_bytes(sqlite3_blob *);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Read Data From A BLOB Incrementally
@@ -4704,8 +5212,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_blob_write()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_read(sqlite3_blob *, void *Z, int N,
-        int iOffset);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_read(sqlite3_blob *, void *Z, int N, int iOffset);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Write Data Into A BLOB Incrementally
@@ -4743,8 +5250,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_blob_read()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *, const void *z, int n,
-        int iOffset);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_blob_write(sqlite3_blob *, const void *z, int n, int iOffset);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Virtual File System Objects
@@ -4775,9 +5281,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^(If the default VFS is unregistered, another VFS is chosen as
 ** the default.  The choice for the new VFS is arbitrary.)^
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfsName);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs *, int makeDflt);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_unregister(sqlite3_vfs *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3_vfs_find(const char *zVfsName);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_register(sqlite3_vfs*, int makeDflt);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vfs_unregister(sqlite3_vfs*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutexes
@@ -4893,11 +5399,11 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_mutex_held()] and [sqlite3_mutex_notheld()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3_mutex *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_mutex *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_try(sqlite3_mutex *);
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_free(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_try(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_mutex*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Methods Object
@@ -4917,7 +5423,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** ^The xMutexInit method defined by this structure is invoked as
 ** part of system initialization by the sqlite3_initialize() function.
-** ^The xMutexInit routine is calle by SQLite exactly once for each
+** ^The xMutexInit routine is called by SQLite exactly once for each
 ** effective call to [sqlite3_initialize()].
 **
 ** ^The xMutexEnd method defined by this structure is invoked as
@@ -4964,18 +5470,18 @@ extern "C" {
 ** If xMutexInit fails in any way, it is expected to clean up after itself
 ** prior to returning.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_mutex_methods sqlite3_mutex_methods;
-    struct sqlite3_mutex_methods {
-        int (*xMutexInit) (void);
-        int (*xMutexEnd) (void);
-        sqlite3_mutex *(*xMutexAlloc) (int);
-        void (*xMutexFree) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-        void (*xMutexEnter) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-        int (*xMutexTry) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-        void (*xMutexLeave) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-        int (*xMutexHeld) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-        int (*xMutexNotheld) (sqlite3_mutex *);
-    };
+typedef struct sqlite3_mutex_methods sqlite3_mutex_methods;
+struct sqlite3_mutex_methods {
+  int (*xMutexInit)(void);
+  int (*xMutexEnd)(void);
+  sqlite3_mutex *(*xMutexAlloc)(int);
+  void (*xMutexFree)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexEnter)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexTry)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  void (*xMutexLeave)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexHeld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+  int (*xMutexNotheld)(sqlite3_mutex *);
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Verification Routines
@@ -4999,7 +5505,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** ^If the argument to sqlite3_mutex_held() is a NULL pointer then
 ** the routine should return 1.   This seems counter-intuitive since
-** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But the
+** clearly the mutex cannot be held if it does not exist.  But
 ** the reason the mutex does not exist is because the build is not
 ** using mutexes.  And we do not want the assert() containing the
 ** call to sqlite3_mutex_held() to fail, so a non-zero return is
@@ -5007,8 +5513,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** interface should also return 1 when given a NULL pointer.
 */
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3_mutex *);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3_mutex*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_mutex_notheld(sqlite3_mutex*);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -5024,12 +5530,13 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST             0
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE        1
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER    2
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM       3 /* sqlite3_malloc() */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2      4 /* NOT USED */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN      4 /* sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG      5 /* sqlite3_random() */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6 /* lru page list */
-#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7 /* lru page list */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM       3  /* sqlite3_malloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2      4  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN      4  /* sqlite3BtreeOpen() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG      5  /* sqlite3_random() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -5040,7 +5547,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^If the [threading mode] is Single-thread or Multi-thread then this
 ** routine returns a NULL pointer.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_db_mutex(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Low-Level Control Of Database Files
@@ -5048,7 +5555,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^The [sqlite3_file_control()] interface makes a direct call to the
 ** xFileControl method for the [sqlite3_io_methods] object associated
 ** with a particular database identified by the second argument. ^The
-** name of the database "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
+** name of the database is "main" for the main database or "temp" for the
 ** TEMP database, or the name that appears after the AS keyword for
 ** databases that are added using the [ATTACH] SQL command.
 ** ^A NULL pointer can be used in place of "main" to refer to the
@@ -5058,6 +5565,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the xFileControl method.  ^The return value of the xFileControl
 ** method becomes the return value of this routine.
 **
+** ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER value for the op parameter causes
+** a pointer to the underlying [sqlite3_file] object to be written into
+** the space pointed to by the 4th parameter.  ^The SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER
+** case is a short-circuit path which does not actually invoke the
+** underlying sqlite3_io_methods.xFileControl method.
+**
 ** ^If the second parameter (zDbName) does not match the name of any
 ** open database file, then SQLITE_ERROR is returned.  ^This error
 ** code is not remembered and will not be recalled by [sqlite3_errcode()]
@@ -5068,8 +5581,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE]
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3 *, const char *zDbName,
-        int op, void *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_file_control(sqlite3*, const char *zDbName, int op, void*);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface
@@ -5088,7 +5600,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** Unlike most of the SQLite API, this function is not guaranteed to
 ** operate consistently from one release to the next.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_test_control(int op, ...);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Testing Interface Operation Codes
@@ -5115,7 +5627,9 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PGHDRSZ                 17
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    17
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           18
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -5124,7 +5638,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** about the performance of SQLite, and optionally to reset various
 ** highwater marks.  ^The first argument is an integer code for
 ** the specific parameter to measure.  ^(Recognized integer codes
-** are of the form [SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
+** are of the form [status parameters | SQLITE_STATUS_...].)^
 ** ^The current value of the parameter is returned into *pCurrent.
 ** ^The highest recorded value is returned in *pHighwater.  ^If the
 ** resetFlag is true, then the highest record value is reset after
@@ -5134,7 +5648,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^(Other parameters record only the highwater mark and not the current
 ** value.  For these latter parameters nothing is written into *pCurrent.)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** ^The sqlite3_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
 ** non-zero [error code] on failure.
 **
 ** This routine is threadsafe but is not atomic.  This routine can be
@@ -5146,18 +5660,18 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_db_status()]
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater,
-        int resetFlag);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_status(int op, int *pCurrent, int *pHighwater, int resetFlag);
 
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters
+** KEYWORDS: {status parameters}
 **
 ** These integer constants designate various run-time status parameters
 ** that can be returned by [sqlite3_status()].
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter is the current amount of memory checked out
 ** using [sqlite3_malloc()], either directly or indirectly.  The
 ** figure includes calls made to [sqlite3_malloc()] by the application
@@ -5167,38 +5681,40 @@ extern "C" {
 ** this parameter.  The amount returned is the sum of the allocation
 ** sizes as reported by the xSize method in [sqlite3_mem_methods].</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [sqlite3_malloc()] or [sqlite3_realloc()] (or their
 ** internal equivalents).  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
-** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations.</dd>)^
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_COUNT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter records the number of separate memory allocations
+** currently checked out.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pages used out of the
 ** [pagecache memory allocator] that was configured using 
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE].  The
 ** value returned is in pages, not in bytes.</dd>)^
 **
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW]] 
 ** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of page cache
-** allocation which could not be statisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]
 ** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The
 ** returned value includes allocations that overflowed because they
 ** where too large (they were larger than the "sz" parameter to
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE]) and allocations that overflowed because
 ** no space was left in the page cache.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [pagecache memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of allocations used out of the
 ** [scratch memory allocator] configured using
 ** [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH].  The value returned is in allocations, not
@@ -5206,9 +5722,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** outstanding at time, this parameter also reports the number of threads
 ** using scratch memory at the same time.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of bytes of scratch memory
-** allocation which could not be statisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
+** allocation which could not be satisfied by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_SCRATCH]
 ** buffer and where forced to overflow to [sqlite3_malloc()].  The values
 ** returned include overflows because the requested allocation was too
 ** larger (that is, because the requested allocation was larger than the
@@ -5216,13 +5732,13 @@ extern "C" {
 ** slots were available.
 ** </dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the largest memory allocation request
 ** handed to [scratch memory allocator].  Only the value returned in the
 ** *pHighwater parameter to [sqlite3_status()] is of interest.  
 ** The value written into the *pCurrent parameter is undefined.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_STATUS_PARSER_STACK</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter records the deepest parser stack.  It is only
 ** meaningful if SQLite is compiled with [YYTRACKMAXSTACKDEPTH].</dd>)^
 ** </dl>
@@ -5247,9 +5763,9 @@ extern "C" {
 ** about a single [database connection].  ^The first argument is the
 ** database connection object to be interrogated.  ^The second argument
 ** is an integer constant, taken from the set of
-** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED | SQLITE_DBSTATUS_*] macros, that
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options], that
 ** determines the parameter to interrogate.  The set of 
-** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED | SQLITE_DBSTATUS_*] macros is likely
+** [SQLITE_DBSTATUS options] is likely
 ** to grow in future releases of SQLite.
 **
 ** ^The current value of the requested parameter is written into *pCur
@@ -5257,13 +5773,16 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the resetFlg is true, then the highest instantaneous value is
 ** reset back down to the current value.
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_db_status() routine returns SQLITE_OK on success and a
+** non-zero [error code] on failure.
+**
 ** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_stmt_status()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3 *, int op, int *pCur,
-        int *pHiwtr, int resetFlg);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_status(sqlite3*, int op, int *pCur, int *pHiwtr, int resetFlg);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for database connections
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_DBSTATUS options}
 **
 ** These constants are the available integer "verbs" that can be passed as
 ** the second argument to the [sqlite3_db_status()] interface.
@@ -5275,16 +5794,37 @@ extern "C" {
 ** if a discontinued or unsupported verb is invoked.
 **
 ** <dl>
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the number of lookaside memory slots currently
 ** checked out.</dd>)^
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that were 
+** satisfied using lookaside memory. Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to the amount of
+** memory requested being larger than the lookaside slot size.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL]]
+** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number malloc attempts that might have
+** been satisfied using lookaside memory but failed due to all lookaside
+** memory already being in use.
+** Only the high-water value is meaningful;
+** the current value is always zero.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** memory used by all pager caches associated with the database connection.)^
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED is always 0.
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** memory used to store the schema for all databases associated
 ** with the connection - main, temp, and any [ATTACH]-ed databases.)^ 
@@ -5293,26 +5833,43 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [shared cache mode] being enabled.
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED is always 0.
 **
-** ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED</dt>
 ** <dd>This parameter returns the approximate number of of bytes of heap
 ** and lookaside memory used by all prepared statements associated with
 ** the database connection.)^
 ** ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pager cache hits that have
+** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT 
+** is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of pager cache misses that have
+** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
+** is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED     0
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED         1
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED        2
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED          3
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                3    /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_USED           1
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED          2
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED            3
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_HIT        4
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_SIZE  5
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Prepared Statement Status
 **
 ** ^(Each prepared statement maintains various
-** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT | counters] that measure the number
+** [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters] that measure the number
 ** of times it has performed specific operations.)^  These counters can
 ** be used to monitor the performance characteristics of the prepared
 ** statements.  For example, if the number of table steps greatly exceeds
@@ -5323,7 +5880,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^(This interface is used to retrieve and reset counter values from
 ** a [prepared statement].  The first argument is the prepared statement
 ** object to be interrogated.  The second argument
-** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT | counter]
+** is an integer code for a specific [SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter]
 ** to be interrogated.)^
 ** ^The current value of the requested counter is returned.
 ** ^If the resetFlg is true, then the counter is reset to zero after this
@@ -5331,35 +5888,34 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_status()] and [sqlite3_db_status()].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt *, int op,
-        int resetFlg);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt*, int op,int resetFlg);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Status Parameters for prepared statements
+** KEYWORDS: {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counter} {SQLITE_STMTSTATUS counters}
 **
 ** These preprocessor macros define integer codes that name counter
 ** values associated with the [sqlite3_stmt_status()] interface.
 ** The meanings of the various counters are as follows:
 **
 ** <dl>
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of times that SQLite has stepped forward in
 ** a table as part of a full table scan.  Large numbers for this counter
 ** may indicate opportunities for performance improvement through 
 ** careful use of indices.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of sort operations that have occurred.
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance through careful use of indices.</dd>
 **
-** <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX</dt>
 ** <dd>^This is the number of rows inserted into transient indices that
 ** were created automatically in order to help joins run faster.
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
-**
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
@@ -5377,7 +5933,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See [sqlite3_pcache_methods] for additional information.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache sqlite3_pcache;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Application Defined Page Cache.
@@ -5385,32 +5941,44 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** ^(The [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE], ...) interface can
 ** register an alternative page cache implementation by passing in an 
-** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^ The majority of the 
-** heap memory used by SQLite is used by the page cache to cache data read 
-** from, or ready to be written to, the database file. By implementing a 
-** custom page cache using this API, an application can control more 
-** precisely the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
+** instance of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure.)^
+** In many applications, most of the heap memory allocated by 
+** SQLite is used for the page cache.
+** By implementing a 
+** custom page cache using this API, an application can better control
+** the amount of memory consumed by SQLite, the way in which 
 ** that memory is allocated and released, and the policies used to 
 ** determine exactly which parts of a database file are cached and for 
 ** how long.
 **
+** The alternative page cache mechanism is an
+** extreme measure that is only needed by the most demanding applications.
+** The built-in page cache is recommended for most uses.
+**
 ** ^(The contents of the sqlite3_pcache_methods structure are copied to an
 ** internal buffer by SQLite within the call to [sqlite3_config].  Hence
 ** the application may discard the parameter after the call to
 ** [sqlite3_config()] returns.)^
 **
-** ^The xInit() method is called once for each call to [sqlite3_initialize()]
+** [[the xInit() page cache method]]
+** ^(The xInit() method is called once for each effective 
+** call to [sqlite3_initialize()])^
 ** (usually only once during the lifetime of the process). ^(The xInit()
 ** method is passed a copy of the sqlite3_pcache_methods.pArg value.)^
-** ^The xInit() method can set up up global structures and/or any mutexes
+** The intent of the xInit() method is to set up global data structures 
 ** required by the custom page cache implementation. 
+** ^(If the xInit() method is NULL, then the 
+** built-in default page cache is used instead of the application defined
+** page cache.)^
 **
-** ^The xShutdown() method is called from within [sqlite3_shutdown()], 
-** if the application invokes this API. It can be used to clean up 
+** [[the xShutdown() page cache method]]
+** ^The xShutdown() method is called by [sqlite3_shutdown()].
+** It can be used to clean up 
 ** any outstanding resources before process shutdown, if required.
+** ^The xShutdown() method may be NULL.
 **
-** ^SQLite holds a [SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE] mutex when it invokes
-** the xInit method, so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
+** ^SQLite automatically serializes calls to the xInit method,
+** so the xInit method need not be threadsafe.  ^The
 ** xShutdown method is only called from [sqlite3_shutdown()] so it does
 ** not need to be threadsafe either.  All other methods must be threadsafe
 ** in multithreaded applications.
@@ -5418,47 +5986,56 @@ extern "C" {
 ** ^SQLite will never invoke xInit() more than once without an intervening
 ** call to xShutdown().
 **
-** ^The xCreate() method is used to construct a new cache instance.  SQLite
-** will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
+** [[the xCreate() page cache methods]]
+** ^SQLite invokes the xCreate() method to construct a new cache instance.
+** SQLite will typically create one cache instance for each open database file,
 ** though this is not guaranteed. ^The
 ** first parameter, szPage, is the size in bytes of the pages that must
 ** be allocated by the cache.  ^szPage will not be a power of two.  ^szPage
 ** will the page size of the database file that is to be cached plus an
-** increment (here called "R") of about 100 or 200.  ^SQLite will use the
+** increment (here called "R") of less than 250.  SQLite will use the
 ** extra R bytes on each page to store metadata about the underlying
 ** database page on disk.  The value of R depends
 ** on the SQLite version, the target platform, and how SQLite was compiled.
-** ^R is constant for a particular build of SQLite.  ^The second argument to
+** ^(R is constant for a particular build of SQLite. Except, there are two
+** distinct values of R when SQLite is compiled with the proprietary
+** ZIPVFS extension.)^  ^The second argument to
 ** xCreate(), bPurgeable, is true if the cache being created will
 ** be used to cache database pages of a file stored on disk, or
-** false if it is used for an in-memory database. ^The cache implementation
+** false if it is used for an in-memory database. The cache implementation
 ** does not have to do anything special based with the value of bPurgeable;
 ** it is purely advisory.  ^On a cache where bPurgeable is false, SQLite will
 ** never invoke xUnpin() except to deliberately delete a page.
-** ^In other words, a cache created with bPurgeable set to false will
+** ^In other words, calls to xUnpin() on a cache with bPurgeable set to
+** false will always have the "discard" flag set to true.  
+** ^Hence, a cache created with bPurgeable false will
 ** never contain any unpinned pages.
 **
+** [[the xCachesize() page cache method]]
 ** ^(The xCachesize() method may be called at any time by SQLite to set the
 ** suggested maximum cache-size (number of pages stored by) the cache
 ** instance passed as the first argument. This is the value configured using
-** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  ^As with the bPurgeable
+** the SQLite "[PRAGMA cache_size]" command.)^  As with the bPurgeable
 ** parameter, the implementation is not required to do anything with this
 ** value; it is advisory only.
 **
-** ^The xPagecount() method should return the number of pages currently
-** stored in the cache.
+** [[the xPagecount() page cache methods]]
+** The xPagecount() method must return the number of pages currently
+** stored in the cache, both pinned and unpinned.
 ** 
-** ^The xFetch() method is used to fetch a page and return a pointer to it. 
-** ^A 'page', in this context, is a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
-** 8-byte boundary. ^The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
-** mimimum key value is 1. After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
+** [[the xFetch() page cache methods]]
+** The xFetch() method locates a page in the cache and returns a pointer to 
+** the page, or a NULL pointer.
+** A "page", in this context, means a buffer of szPage bytes aligned at an
+** 8-byte boundary. The page to be fetched is determined by the key. ^The
+** minimum key value is 1.  After it has been retrieved using xFetch, the page 
 ** is considered to be "pinned".
 **
-** ^If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
+** If the requested page is already in the page cache, then the page cache
 ** implementation must return a pointer to the page buffer with its content
-** intact.  ^(If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
-** behavior of the cache implementation is determined by the value of the
-** createFlag parameter passed to xFetch, according to the following table:
+** intact.  If the requested page is not already in the cache, then the
+** cache implementation should use the value of the createFlag
+** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
 ** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
@@ -5467,60 +6044,61 @@ extern "C" {
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 2 <td> Make every effort to allocate a new page.  Only return
 **                 NULL if allocating a new page is effectively impossible.
-** </table>)^
+** </table>
 **
-** SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  If
-** a call to xFetch() with createFlag==1 returns NULL, then SQLite will
+** ^(SQLite will normally invoke xFetch() with a createFlag of 0 or 1.  SQLite
+** will only use a createFlag of 2 after a prior call with a createFlag of 1
+** failed.)^  In between the to xFetch() calls, SQLite may
 ** attempt to unpin one or more cache pages by spilling the content of
-** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache. After
-** attempting to unpin pages, the xFetch() method will be invoked again with
-** a createFlag of 2.
+** pinned pages to disk and synching the operating system disk cache.
 **
+** [[the xUnpin() page cache method]]
 ** ^xUnpin() is called by SQLite with a pointer to a currently pinned page
-** as its second argument. ^(If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
-** then the page should be evicted from the cache. In this case SQLite 
-** assumes that the next time the page is retrieved from the cache using
-** the xFetch() method, it will be zeroed.)^ ^If the discard parameter is
-** zero, then the page is considered to be unpinned. ^The cache implementation
+** as its second argument.  If the third parameter, discard, is non-zero,
+** then the page must be evicted from the cache.
+** ^If the discard parameter is
+** zero, then the page may be discarded or retained at the discretion of
+** page cache implementation. ^The page cache implementation
 ** may choose to evict unpinned pages at any time.
 **
-** ^(The cache is not required to perform any reference counting. A single 
+** The cache must not perform any reference counting. A single 
 ** call to xUnpin() unpins the page regardless of the number of prior calls 
-** to xFetch().)^
+** to xFetch().
 **
-** ^The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
-** page passed as the second argument from oldKey to newKey. ^If the cache
-** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it should be
+** [[the xRekey() page cache methods]]
+** The xRekey() method is used to change the key value associated with the
+** page passed as the second argument. If the cache
+** previously contains an entry associated with newKey, it must be
 ** discarded. ^Any prior cache entry associated with newKey is guaranteed not
 ** to be pinned.
 **
-** ^When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
+** When SQLite calls the xTruncate() method, the cache must discard all
 ** existing cache entries with page numbers (keys) greater than or equal
-** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). ^If any
+** to the value of the iLimit parameter passed to xTruncate(). If any
 ** of these pages are pinned, they are implicitly unpinned, meaning that
 ** they can be safely discarded.
 **
+** [[the xDestroy() page cache method]]
 ** ^The xDestroy() method is used to delete a cache allocated by xCreate().
 ** All resources associated with the specified cache should be freed. ^After
 ** calling the xDestroy() method, SQLite considers the [sqlite3_pcache*]
 ** handle invalid, and will not use it with any other sqlite3_pcache_methods
 ** functions.
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_pcache_methods sqlite3_pcache_methods;
-    struct sqlite3_pcache_methods {
-        void *pArg;
-        int (*xInit) (void *);
-        void (*xShutdown) (void *);
-        sqlite3_pcache *(*xCreate) (int szPage, int bPurgeable);
-        void (*xCachesize) (sqlite3_pcache *, int nCachesize);
-        int (*xPagecount) (sqlite3_pcache *);
-        void *(*xFetch) (sqlite3_pcache *, unsigned key, int createFlag);
-        void (*xUnpin) (sqlite3_pcache *, void *, int discard);
-        void (*xRekey) (sqlite3_pcache *, void *, unsigned oldKey,
-            unsigned newKey);
-        void (*xTruncate) (sqlite3_pcache *, unsigned iLimit);
-        void (*xDestroy) (sqlite3_pcache *);
-    };
+typedef struct sqlite3_pcache_methods sqlite3_pcache_methods;
+struct sqlite3_pcache_methods {
+  void *pArg;
+  int (*xInit)(void*);
+  void (*xShutdown)(void*);
+  sqlite3_pcache *(*xCreate)(int szPage, int bPurgeable);
+  void (*xCachesize)(sqlite3_pcache*, int nCachesize);
+  int (*xPagecount)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+  void *(*xFetch)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned key, int createFlag);
+  void (*xUnpin)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, int discard);
+  void (*xRekey)(sqlite3_pcache*, void*, unsigned oldKey, unsigned newKey);
+  void (*xTruncate)(sqlite3_pcache*, unsigned iLimit);
+  void (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_pcache*);
+};
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Online Backup Object
@@ -5532,7 +6110,7 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
 */
-    typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
+typedef struct sqlite3_backup sqlite3_backup;
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Online Backup API.
@@ -5543,11 +6121,12 @@ extern "C" {
 **
 ** See Also: [Using the SQLite Online Backup API]
 **
-** ^Exclusive access is required to the destination database for the 
-** duration of the operation. ^However the source database is only
-** read-locked while it is actually being read; it is not locked
-** continuously for the entire backup operation. ^Thus, the backup may be
-** performed on a live source database without preventing other users from
+** ^SQLite holds a write transaction open on the destination database file
+** for the duration of the backup operation.
+** ^The source database is read-locked only while it is being read;
+** it is not locked continuously for the entire backup operation.
+** ^Thus, the backup may be performed on a live source database without
+** preventing other database connections from
 ** reading or writing to the source database while the backup is underway.
 ** 
 ** ^(To perform a backup operation: 
@@ -5562,7 +6141,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** There should be exactly one call to sqlite3_backup_finish() for each
 ** successful call to sqlite3_backup_init().
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_init()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_init()</b>
 **
 ** ^The D and N arguments to sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) are the 
 ** [database connection] associated with the destination database 
@@ -5574,11 +6153,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) identify the [database connection]
 ** and database name of the source database, respectively.
 ** ^The source and destination [database connections] (parameters S and D)
-** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will file with
+** must be different or else sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M) will fail with
 ** an error.
 **
 ** ^If an error occurs within sqlite3_backup_init(D,N,S,M), then NULL is
-** returned and an error code and error message are store3d in the
+** returned and an error code and error message are stored in the
 ** destination [database connection] D.
 ** ^The error code and message for the failed call to sqlite3_backup_init()
 ** can be retrieved using the [sqlite3_errcode()], [sqlite3_errmsg()], and/or
@@ -5589,13 +6168,13 @@ extern "C" {
 ** sqlite3_backup_finish() functions to perform the specified backup 
 ** operation.
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_step()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_step()</b>
 **
 ** ^Function sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) will copy up to N pages between 
 ** the source and destination databases specified by [sqlite3_backup] object B.
 ** ^If N is negative, all remaining source pages are copied. 
 ** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully copies N pages and there
-** are still more pages to be copied, then the function resturns [SQLITE_OK].
+** are still more pages to be copied, then the function returns [SQLITE_OK].
 ** ^If sqlite3_backup_step(B,N) successfully finishes copying all pages
 ** from source to destination, then it returns [SQLITE_DONE].
 ** ^If an error occurs while running sqlite3_backup_step(B,N),
@@ -5609,7 +6188,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** <li> the destination database was opened read-only, or
 ** <li> the destination database is using write-ahead-log journaling
 ** and the destination and source page sizes differ, or
-** <li> The destination database is an in-memory database and the
+** <li> the destination database is an in-memory database and the
 ** destination and source page sizes differ.
 ** </ol>)^
 **
@@ -5646,7 +6225,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** by the backup operation, then the backup database is automatically
 ** updated at the same time.
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup_finish()]] <b>sqlite3_backup_finish()</b>
 **
 ** When sqlite3_backup_step() has returned [SQLITE_DONE], or when the 
 ** application wishes to abandon the backup operation, the application
@@ -5669,7 +6248,8 @@ extern "C" {
 ** is not a permanent error and does not affect the return value of
 ** sqlite3_backup_finish().
 **
-** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining(), sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
+** [[sqlite3_backup__remaining()]] [[sqlite3_backup_pagecount()]]
+** <b>sqlite3_backup_remaining() and sqlite3_backup_pagecount()</b>
 **
 ** ^Each call to sqlite3_backup_step() sets two values inside
 ** the [sqlite3_backup] object: the number of pages still to be backed
@@ -5714,15 +6294,16 @@ extern "C" {
 ** same time as another thread is invoking sqlite3_backup_step() it is
 ** possible that they return invalid values.
 */
-    SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(sqlite3 * pDest,     /* Destination database handle */
-        const char *zDestName,  /* Destination database name */
-        sqlite3 * pSource,      /* Source database handle */
-        const char *zSourceName /* Source database name */
-        );
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup * p, int nPage);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup * p);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_remaining(sqlite3_backup * p);
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_pagecount(sqlite3_backup * p);
+SQLITE_API sqlite3_backup *sqlite3_backup_init(
+  sqlite3 *pDest,                        /* Destination database handle */
+  const char *zDestName,                 /* Destination database name */
+  sqlite3 *pSource,                      /* Source database handle */
+  const char *zSourceName                /* Source database name */
+);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_step(sqlite3_backup *p, int nPage);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_remaining(sqlite3_backup *p);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_pagecount(sqlite3_backup *p);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Unlock Notification
@@ -5838,10 +6419,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** the special "DROP TABLE/INDEX" case, the extended error code is just 
 ** SQLITE_LOCKED.)^
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_unlock_notify(sqlite3 * pBlocked,    /* Waiting connection */
-        void (*xNotify) (void **apArg, int nArg),       /* Callback function to invoke */
-        void *pNotifyArg        /* Argument to pass to xNotify */
-        );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_unlock_notify(
+  sqlite3 *pBlocked,                          /* Waiting connection */
+  void (*xNotify)(void **apArg, int nArg),    /* Callback function to invoke */
+  void *pNotifyArg                            /* Argument to pass to xNotify */
+);
 
 
 /*
@@ -5852,7 +6434,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** case-independent fashion, using the same definition of case independence 
 ** that SQLite uses internally when comparing identifiers.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
@@ -5875,7 +6457,7 @@ extern "C" {
 ** a few hundred characters, it will be truncated to the length of the
 ** buffer.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void sqlite3_log(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, ...);
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_log(int iErrCode, const char *zFormat, ...);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Write-Ahead Log Commit Hook
@@ -5912,8 +6494,11 @@ extern "C" {
 ** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] both invoke [sqlite3_wal_hook()] and will
 ** those overwrite any prior [sqlite3_wal_hook()] settings.
 */
-    SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(sqlite3 *,
-        int (*)(void *, sqlite3 *, const char *, int), void *);
+SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_wal_hook(
+  sqlite3*, 
+  int(*)(void *,sqlite3*,const char*,int),
+  void*
+);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Configure an auto-checkpoint
@@ -5935,11 +6520,12 @@ extern "C" {
 ** from SQL.
 **
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
-** enabled with a threshold of 1000 pages.  The use of this interface
+** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
+** pages.  The use of this interface
 ** is only necessary if the default setting is found to be suboptimal
 ** for a particular application.
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 * db, int N);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(sqlite3 *db, int N);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
@@ -5954,8 +6540,188 @@ extern "C" {
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
 ** [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to cause this interface to be
 ** run whenever the WAL reaches a certain size threshold.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint a database
+**
+** Run a checkpoint operation on WAL database zDb attached to database 
+** handle db. The specific operation is determined by the value of the 
+** eMode parameter:
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE<dd>
+**   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
+**   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
+**   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
+**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
+**   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
+**   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+**
+** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
+**   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
+**   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
+**   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
+**   but not database readers.
+** </dl>
+**
+** If pnLog is not NULL, then *pnLog is set to the total number of frames in
+** the log file before returning. If pnCkpt is not NULL, then *pnCkpt is set to
+** the total number of checkpointed frames (including any that were already
+** checkpointed when this function is called). *pnLog and *pnCkpt may be
+** populated even if sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2() returns other than SQLITE_OK.
+** If no values are available because of an error, they are both set to -1
+** before returning to communicate this to the caller.
+**
+** All calls obtain an exclusive "checkpoint" lock on the database file. If
+** any other process is running a checkpoint operation at the same time, the 
+** lock cannot be obtained and SQLITE_BUSY is returned. Even if there is a 
+** busy-handler configured, it will not be invoked in this case.
+**
+** The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL and RESTART modes also obtain the exclusive 
+** "writer" lock on the database file. If the writer lock cannot be obtained
+** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the writer
+** lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the lock is
+** successfully obtained. The busy-handler is also invoked while waiting for
+** database readers as described above. If the busy-handler returns 0 before
+** the writer lock is obtained or while waiting for database readers, the
+** checkpoint operation proceeds from that point in the same way as 
+** SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE - checkpointing as many frames as possible 
+** without blocking any further. SQLITE_BUSY is returned in this case.
+**
+** If parameter zDb is NULL or points to a zero length string, then the
+** specified operation is attempted on all WAL databases. In this case the
+** values written to output parameters *pnLog and *pnCkpt are undefined. If 
+** an SQLITE_BUSY error is encountered when processing one or more of the 
+** attached WAL databases, the operation is still attempted on any remaining 
+** attached databases and SQLITE_BUSY is returned to the caller. If any other 
+** error occurs while processing an attached database, processing is abandoned 
+** and the error code returned to the caller immediately. If no error 
+** (SQLITE_BUSY or otherwise) is encountered while processing the attached 
+** databases, SQLITE_OK is returned.
+**
+** If database zDb is the name of an attached database that is not in WAL
+** mode, SQLITE_OK is returned and both *pnLog and *pnCkpt set to -1. If
+** zDb is not NULL (or a zero length string) and is not the name of any
+** attached database, SQLITE_ERROR is returned to the caller.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const char *zDb,                /* Name of attached database (or NULL) */
+  int eMode,                      /* SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_* value */
+  int *pnLog,                     /* OUT: Size of WAL log in frames */
+  int *pnCkpt                     /* OUT: Total number of frames checkpointed */
+);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Checkpoint operation parameters
+**
+** These constants can be used as the 3rd parameter to
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()].  See the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()]
+** documentation for additional information about the meaning and use of
+** each of these values.
+*/
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE 0
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL    1
+#define SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART 2
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Interface Configuration
+**
+** This function may be called by either the [xConnect] or [xCreate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation to configure
+** various facets of the virtual table interface.
+**
+** If this interface is invoked outside the context of an xConnect or
+** xCreate virtual table method then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** At present, there is only one option that may be configured using
+** this function. (See [SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT].)  Further options
+** may be added in the future.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_config(sqlite3*, int op, ...);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Virtual Table Configuration Options
+**
+** These macros define the various options to the
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config()] interface that [virtual table] implementations
+** can use to customize and optimize their behavior.
+**
+** <dl>
+** <dt>SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT
+** <dd>Calls of the form
+** [sqlite3_vtab_config](db,SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT,X) are supported,
+** where X is an integer.  If X is zero, then the [virtual table] whose
+** [xCreate] or [xConnect] method invoked [sqlite3_vtab_config()] does not
+** support constraints.  In this configuration (which is the default) if
+** a call to the [xUpdate] method returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], then the entire
+** statement is rolled back as if [ON CONFLICT | OR ABORT] had been
+** specified as part of the users SQL statement, regardless of the actual
+** ON CONFLICT mode specified.
+**
+** If X is non-zero, then the virtual table implementation guarantees
+** that if [xUpdate] returns [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], it will do so before
+** any modifications to internal or persistent data structures have been made.
+** If the [ON CONFLICT] mode is ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE or ROLLBACK, SQLite 
+** is able to roll back a statement or database transaction, and abandon
+** or continue processing the current SQL statement as appropriate. 
+** If the ON CONFLICT mode is REPLACE and the [xUpdate] method returns
+** [SQLITE_CONSTRAINT], SQLite handles this as if the ON CONFLICT mode
+** had been ABORT.
+**
+** Virtual table implementations that are required to handle OR REPLACE
+** must do so within the [xUpdate] method. If a call to the 
+** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] function indicates that the current ON 
+** CONFLICT policy is REPLACE, the virtual table implementation should 
+** silently replace the appropriate rows within the xUpdate callback and
+** return SQLITE_OK. Or, if this is not possible, it may return
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, in which case SQLite falls back to OR ABORT 
+** constraint handling.
+** </dl>
+*/
+#define SQLITE_VTAB_CONSTRAINT_SUPPORT 1
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Determine The Virtual Table Conflict Policy
+**
+** This function may only be called from within a call to the [xUpdate] method
+** of a [virtual table] implementation for an INSERT or UPDATE operation. ^The
+** value returned is one of [SQLITE_ROLLBACK], [SQLITE_IGNORE], [SQLITE_FAIL],
+** [SQLITE_ABORT], or [SQLITE_REPLACE], according to the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** of the SQL statement that triggered the call to the [xUpdate] method of the
+** [virtual table].
 */
-    SQLITE_API int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 * db, const char *zDb);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict(sqlite3 *);
+
+/*
+** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+**
+** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
+** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
+** is for the SQL statement being evaluated.
+**
+** Note that the [SQLITE_IGNORE] constant is also used as a potential
+** return value from the [sqlite3_set_authorizer()] callback and that
+** [SQLITE_ABORT] is also a [result code].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_ROLLBACK 1
+/* #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2 // Also used by sqlite3_authorizer() callback */
+#define SQLITE_FAIL     3
+/* #define SQLITE_ABORT 4  // Also an error code */
+#define SQLITE_REPLACE  5
+
+
 
 /*
 ** Undo the hack that converts floating point types to integer for
@@ -5966,6 +6732,63 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
-}                               /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
+}  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** 2010 August 30
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+*/
+
+#ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+#define _SQLITE3RTREE_H_
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
 #endif
+
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+
+/*
+** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
+** R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zGeom(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zGeom,
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  void *pContext
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the first
+** argument to callbacks registered using rtree_geometry_callback().
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
+  void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
+  int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
+  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
+};
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
 #endif
+
+#endif  /* ifndef _SQLITE3RTREE_H_ */
+
-- 
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